lifecycle assessment and net energy analysis: birds of a ...€¦ · coca-cola analysis of energy...
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Lifecycle assessment and net energy analysis:
birds of a feather or uneasy bedfellows?
Michael Carbajales-Dale, David Murphy
Wednesday, June 29 2016
BPE @ ISEE2016, Washington DC
…or Apples to apples: why net energy analysts community needs
to adopt the LCA framework
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AbstractLifecycle assessment (LCA) and net energy analysis (NEA) are complementary approaches with a common historical basis but different underlying motivations and methodologies. As LCA practitioners move more and more beyond the bounds of attributional to consequential LCA the methodological concerns of NEA become more and more appropriate. As such, it is important to understand the large overlaps in method, but also the important distinctions between the two frameworks.
The hope is that NEA practitioners will appreciate more of the common elements between NEA and LCA adopt more of the methodological rigor of LCA and that practitioners of LCA will understand more of the underlying differences between the two frameworks and see insights and opportunities for developing consequential LCA.
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Overview
• Historical development
• Goal (motivation and aim)
• Scope (system boundary & assumptions)
– Functional unit
– Project vs. industry scale
• NEA to-do list
3
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1960
Smith
New Zealand Journal of
Agricultural Research, 3(5), 745-
763
2011
Murphy et al.
A preliminary protocol for
determining the EROI of fuels,
Sustainability, 3(10), 1888-1907
LCA
NEA
1974
Hunt & Cross
Resource and Environmental Profile
Analysis (REPA) of Plastics and
Competitive Materials
1978
Bullard et al.
Handbook for combining
process and input-output (IO)
methods
1976
CERI
Report
1974
IFIAS Workshop
1975
NSF/Stanford
Workshop
1969
Coca-cola
Analysis of energy
required for aluminum,
glass and plastic
packaging
2006
ISO 14040 & 14044
Environmental
management – life
cycle assessment –
requirements and
guidelines
2003
Suh
Input-output and hybrid LCA
International Journal of LCA,
8(5), 257-257.
1984
Cleveland et al.
Energy and the US
economy
Science, 225(4665), 890-
897
2002
Heijungs & Suh
The computational
structure of life cycle
assessment, Springer
1974
Public Law 93.577
Requires NEA for all prospective
energy technologies
2006
Farrell et al.
Net energy of ethanol
Science, 311(5760), 506-
508
1986
Hall et al.
Energy and resource quality:
the ecology of the economic
process
1993
Consoli et al.
Guidelines for life-cycle assessment,
SETAC-Europe
1991
Fava et al.
A Technical Framework for Life-Cycle
Assessments, SETAC Workshop Report
1972
Herendeen
Energy IO matrix for the
US
1997-1998
ISO 14040, 14042, & 14043
Environmental management – life cycle assessment
1995
Lave
Using IO analysis to estimate economy-
wide discharges, ES&T, 29(9), 420A-426A
1990 2000 20101970 19801960
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2003
Suh
IO and hybrid LCA,
International Journal of
LCA, 8(5), 257-257.
2002
Heijungs & Suh
The computational structure
of life cycle assessment
1960
Smith
New Zealand Journal of Agricultural
Research, 3(5), 745-763
2011
Murphy et al.
A preliminary protocol for determining the EROI
of fuels, Sustainability, 3(10), 1888-1907
LCA
NEA
1974
Hunt & Cross
Resource and Environmental
Profile Analysis (REPA) of
Plastics and Competitive
Materials
1978
Bullard et al.
Handbook for combining process and
input-output (IO) methods
1976
CERI Report
1974
IFIAS Workshop
1975
NSF/Stanford
Workshop
1969
Coca-cola
Analysis of energy
required for
aluminum, glass and
plastic packaging
2006
ISO 14040 & 14044
Environmental
management – life
cycle assessment –
requirements and
guidelines
1984
Cleveland et al.
Energy and the US economy
Science, 225(4665), 890-897
1974
Public Law 93.577
Requires NEA for all
prospective energy
technologies
2006
Farrell et al.
Net energy of ethanol
Science, 311(5760), 506-
508
1986
Hall et al.
Energy and resource quality: the
ecology of the economic process
1993
Consoli et al.
Guidelines for life-cycle assessment,
SETAC-Europe
1991
Fava et al.
