liferay portal 6.2 - manual de uso y administracion básica

7/21/2019 Liferay Portal 6.2 - Manual de uso y administracion bsica

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Omikrny Xjrtno 9.2Cn`uno lk usj y nlcm`mstrnfm` bsmfn

m`ijrcksHsfmj.fjc.pk

=49>619=>

www.sfmj.fjc.pk


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3/114

Omikrny Xjrtno 9.2Cnùno lk usj y nlcm`mstrnfm` bsmfn 28>1 Vfmj tkfd`jojay fj`suotmà

6

Omikrny Xjrtno 9.2Cnùno lk usj y nlcm`mstrnfm` bsmfn

28>1 VFMJ tkfd`jojay fj`suotmà VNF

Kstk trnbngj ks jirkfmlj bngj on omfk`fmn Frkntmvk Fjccj`s Nttrmbutmj`-VdnrkNomek


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. M`trjluffm ................................................................................................................................ 9

2. Fj`imaurnfm .............................................................................................................................. 9

n. M`tkrinz arimfn lk usunrmj ...................................................................................................... 1

m. @nvkan`lj pjr Omikrny ....................................................................................................... 1

mm. @nvkan`lj ko pn`ko lk fj`trjo ........................................................................................ >6

b. Nrqumtkfturn lko pjrtno ......................................................................................................... >;

mm. Arupjs lk usunrmjs ........................................................................................................... >9

mmm. Rjoks .............................................................................................................................. >9

mv. Jran`mznfmj`ks .................................................................................................................. >9

v. Vmtmjs Qkb ......................................................................................................................... >1

vm. Kqumpjs .............................................................................................................................. >1

f. [sn`lj ko pn`ko lk fj`trjo .................................................................................................. >1

m. Nnlmr usunrmjs ................................................................................................................. >4

mm. Nlcm`mstrnfm` lk usunrmjs .............................................................................................. 22

mmm. Jran`mznfmj`ks .............................................................................................................. 26

mv. Vmtmjs Qkb ......................................................................................................................... 2=

v. Arupjs lk usunrmjs ........................................................................................................... 6;

vm. Rjoks .................................................................................................................................. 64

vmm. Kqumpjs ..........................................................................................................................


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;

k. Rkstrmffmj`ks pjr tmpj lk ljfuck`tj .................................................................................. 92

i. Nffksj QkbLNY ................................................................................................................... 92

a. Fj`imaurnfm` lko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn..................................................... 9;

v. Iu`fmj`ks nlcm`mstrntmvns k` ojs ijrjs ........................................................................... =2

vm. Xjrtokt Nlcm`mstrnljr lk susfrmpfm` lk ijrjs............................................................ =9

f. Qmems ...................................................................................................................................... =4

m. Nlcm`mstrn`lj on Qmem ...................................................................................................... ==

mm. [sn`lj on Qmem ................................................................................................................ >82

mmm. Nnlmk`lj y klmtn`lj pam`ns k` on Qmem ................................................................. >8;

mv. Lktnooks lk pam`n .......................................................................................................... >84

v. @nvkan`lj k` ko pjrtokt Qmem ..................................................................................... >>>


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9

Omikrny Xjrtno 9.2

Cnùno lk usj y nlcm`mstrnfm` bsmfn

>. M`trjluffm`

Omikrny Xjrtno ks on sjoufm` lk pjrtno Qkb, olkr k` ko cu`lj, bnsnln k` sjitwnrk ombrk, on

funo utmomzn on tkf`jojan Gnvn y puklk skr m`stnonln k` lmvkrsjs smstkcns jpkrntmvjs,

utmomzn`lj lmstm`tjs skrvmljrks lk npomfnfmj`ks j bnsks lk lntjs. Omikrny Xjrtno fj`stmtuyk

u`n pontnijrcn lk sjitwnrk pnrn mcpokck`tnr sjoufmj`ks lk `kajfmj kikftmvns. Jirkfk u`

fj`gu`tj lk iu`fmj`nomlnlks lk fjonbjrnfm` cuy rjbustns, u`n arn` ksfnonbmomlnl,

dkrrncmk`tns quk pkrcmtk` ndjrrnr tmkcpj lk lksnrrjooj lk sjitwnrk, sjpjrtk pnrn

cotmpoks okàungks, y u`n iokxmbok y ksfnonbok nrqumtkfturn quk ks lksnrrjoonln k` u`

cjlkoj lk sjitwnrk ombrk, y rkim`nln cklmn`tk rkqumsmtjs kcprksnrmnoks. Noau`ns lk ons

fnrnftkrstmfns cs lkstnfnboks lk Omikrny Xjrtno sj`7

Fjcpntmbmomlnl fj` on cnyjrn lk bnsks lk lntjs, smstkcns jpkrntmvjs y skrvmljrks

lk npomfnfmj`ks.

Vmstkcn lk gkrnrquns lk jran`mznfmj`ks y smtmjs Qkb.

Vmstkcn lk pkrcmsjs cuy arnùonr.

Vjpjrtk pjr lkikftj pnrn 22 okàungks

Ndjrn pnsnrkcjs n kstulmnr, n cs lktnook, ons iu`fmj`nomlnlks jirkfmlns pjr Omikrny, y on

cn`krn lk fjìmaurnrons.

2.

Fjìmaurnfm`

Omikrny puklk skr fjìmaurnlj lk tno cn`krn quk fucpon fj` ojs rkqukrmcmk`tjs lk u`

k`tjr`j jran`mznfmj`no k` pnrtmfuonr. Cufdns lk ons fjìmaurnfmj`ks puklk` skr rknomznlns

lkslk on m`tkrinz arimfn lk usunrmj.

On pkrsj`nomznfm` lko pjrtno puklk m`foumr fjìmaurnfmj`ks, tno fjcj7 `jtmimfnfmj`ks vn

fjrrkj kokftr`mfj, m`tkarnfm` fj` skrvmfmjs fjcj OLNX, frknfm` lk usunrmjs, arupjs lk

usunrmjs, jran`mznfmj`ks, smtmjs Qkb y rjoks. Lk kstn cn`krn, pjlkcjs prkpnrnr ko pjrtno

pnrn fjck`znr n akstmj`nr su fj`tk`mlj, y sus npomfnfmj`ks.

K` kstn skffm` sk kxpomfn` ons smaumk`tks nftmvmlnlks7

M`tkrinz arimfn lk usunrmj

Nlcm`mstrnfm` lko pjrtno

Fjìmaurnfmj`ks ak`krnoks lko pjrtno


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1

n.

M`tkrinz arimfn lk usunrmj

Omikrny ks u` pjrtno Qkb. Kstj sma`mimfn quk kstn lmsknlj pnrn skr u` k`tjr`j

sk`fmooj lj`lk puklk` kgkfutnrsk tjlns ons npomfnfmj`ks quk u` usunrmj `kfksmtn, y

lj`lk kstns puklk` skr m`tkarnlns lk cn`krn jrlk`nln. Vm u`n npomfnfm` rksmlk

iukrn lko pjrtno, ko pjrtno lkbkrn kstnr k` on fnpnfmlnl lk fj`sucmr noa` rkfursjlk on npomfnfm` (tno fjcj RVVikkl, u jtrjs smcmonrks) lk tno cn`krn quk pukln skr

m`tkarnln k` ko pjrtno, y ko usunrmj pukln vkr tjlns ons npomfnfmj`ks lk u`n cn`krn

u`mimfnln.

Xnrn ojarnr kstj, tjlns ons npomfnfmj`ks k` Omikrny kst` jran`mznlns k` irnack`tjs

lk pam`ns ooncnlnspjrtokts. Ojspjrtoktssj` npomfnfmj`ks Qkb quk sk kgkfutn` k`

u`n pjrfm` lk pam`n Qkb. Ko `fokj lk Omikrny ks u` fj`tk`kljr lkpjrtokts, y su

prm`fmpno rkspj`snbmomlnl ks akstmj`nr ko fj`gu`tj lk pjrtokts quk npnrkfk` k`

funoqumkr pam`n lko pjrtno y cjstrnrons lk cn`krn nprjpmnln n ojs usunrmjs. Lk

kstn cn`krn, u`n j cs npomfnfmj`ks puklk` rksmlmr k` u`n cmscn pam`n Qkb, yko usunrmj puklk (lkpk`lmk`lj lk sus prmvmokamjs) jran`mznrons y jrlk`nrons lko

cjlj quk cs sk ngustk n sus `kfksmlnlks.

Nsmcmscj, on iu`fmj`nomlnl lk Omikrny puklk skr k`rmqukfmln fj` pjrtokts

lksnrrjoonljs lk cn`krn m`-djusk, lk tno cn`krn quk u`n jran`mznfm` puklk

m`tkarnr ojspjrtoktsn su pjrtno Omikrny.

m.

@nvkan`lj pjr Omikrny

Omikrny m`mfmnock`tk cukstrn u`n m`tkrinz arimfn cuy sk`fmoon, lj`lk ojs

usunrmjs `j nutk`tmfnljs puklk` vkr ons pam`ns pbomfns, y sk oks cukstrn

u` k`onfk lk nffksj no pjrtno k` on ksqum`n supkrmjr lkrkfdn lk on

pn`tnoon.

Imaurn > M`stnonfm` lk Omikrny pkrsj`nomznln fj` ko `jcbrk lk pjrtno

VFMJ tkfd`jojay fj`suotm`a


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4

Xnrn m`mfmnr sksm` k` Omikrny lkbkcjs dnfkr fomfe k` Nffklkr.

Lkpk`lmk`lj lk fjcj kst fj`imaurnlj ko pjrtno, sk `js cjstrnr ko

pjrtokt lk M`mfmj lk sksm`, j u`n pam`n lk m`mfmj lk sksm`

pkrsj`nomznln.

Imaurn 2 Xjrtokt lk m`mfmj lk sksm`

[`n vkz quk dkcjs m`mfmnlj sksm`, vkrkcjs on bnrrn lk nlcm`mstrnfm`

ubmfnln k` on zj`n ontkrno mzqumkrln lk on pam`n Qkb, y k` on zj`n

supkrmjr lkrkfdn vkrkcjs on bnrrn lk `nvkanfm`.

Imaurn 6 Bnrrn lk nlcm`mstrnfm` lk Omikrny

On bnrrn lk `nvkanfm` pkrcmtk pnrn `nvkanr n trnvs lko pjrtno y nffklkrn lmvkrsns iu`fmj`nomlnlks lk nlcm`mstrnfm` lkslk funoqumkr pnrtk lko

smtmj Qkb. Nsmcmscj, lkpk`lmk`lj lk ojs rjoks lko usunrmj nutk`tmfnlj y

lk on skffm` lko smtmj Qkb lj`lk sk k`fuk`trk, on bnrrn lk `nvkanfm`

cjstrnr tjlns sus jpfmj`ks, j sjonck`tk noau`ns.


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=

Xjr jtrn pnrtk, fjcj usunrmj nlcm`mstrnljr, on prmckrn jpfm` quk

pjlkcjs vkr k` on bnrrn lk nlcm mstrnfm` ks on jpfm`7 "Nnlmr". Vm

skokffmj`ncjs kstn jpfm`, sk cjstrnr u`n omstn lk fjcpj`k`tks quk

puklk` skr nnlmljs no pjrtno.

Imaurn < Ck` Nnlmrlk on bnrrn lk nlcm`mstrnfm`

Xjlkcjs utmomznr kstn jpfm` pnrn nnlmr u`n pam`n j fj`tk`mlj n

ùkstrj smtmj Qkb, j tncbm` pnrn nnlmr u`n npomfnfm` n on pam`n Qkb

nftuno. Kstns npomfnfmj`ks, k` Omikrny, tncbm` sj` ooncnlns "pjrtokts".

Lk kstn cn`krn, sm lkskncjs nnlmr u`n ùkvn pam`n n on skffm` lko smtmj

Qkb lj`lk js k`fj`trncjs nftunock`tk, pjlkcjs skokffmj`nr on jpfm`

"NnlmrXam`n". Oukaj, màrksncjs ko `jcbrk lk on ùkvn pam`n Qkb

y on aunrlncjs.

Imaurn ; Nnlmk`lj u`n ùkvn pam`n no smtmj Qkb

Fj` kstj, dnbrkcjs frknlj u`n ùkvn pam`n k` ùkstrj smtmj Qkb.


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>8

Imaurn 9 @ukvn pam`n Qkb nnlmln

Nsmcmscj, sm lkskncjs nnlmr u`n npomfnfm` n on pam`n Qkb nftuno,

pjlkcjs skokffmj`nr u`n lk ons lmspj`mboks k` on omstn cjstrnln. Xjr

kgkcpoj, pjlkcjs nnlmr ko "Ymsjr lk ljfuck`tjs y cuotmcklmn".

Imaurn 1 Xjrtokt Ymsjr lk ljfuck`tjs y cuotmcklmn k` ko ck`

Nnlmr

Imaurn 4 Ymsjr lk ljfuck`tjs y cuotmcklmn


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>>

On bnrrn lk nlcm`mstrnfm` tncbm` `js prjpjrfmj`n on iu`fmj`nomlnl7

Ymstn prkvmn. Kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk vmsunomznr on pam`n Qkb nftuno k`

lmstm`tjs ijrcntjs, tnoks fjcj7 Fjcputnljrn lk ksfrmtjrmj, \nboktn,

Vcnrtpdj`k, y cs.

Imaurn = Ymstn prkvmn no kstmoj Vcnrtpdj`k

Jtrn lk ons jpfmj`ks lk nlcm`mstrnfm` ks on jpfm`7 Klmtnr. Fj` kstn

jpfm` pjlkcjs fjìmaurnr lmstm`tns fnrnftkrstmfns y iu`fmj`nomlnlks lk

on pam`n Qkb nftuno. Noau`ns lk kstns fnrnftkrstmfns sj`7 "Lktnooks",

lj`lk pjlkcjs cjlmimfnr ko `jcbrk y on lmspjsmfm` lk on pam`n5

"Npnrmk`fmn", lj`lk pjlkcjs fncbmnr ojs kstmojs lk on pam`n Qkb, y

"Xkrcmsjs", lj`lk pjlkcjs fjìmaurnr ojs pkrcmsjs quk tmk`k` ojs

usunrmjs sjbrk on pam`n.

