Life Science QuestFor Middle Grades

By

SChYRlETCAMERonAnDJAnIEDoSS

CoPYRIGhT©2008MarkTwainMedia,Inc.

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lifeScienceQuestforMiddleGrades

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Introduction to the Teacher ........................ 1Unit OneChapter 1: Cells................................................ 2Characteristicsoflivingorganisms.......................... 3FiveKingdoms........................................................... 3Cells........................................................................... 4ThreeMainPartsofaCell......................................... 5ComparingPlantandAnimalCells............................ 6PlantandAnimalCelllab......................................... 7PlantandAnimalCellVennDiagram......................... 8GelatinCellModel..................................................... 9osmosislab............................................................ 10CellReview.............................................................. 11Chapter 2: DNA ............................................... 12DnA....................................................................... 12DnAlab.................................................................. 13Mitosis..................................................................... 14Meiosis.................................................................... 15MitosisandMeiosisModels..................................... 16CellDivisionReview................................................ 17Chapter 3: Heredity ........................................ 18heredity................................................................... 18PunnettSquareActivity........................................... 19MendelianTraitsActivity.......................................... 20heredityReview....................................................... 22Chapter 4: Simple Organisms ....................... 23Simpleorganisms................................................... 23SimpleorganismActivities...................................... 25Protistlab............................................................... 26YeastReproductionlab.......................................... 27MoldGardenlab..................................................... 28SimpleorganismsReview....................................... 29Chapter 5: Plant Kingdom ............................. 30PlantKingdom......................................................... 30VascularPlantlab................................................... 31PartsofPlants......................................................... 32RootGrowthlab..................................................... 33PlantStemlab........................................................ 34leaves..................................................................... 35Shapesofleaves.................................................... 36leafAttachments..................................................... 37FoodFactoryofPlants............................................. 38SunlightandPhotosynthesislab............................ 39Chlorophylllab........................................................ 40PlantRespirationlab.............................................. 41TranspirationinPlantslab...................................... 42howPlantsReproduce............................................ 43

FloweringPlants...................................................... 44DissectingaFlowerlab.......................................... 45Seeds...................................................................... 46SeedGerminationlab............................................ 47MonocotandDicotSeedlab.................................. 48MonocotandDicotPlantActivity............................. 49Trees........................................................................ 50TreeActivities.......................................................... 51PlantReview............................................................ 52Chapter 6: Animal Kingdom .......................... 53AnimalKingdom...................................................... 53Invertebrates............................................................ 53Vertebrates.............................................................. 55VertebrateSortingActivity....................................... 56AnimalKingdomReview.......................................... 57Scientist Bookmark ........................................ 58Glossary .......................................................... 59Teacher Resource Pages ............................... 62

Unit TwoChapter 7: Ecosystems .................................. 69Ecosystems............................................................. 69Symbiosis................................................................ 70TracingtheFlowofEnergyinEcosystems.............. 71Consumers.............................................................. 72FoodChainActivity.................................................. 73FoodWebs............................................................... 74ExtinctandEndangeredAnimals............................ 75ExtinctionandEndangeredActivities...................... 77oilSpillSimulationlab............................................ 78PredatorandPreyAdaptations............................... 79AnimalAdaptationsBingo....................................... 80EcosystemsReview................................................. 81Chapter 8: Ecosystem Cycles and Biomes . 82EcosystemCycles................................................... 82WaterCycleinaJarlab......................................... 83Biomes..................................................................... 84EcologicalSuccession............................................. 85EcologyTriplePlayVocabularyGame..................... 86EcologyTriplePlayQuestions................................. 87EcologicalCyclesGame.......................................... 88EcologicalSuccessionandBiomesReview............ 89Glossary .......................................................... 90Teacher Resource Pages ............................... 91Additional Resources ..................................... 94

Table of Contents

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TableofContents

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Characteristics of Living OrganismsCharacteristics of All Living Things Byobserving theirproperties (characteristics thatdescribeanobject),scientistshavedividedallthingsintotwogroups:livingandnon-living.Alllivingthings,knownasorganisms,musthavethefollowingcharacteristics.

Organisms Must: • bemadeupofoneormorecells. • needanduseenergytocarryoutlifeactivities. • usefoodandexcretewaste. • beadapted(suited)totheirenvironment(surroundings). • respondtochangesintheirenvironment. • reproduceorganismslikethemselves. • growanddevelop.

Classifying Living Things Wecouldclassify (organize) livingthings inmanyways:color,size,orshape.Agoodclassificationsystemwouldbemeaningful to thoseusing it,easilyunderstood,andeasytodescribetosomeoneelse.Twothousandyearsago,Aristotlecreatedaclassificationsystemthatplacedalllivingthingsintheplantgrouporanimalgroup.Thissystemdidnotalwayswork.Scientistscontinuedlookingforpatternsinthelivingworldinordertofindabettersystem.ToeighteenthcenturyscientistsCaroluslinnaeusandGeorgeCuvier,itbecameapparentthatliving thingssharedsimilarities inanatomy (structure).Their ideas formed thebasisof themodernclassificationsystemofkingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus,andspecies.

Five KingdomsAtonetime,allorganismswerethoughttobeeitherplantsoranimals.Thedevelopment

of the microscope led scientists to the discovery of new living things called microscopic organisms(organismstoosmalltobeseenwiththeunaidedeye).Asscientistslookedcloserat thesemicrobes (microscopicorganisms), they learned that theywerenot likeplantsoranimals.Basedonthesenewdiscoveries,scientistsdecidedtodividetheworldoflivingthingsintofivekingdoms(groups).