A Technical Framework for Life-Cycle
Assessments, SETAC Workshop
Report
1972
Herendeen
Energy IO matrix
for the US
1997-1998
ISO 14040, 14042, & 14043
Environmental management – life cycle assessment
1995
Lave
Using IO analysis to estimate economy-wide
discharges, ES&T, 29(9), 420A-426A
1990 2000 20101970 19801960
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Life cycle assessment framework
• Based on ISO 14044: Standards for life cycle assessment
Overall steps in LCA
6
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory
analysis (LCI)
Impact
assessment
(LCIA)
Interpretation
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Life cycle assessment framework
• Based on ISO 14044: Standards for life cycle assessment
Overall steps in LCA
7
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory
analysis (LCI)
Impact
assessment
(LCIA)
Interpretation
According to ISO, goal
definition shall
“unambiguously state the
intended application, the
reason for carrying out the
study and the intended
audience”
Scope definition defines LCA
purpose expected product,
boundary conditions,
functional unit and
assumptions
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Target audience and goal - LCA
8
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Goals for NEA
A. descriptive assessment of the viability of a particular technology (e.g., solar satellite);
B. comparative assessment of alternative energy technologies;
C. calculation of the (minimum) EROI to support an industrial society, or alternatively assessing the feasibility of some technology to (single-handedly) support an industrial society
AND
D. calculation of net energy metrics for industry (e.g. oil and gas) and/or whole economy
9Carbajales-Dale et al. (2015) Energy return on investment (EROI) of solar PV: an attempt at reconciliation, IEEE Proceedings.
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How can this issue play out
• Weißbach et al. (2013)
– claimed goal: comparing EROI for ‘‘typical’’
power plants [p. 210]
– solar and wind technologies require ten days
of storage(!!) – far from “typical”
10Weißbach, D., et al. "Energy intensities, EROIs (energy returned on invested), and energy payback times of electricity
generating power plants." Energy 52 (2013): 210-221.
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Life cycle assessment framework
• Based on ISO 14044: Standards for life cycle assessment
Overall steps in LCA
11
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory
analysis (LCI)
Impact
assessment
(LCIA)
Interpretation
According to ISO, goal
definition shall
“unambiguously state the
intended application, the
reason for carrying out the
study and the intended
audience”
Scope definition defines LCA
purpose expected product,
boundary conditions,
functional unit and
assumptions
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Scope definition
Scope definition must answer following:
• What materials, processes, or products are to be considered?
• What is their function? What is functional unit?
• What will be addressed?
• Who is performing LCA? Where are data from (industry or literature?)
• What are limitations of this LCA?
• What are the system boundaries?
• What stages are included?12
Scope definition defines LCA purpose expected product,
boundary conditions, functional unit and assumptions
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!
24
Functional Unit
Foam and ceramic cups
Inkjet vs laser printer
Functional unit
Foam vs. ceramic cups
Inkjet vs. laser printer
13
!
24
Functional Unit
Foam and ceramic cups
Inkjet vs laser printer
The functional unit (FU) provides a reference flow to which
inventory data are normalized
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What the functional unit!
14Dale, M., Krumdieck, S., & Bodger, P. (2012). Global energy modelling—A biophysical approach (GEMBA) Part 2:
Methodology. Ecological Economics, 73, 158-167.