Imaurn >8 Klmfm` lk pam`n Qkb

Ons lkcs jpfmj`ks lk fjìmaurnfm` sk vkr` fj` cs lktnook fun`lj

kxpojrkcjs ko usj lk on dkrrncmk`tn "Xn`ko lk fj`trjo".


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>2

On bnrrn lk nlcm`mstrnfm` tncbm` `js prjpjrfmj`n on jpfm`7 "Klmtnr

fj`trjoks".

Imaurn >> Fj`trjoks lk klmfm`

Fj` kstn jpfm` pjlkcjs jfuotnr j cjstrnr ojs fj`trjoks lk klmfm` lk ons

npomfnfmj`ks lk on pam`n Qkb nftuno. Kstn iu`fmj`nomlnl ks cuy tmo pnrn

ojs nlcm`mstrnljrks quk lkskn` vkr on pam`n Qkb tno fjcj oj dnrn u`

usunrmj rkauonr.

Xjr jtrn pnrtk, k` on bnrrn lk `nvkanfm`, sm ubmfncjs ko pu`tkrj sjbrk ko

ck`7 "Cms smtmjs", sk cjstrnr` ojs smtmjs Qkb lko pjrtno n ojs funoks ko

usunrmj tmk`k nffksj.

Imaurn >2 Vkffm` Cms smtmjs

Ko smtmj Qkb lj`lk sk k`fuk`trn nftunock`tk ko usunrmj kstnr

sjcbrknlj. Omikrny puklk skr fjìmaurnlj pnrn quk ojs usunrmjs pukln`

tk`kr nffksj n cotmpoks smtmjs Qkb, ns fjcj tncbm` puklk skr

fjìmaurnlj pnrn quk noau`js, j tjljs ojs usunrmjs, tkàn` sus prjpmjssmtmjs Qkb.


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>6

mm.

@nvkan`lj ko pn`ko lk fj`trjo

Ko "Xn`ko lk fj`trjo" ks u`n lk ons dkrrncmk`tns cs mcpjrtn`tks pnrn

nlcm`mstrnr ko pjrtno. Kst fjcpukstj lk npomfnfmj`ks nlcm`mstrntmvns quk

pjlkcjs utmomznr pnrn cn`kgnr lmvkrsjs nspkftjs lko pjrtno.

Xnrn nffklkr no "Xn`ko lk fj`trjo", skokffmj`ncjs on jpfm`7

"Nlcm`mstrnfm`Xn`ko lk fj`trjo" k` on bnrrn lk `nvkanfm`.

Imaurn >6 Nffklmk`lj no pn`ko lk fj`trjo

Ko pn`ko lk fj`trjo ks cuy sk`fmooj lk `nvkanr. Kst fj`stmtulj pjr funtrj

arn`lks skffmj`ks, fj` lmstm`tns jpfmj`ks lk nlcm`mstrnfm` fnln u`n lk

koons.

Imaurn >< Xn`ko lk Fj`trjo

Ons skffmj`ks lmspj`mboks sj` ons smaumk`tks7

>.

[sunrmjs

On skffm` [sunrmjs sk utmomzn pnrn on cnyjrn lk ons tnrkns

nlcm`mstrntmvns quk mcpomfn` on akstm` lk usunrmjs lko smstkcn. K`

kstn skffm`, k`fj`trnrkcjs iu`fmj`nomlnlks pnrn on frknfm` y


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>1 Vfmj tkfd`jojay fj`suotm`a

>;

Imaurn >; Nrqumtkfturn lk Omikrny Xjrtno 9.2

Kstjs sj` ojs smaumk`tks7

Ko Xjrtno ks nffklmlj pjr "[sunrmjs".Ojs "[sunrmjs" puklk` skr narupnljs k` "Arupjs lk usunrmjs".

Ojs "[sunrmjs" puklk` pkrtk`kfkr n "Jran`mznfmj`ks".

Ons "Jran`mznfmj`ks" puklk` skr narupnlns k` gkrnrquns.

Ojs "[sunrmjs", "Arupjs" y "Jran`mznfmj`ks" puklk` pkrtk`kfkr n "Vmtmjs

Qkb".

Lk`trj lk ojs "Vmtmjs Qkb", ojs "[sunrmjs" puklk` pkrtk`kfkr n "Kqumpjs",

ojs funoks sj` narupnfmj`ks lk usunrmjs pnrn iu`fmj`ks kspkfimfns lk`trj

lk u` smtmj Qkb.

Fjcj sk puklk nprkfmnr, k` Omikrny tk`kcjs usunrmjs y lmstm`tns cn`krns lk

narupnrojs. Noau`ns lk kstns narupnfmj`ks smauk` u`n gkrnrqun kstrufturnln lk

cn`krn nlcm`mstrntmvn (tno fjcj ons jran`mznfmj`ks), y jtrns narupnfmj`ks puklk`

tjcnr u`n kstrufturn cs pon`n (tno fjcj ojs smtmjs Qkb). Nsmcmscj, jtrns

narupnfmj`ks lk usunrmjs puklk` skr cklmn`tk "Rjoks", quk narupn` usunrmjs fj`

ons cmscns iu`fmj`ks lk`trj lko pjrtno.

N fj`tm`unfm` sk kxpomfn lk cn`krn cs lktnoonln fnln u`j lk kstjs fj`fkptjs.

m.

[sunrmjs

Ojs usunrmjs rkprksk`tn` n u` usunrmj ismfj lko smstkcn. Kstjs fj`stmtuyk`

ons fuk`tns lk usunrmj pnrn m`mfmnr sksm` k` Omikrny. Xjr lkikftj, ojs

usunrmjs tmk`k` sus prjpmjs smtmjs Qkb, sm` kcbnraj, kstj puklk skr

lksdnbmomtnlj pjr ojs nlcm`mstrnljrks lko pjrtno. Nu`quk dny quk tk`kr k`

fuk`tn quk kstk kspnfmj pkrsj`no pnrn fnln usunrmj ks mcpjrtn`tk, yn quk

oks pkrcmtk` tk`kr su prjpmj boja pbomfj, su prjpmj fnok`lnrmj prmvnlj,

u` ouanr lj`lk nocnfk`nr ljfuck`tjs, y cufdj cs.


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>9

mm.

Arupjs lk usunrmjs

Ojs arupjs lk usunrmjs sj` fjokffmj`ks smcpoks y nrbmtrnrmns lk usunrmjs

frknlns pjr nlcm`mstrnljrks. Kstjs puklk` skr cmkcbrjs lk smtmjs Qkb j

lk rjoks. K` ojs "arupjs lk usunrmjs" `j puklk` fj`imaurnrsk pkrcmsjs

sjbrk rkfursjs lko pjrtno. Nsmcmscj, nu`quk ojs "arupjs lk usunrmjs" `jtmk`k` pam`ns Qkb fjcj ons jtrns fjokffmj`ks lk usunrmjs, kstjs s tmk`k`

"pon`tmoons lk pam`ns", ons fuoks puklk` skr usnlns pnrn pkrsj`nomznr ons

pam`ns pkrsj`noks lk ojs usunrmjs.

mmm.

Rjoks

Kxmstk` 6 tmpjs lk rjoks.

Rjoks lk pjrtno

Rjoks lk jran`mznfm`

Rjoks lk smtmj Qkb

Kstjs tmpjs lk rjoks sk rkimkrk` n sus "nofn`fks". Ojs rjoks sj` usnljs pnrn

lkim`mr pkrcmsjs lk`trj lk sus nofn`fks. Xjr kgkcpoj, sm tk`kcjs u` rjo

quk tmk`k pkrcmsjs pnrn frknr u`n fntkajrn k` ojs ijrjs5 k`tj`fks7 u` rjo

lk pjrtno oj pkrcmtmr k` tjljs ojs ijrjs lko pjrtno. [` rjo lk smtmj Qkb oj

pkrcmtmr soj lk`trj lk u` smtmj Qkb kspkfimfj. [` rjo lk jran`mznfm` oj

pkrcmtmr soj lk`trj lk u`n jran`mznfm` kspkfimfn.

Ojs rjoks `j pjskk` pam`ns Qkb. Kstjs sj` utmomznljs kstrmftnck`tk pnrn

fj`imaurnfmj`ks lk skaurmlnl k` ko pjrtno.

"[sunrmjs", "Arupjs lk usunrmjs", "Vmtmjs Qkb" y "Jran`mznfmj`ks" puklk`

skr cmkcbrjs lk u` rjo.

mv.

Jran`mznfmj`ks

Ons jran`mznfmj`ks sj` fjokffmj`ks gkrrqumfns lk usunrmjs. stns, n su vkz,

puklk` tk`kr su prjpmj smtmj Qkb, lk`trj lko funo puklk` skr

fj`smlkrnlns fjcj cmkcbrjs. Nsmcmscj, ks prkfmsj m`lmfnr quk u`n

jran`mznfm` puklk skr cmkcbrj lk cs lk u` smtmj Qkb. \ncbm` kxmstk

u` tmpj kspkfmno lk jran`mznfm`, ooncnln7 "Ojfnomznfm`". On funo lkim`k

l`lk ojs usunrmjs kst` akjarimfnck`tk ubmfnljs.

Ons jran`mznfmj`ks sj` nlkfunlns pnrn lkim`mr n l`lk u` usunrmj

pkrtk`kfk k` u`n gkrnrqun k` pnrtmfuonr. Xjr kgkcpoj, pjlkcjs lkim`mr n

qu u`mlnl j pukstj lk trnbngj pkrtk`kfk ko usunrmj Gun` Xrkz, ska` on

kstrufturn jran`mznfmj`no. Vm Gun` Xrkz ks u` nak`tk lk vk`tns, ojfnomznlj


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>1

k` Xkr, lk on lmvmsm` Ontm`jncrmfn, lko lkpnrtnck`tj lk vk`tns5 puklk

k`tj`fks skr cmkcbrj lk ons smaumk`tks jran`mznfmj`ks.

Lkpnrtnck`tj lk Yk`tns

Lmvmsm` Ontm`jncrmfn

Ojfnomznfm` Xkr

v.

Vmtmjs Qkb

Ojs smtmjs Qkb sj` fj`gu`tjs lk pam`ns Qkb quk puklk` skr frknlns

pnrn ijrcnr u`n fjcu`mlnl lk usunrmjs fj` u` m`tkrs fjc`, j pnrn

fjcpj`kr on zj`n pbomfn y prmvnln lk u`n jran`mznfm`, j kspnfmj

pkrsj`no lk u` usunrmj. Kxmstk` 6 tmpjs lk smtmjs Qkb.

Nbmkrtj

Rkstrmàmlj

Jfuotj

[` smtmj Qkb nbmkrtj pkrcmtk n ojs usunrmjs lko pjrtno u`mrsk no smtmj j

lkgnroj ska` koojs frkn` fj`vk`mk`tk, y k` ko cjck`tj quk koojs lkskk`.

[` smtmj Qkb rkstrmàmlj rkqumkrk quk ojs usunrmjs skn` nnlmljs pjr u`

nlcm`mstrnljr lko smtmj Qkb. Vm` kcbnraj, ojs usunrmjs tncbm` puklk`

sjomfmtnr skr nnlmljs fjcj cmkcbrjs.

[` smtmj Qkb jfuotj ks smcmonr n u` smtmj Qkb rkstrmàmlj, fj` ko fj`fkptj

nlmfmj`no lk quk ojs usunrmjs `j puklk` sjomfmtnr skr nnlmljs fjcj

cmkcbrjs. Nsmcmscj, tncpjfj puklk` vkr su kxmstk`fmn, n ck`js quk

skn` nnlmljs pjr u` nlcm`mstrnljr lko smtmj Qkb.

vm.

Kqumpjs

Ojs kqumpjs sj` fj`gu`tjs lk usunrmjs frknljs lk`trj lk u` smtmj Qkb.

Kstj ojs dnfk` lmstm`tjs lk ojs rjoks lk jran`mznfm` j ojs rjoks lk smtmj

Qkb, yn quk ojs kqumpjs imaurn` y sk usn` soj lk`trj lko smtmj Qkb lj`lk

dn` smlj frknljs.

Ojs kqumpjs sj` ksk`fmnoks k` noau`js fnsjs, puks ojs nlcm`mstrnljrks lk

u` smtmj Qkb `j puklk` frknr rjoks. Vm` kcbnraj, fj` ojs kqumpjs, puklk`fjìmaurnr pkrcmsjs n u` `mvko k` lj`lk `j kstnbn` dnbmomtnljs.

f. [sn`lj ko pn`ko lk fj`trjo

On skffm` [sunrmjssk utmomzn pnrn on cnyjrn lk ons tnrkns nlcm`mstrntmvns quk

mcpomfn` on akstm` lk usunrmjs lko smstkcn. K` kstn skffm`, k`fj`trnrkcjs

iu`fmj`nomlnlks pnrn on frknfm` y cn`tk`mcmk`tj lk7


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>4

[sunrmjs

Jran`mznfmj`ks

Arupjs lk usunrmjs

Rjoks

Lk cn`krn nlmfmj`no, k`fj`trnrkcjs tncbm` on jpfm` pnrn fj`imaurnr ons

pjotmfns lk fj`trnskns quk sk npomfn` fun`lj ojs usunrmjs nffklk` no pjrtno.

m.

Nnlmr usunrmjs

N fj`tm`unfm` sk lktnoon` ojs pnsjs n skaumr pnrn frknr u`n fuk`tn lk

usunrmj k` ko pjrtno. N cjlj lk kgkcpoj, frknrkcjs u`n fuk`tn lk

usunrmj fj` ojs cmscjs pkrcmsjs lk nlcm`mstrnfm` quk ko usunrmj

nlcm`mstrnljr pjr lkikftj.