Unitone—Chapter1:Cells

All Living Things Need: Why?

Food - topromotegrowthandforenergy

Water - tobreakdownotherchemicalsintotinyparticlessmallenoughtogoinandoutofthecells

Air - tomakeandchangefoodintoenergy

Temperature - tokeepconditionsinsidetheirbodiesconstant

Space - togetthethingstheyneedinordertosurvive

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Five KingdomsKingdom Definition Examples

Monera -onlyonekindoforganism:bacteria-unicellular(madeupofonlyone

cell)-withoutatruenucleus-someareabletomoveabout

Protista -unicellular-someareprotozoa(animal-like

organisms)andmovetoobtainfood-somearealgae(plant-likeorgan-

isms)andcanmaketheirownfood-somearefungus-likeandobtaintheir

foodfromtheirhosts(ananimalorplantthatnourishesandsupportsaparasiteoranotherorganism)

- paramecium,amoeba,diatom,zooflagellate,chloropyhte

Fungi -multicellular(madeupofmanycells)

-cellswithatruenucleus-havecellwalls-cannotmaketheirownfood-cannotmoveabout-absorbenergyfromtheirhost

-mold,mildew,mushroom,hyphae,lichens

Plants -multicellular-cellswithatruenucleus-havecellwalls-havechlorophyll-cannotmoveabout-usesunlighttomaketheirfood

- ferns,flowers,deciduoustrees,

coniferous trees

Animals -cellswithatruenucleus-moveaboutinordertoeatother

organisms

-mammals,birds,amphibians,fish,reptiles,invertebrates

Unitone—Chapter1:Cells

Spirogyra Chloropyhte

Canary

Llama

Frustulia Diatom

Mildew ascomycete

Tulips

Bacteria

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Cells Cells, the“buildingblocksoflife,”arethesmallestlivingthings.Allorganismsaremadeupofcells.Somelivingthingsareunicellularandcarryoutallthebasiclifeactivitieswithinthatsinglecell.however,mostlivingthingsaremulticellular.

Cell Discoveries • Robert Hooke(1665):Thefirstpersontoseecellswiththeaidofanearlycompound

microscope.hookelookedatasliceofcorkandsawsmall,empty,box-likestructures.he thought theboxshapes resembledcells,or rooms,monksused forsleeping.hedecidedtonamethestructurescells.

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek(1674):Thefirstpersontoobservelivingcells.hestudiedpondwaterandobservedsingle-celledorganisms.

• Matthias Schleiden(1838):Abotanist(apersonwhostudiesplants)whodiscoveredlivingplantsweremadeupofcellswithnuclei.

• Theodor Schwann(1839):Azoologist(apersonwhostudiesanimals)whodiscoveredanimalsaremadeupofcellswithnuclei.

• Randolph Virchow(1855):hebelievedthatanexistingcelldividedtoformnewcells.

TheearlyworkofscientistssuchasRoberthookeandAntonVanleeuwenhoek, theinventionofbettermicroscopes,andnewdiscoveriesbyscientistsinthe1800sledtomanynewideasaboutcells.Theseideaswereputtogetherasatheory(anideathatisrepeatedlysupportedbytestresults).

Cell Theory •Allorganismsaremadeupofoneormanycells. • Cellsarethebasicunitofstructureandfunctioninallorganisms. • Allcellscomefromothercellsthatalreadyexist.

Microscope • Amicroscopeisanimportantscientifictool. • Microscopes use lenses (curved pieces of

glass)andlighttomagnifyverysmallthingsinordertomakethemappearlarger.

• Therearetwokindsofmicroscopes: Simple:containonelens Compound:containtwoormorelenses • Themicroscopesusedinscienceclassrooms

arecompoundmicroscopes. • All compound microscopes have the same

basicparts.

Eyepiece

Bodytube

nosepiece

objectivelenses

Stage

Stageclips

Coarseadjust-mentknob

Fineadjust-mentknob

Arm

Base

Mirrororlightsource

Diaphragm

Unitone—Chapter1:Cells

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Three Main Parts of a Cell Cellshavethreethingsincommon.Theyallhaveanucleus(controlcenterforthecell),cell membrane (athinlayerthatenclosesthecell),andcytoplasm (agel-likematerialthatcontainsproteins,nutrients,andalloftheothercellorganelles).

Nucleus -controlsallthecellactivities -roundoregg-shapedstructure foundnearthecenterofthecell -darkincolor -containsDNA(geneticinformation)

Cell Membrane

-thinlayerthatenclosesthecell -controlsthemovementof materialintoandoutofthecell -offersshapeandprotectionfor thecell

Cytoplasm -gel-likematerial -containsproteins,nutrients,and alloftheothercell organelles (manytinystructuresincytoplasm, eachdoesaspecificjobforthecell)

Types of Cells: Therearetwomaintypesofcells.

Cell Type Definition Example

EukaryoticCell -cellwithnucleus -mostcells-plantandanimalcells

ProkaryoticCell -cellwithnonucleus

-DnAandothernuclearmaterialsfloat“freely”insidethecytoplasm

-simplesttypeofcell

-bacteriaandtheirrelatives

AnimalCell PlantCell

Unitone—Chapter1:Cells

Animal CellPlant Cell