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A financial interlude
• Cost-benefit ratio
– ratio of present value of benefits ($) to present
value of costs ($) for project
• Efficiency ratio
– ratio of the expenditures ($/yr) to revenues
($/yr) in a given year
15
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Power vs. energy return on investment
16
tc
t (yrs)
tL
NE
T P
OW
ER
[G
J/y
r]
INP
UT
SO
UT
PU
TS
Pg
Pop
Pc
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Power vs. energy return on investment
EROI
• defined at project
level (e.g. oil well)
• defined over project
lifetime (e.g. 5 years)
• Units
PROI
• defined at
industry/economy
scale
• defined over arbitrary
timescale (e.g. 1
year)
• Units17
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Power vs. energy return on investment
18
tc
t (yrs)
tL
NE
T P
OW
ER
[G
J/y
r]
INP
UT
SO
UT
PU
TS
Pg
Pop
Pc
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Power vs. energy return on investment
19
EROI = 15
Energy flows for an industry growing at 100% per year
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20
INP
UT
S
OU
TP
UT
S
t (yrs)
Ne
t P
ow
er
[J/y
r]
EPBT = 2 yrs
YEAR 1
NE
T P
OW
ER
[G
J/y
r]Power vs. energy return on investment
EROI = 15
Energy flows for an industry growing at 100% per year
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21
INP
UT
S
OU
TP
UT
S
Ne
t P
ow
er
[J/y
r]
YEAR 2
NE
T P
OW
ER
[G
J/y
r]Power vs. energy return on investment
EROI = 15
Energy flows for an industry growing at 100% per year
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22
INP
UT
S
OU
TP
UT
S
Ne
t P
ow
er
[J/y
r]
YEAR 3
NE
T P
OW
ER
[G
J/y
r]Power vs. energy return on investment
EROI = 15
Energy flows for an industry growing at 100% per year
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Power vs. energy return on investment
EROI = 15
Energy flows for an industry growing at 100% per year
23
INP
UT
S
OU
TP
UT
S
t (yrs)
Ne
t P
ow
er
[J/y
r]
YEAR 4
NE
T P
OW
ER
[G
J/y
r]
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24
INP
UT
S
OU
TP
UT
S
t (yrs)
Ne
t P
ow
er
[J/y
r]
YEAR 5
NE
T P
OW
ER
[G
J/y
r]Power vs. energy return on investment
EROI = 15
Energy flows for an industry growing at 100% per year
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25
Industry operates at
energy ‘deficit’
INP
UT
S
OU
TP
UT
S
t (yrs)
Ne
t P
ow
er
[J/y
r]
YEAR 5
NE
T P
OW
ER
[G
J/y
r]Power vs. energy return on investment
EROI = 15 PROI = 0.5
Energy flows for an industry growing at 100% per year
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Gross Output
INP
UT
S
OU
TP
UT
S
Gross Input
time (decades)
NE
T P
OW
ER
[G
J/y
r]Zooming out to longer time-scale
26
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Gross Output
Net Output
INP
UT
S
OU
TP
UT
S
time (decades)
Gross Input N
ET
PO
WE
R [G
J/y
r]Zooming out to longer time-scale
• A fraction of gross output is re-invested for industry
growth
27
PROI < 1
PROI > 1
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How can this play out?
• Prieto & Hall (2013)
– “We employ five general methods in analyzing the energy contained/embodied or spent on the equipment, goods and services related to the solar PV plants in Spain… What follows is our estimate of each of the above five categories of energy inputs for Spain for the year 2009” [p.62]
• Clearly this is a PROI but is often compared directly with project-level estimates of EROI of PV.
28Prieto, P. A., & Hall, C. A. (2013). Spain’s photovoltaic revolution: the energy return on investment. Springer
Science & Business Media.
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Net energy trajectories for all PV technologies
29
Technologies
with lower CED
can grow at a
faster rate
Carbajales-Dale, Barnhart & Benson. Energy & Environmental Science 7(5) 1538-1544.
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Net energy analysis to-do list:1.Write a proper goal statement, including the following information:
a. Intended application, i.e. is this a comparison study?b. Reasons for the researchc. For whom the work is intended, i.e. the audience
2.Define the product system using a diagram with flows labeleda. Use the product flow diagram as a map when listing equations within the
paper so that the reader is clear about which inputs are included and which are not
b. Use this product flow diagram and labels when listing equations, so that the reader can clearly link calculations to the diagram and the boundaries used in the analysis
3.Clearly identify the functional unit of the analysis and make sure that this unit is the same as other units in the literature if the research is intended to be used comparatively.