Xnrn kooj, k` on skffm` [sunrmjs lko Xn`ko lk Fj`trjo, dnfkcjs fomfek`

[sunrmjs y jran`mznfmj`ks.

Imaurn >9 Dnfmk`lj fomfe k` on jpfm` [sunrmjs y jran`mznfmj ks

Vk cjstrnr` ojs usunrmjs y jran`mznfmj`ks kxmstk`tks.

Imaurn >1 [sunrmjs y jran`mznfmj`ks lko pjrtno


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>=

Oukaj, skokffmj`ncjs on jpfm` Nnlmr [sunrmj

Imaurn >4 Jpfm` Nnlmr usunrmj

Vk cjstrnr u` ijrcuonrmj pnrn nnlmr ko ùkvj usunrmj. Ook`ncjs ojs

lntjs, m`fouyk`lj ko `jcbrk y fjrrkj kokftr`mfj lko usunrmj, y oukaj

dnfkcjs fomfek` Aunrlnr.

Imaurn >= Ijrcuonrmj pnrn nnlmr u` ùkvj usunrmj

Oukaj sk cjstrnr u` ck`sngk m`lmfn`lj quk sk aunrlnrj` ojs lntjs lko

usunrmj sntmsinftjrmnck`tk, y ko ijrcuonrmj sk kxpn`lmr pkrcmtmk`lj

màrksnr mìjrcnfm` nlmfmj`no. Nu`quk `j ks kstrmftnck`tk `kfksnrmj

màrksnr tjljs ojs lntjs.


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28

Imaurn 28 @ukvj usunrmj nnlmlj

Vm ko skrvmljr VC\X lk fjrrkj kokftr`mfj lko pjrtno sk dn fjìmaurnlj

fjrrkftnck`tk, ookanr no fjrrkj lko usunrmj, u` ck`sngk fj` u`n

fj`trnskn prjvmsmj`no nutjctmfnck`tk ak`krnln. Xjr kgkcpoj7

Imaurn 2> @jtmimfnfm` lk fuk`tn lk usunrmj frknln

K` fnsj fj`trnrmj, sk lkbkr usnr ko ijrcuonrmj pnrn rkamstrnr u`n ùkvn

fj`trnskn pnrn ko usunrmj.

Imaurn 22 Ijrcuonrmj lk rkamstrj lk ùkvn fj`trnskn

Xnrn lnrok no ùkvj usunrmj ojs prmvmokamjs lk nlcm`mstrnljr lko pjrtno,

lkbkcjs dnfkr fomfek` "Rjoks", lj`lk sk cjstrnr` ojs rjoks fj` ojs quk

fuk`tn ko usunrmj nftunock`tk.


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2>

Imaurn 26 Rjoks lk usunrmj

Oukaj, dnfkcjs fomfek` "Vkokffmj`nr", fj` oj funo npnrkfkr u`n vk`tn`n

kckrak`tk lj`lk sk cjstrnr` tjljs ojs rjoks k` ko smstkcn.

Imaurn 2< Vkokffm` lk rjoks lk usunrmj

Oukaj, ksfjakcjs ko rjo "Nlcm`mstrnljr" y aunrlncjs ojs fncbmjs.

Imaurn 2; Rjo Nlcm`mstrnljr nsma`nlj no usunrmj


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22

Imaurn 29 Aunrlnr fncbmjs rknomznljs k` on fuk`tn lko usunrmj

mm.

Nlcm`mstrnfm` lk usunrmjs

K` on skffm` [sunrmjs y jran`mznfmj`ks lko Xn`ko lk Fj`trjo sk

cukstrn` ojs usunrmjs y jran`mznfmj`ks kxmstk`tks. Vm lkskncjs cjlmimfnr

noaj nfkrfn lk u` usunrmj k` pnrtmfuonr, pjlkcjs dnfkr fomfek` ko bjt`

Nffmj`ks lk lmfdj usunrmj.

Imaurn 21 [sunrmjs lko pjrtno

Fj` oj funo sk cjstrnr` ons smaumk`tks jpfmj`ks.

Imaurn 24 Nffmj`ks quk sk puklk` rknomznr fj` u` usunrmj lko pjrtno


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26

Klmtnr7 kstn jpfm` `js ookvnrn ùkvnck`tk no ijrcuonrmj lk

klmfm` lko usunrmj, lj`lk pjlrkcjs cjlmimfnr funoqumkrn lk sus

lntjs.

Xkrcmsjs7 kstn jpfm` `js pkrcmtk kspkfmimfnr fuoks sj` ojs

rjoksquk tmk`k` ojs pkrcmsjs pnrn nlcm`mstrnr ko usunrmj.Nlcm`mstrnr pam`ns7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk nlcm`mstrnr ons pam`ns

pkrsj`noks lk u` usunrmj.

Vupon`tnr usunrmj7kstn jpfm` nbrk jtrn pkstnn lko `nvkanljr

Qkb, on funo pkrcmtk `nvkanr ko smtmj Qkb tno fjcj oj dnrn ko

usunrmj.

Lksnftmvnr7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk lksnftmvnr on fuk`tn lko usunrmj.

mmm.

Jran`mznfmj`ks

Ons jran`mznfmj`ks sj` usnlns pnrn rkprksk`tnr kstrufturns gkrrqumfns lk

usunrmjs tno fjcj7 fjcpnns, jran`mznfmj`ks sm` im`ks lk oufrj, maoksmns,

ksfukons, foubks, y cs. Xjr oj tn`tj, sm tuvmrncjs u`n fjokffm` lk

usunrmjs quk pkrtk`kfk` n on cmscn narupnfm`, y stn tmk`k u`n

kstrufturn gkrrqumfn, pjlrncjs cjlkonr kstk fj`tkxtj fjcj u`n

jran`mznfm` quk m`fouyk vnrmns sub-jran`mznfmj`ks.

K` Omikrny, ojs nlcm`mstrnljrks lk u`n jran`mznfm` puklk` nlcm`mstrnr

tjljs ojs usunrmjs k` su jran`mznfm` y k` funoqumkrn lk sus sub-

jran`mznfmj`ks. Nsmcmscj, ojs pkrcmsjs lk u` nlcm`mstrnljr lk

jran`mznfm` sk npomfn` tn`tj pnrn on jran`mznfm` n on funo pkrtk`kfk,

fjcj pnrn funoqumkrn lk sus sub-jran`mznfmj`ks. K` ksk sk`tmlj, ko

prm`fmpno prjpsmtj lko usj lk jran`mznfmj`ks, ks lmstrmbumr on akstm` lk

ojs usunrmjs.

@ukstrj pjrtno puklk tk`kr u`n j vnrmns jran`mznfmj`ks, lkpk`lmk`lj lko

tmpj lk smtmj Qkb quk kstkcjs fj`struyk`lj. Ons jran`mznfmj`ks puklk`

skr jran`mznlns k` gkrnrquns lk u` `ckrj momcmtnlj lk `mvkoks, ns fjcj

tncbm`, ojs usunrmjs puklk` pkrtk`kfkr n u`n j cs jran`mznfmj`ks.

Lk cn`krn nlmfmj`no, ons jran`mznfmj`ks puklk` skr nsjfmnlns fj` rjoks.

[`n pjsmbok npomfnfm` lk kstk fnsj k` u`n jran`mznfm` rkno skrn u`

Lkpnrtnck`tj lk skaurmlnl lk \M. Xjr kgkcpoj7 pjlkcjs tk`kr k`

ùkstrn jran`mznfm` u` Lkpnrtnck`tj lk skaurmlnl lk \M, no funo

pjlkcjs fjìmaurnr fjcj u`n jran`mznfm` (k` Omikrny) quk pukln

akstmj`nr tjljs ojs nspkftjs lk skaurmlnl k` tjljs ojs rkfursjs lko pjrtno.

K`tj`fks, sm tk`kcjs usunrmjs fjcj cmkcbrjs lk kstn jran`mznfm`,


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21 Vfmj tkfd`jojay fj`suotm`a

2;

Imaurn 68 [sunrmjs y jran`mznfmj`ks kxmstk`tks k` ko pjrtno

Oukaj, skokffmj`ncjs on jpfm` Nnlmr Jran`mznfm` jrcno

Imaurn 6> Jpfm` Nnlmr jran`mznfm`

Vk cjstrnr u` ijrcuonrmj pnrn nnlmr on `ukvn jran`mznfm`.

Imaurn 62 Ijrcuonrmj pnrn nnlmr u`n jran`mznfm` no pjrtno


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29

@jcbrk7ko `jcbrk lk on jran`mznfm`

\mpj7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk kspkfmimfnr sm on jran`mznfm` ks lko tmpj

`jrcno j u`n ojfnomznfm`

Jran`mznfm` pnlrk7 no dnfkr fomfe k` ko kònfk Vkokffmj`nr lk

kstn jpfm` cjstrnr u`n vk`tn`n kckrak`tk quk pkrcmtmr

skokffmj`nr on jran`mznfm` quk ks pnlrk lmrkftj lk on jran`mznfm`quk kstncjs frkn`lj.

Jbskrvnfm`7 ks prkfmsj nlvkrtmr quk, no frknr u`n jran`mznfm` skrkcjs

fj`smlkrnljs nutjctmfnck`tk fjcj cmkcbrjs. Nsmcmscj, nlkcs lk

cmkcbrjs, skrkcjs prjpmktnrmjs lk lmfdn jran`mznfm` (rjo prjpmktnrmj),

pjr oj funo, tk`lrkcjs tjljs ojs prmvmokamjs sjbrk stn.

K`tj`fks, ook`ncjs ojs lntjs, y dnfkcjs fomfek` Aunrlnr.

Oukaj sk cjstrnr u` ck`sngk m`lmfn`lj quk sk aunrlnrj` ojs lntjs lk on

jran`mznfm` sntmsinftjrmnck`tk, y ko ijrcuonrmj sk kxpn`lmr pkrcmtmk`lj

màrksnr mìjrcnfm` nlmfmj`no. Nu`quk `j ks kstrmftnck`tk `kfksnrmj

màrksnr tjljs ojs lntjs.

Imaurn 66 @ukvn jran`mznfm` nnlmln no pjrtno

Vm lkskncjs frknr y nsma`nr u` smtmj Qkb n on jran`mznfm`, lkbkcjs dnfkr

fomfe k` on jpfm` Vmtmj lk on jran`mznfm`, y cnrfnr on fnsmoon lk

vkrmimfnfm` Frknr smtmj.


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21

Imaurn 6< Frknr smtmj Qkb n u`n jran`mznfm`

Ons jran`mznfmj`ks puklk` tk`kr cotmpoks fjrrkjs kokftr`mfjs,

lmrkffmj`ks, `ckrjs tkoki`mfjs j smtmjs Qkb kxtkr`js nsjfmnljs. Lk skr

`kfksnrmj, on jpfm` Vkrvmfmjs puklk skr usnln pnrn m`lmfnr ojs lns y

djrns lk jpkrnfm` lk on jran`mznfm`.

Xjr ko cjck`tj, rkarksnrkcjs n on omstn prm`fmpno lk ons jran`mznfmj`ks.

Imaurn 6; Fncbmjs aunrlnljs k` on jran`mznfm`

Oukaj, dnfkcjs fomfe k` ko bjt` Nffmj`ks lk on jran`mznfm` quk

nfnbncjs lk frknr, fj` oj funo sk cjstrnr` ons smaumk`tks jpfmj`ks.


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24

Imaurn 69 Nffmj`ks quk sk puklk` rknomznr fj` u`n jran`mznfm`

Klmtnr7 kstn jpfm` `js ookvnrn `ukvnck`tk no ijrcuonrmj lk

klmfm` lk on jran`mznfm`, lj`lk pjlrkcjs cjlmimfnr funoqumkr

lktnook.

Nlcm`mstrnr ko cnpn lko smtmj7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk frknr y

nlcm`mstrnr ons pam`ns pbomfns y prmvnlns lko smtmj Qkb lk on

jran`mznfm`.

Nsma`nr rjoks lk jran`mznfm`7 kstn jpfm` `js pkrcmtk nsma`nr

Rjoks lk jran`mznfm` n ojs usunrmjs cmkcbrjs. Xjr lkikftj, ons

jran`mznfmj`ks sj` frknlns fj` 6 rjoks7 Nlcm`mstrnljr lk

jran`mznfm` (Jran`mzntmj` Nlcm`mstrntjr), Xrjpmktnrmj lk on

jran`mznfm` (Jran`mzntmj` Jw`kr) y Cmkcbrj lk on

jran`mznfm` (Jran`mzntmj` Ckcbkr). Xjlkcjs nsma`nr u`j j

cs rjoks n fnln usunrmj cmkcbrj lk on jran`mznfm`. \jljs ojscmkcbrjs tmk`k` pjr lkikftj nsma`nljs ko rjo Cmkcbrj lk on

jran`mznfm`.

Nsma`nr usunrmjs7 kstn jpfm` `js ookvnr n u`n pn`tnoon lj`lk

pjlkcjs busfnr y skokffmj`nr usunrmjs lko pjrtno pnrn nsma`nrojs

fjcj cmkcbrjs lk on jran`mznfm`.

Nnlmr usunrmj7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk narkanr u` `ukvj usunrmj k`

ko pjrtno, ko funo skr nutjctmfnck`tk nsma`nlj fjcj cmkcbrj

lk on jran`mznfm`.

Nnlmr jran`mznfm` `jrcno7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk nnlmr u`n

jran`mznfm` dmgn n on jran`mznfm` skokffmj`nln. Lk kstncn`krn, frkncjs gkrnrquns lk jran`mznfmj`ks fj` rkonfmj`ks

pnlrk-dmgj.

Nnlmr ojfnomznfm`7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk nnlmr u`n Ojfnomznfm`

dmgn, on funo ks u` tmpj kspkfmno lk jran`mznfm` quk `j puklk

tk`kr cs jran`mznfmj`ks dmgns.


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2=

Komcm`nr7 kstn jpfm` komcm`n on jran`mznfm` lko pjrtno. Oj

prmckrj quk lkbkcjs nskaurnr`js n`tks lk komcm`nr on

jran`mznfm` ks quk `j tkàn cmkcbrjs.

mv.

Vmtmjs Qkb

[` smtmj Qkb ks u` fj`gu`tj lk pam`ns quk puklk` skr usnlns pnrn

pubomfnr fj`tk`mlj j npomfnfmj`ks. Ojs smtmjs puklk` skr m`lkpk`lmk`tks j

puklk` kstnr nsjfmnljs n u`n jran`mznfm`, y skrvmr fjcj smtmj Qkb lk

stn.

Ojs smtmjs Qkb k` Omikrny puklk` skr jran`mznljs lk cn`krn gkrrqumfn, no

mauno quk ons jran`mznfmj`ks. On lmikrk`fmn k`trk smtmjs Qkb y

jran`mznfmj`ks, pjr su pukstj, ks quk ojs smtmjs Qkb sj` usnljs pnrn

jran`mznr pam`ns, fj`tk`mlj, npomfnfmj`ks y usunrmjs5 cmk`trns quk ons

jran`mznfmj`ks sj` soj usnlns pnrn narupnr usunrmjs. Ks pjsmbok

fjcpnrtmr ko fj`tk`mlj k`trk ojs smtmjs quk ijrcn` pnrtk lk u`n cmscn

gkrnrqun. Xjr kgkcpoj, sm u` smtmj pnlrk tmk`k u` ljfuck`tj ooncnlj

Jbgktmvjs lko cks, y sk lkskn tk`kr u`n fjpmn pnrn tjljs sus sub -smtmjs,

ko nlcm`mstrnljr lko smtmj Qkb pnlrk, puklk dnbmomtnr on fjcpnrtmfm` lk

fj`tk`mlj pnrn fjcpnrtmr nutjctmfnck`tk ko ljfuck`tj fj` sus sub-

smtmjs, k` ouanr lk k`vmnr ko ljfuck`tj n fnln smtmj Qkb m`lmvmlunock`tk.

Nsmcmscj, ojs prmvmokamjs lk fjcpnrtmfm` lk fj`tk`mlj puklk` skr

fjìmaurnljs pnrn pkrcmtmr quk ojs nlcm`mstrnljrks lk smtmjs pukln`

fjcpnrtmr fj`tk`mlj n trnvs lk ojs smtmjs Qkb quk fnln u`j lk koojs

nlcm`mstrn.

Ojs smtmjs Qkb puklk` tncbm` skr utmomznljs pnrn fj`stmtumr msons, n ons

funoks funoqumkr usunrmj lko pjrtno (cmkcbrj lk u`n jran`mznfm` j `j)

pukln u`mrsk. Jbvmnck`tk, lkpk`lmk`lj lko tmpj lk ckcbrksn quk tkàn

fnln smtmj. Xjr oj tn`tj, pjlkcjs usnr ojs Vmtmjs Qkb pnrn frknr

kstrufturns trn`svkrsnoks n on gkrnrqun jran`mznfmj`no lko pjrtno, tno fjcj

fjcu`mlnlks j arupjs lk m`tkrs.

Xjr kgkcpoj, pjlkcjs utmomznr u` smtmj Qkb pnrn rkprksk`tnr ko Fk`trj

lk Vnoul lk u`n jran`mznfm`, on funo puklk skr lk m`tkrs ak`krno,

m`lkpk`lmk`tkck`tk lk on jran`mznfm` lko pjrtno n on funo ko usunrmj

pkrtk`kzfn7 Yk`tns, Cnrektmà, Rkfursjs Ducn`js, ktf.

Nsmcmscj, pjlkcjs utmomznr ojs smtmjs Qkb pnrn frknr fjcu`mlnlks quk

pkrcmtn` gu`tnr pkrsj`ns fj` m`tkrksks k` fjc`. Xjr kgkcpoj, pjlkcjs


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68

frknr smtmjs Qkb ska` ojs tmpjs lk lkpjrtk quk prnftmfn` ojs usunrmjs lko

pjrtno.

Fj` ko jbgktmvj lk pkrcmtmr mcpokck`tnr lmikrk`tks ksfk`nrmjs y k`tjr`js

lk fjonbjrnfm`, ojs smtmjs Qkb k` Omikrny prjpjrfmj`n` trks tmpjs lk

ckcbrksn7 Nbmkrtj, Rkstrm`amlj y Xrmvnlj5 ojs funoks pnsnrkcjs nkxpomfnr k` brkvks m`stn`tks.

Lk cn`krn nlmfmj`no n kstns ckcbrksns, ks prkfmsj ck`fmj`nr quk,

fun`lj u` smtmj ks nsjfmnlj fj` u`n jran`mznfm`, tjljs ojs usunrmjs lk

lmfdn jran`mznfm` sj` nutjctmfnck`tk fj`smlkrnljs cmkcbrjs lko

smtmj.

Ojs smtmjs Qkb puklk` skr frknljs lkslk ko pn`ko lk fj`trjo lk Omikrny.

Nsmcmscj, ojs usunrmjs puklk` `nvkanr n trnvs lk sus smtmjs Qkb, j

u`mrsk n smtmjs Qkb lmspj`mboks k` ko pjrtno, cklmn`tk kopjrtokt Cms smtmjsQkb.

Xnrn nnlmr u` smtmj Qkb pjlkcjs dnfkr fomfe k` Vmtmjs Qkb k` on

skffm` Vmtmjs Qkb lko Xn`ko lk fj`trjo.

Imaurn 61 Vkffm` Vmtmjs Qkb lko Xn`ko lk Fj`trjo

Vk cjstrnr` ojs smtmjs Qkb kxmstk`tks.

Imaurn 64 Vmtmjs Qkb kxmstk`tks k` ko pjrtno


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6>

Oukaj, skokffmj`ncjs on jpfm` Nnlmr Vmtmj Qkb k` bon`fj.

Imaurn 6= Jpfm` Nnlmr smtmj Qkb k` bon`fj

Jbskrvnfm`7 lk cn`krn nlmfmj`no, ko bjt` Nnlmr cjstrnr ons

jpfmj`ks pnrn nnlmr smtmjs Qkb utmomzn`lj pon`tmoons lk smtmj Qkb

kxmstk`tks.

Vk cjstrnr u` ijrcuonrmj pnrn nnlmr ko `ukvj smtmj Qkb.

Imaurn


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62

smtmj Qkb rkstrmàmlj npnrkfkr k` ko pjrtokt Cms smtmjs Qkb,

sm` kcbnraj, ojs usunrmjs soj pjlr` sjomfmtnr skr cmkcbrjs.

Oukaj, u` nlcm`mstrnljr lko smtmj Qkb lkbk nfkptnr cnùnock`tk

lmfdn sjomfmtul. [` smtmj Qkb prmvnlj `j npnrkfkr k` ko pjrtokt

Cms smtmjs Qkb, y ojs usunrmjs soj pjlr` skr nnlmljs pjr u`

nlcm`mstrnljr lko smtmj Qkb.Xkrcmtmr on akstm` cnùno lk on ckcbrksn7 kstn jpfm` dnbmomtn

j lksdnbmomtn on pjsmbmomlnl lk nnlmr j rkcjvkr cnùnock`tk n

ojs usunrmjs lko smtmj Qkb. Xjr lkikftj, on akstm` cnùno lk on

ckcbrksn sk k`fuk`trn dnbmomtnln. Kstj pkrcmtk n ojs

nlcm`mstrnljrks nsma`nr cnùnock`tk usunrmjs no smtmj. \ncbm`

pkrcmtk n ojs usunrmjs u`mrsk n ojs smtmjs Qkb nbmkrtjs j sjomfmtnr

u`mrsk n ojs smtmjs Qkb rkstrmàmljs. Xnrn ojs smtmjs Qkb lk

jran`mznfmj`ks, on akstm` cnùno lk on ckcbrksn sk k`fuk`trn,

pjr lkikftj, lksdnbmomtnln. Kstj jfnsmj`n quk ojs cmkcbrjs lk on

jran`mznfm` skn` nutjctmfnck`tk nsma`nljs fjcj cmkcbrjs

lko smtmj, smaumk`lj on pjotmfn lk ckcbrksn lk on jran`mznfm`.

Nsmcmscj, yn quk on akstm` cnùno lk on ckcbrksn kst

lksdnbmomtnln pjr lkikftj, pnrn ko fnsj lk ojs smtmjs lk

jran`mznfmj`ks, on skffm` [sunrmjs k` on nlcm`mstrnfm` lko smtmj

Qkb `j sk k`fj`trnr lmspj`mbok.

Vmtmj pnlrk7 kstn jpfm`,pkrcmtk skokffmj`nr u` smtmj pnlrk pnrn ko

smtmj Qkb quk sk kstn frkn`lj. Ko usj lk gkrnrquns lk smtmjs

pkrcmtk smcpomimfnr on nlcm`mstrnfm` lk on ckcbrksn k` ojs smtmjs

y on fjcpnrtmfm` lk fj`tk`mlj k`trk stjs. Fun`lj

skokffmj`ncjs u` smtmj pnlrk, npnrkfk on jpfm` nlmfmj`no Omcmtnr

on ckcbrksn n cmkcbrjs lko smtmj pnlrk. Vm kstn jpfm` kst

dnbmomtnln, on pjotmfn lk ckcbrksn lko smtmj Qkb rknomznr u`n

rkvmsm`, lk tno cn`krn quk sk pukln nsma`nr cmkcbrjs no smtmj

nftuno, soj sm kstjs yn sj` cmkcbrjs lko smtmj pnlrk.

Ktmquktns7 pjlkcjs usnr ko smstkcn lk ktmquktns lk Omikrny sjbrk

ko smtmj Qkb. Kstj pkrcmtmr m`lmfnr ojs tpmfjs trntnljs pjr ko smtmj

Qkb lk`trj lko pjrtno.


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66

Imaurn Vkffm` lk fonsmimfnfm` y ktmquktns lko smtmj Qkb

K`tj`fks, ook`ncjs ojs lntjs, y dnfkcjs fomfek` Aunrlnr.

] ko ijrcuonrmj sk kxpn`lmr pkrcmtmk`lj màrksnr mìjrcnfm` nlmfmj`no.

Nu`quk `j ks kstrmftnck`tk `kfksnrmj màrksnr tjljs ojs lntjs.

Imaurn


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6;

Ks prkfmsj m`lmfnr quk Omikrny, smkcprk prjpjrfmj`n u` smtmj Qkb pjr

lkikftj, ko funo ks tncbm` fj`jfmlj fjcj ko smtmj prm`fmpno lko pjrtno. Kstk

smtmj `jrcnock`tk tjcn ko `jcbrk quk sk ok lmj no pjrtno no cjck`tj lk

skr m`stnonlj.

v.

Arupjs lk usunrmjs

Ojs Arupjs lk usunrmjs sj` u` narupncmk`tj nrbmtrnrmj lk usunrmjs. Kstjs

arupjs sj` frknljs pjr nlcm`mstrnljrks lko pjrtno pnrn narupnr usunrmjs

quk `j tmk`k` u` jbvmj ntrmbutj j nspkftj jran`mznfmj`no j lk smtmj Qkb

quk ojs rkonfmj`k. Ojs arupjs `j puklk` tk`kr pkrcmsjs fjcj ojs tmk`k`

ojs rjoks, sm` kcbnraj, ojs Arupjs lk usunrmjs puklk` skr nnlmljs n

Rjoks. Ojs arupjs sj` tmoks fun`lj sk tmk`k rkqukrmcmk`tjs lk skaurmlnl

cuy fjcpokgjs.

Ojs arupjs lk usunrmjs sj` cnyjrck`tk usnljs pnrn ojarnr noau`js lk ojssmaumk`tks jbgktmvjs7

Xnrn smcpomimfnr on nsma`nfm` lk vnrmjs rjoks n u` arupj lk

usunrmjs. Xjr kgkcpoj, k` ko pjrtno lk u`n [`mvkrsmlnl, sk puklk

frknr u` arupj lk usunrmjs Ljfk`tks, pnrn narupnr n tjljs ojs

ljfk`tks, m`lkpk`lmk`tkck`tk lk sus jran`mznfmj`ks, y ns

pjlkr nsma`nroks u`j j cs rjoks, k` ouanr lk dnfkroj

m`lmvmlunock`tk.

Xnrn smcpomimfnr on ckcbrksn n u`j j cs smtmjs cklmn`tk on

kspkfmimfnfm` lk u` arupj lk usunrmjs. Vm usncjs ko kgkcpoj

n`tkrmjr, tjljs ojs ljfk`tks pjlrn` skr cmkcbrjs lk ojs

smaumk`tks smtmjs Qkb7 \rnbngnljrks y kstulmn`tks lk on

[`mvkrsmlnl y Xontnijrcn lk Fjonbjrnfm` lk ljfk`tks, sm

nsma`ncjs no arupj lk usunrmjs Ljfk`tks fjcj cmkcbrj lk

kstjs smtmjs.

Xnrn prjpjrfmj`nr pam`ns pbomfns j prmvnlns prklkim`mlns pnrn

ojs usunrmjs quk pkrtk`kfk` n u` arupj lk usunrmjs kspkfimfj.

Xjr kgkcpoj, ko arupj lk usunrmjs Ljfk`tks, pjlrn skr frknlj

pnrn nskaurnr`js lk quk on pam`n prm`fmpno lk ojs smtmjs

pkrsj`noks lk tjljs ojs ljfk`tks, tmk`k` ons cmscns

lmspjsmfmj`ks y npomfnfmj`ks.

Xnrn frknr u` arupj pjlkcjs dnfkr fomfe k` on jpfm` Arupjs lk

usunrmjs k` on skffm` [sunrmjslko Xn`ko lk fj`trjo.