4.Utilize process-level data when available and input-output level data as a backup/supplementa. Utilize EcoInvent (or other) major LCI database as a primary loci for datab. supplement these databases with other data (e.g. EIO-LCA) when needed,
but only after these datasets have been utilized
30Murphy & Carbajales-Dale (2016) Comparing apples to apples, Energies, IN REVIEW, adapted from Hall & Day
(2009) Revisiting the Limits to Growth after Peak Oil, American Scientist
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Thanks for listening…
31
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What about Ferroni & Hopkins
• Large storage requirement– again a ten-day storage is required
• Methodological flaws– The way in which labor and capital costs are included
leads to double counting
• Non-standard parameters– Capacity factor of 7.5% because statistics not
adjusted for growth - actual figure is closer to 10.5% (close to value for Germany of ~12%)
• Cherry-picking estimates for embodied energy in panels
• Harmonizing their values leads to an EROI of 12
32
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Overview of LCA and TEA
33
ECONOMY
Inputs:
• Raw
materials
• Energy
• Water
Outputs:
• Emissions
– To air
– To water
– To soilPRODUCT SYSTEMProduct
Product inputs
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
TEA
LC
A
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Scope LCA
34
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Attributional vs. consequential LCA
35
• Attributional LCA
– calculates or compares environmental
impacts at the product scale, e.g. GWP of
corn-based ethanol
• Consequential LCA
– calculates potential impacts of product
change on larger system (industry or
economy), e.g. climate impact of shift to 10%
increase in corn-based ethanol
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Scope NEA
36
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Scope NEA
37
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Structure of LCA – Heijungs & Suh (2002)
• Determine bill of materials (direct inputs)
over full lifecycle of product/service, f
38
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Structure of LCA – Heijungs & Suh (2002)
• Determine bill of materials (direct inputs)
over full lifecycle of product/service, f
39
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Structure of LCA – Heijungs & Suh (2002)
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Structure of NEA
• Process-based, ‘bottom-up’ methods
based on engineering-type models
• Input-output, ‘top-down’ methods based on
economic (national accounts) methods
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Process-based method
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Gross Energy, Eg
Construction, Ectc
t (yrs)
tL
Decommission, EdOperation, Eop
NE
T P
OW
ER
[G
J/y
r]
INP
UT
SO
UT
PU
TS
Dynamic analysis possible
because timing of flows is
known
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Input-output method
• Uses environmentally-extended economic
input-output models
• Financial flows (e.g. $/yr) used as a proxy
for energy and material flows
• Resolution limited to scale of sector
• Steady-state assumption (no accumulation
within sectors) inherent within national
accounts
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Common methodological issues
• Truncation issue (missing data)
• Co-product allocation
• Hybridization
• Aggregation
• Labor and services
• Indirect impacts (e.g. land-use change)
• Marginal vs. absolute impacts
• Linear model
• Inclusion of non-physical (e.g. social) impacts
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Uncommon methodological issues
NEA:
• Production vs. investment
• Energy return ratios
poorly defined
• Aggregation of different
energy types
LCA:
• Weighting and
aggregation of impact
metrics
• Collapse of time
dimension
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Hybrid approaches
• Avoid truncation issue by combining process and input-output methods
– process method is transfer-based
– Input-output method is flow-based
• Must assume either
– all input-output expenditures occur within a single year or
– that the economy is not changing (steady-state)
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Product scale vs. industry scale
• Product scale
– transfer-based assessment of impacts over
full lifecycle which is well defined
• Industry scale
– lifetime poorly (if at all) defined, often arbitrary
– dynamic assessment necessary
– flow-based analysis
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Caveat emptor - whose lifetime?
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Caveat scrutator - whose lifecycle?
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Flows of mass and
energy in and out of
system need not
balance in arbitrary
time period
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Transfers of mass
and energy in and
out of system must
balance over full
lifecycle
Caveat scrutator - whose lifecycle?
50
Flows of mass and
energy in and out of
system need not
balance in arbitrary
time period
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What do we mean by a ‘cycle’?
Otto cycle, e.g. internal
combustion engine
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Volume
Pre
ssure
1
2
3
4
Win
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What do we mean by a ‘cycle’?
Otto cycle, e.g. internal
combustion engine
52
Volume
Pre
ssure
1
2
3
4
Qin
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What do we mean by a ‘cycle’?
Otto cycle, e.g. internal
combustion engine
53
Volume
Pre
ssure
1
2
3
4
Wout
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What do we mean by a ‘cycle’?
Otto cycle, e.g. internal
combustion engine
We end up
‘back where
we started’
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Volume
Pre
ssure
1
2
3
4
Qout
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Do LCI processes ‘end up where they started’?
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Do LCI processes ‘end up where they started’?
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Do LCI processes ‘end up where they started’?
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Conclusions
• LCA and NEA share many common
methodological similarities
– NEA practitioners would benefit from the LCA
framework (goal & scope, LCI, etc.)
• Caveat scrutator
– Care must be taken when calculating NEA
metrics from LCA data
– LCA as is, not well suited to dynamic
consequential analyses
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Structure of LCA
Industrial processes
Ind
ustr
ial p
rod
ucts -1 0 0 …
+1 -1 0 …
0 +1 -1 …
… … … …
Steel prod. Elec. …Car man.
Steel
Electricity
Car
…
within
economy
59
+1 0 0 …
0 0 0 -1
… … … …
Raw materials
Emissions
…
A
B environmental
transfers
En
v. E
xtr
actio
ns
& e
mis
sio
ns