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Imaurn


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Imaurn


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64

Klmtnr ojs pkrcmsjs7kstn jpfm` `js pkrcmtk lkim`mr ojs pkrcmsjs

lk ojs rjoks sjbrk ko smtmj Qkb lko arupj.

Nlcm`mstrnr ons pam`ns lko smtmj Qkb7 nu`quk ojs arupjs lk

usunrmjs `j tmk`k` pam`ns Qkb pjr fuk`tn prjpmn, pjlkcjs

frknr pon`tmoons lk pam`ns Qkb pnrn u` arupj. Fun`lj u` arupj

lk usunrmjs tmk`k pon`tmoons lk pam`ns Qkb, funoqumkr usunrmj qukskn nnlmlj no arupj tk`lr ons pam`ns lko arupj fjpmnlns k` sus

pam`ns pkrsj`noks.

Nsma`nr cmkcbrjs7kstn jpfm` `js ookvnr n u`n pn`tnoon lj`lk

pjlkcjs busfnr y skokffmj`nr usunrmjs lko pjrtno pnrn nsma`nrojs

no arupj.

Komcm`nr7 kstn jpfm`komcm`n ko arupj lk usunrmjs.

vm. Rjoks

Ojs rjoks sj` usnljs pnrn narupnr pkrcmsjs quk lkim`k` u`n iu`fm`

kspkfimfn lk`trj lko pjrtno, lk nfukrlj n u` nofn`fk k` pnrtmfuonr. Ojs

rjoks puklk` jtjranr pkrcmsjs n vnrmns iu`fmj`ks lk ojspjrtokts. Ojs rjoks

puklk` skr fj`smlkrnljs fjcj u`n lksfrmpfm` lk u`n iu`fm`, tno fjcj

Nlcm`mstrnljr lk ijrjs. [` rjo fj` ksk `jcbrk sk kspkrn quk tk`an

pkrcmsjs n lmvkrsns iu`fmj`ks lk nlcm`mstrnfm` k` ko pjrtokt lk Ijrjs.

Ojs usunrmjs quk sj` nnlmljs k` kstk rjo oukaj dkrkln` lmfdjs pkrcmsjs.

Ojs rjoks tmk`k` u` nofn`fk lkim`mlj, ko funo puklk skr7 Xjrtno,

Jran`mznfm` j Vmtmj Qkb.

Ons lmikrk`fmns k`trk kstjs tmpjs lk rjoks sk puklk` lksfrmbmr fjcj smauk7

Rjo lk pjrtno7 ojs pkrcmsjs sk lkim`k` y sk npomfn` n `mvko lk

pjrtno.

Rjo lk smtmj Qkb7 ojs pkrcmsjs sk lkim`k` n `mvko lk pjrtno y sk

npomfn` n u` smtmj Qkb kspkfimfj.

Rjo lk jran`mznfm`7ojs pkrcmsjs sk lkim`k` n `mvko lk pjrtno y sk

npomfn` n u`n jran`mznfm` kspkfimfn.

Lkslk ko Xn`ko lk fj`trjo pjlkcjs frknr rjoks, ns fjcj tncbm` nsma`nrusunrmjs y pkrcmsjs n ojs rjoks. Xnrn kooj, pjlkcjs dnfkr fomfek` on jpfm`

Rjolk on skffm` [sunrmjslko pn`ko lk fj`trjo.


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Imaurn


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Xnrn frknr u` Rjo, pjlkcjs dnfkr fomfe k` Nnlmr, y ksfjakcjsko tmpj

lk rjo quk lkskncjs frknr (Xjrtno, Jran`mznfm` j Vmtmj Qkb).

Imaurn ;> Jpfmj`ks pnrn nnlmr u` ùkvj rjo no pjrtno

Vk cjstrnr u` ijrcuonrmj pnrn nnlmr ko ùkvj rjo. Ook`ncjs ojs lntjs,m`fouyk`lj ko jcbrk, ttuoj y lksfrmpfm`.

Imaurn ;2 Ijrcuonrmj pnrn nnlmr u` ùkvj rjo no pjrtno

Oukaj dnfkcjs fomfek` Aunrlnr.

Vk cjstrnr ùkvnck`tk on omstn lk ojs rjoks kxmstk`tks, lj`lk pjlrkcjs

vkr ko ùkvj rjo frknlj. Xnrn vkr qu nffmj`ks pjlkcjs rknomznr fj` ko

ùkvj rjo, pjlkcjs dnfkr fomfe k` Nffmj`ks.


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Jpfm` Nsma`nr cmkcbrjs lk u` kqumpj

On akstm` lk pkrcmsjs k` ojs kqumpjs ks rknomznln n `mvko m`lmvmluno k`

fnln pjrtokt, nffklmk`lj n on jpfm` Fj`imaurnfmj`ks y oukaj n on

pkstnn Xkrcmsjs lko pjrtoktk` fukstm`.


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;8

b.

@nvkan`lj k` ko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn

K` on vk`tn`n prm`fmpno lko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn pjlkcjs dnfkr fomfe

k` u` ljfuck`tj pnrn vkr lktnooks nfkrfn lk stk. Xjr kgkcpoj7 `ckrj lk

vkrsm` nftuno, dmstjrmno lk vkrsmj`ks, kstnlj, usunrmj quk subm ko ljfuck`tj,

otmcj usunrmj quk oj cjlmimf, k`trk jtrjs. Lkpk`lmk`lj lko ljfuck`tj, noau`jscktnlntjs skr` kxtrnljs nutjctmfnck`tk y sk cjstrnr` k`trk sus lktnooks, tno

fjcj7 frknljr, nutjr, ttuoj, tmpj lk fj`tk`mlj, ikfdn lk frknfm`, y ikfdn lk

otmcn cjlmimfnfm`. K` ko fnsj lk nrfdmvjs lk nulmj j vmlkj, sk cjstrnr tncbm`

ko tmkcpj lk lurnfm`.

Imaurn 9; Ymstn lk ljfuck`tj lko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y cuotmcklmn

Nsmcmscj, k` kstn vmstn, tncbm` pjlrkcjs rknomznr ons smaumk`tks nffmj`ks sjbrk

ko ljfuck`tj7

Lksfnranr7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk lksfnranr ko ljfuck`tj.

Jbtk`kr [RO7kstn jpfm` cukstrn ko [RO lko ljfuck`tj k` ko skrvmljr.

Jbtk`kr [RO QkbLNY7 kstn jpfm` cukstrn ko [RO QkbLNY lko

ljfuck`tj k` ko skrvmljr. Cklmn`tk kstk [RO pjlrkcjs nbrmr, cjlmimfnr y

ak`krnr `ukvns vkrsmj`ks lko ljfuck`tj, lkslk Cmfrjsjit Jiimfk j lkslk


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;>

noa` jtrj fomk`tk QkbLNY. Cs nlkon`tk sk kxpomfnr fjcj pjlkcjs

utmomznr kstk [RO.

Klmtnr7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk fncbmnr ko fj`tk`mlj lko ljfuck`tj

kspkfmimfn`lj u` nrfdmvj lmstm`tj, fncbmn`lj su ttuoj, lksfrmpfm` j tmpj,

j nnlmk`lj ktmquktns, fntkajrns j fj`tk`mljs rkonfmj`nljs.

Cjvkr7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk ksfjakr u`n ùkvn ubmfnfm` k` ko rkpjsmtjrmjpnrn nocnfk`nr ko ljfuck`tj.

Bojquknr/Fn`fkonr bojqukj7 kstn jpfm` kvmtn quk jtrjs usunrmjs

cjlmimquk` ko ljfuck`tj cmk`trns kstncjs trnbngn`lj fj` stk. Vm

dkcjs bojquknlj ko ljfuck`tj, n` ns, ojs lkcs usunrmjs pjlr` vkr

su vkrsm` nftuno, sm ks quk tmk`k` ojs pkrcmsjs `kfksnrmjs. Im`nock`tk,

lkspus lk trnbngnr fj` ko ljfuck`tj, pjlkcjs vjovkr n rkamstrnroj.

Xkrcmsjs7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk fjìmaurnr pkrcmsjs kspkfimfjs pnrn ko

ljfuck`tj.

Cjvkr n on pnpkokrn lk rkfmfongk7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk rkcjvkr ko

ljfuck`tj lk on ombrkrn lk Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn.

Vm ojs fjck`tnrmjs kst` dnbmomtnljs, tncbm` pjlrkcjs vkrojs, nnlmr ùkvjs, j

susfrmbmrsk n ojs fjck`tnrmjs lko ljfuck`tj. Xjr lkikftj, ojs fjck`tnrmjs kst`

dnbmomtnljs.

Imaurn 99 Fjck`tnrmjs lk u` ljfuck`tj

Ko ck` k` on zj`n supkrmjr lko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn, fj`tmk`k ojsbjtj`ks Nffmj`ks, Nnlmr, Jrlk`nr pjr y Nlcm`mstrnr. Nsmcmscj, tk`kcjs

ojs bjtj`ks pnrn fncbmnr k`trk ons vmstns lk fj`j, lksfrmptmvn y lk omstn. Vm dny

cufdjs ljfuck`tjs k` on ombrkrn lk ljfuck`tjs y cuotmcklmn, ko fncpj lk

bsqukln puklk nyulnr`js n k`fj`trnr ojs ljfuck`tjs quk kstncjs busfn`lj.


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;2

Imaurn 91 Jpfmj`ks lko ck` supkrmjr lko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y cuotmcklmn

Vm ko pjrtokt fj`tmk`k cs ljfuck`tjs lk ojs quk sk puklk` cjstrnr k` u`n sjon

pam`n, pjlkcjs usnr on dkrrncmk`tn lk `nvkanfm` k` on zj`n mìkrmjr lk on

vk`tn`n lko pjrtokt pnrn mr `nvkan`lj lk pam`n k` pam`n, j pnrn fjìmaurnr quk

sk cukstrk` cs ljfuck`tjs pjr pam`n.

Imaurn 94 Dkrrncmk`tn lk `nvkanfm` lko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y cuotmcklmn

Fun`lj `nvkancjs k`trk ons fnrpktns lk ljfuck`tjs y cuotmcklmn, pjlrkcjs

vkr ko kònfk Vusfrmbmrsk k` on ksqum`n supkrmjr lkrkfdn k` on vmstn lk on fnrpktn.

No dnfkr fomfe k` ko kònfk Vusfrmbmrsk, pjlkcjs susfrmbmr`js n on fnrpktn quknftunock`tk kstncjs vmk`lj. Lk kstn cn`krn, rkfmbmrkcjs `jtmimfnfmj`ks lk

fjrrkj kokftr`mfj fnln vkz quk sk rknomfk u`n nffm` k` on fnrpktn, tno fjcj

fun`lj sk nnlk u` nrfdmvj, sk rknomzn u`n cjlmimfnfm` j u`n komcm`nfm`.

m.

Nffmj`ks

Ko ck` Nffmj`ks sk cjstrnr soj sm dkcjs skokffmj`nlj u`j j cs

ljfuck`tjs fj` ons fnsmoons lk skokffm`.


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;6

Imaurn 9= Jpfmj`ks lko ck` Nffmj`ks lko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y

cuotmcklmn

j

Fn`fkonr bojqukj7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk lksbojquknr u`

ljfuck`tj quk dnbn smlj bojquknlj, pkrj sm` rkamstrnr `mà`

ùkvj fncbmj k` stk. [sn`lj kstn jpfm` pjlkcjs prkvk`mr quk

sk rkamstrk u`n ùkvn vkrsm`, no aunrlnr u`n vkrsm` ml`tmfn lko

ljfuck`tj.

j Rkamstrnr7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk rkamstrnr u` ljfuck`tj quk dkcjs

klmtnlj. No rknomznr kstn nffm`, ko `ckrj lk vkrsm` lko

ljfuck`tj sk m`frkck`tnr, y su vkrsm` n`tkrmjr quklnr

arnbnln k` ko dmstjrmno.

j Bojquknr7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk bojquknr u` ljfuck`tj quk

qukrkcjs klmtnr. [sn`lj kstn jpfm` pjlkcjs prkvk`mr quk

funoqumkr jtrj usunrmj cjlmimquk ko ljfuck`tj cmk`trns kstncjstrnbngn`lj fj` stk.

j Cjvkr7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk ksfjakr u`n ùkvn ubmfnfm` k` ko

rkpjsmtjrmj pnrn nocnfk`nr u` ljfuck`tj j fnrpktn. Xjlkcjs

cjvkr cotmpoks ljfuck`tjs y fnrpktns no cmscj tmkcpj.

Nsmcmscj, ks pjsmbok tncbm` cjvkr ljfuck`tjs y fnrpktns fj`

soj nrrnstrnrojs y sjotnrojs.

j K`vmnr n on pnpkokrn7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk rkcjvkr u` ljfuck`tj

j fnrpktn lk on ombrkrn lk Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn. Xjlkcjs

k`vmnr cotmpoks ljfuck`tjs y fnrpktns n on pnpkokrn lk rkfmfongk,

no cmscj tmkcpj.

mm.

Nnlmr

Fj` ko bjt` Nnlmrpjlkcjs nnlmr ljfuck`tjs, fnrpktns, y nffksjs

lmrkftjs, tno fjcj dnfkcjs k` ko smstkcn lk nrfdmvjs lk u`n fjcputnljrn

lk ksfrmtjrmj.


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;1 Vfmj tkfd`jojay fj`suotmà

;;

Jtrn tmo iu`fmj`nomlnl lko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn, ks on

iu`fmj`nomlnl lk nrrnstnr y sjotnrpnrn submr u` ljfuck`tj. No fj`trnrmj

lk on submln lk ljfuck`tjs cnùno, pjlkcjs skokffmj`nr, y nrrnstrnr ko

ljfuck`tj lkslk ko smstkcn lk nrfdmvjs lk ùkstrn fjcputnljrn, y

sjotnroj lk`trj lko pjrtokt. Oukaj, ko ljfuck`tj ks nutjctmfnck`tk

submlj, y quklnr m`stn`t`knck`tk lmspj`mbok k` ko rkpjsmtjrmj. Ksprkfmsj ck`fmj`nr quk, nu`quk ko ljfuck`tj sk dnyn sjotnlj k`trk ko

fj`tk`mlj lk u`n fnrpktn, n` ns, ko ljfuck`tj skr submlj

lmrkftnck`tk n on fnrpktn "M`mfmj" lko prtokt.

Imaurn 1> Ljfuck`tj Qjrl smk`lj nrrnstrnlj no pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y

cuotmcklmn

mmm.

Jrlk`nr

Xjlkcjs jrlk`nr ojs kokck`tjs cjstrnljs k` on vmstn prm`fmpno lko pjrtokt

Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn, usn`lj ko ck` Jrlk`nr pjr. Xjlkcjs

jrlk`nrojs pjr ttuoj, ikfdn lk frknfm`, ikfdn lk cjlmimfnfm`, lksfnrans

j tncnj.

Imaurn 12 Jpfmj`ks lko ck` Jrlk`nr


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;9

j \tuoj7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk jrlk`nr noinbtmfnck`tk ojs

kokck`tjs, ska` su ttuoj.

j Ikfdn lk frknfm`7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk jrlk`nr ojs kokck`tjs

ska` on ikfdn k` on quk iukrj` frknljs.

j

Ikfdn lk cjlmimfnfm`7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk jrlk`nr ojskokck`tjs ska` su otmcn ikfdn lk cjlmimfnfm`.

j

Lksfnrans7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk jrlk`nr ojs kokck`tjs ska` ko

`ckrj lk vkfks quk dn` smlj lksfnranljs.

j \ncnj7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk jrlk`nr ojs kokck`tjs ska` ko

kspnfmj lk lmsfj quk jfupn`.

mv.

Nlcm`mstrnr

Ko ck` Nlcm`mstrnr pkrcmtk vkr ojs `jcbrks lk ojs tmpjs lk

ljfuck`tjs y fj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs frknljs, ns fjcj tncbm` onotmcn vkz quk iukrj` klmtnljs.

Imaurn 16 Jpfmj`ks lko ck` Nlcm`mstrnr lko pjrtoktLjfuck`tjs y

cuotmcklmn

j \mpjs lk ljfuck`tjs7 kstn jpfm` cukstrn on omstn lk tmpjs lk

ljfuck`tjs quk dn` smlj frknljs.

j Fj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs7 kstn jpfm` cukstrn on omstn lk

fj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs frknljs.

f.

\mpjs lk ljfuck`tjs y fj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs

Fun`lj u` usunrmj nsma`n u` tmpj lk ljfuck`tj n u` ljfuck`tj, ko usunrmj

lkbk rkook`nr u` ijrcuonrmj k` ko funo, nlkcs lk pkrcmtmr submr u` nrfdmvj,

pkrcmtmr m`arksnr lntjs nlmfmj`noks, ojs funoks sj` kspkfimfjs pnrn ko fj`gu`tj lk


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;1

cktnlntjs lko tmpj lk ljfuck`tj nsma`nlj. Kstj iukrzn no usunrmj n `j jovmlnr

màrksnr mìjrcnfm` mcpjrtn`tk nfkrfn lk sus ljfuck`tjs. Xjr kgkcpoj,

pjlrncjs frknr u` tmpj lk ljfuck`tj prjtkamlj pjr lkrkfdjs lk nutjr, quk

rkqumkrn quk ojs usunrmjs màrksk` u`n omfk`fmn. N` cs mcpjrtn`tk, ojs tmpjs lk

ljfuck`tjs y fj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs puklk` dnfkr cs ifmo k`fj`trnr

ljfuck`tjs. Ojs vnojrks quk ojs usunrmjs màrksn` k` ojs fncpjs lktkrcm`nljspjr ko fj`gu`tj lk cktnlntjs lko tmpj lk ljfuck`tj, sk fj`vmkrtk` k` kokck`tjs

quk puklk` skr busfnljs lk`trj lko pjrtno. K` ksk sk`tmlj, pjlkcjs usnr ko

pjrtokt lk bsqukln lk Omikrny pnrn busfnr ljfuck`tjs cklmn`tk kstjs

kokck`tjs. Ojs tmpjs lk ljfuck`tjs y fj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs sj` nffksmboks

lkslk ko bjt` Nlcm`mstrnr k` on zj`n supkrmjr lk on pn`tnoon prm`fmpno lko

pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn.

Xjlkcjs vkr, klmtnr j nnlmr fj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs lkslk on jpfm`

Nlcm`mstrnrFj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs.

Imaurn 1< Fj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs

Fjcj sk dn ck`fmj`nlj, u` fj`gu`tj lk cktnlntjs fj`smstk k` u` arupj lk

fncpjs. Vm dnfkcjs fomfe k` ko bjt` Nnlmr, pjlkcjs usnr on m`tkrinz arimfn

pnrn lkim`mr u` fj`gu`tj lk cktnlntjs quk oukaj pjlrkcjs nsma`nr n funoqumkr

tmpj lk ljfuck`tj.


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;4

Imaurn 1; Ijrcuonrmj pnrn nnlmr u` ùkvj fj`gu`tj lk cktnlntjs

N`tks lk prjskaumr, ks `kfksnrmj nskaurnr`js lk quk on pkstnn Fncpjs, k` on

zj`n mzqumkrln, dn smlj skokffmj`nln. Oukaj, pnrn lkim`mr u` fj`gu`tj lk

cktnlntjs, bnstn fj` ksfjakr ojs fncpjs quk usnrkcjs, k` ko rkn lk on

mzqumkrln, y ojs nrrnstrncjs y sjotncjs k` ko rkn lk on lkrkfdn. On m`tkrinz lk

nrrnstrnr y sjotnr pkrcmtk n`mlnr ojs fncpjs, pjr tno cjtmvj, ks `kfksnrmj tk`kr

fumlnlj no cjck`tj lk ubmfnr ojs fncpjs ksfjamljs. Ojs vnojrks pjr lkikftj,

tncnj, y jtrns prkikrk`fmns puklk` skr fjìmaurnlns pnrn on cnyjrn lk ojs

fncpjs lmspj`mboks. Xnrn fjìmaurnr kstns prkikrk`fmns, bnstn fj` dnfkr fomfe

sjbrk ko fncpj k` ko rkn lk on lkrkfdn. Fj` kstj, nutjctmfnck`tk sk

skokffmj`nr on pkstnn lk Fjìmaurnfm`k` ko rkn lk on mzqumkrln. Lk cn`krn

notkr`ntmvn, pjlkcjs nffklkr n on pkstnn Fjìmaurnfm` dnfmk`lj fomfe k` ko

bjt` Fjìmaurnfmj`kslk fnln u`j lk ojs fncpjs. Oukaj dnfkcjs ljbok fomfe

sjbrk ko vnojr quk qukrkcjs klmtnr.

Imaurn 19 Fncpjs lmspj`mboks pnrn nsma`nr no ùkvj fj`gu`tj lk cktnlntjs

Omikrny pkrcmtk utmomznr ojs smaumk`tks tmpjs lk fncpjs k` ojs fj`gu`tjs lk

cktnlntjs7


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;=

Bjjokn`j7 kstk fncpj fj`smstk k` u`n fnsmoon lk skokffm`.

Ikfdn7 kstk fncpj pkrcmtk màrksnr u`n ikfdn. Ko fncpj lk ikfdn

rkqumkrk u` ijrcntj lk ikfdn vomlj. Vm` kcbnraj, `j dny on `kfksmlnl lk

màrksnr on ikfdn cnùnock`tk, yn quk fun`lj sk skokffmj`n ko fncpj

ikfdn, sk cjstrnr u` fnok`lnrmj k` ko funo pjlrkcjs skokffmj`nr ko vnojr.Lkfmcno7kstk fncpj pkrcmtk màrksnr u` `ckrj lkfmcno.

Ljfuck`tjs y cuotmcklmn7 kstk fncpj pkrcmtk skokffmj`nr u` nrfdmvj

lkslk u`n ombrkrn lk ljfuck`tjs y cuotmcklmn lko pjrtno.

D\CO7 kstk fncpj fj`smstk k` u` rkn quk puklk skr usnln pnrn frknr

fj`tk`mlj D\CO.

K`tkrj7 kstk fncpj pkrcmtk màrksnr u` `ckrj k`tkrj.

Kònfk n u`n pam`n7 kstk fncpj pkrcmtk kònznr n u`n pam`n quk sk

k`fuk`trn k` ko cmscj smtmj Qkb.

@ckrj7 kstk fncpj pkrcmtk màrksnr u` `ckrj lkfmcno j k`tkrj.

Rnlmj7 kstk fncpj cukstrn vnrmns jpfmj`ks, lj`lk soj u`n lk koons

puklk skr skokffmj`nln n on vkz. Ko `ckrj lk jpfmj`ks pjr lkikftj sj`

trks, pkrj puklk skr pkrsj`nomznlj.

Vkokffmj`nr7 kstk fncpj ks smcmonr no fncpj Rnlmj, fj` on kxfkpfm` lk

quk sus jpfmj`ks sk cukstrn` k` u`n omstn lkspokanbok.

\kxtj7kstk fncpj pkrcmtk màrksnr tkxtj k` u`n son o`kn.

Fngn lk tkxtj7kstk fncpj ks smcmonr no fncpj \kxtj, pkrj k` kstk fnsj,

ko tkxtj puklk skr màrksnlj k` cotmpoks o`kns, j m`fousj k` prrnijs

skpnrnljs.

Ks prkfmsj ck`fmj`nr quk ojs fj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs quk sj` frknljs k` kstn

skffm`, lk cn`krn m`lkpk`lmk`tk, sj` rkutmomznboks. Ks lkfmr, u`n vkz quk stjs

dn` smlj frknljs, puklk` utmomznrsk fjcj Fncpjs lk Cktnlntjs, k` funoqumkr

tmpj lk ljfuck`tj.

Xjr jtrn pnrtk, pjlkcjs vkr, klmtnr j nnlmr tmpjs lk ljfuck`tjs, lkslk on jpfm`

Nlcm`mstrnr\mpjs lk ljfuck`tjs.


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Imaurn 11 \mpjs lk ljfuck`tjs

Oukaj, pnrn nnlmr u` ùkvj tmpj lk ljfuck`tj dnfkcjs fomfe k` ko bjt`

Nnlmr k` on zj`n supkrmjr lko funlrj lk lmojaj.

Imaurn 14 Ijrcuonrmj pnrn nnlmr u` ùkvj tmpj lk ljfuck`tj

Xnrn rknomznr kstj, skr `kfksnrmj lkim`mr u`j j cs fj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs pnrn

nsjfmnr fj` ko ùkvj tmpj lk ljfuck`tj. Fun`lj frkncjs u` ùkvj tmpj lk

ljfuck`tj, pjlkcjs lkim`mr Fncpjs lk Cktnlntjs Xrm`fmpnoks j Fncpjs lk

Cktnlntjs Nlmfmj`noks. Ojs Fncpjs lk Cktnlntjs Xrm`fmpnoks sj`

lmrkftnck`tk nsjfmnljs no tmpj lk ljfuck`tj, y `j qukln` lmspj`mboks pnrn

funoqumkr jtrj tmpj lk ljfuck`tj. Ojs Fncpjs lk Cktnlntjs Nlmfmj`noks, pjr kofj`trnrmj, sk skokffmj`n` lk k`trk ojs Fj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs kxmstk`tks, ojs

funoks sj` lkim`mljs m`lkpk`lmk`tkck`tk y, pjr oj tn`tj, puklk` skr usnljs k`

cufdjs tmpjs lk ljfuck`tjs lmstm`tjs. Xjlkcjs lmikrk`fmnr ojs tmpjs lk

ljfuck`tjs quk mcpokck`tn` ojs cmscjs Fncpjs lk Cktnlntjs Nlmfmj`noks,

lkim`mk`lj lmikrk`tks Fncpjs lk Cktnlntjs Xrm`fmpnoks pnrn stjs. Lk

funoqumkr cjlj, ojs Fncpjs lk Cktnlntjs Nlmfmj`noks `kfksmtn` skr lkim`mljs y

aunrlnljs n`tks lk frknr ojs tmpjs lk ljfuck`tjs quk ojs usnr`.


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9>

Imaurn 1= Fncpjs lk cktnlntjs prm`fmpnoks y Fncpjs lk cktnlntjs

nlmfmj`noks

Xjr kgkcpoj, pjlrncjs frknr u` tmpj lk ljfuck`tj ooncnlj Vonbus, y lkim`mr

su fj`gu`tj lk cktnlntjs. Ko tmpj lk ljfuck`tj Vonbus pjlrn tk`kr ojs

fncpjs7 ttuoj lk fursj, prjiksjr, skckstrk, lksfrmpfm` lk fursj y

rkqukrmcmk`tjs lko fursj. \jljs ojs sonbus k` ùkstrj smtmj Qkb lkbkrn` tk`kr on

mìjrcnfm` lk kstjs fncpjs. Kstj nskaurn quk sm rknomzncjs u`n bsqukln, y

noa` sonbus lj`lk sus fncpjs ttuoj, prjiksjr, skckstrk j noa` jtrj fjm`fmlk`,

stk sk cjstrnr fjcj rksuotnlj. K` fnsj quk qukrncjs usnr ùkstrj fj`gu`tj lk

cktnlntjs soj pnrn ko tmpj lk ljfuck`tj Vonbus y `mà` jtrj cs, frkncjs

ùkstrj fj`gu`tj lk cktnlntjs lkbngj lko rkn Cktnlntjs Xrm`fmpnoks. Lk jtrj

cjlj, pjlkcjs frknr ùkstrj fj`gu`tj lk cktnlntjs lk cn`krn m`lkpk`lmk`tk,

(usn`lj on jpfm` Nlcm`mstrnr Fj`gu`tjs lk cktnlntjs Nnlmr) y oukaj

skokffmj`nroj fjcj Fncpjs lk Cktnlntjs Nlmfmj`noks, lkbngj lko rkn Nnlmr

fncpjs lk cktnlntjs.

Imaurn 48 Fncpjs pnrn ko tmpj lk ljfuck`tj Vonbus


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92

l.

Kxtrnffm` nutjctmfn lk cktnlntjs

Fun`lj nnlmcjs ùkvjs ljfuck`tjs, j vkcjs ljfuck`tjs kxmstk`tks, sk

kgkfutn nutjctmfnck`tk u` prjfksj quk kxtrnk ojs cktnlntjs lko nrfdmvj.

Xjlkcjs vkr ojs cktnlntjs fun`lj nffklkcjs n on vmstn lko ljfuck`tj, k` ko

onlj lkrkfdj lk on pn`tnoon.

k.

Rkstrmffmj`ks pjr tmpj lk ljfuck`tj

Xjlkcjs ijrznr n ojs usunrmjs n nnlmr soj fmkrtj tmpj lk ljfuck`tjs n u`n

fnrpktn lktkrcm`nln. Xjr lkikftj, u`n fnrpktn dmgn dkrkln ons rkstrmffmj`ks lk su

fnrpktn pnlrk, pkrj pjlkcjs fncbmnr kstk fjcpjrtncmk`tj klmtn`lj on fnrpktn

k` fukstm`, y skokffmj`n`lj ojs tmpjs lk ljfuck`tjs quk puklk` skr nnlmljs k`

stn.

Imaurn 4> Rkstrmffm` pjr tmpj lk ljfuck`tj k` u`n fnrpktn

Ojs tmpjs lk ljfuck`tjs sj` u`n cn`krn pjlkrjsn lk kstnbokfkr rkaons, ons

funoks ojs usunrmjs lkbk` fucpomr no submr nrfdmvjs.

i. Nffksj QkbLNY

Ko trcm`j QkbLNY sma`mimfn Nutjrn y Ykrsmj`nlj Lmstrmbulj bnsnlj k` Qkb.

Kstn iu`fmj`nomlnl pkrcmtk n ojs usunrmjs frknr, klmtnr, cjvkr j komcm`nr, nrfdmvjs

nocnfk`nljs k` skrvmljrks Qkb. Ks pjsmbok usnr QkbLNY k` on cnyjrn lk ojs

smstkcns jpkrntmvjs y k`tjr`js lk ksfrmtjrmj, m`fouyk`lj Omùx, Cnf y Qm`ljws.

Xjr kgkcpoj, supjàncjs quk usn`lj ko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn,

dkcjs frknlj u`n fnrpktn ooncnln Anokrn lk mcak`ks, y dkcjs submlj

noau`ns mcak`ks. Ojs usunrmjs lko pjrtno, quk tkàn` ojs pkrcmsjs nprjpmnljs,

puklk` nffklkr n on fnrpktn y n ons mcak`ks fj`tk`mlns, usn`lj u` `nvkanljr


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96

Qkb y on m`tkrinz arimfn lk Omikrny. Vm` kcbnraj, QkbLNY prjpjrfmj`n u`n

cn`krn notkr`ntmvn pnrn nffklkr n on fnrpktn y n sus mcak`ks, usn`lj u`

kxpojrnljr lk nrfdmvjs lk ksfrmtjrmj trnlmfmj`no, k` ouanr lko `nvkanljr Qkb. Xnrn

nffklkr n u`n fnrpktn nocnfk`nln k` ko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn k` u`

skrvmljr rkcjtj, `kfksmtncjs ko usunrmj y fj`trnskn pnrn m`mfmnr sksm` k` ko

Xjrtno, y on [RO QkbLNY lk on fnrpktn n on funo lkskncjs tk`kr nffksj.

K`tj`fks, k` ko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn, `nvkancjs n on fnrpktn n on

funo qukrkcjs nffklkr. Xjsmfmj`ncjs ko fursjr sjbrk on fnrpktn (k` ùkstrj

kgkcpoj Anokrn lk mcak`ks), y skokffmj`ncjs Nffklkr lkslk ko ksfrmtjrmj.

Imaurn 42 Jpfm` Nffklkr lkslk ko ksfrmtjrmj lk on fnrpktn Anokrn lk

mcak`ks

Fjpmncjs on [RO QkbLNY.

Imaurn 46 [RO QkbLNY

Oukaj, k` Qm`ljws, dnfkcjs fomfe k` Cm XF y skokffmj`ncjs Cms smtmjs k` rkl.

Dnfkcjs fomfe k` Narkanr u` smtmj lk rkl y skaumcjs ojs pnsjs m`lmfnljs pjr ko

nsmstk`tk. Xkancjs on [RO QkbLNY, y dnfkcjs fomfe k` Vmaumk`tk.Vk cjstrnr

u` m`mfmj lk sksm`, lj`lk lkbkcjs màrksnr ko usunrmj y fj`trnskn lk m`mfmj lk

sksm` k` Omikrny. Oukaj, k` fnsj tkàncjs ojs pkrcmsjs rkqukrmljs, on fnrpktn


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9;

a.

Fjìmaurnfm` lko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn

Xnrn fjìmaurnr ko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn lkbkcjs dnfkr fomfe k` ko

bjt` Jpfmj`ks, k` on zj`n supkrmjr lk on vk`tn`n lko pjrtokt, y skokffmj`ncjs

Fjìmaurnfm`. Oukaj, sk cjstrnr` ons jpfmj`ks lk pkrsj`nomznfm` pnrn ko

pjrtokt k` on pkstnn Fjìmaurnfm`.

Imaurn 49 Jpfmj`ks lk fjìmaurnfm` lko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y cuotmcklmn

Xnrn fncbmnr on fnrpktn rnz lko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn, skokffmj`ncjs

on jpfm` Fnrpktn rnz, `nvkancjs j frkncjs on fnrpktn quk qukrkcjs lkim`mr

fjcj fnrpktn rnz, y oukaj skokffmj`ncjs Aunrlnr. On fnrpktn rnz ks on fnrpktn

lk cs notj `mvko quk ks nffksmbok lkslk ko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn. Xjr

kgkcpoj, supjàncjs quk frkncjs u`n fnrpktn ooncnln Cms ljfuck`tjs k` on

fnrpktn M`mfmj. Vm fjìmaurncjs on fnrpktn Cms ljfuck`tjs pnrn skr ùkstrn

ùkvn fnrpktn rnz, on fnrpktn prm`fmpno M`mfmj yn `j skrn nffksmbok.

Xjr lkikftj, ko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn fj`tmk`k u`n bnrrn lk bsqukln

quk pkrcmtk n ojs usunrmjs k`fj`trnr rpmlnck`tk ojs ljfuck`tjs quk busfn`. Vm

`j qukrkcjs quk on bnrrn lk bsqukln sk cukstrk, lkbkcjs lkscnrfnr on fnsmoon

lk skokffm` Cjstrnr bsqukln.

On omstn lkspokanbok @ckrj cxmcj lk kokck`tjs, pkrcmtk kspkfmimfnr ko ocmtk

lk fu`tns fnrpktns y ljfuck`tjs puklk` skr cjstrnljs n on vkz, k` on vk`tn`n

lko pjrtokt.

Ojs fj`tk`mljs rkonfmj`nljs, pjr lkikftj, kst` dnbmomtnljs pnrn ojs nrfdmvjs lko

pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn. Ojs fj`tk`mljs rkonfmj`nljs pkrcmtk` n ojs

usunrmjs kònznr fj`tk`mljs n ojs nrfdmvjs lko pjrtokt, m`fousj sm stjs `j

fjcpnrtk` ons cmscns ktmquktns j fntkajrns. Xnrn lksdnbmomtnr ojs fj`tk`mljs


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rkonfmj`nljs pnrn ojs nrfdmvjs lko pjrtokt, lkbkcjs lkscnrfnr on fnsmoon lk

vkrmimfnfm` Dnbmomtnr ojs fj`tk`mljs rkonfmj`nljs.

Xjr lkikftj, ko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn pkrcmtk trks kstmojs lk

vmsunomznfm`7 fj`j, omstn y lksfrmptmvn. K` on vk`tn`n lko pjrtokt, sk cukstrn`

fj`js pnrn fnln tmpj lk vmstn, ojs funoks pkrcmtk` n ojs usunrmjs skokffmj`nr kokstmoj lk vmsunomznfm` quk oks pnrkzfn cs fcjlj. Lkbngj lk on fnbkfkrn Ymstns

lk kstmoj lk prksk`tnfm`, pjlkcjs lkim`mr fuo kstmoj lk prksk`tnfm` kstnr

lmspj`mbok pnrn skr skokffmj`nlj. Nlkcs, pjlkcjs lkim`mr ko jrlk` k` ko funo sk

cukstrn` ojs fj`js, lk cjlj tno quk ko kstmoj lk prksk`tnfm` quk kst k` on

fmcn, skr ko kstmoj lk prksk`tnfm` pjr lkikftj lko pjrtokt.

Imaurn 41 Fj`imaurn`lj ojs kstmojs lk prksk`tnfm` lko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y

cuotmcklmn

Lkbngj lk on fnbkfkrn Fjouc`ns cjstrnlns, pjlkcjs pkrsj`nomznr fuoks

fjouc`ns npnrkfkr` fun`lj uskcjs ko pjrtokt Ljfuck`tjs y Cuotmcklmn, k` ko

kstmoj lk vmsunomznfm` tmpj Omstn. Xjr lkikftj, sk cukstrn` ons fjouc`ns7 `jcbrk

lk nrfdmvj, tncnj, kstnlj, lksfnrans y nffmj`ks. Xnrn nnlmr j komcm`nr ons

fjouc`ns quk skr` cjstrnlns, pjlkcjs cjvkrons no funlrj Nftuno j no funlrj

Lmspj`mbok. Nsmcmscj, pjlkcjs jrlk`nr ons fjouc`ns k` ko funlrj Nftuno

pnrn fj`trjonr ko jrlk` k` quk sk cjstrnr` ons fjouc`ns k` ko pjrtokt7 on fjouc`n

quk sk cukstrn k` on fmcn lko funlrj, ks on quk sk cjstrnr cs n on mzqumkrln k`

ko pjrtokt.


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91

Imaurn 44 Fj`imaurn`lj ons fjouc`ns cjstrnlns k` ko kstmoj lk vmsunomznfm` lk

Omstn k` ko pjrtokt Lfuck`tjs y cuotmcklmn

Ons vnojrnfmj`ks, y vnojrnfmj`ks lk fjck`tnrmjs, pjr lkikftj, kst` dnbmomtnlns. Vm

ojs usunrmjs lkfmlk` quk u` nrfdmvj, j fmkrtj fjck`tnrmj nfkrfn lk u` nrfdmvj, ks

tmo j m`ijrcntmvj, puklk` vnojrnroj fjcj buk`j, dnfmk`lj fomfe k` ko fj`j lko

puoanr dnfmn nrrmbn, gu`tj n on fonsmimfnfm`. Vm ojs usunrmjs pmk`sn` quk ko nrfdmvj j

u` fjck`tnrmj, `j sj` tmoks j sj` krr`kjs, puklk` dnfkr fomfe k` ko fj`j lko

puoanr dnfmn nbngj. Vm lkskncjs lksdnbmomtnr ons vnojrnfmj`ks, j ons vnojrnfmj`ks lk

ojs fjck`tnrmjs, lkbkcjs lkscnrfnr, rkspkftmvnck`tk, on fnsmoon lk vkrmimfnfm`

Nftmvnr ons vnojrnfmj`ks, j on fnsmoon lk vkrmimfnfm` Xkrcmtmr vnojrnr ojs

fjck`tnrmjs.


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94

nnlmr ko pjrtokt Bojas n u`n pam`n lk u` smtmj Qkb, fj` oj funo

frknrncjs u` boja fjcpnrtmlj pjr ojs cmkcbrjs lko smtmj. Xjr ko

fj`trnrmj, sm ko pjrtokt Bojas sk nnlk n u`n pam`n lko smtmj pkrsj`no lk u`

usunrmj, sk frknrn u` boja soj pnrn ksk usunrmj. K` ncbjs fnsjs, ko

pjrtokt Bojas iu`fmj`n lk on cmscn cn`krn. ] pjr su pukstj, pjlkcjs

fjìmaurnr ko pjrtokt pnrn quk m`fousj skn pjsmbok tk`kr vnrmjs bojas k`lmikrk`tks pam`ns lk u` cmscj smtmj Qkb.

Imaurn 4= Xjrtokt Bojas

Xjr lkikftj, ko pjrtokt Bojas cukstrn on otmcn k`trnln pubomfnln lk

cn`krn fjcpoktn. Fun`lj nnlmcjs pjr prmckrn vkz ko pjrtokt n u`n

pam`n, `j tmk`k k`trnlns rkamstrnlns, pjr oj funo kstnr vnfj.

N`tks lk kcpkznr n pubomfnr k`trnlns, vncjs n fjìmaurnr ko pjrtokt.

Fjìmaurnfm` lko pjrtokt Bojas

Dnfkcjs fomfe k` Jpfmj`ks, k` on bnrrn lk ttuoj lko pjrtokt y

skokffmj`ncjs Fjìmaurnfm`.

Imaurn =8 Fjìmaurnfm` lko pjrtokt Bojas

Lkbngj lk on pkstnn Fjìmaurnfm`, vkrkcjs ons smaumk`tks

jpfmj`ks7


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9=

j Xrkikrk`fmns lk prksk`tnfm`

Kstn skffm` pkrcmtk fncbmnr lmstm`tns jpfmj`ks lk

vmsunomznfm` pnrn ko pjrtokt lk Bojas.

@ckrj cxmcj lk kokck`tjs7 kstn jpfm`pkrcmtk ksfjakr ko `ckrj tjtno lk k`trnlns lk

boja pnrn cjstrnr k` on pam`n m`mfmno.

Xon`tmoon lk vmsunomznfm`7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk

ksfjakr k`trk Fj`tk`mlj fjcpoktj, Rksuck`

j \tuoj. Vm ksfjakcjs Rksuck`, soj sk

cjstrnr ko rksuck`, y k` fnsj `j sk dnyn

rkamstrnlj u`j, sk cjstrnr soj ons 68 prmckrns

pnonbrns lk fnln k`trnln, gu`tj fj` on jpfm`

Okkr cs, on funo pkrcmtmr vmsunomznr on k`trnln

fjcpoktn. Nftmvnr on `jtmimfnfm` lk nbusj7 kstn jpfm`

pkrcmtk cnrfnr fj`tk`mlj fjcj m`nprjpmnlj y

k`vmnr u` fjrrkj kokftr`mfj n ojs

nlcm`mstrnljrks.

Nftmvnr fj`tk`mljs rkonfmj`nljs7 kstn jpfm`

pkrcmtk skokffmj`nr fj`tk`mlj lk jtrjs pjrtokts,

pnrn m`foumrojs k` ons k`trnlns lk cjlj tno quk ojs

okftjrks pukln` vkrojs.

Nftmvnr ons vnojrnfmj`ks7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk n

ojs okftjrks vnojrnr ons k`trnlns lko boja.

Nftmvnr fjck`tnrmjs7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk n ojs

okftjrks fjck`tnr ons k`trnlns lko boja.

Xkrcmtmr vnojrnr ojs fjck`tnrmjs7 kstn jpfm`

pkrcmtk n ojs okftjrks vnojrnr ojs fjck`tnrmjs lk

ons k`trnlns lko boja.

Dnbmomtnr cnrfnljrks sjfmnoks7 kstn jpfm`

pkrcmtk n ojs usunrmjs rknomznr u` \wkkt, u`

Ck austn lk Infkbjje j u` +> lk Ajjaok

Xous, sjbrk ons k`trnlns lko boja.

Kstmoj lk prksk`tnfm`7 kstn jpfm`

pkrcmtk skokffmj`nr u` kstmoj lk

vmsunomznfm`, Ykrtmfno u Djrmzj`tno,

pnrn ojs cnrfnljrks sjfmnoks k` ons

k`trnlns lko boja.


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18

Cjstrnr on pjsmfm`7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk

ksfjakr u`n pjsmfm` Nrrmbn j Nbngj,

pnrn ojs cnrfnljrks sjfmnoks k` ons

k`trnlns lko boja.

Cnrfnljrks sjfmnoks7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk

ksfjakr ojs cnrfnljrks sjfmnoks quk skdnbmomtnr` k` ons k`trnlns lko boja, ojs

funoks puklk` skr7 \wmttkr, Infkbjje y

Xous J`k lk Ajjaok Xous.

j Rkcmtk`tk

Kstn skffm` pkrcmtk lkim`mr ko fncpj Lk, k` ko ck`sngk

lk fjrrkj kokftr`mfj quk ojs usunrmjs rkfmbk` lko pjrtokt

Bojas.

j

Fjrrkj kokftr`mfj lk ùkvn k`trnln

Kstn skffm` pkrcmtk lkim`mr ko Nsu`tj y ko Fukrpj

pnrn ojs ck`sngks quk sk k`vn` fun`lj u`n ùkvn

k`trnln dn smlj nnlmln.

j Fjrrkj kokftr`mfj lk k`trnln nftunomznln

Kstn skffm` pkrcmtk lkim`mr ko Nsu`tj y ko Fukrpj

pnrn ojs ck`sngks quk sk k`vn` fun`lj u`n k`trnln dn

smlj nftunomznln.

j

RVV

Kstn skffm` pkrcmtk ksfjakr fcj ojs bojas sj`

vmsunomznljs vn RVV, tn`tj pnrn ojs okftjrks quk usn` u`

fomk`tk RVV, j n smtmjs Qkb kxtkr`js.

@ckrj cxmcj lk kokck`tjs7 kstn jpfm`

pkrcmtk ksfjakr ko `ckrj tjtno lk RVV ikkls n

skr cjstrnljs k` on pam`n m`mfmno.

Kstmoj lk prksk`tnfm`7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk

ksfjakr k`trk Fj`tk`mlj fjcpoktj, Rksuck`

j \tuoj.

Ijrcntj7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk ksfjakr ko ijrcntj

RVV k` ko funo qukrkcjs k`vmnr ons k`trnlns7 Ntjc

>.8, RVV >.8 j RVV 2.8.

[`n vkz quk dkcjs tkrcm`nlj lk fjìmaurnr on cn`krn fcj sk

cjstrnr ko pjrtokt Bojas, pnsncjs oukaj n fjìmaurnr sus


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1>

pkrcmsjs, kspkfmnock`tk sm kstncjs mcpokck`tn`lj u` skrvmfmj

lk boja fjcpnrtmlj.

Xkrcmsjs

Ojs pkrcmsjs pjr lkikftj lko pjrtokt Boja pkrcmtk` pubomfnrk`trnlns soj no prjpmktnrmj lko smtmj lj`lk sk dn nnlmlj ko

pjrtokt. Kstj, pjr su pukstj, iu`fmj`n lk cn`krn nprjpmnln sm ko

boja quk kstncjs mcpokck`tn`lj kstn k` ons pnam`ns pkrsj`noks

lk u` usunrmj, pkrj `j sm sk trntn lk u` boja fjcpnrtmlj lk`trj lk

u` smtmj Qkb. Xjr ksj, rksuotn fj`vk`mk`tk cjlmimfnr ojs pkrcmsjs

pnrn pkrcmtmr n cotmpoks usunrmjs pubomfnr k` ko boja.

Xrmckrj, frkncjs u` rjo pnrn ojs usunrmjs quk pjlr` pubomfnr k`

ko boja, n ojs funoks fjc`ck`tk sk oks ooncn bojaukrs. ]

nnlmcjs lmfdjs usunrmjs no rjo. Oukaj, dnfkcjs fomfe k` ko bjt`

Xkrcmsjsk` ko pjrtokt Bojas.

Imaurn => Jpfm` Xkrcmsjs lko pjrtokt Bojas

Vk cjstrnr u`n omstn lk rjoks lk pjrtno y lk smtmj Qkb. ] vkrkcjs

quk soj ko rjo Xrjpmktnrmj tmk`k on fnpnfmlnl pnrn nnlmr

k`trnlns.

Imaurn =2 Klmfm` lk pkrcmsjs lko pjrtokt Bojas


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12

K`tj`fks, cnrfncjs funoqumkr jtrj rjo j kqumpj quk lkbkrn

pjlkr pubomfnr k` ko boja, y oukaj dnfkcjs fomfe k` Aunrlnr.

[`n vkz dkfdj kstj, ojs usunrmjs k` ojs rjoks j kqumpjs quk dkcjs

skokffmj`nlj, pjlr` pubomfnr k` ko boja fjcpnrtmlj.

Ndjrn, vkncjs fcj sk rknomzn u`n pubomfnfm`.

Xubomfnr k`trnlns k` ko Boja

Xnrn pubomfnr k`trnlns k` ko boja lkbkcjs dnfkr fomfe k` ko bjt`

Nnlmr k`trnln.

Imaurn =6 Jpfm` Nnlmr k`trnln lk boja

Npnrkfkr u`n pn`tnoon pnrn m`arksnr lntjs.

Imaurn =< Ijrcuonrmj pnrn nnlmr u`n `ukvn k`trnln lk boja

\k`kcjs u` ttuoj, u` fncpj pnrn m`lmfnr on ikfdn k` on funo sk

pubomfnr on k`trnln, y u` klmtjr lk tkxtj k`rmqukfmlj quk pkrcmtk

frknr k`trnlns cufdj cs narnlnboks y sjimstmfnlns, k` on funo

pjlrncjs m`foumr mcak`ks, vmlkjs, fncbmnr ko fjojr lk on oktrn,

k`trk jtrns iu`fmj`nomlnlks. Ks prkfmsj m`lmfnr quk cmk`trns

vncjs ksfrmbmk`lj, on k`trnln nutjctmfnck`tk sk vn aunrln`lj

fjcj bjrrnljr. Kstj prjpjrfmj`n trn`qumomlnl no usnr ko pjrtokt, yn


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16

quk `j pkrlkrkcjs mìjrcnfm` k` fnsj quk ko `nvkanljr Qkb

inook, j on fj`kxm` lk rkl sk m`tkrrucpn.

Xjlkcjs màrksnr u`n lksfrmpfm` lk on k`trnln lkbngj lk on

fnbkfkrn Rksuck`, on fuo skr utmomznln pjr on pon`tmoon lk

vmsunomznfm` Rksuck`. \ncbm` k`fj`trncjs on fnbkfkrnFntkajrmznfm`, lj`lk pjlkcjs narkanr ktmquktns y

fntkajrns pnrn on k`trnln. No utmomznr ktmquktns y fntkajrns, ojs

rksuotnljs lk ons bsquklns k` ko boja sj` cufdj cs prkfmsjs y

kikftmvjs.

K`fj`trncjs tncbm` on fnbkfkrn Fj`tk`mljs rkonfmj`nljs. Fj`

kstj pjlkcjs ksfjakr jtrjs fj`tk`mljs k` ko pjrtno quk kst`

rkonfmj`nljs fj` ùkstrn k`trnln. Xjr kgkcpoj, pjlkcjs frknr

u`n k`trnln lk boja nfkrfn lk u`n lmsfusm` quk sufklm k` ojs

ijrjs. Xnrn nsjfmnr kstjs ljs fj`tk`mljs lko pjrtno, skokffmj`ncjsko Dmoj lk lmsfusm` lko ijrj k` on skffm` Fj`tk`mljs

rkonfmj`nljs.

[`n vkz quk dkcjs tkrcm`nlj lk ook`nr ojs lntjs, dnfkcjs fomfe

k` Xubomfnr.

Imaurn =; Xubomfn`lj on ùkvn k`trnln lk boja

Oukaj, sk cjstrnr ùkvnck`tk on omstn lk k`trnlns, y ndjrn sk

cjstrnr on ùkvn pubomfnfm`.


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1;

Imaurn =4 Xjrtokt Narkanljr lk bojas

Vm dnfkcjs fomfe k` Fjìmaurnfm` k` ko bjt` lk jpfmj`ks lko pjrtokt,

npnrkfkr on pam`n lk fjìmaurnfm` lko Narkanljr lk Bojas.

Imaurn == Fjìmaurnfm` lko pjrtokt Narkanljr lk bojas

Nqu pjlrkcjs jbskrvnr ons smaumk`tks jpfmj`ks7

Ctjlj lk skokffm`7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk kokamr k`trk [sunrmjs

j cbmtj. Vm skokffmj`ncjs [sunrmjs, ko Narkanljr lk Bojas

narupnr ons k`trnlns lk tjljs ojs bojaakrs k` ko smstkcn. Vm

`kfksmtncjs rkim`nr ko narupncmk`tj, pjlkcjs skokffmj`nr u`n

jran`mznfm` fj` oj funo imotrnr ojs usunrmjs. Vm skokffmj`ncjs

cbmtj, ko Narkanljr lk Bojas narupnr soj ons k`trnlns lk ojsusunrmjs quk pkrtk`kfk` no cbmtj nftuno. Kstj omcmtn ons k`trnlns

n ojs cmkcbrjs lko smtmj Qkb lj`lk ko pjrtokt Narkanljr lk Bojas

sk k`fuk`trn ubmfnlj.


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19

Jran`mznfm`7 kstn jpfm` npomfn soj fj` ko Ctjlj lk skokffm`

[sunrmjs, y pkrcmtk kokamr on jran`mznfm` lk on funo

narupnrkcjs ojs bojas.

Kstmoj lk prksk`tnfm`7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk kokamr k`trk

lmikrk`tks kstmojs lk vmsunomznfm` pnrn ons k`trnlns lko boja7Fukrpj k mcnak`, Fukrpj, Rksuck`, Rksuck` sm` ttuoj,

Fmtn, Fmtn sm` ttuoj, y \tuoj.

@ckrj cxmcj lk kokck`tjs7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk skokffmj`nr

ko cxmcj `ckrj lk k`trnlns quk sk cjstrnr`.

Nftmvnr on susfrmpfm` lk RVV7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk frknr u` Ikkl

RVV pnrn ons k`trnlns narupnlns. Kstj pkrcmtk n ojs usunrmjs

susfrmbmrsk n ons pubomfnfmj`ks lk tjljs ojs bojaakrs. Nsmcmscj,

fj` ons smaumk`tks jpfmj`ks pjlkcjs fj`imaurnr fcj ko Ikkl RVV

sk vmsunomznr7

j @ckrj cxmcj lk kokck`tjs7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk

skokffmj`nr ko cxmcj `ckrj lk kokck`tjs RVV quk sk

cjstrnr`.

j Kstmoj lk prksk`tnfm`7 kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk kokamr k`trk

lmikrk`tks jpfmj`ks pnrn vmsunomznr ojs RVV Ikkls7

Rksuck`, Fj`tk`mlj fjcpoktj, y \tuoj.

j

Ijrcntj7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk ksfjakr ko ijrcntj RVV k`

ko funo qukrkcjs k`vmnr ons k`trnlns7 Ntjc >.8, RVV >.8 j

RVV 2.8.

Cjstrnr ons ktmquktns7kstn jpfm` pkrcmtk, pnrn fnln k`trnln lk

boja, cjstrnr tjlns sus ktmquktns nsjfmnlns.

Fun`lj tkrcm`ncjs lk fj`imaurnr ko pjrtokt, dnfkcjs fomfe k` Aunrlnr.


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11

Imaurn >88 Aunrln`lj fj`imaurnfm` lko pjrtokt Narkanljr lk Bojas

] fkrrncjs on vk`tn`n.

Imaurn >8> Xjrtokt Narkanljr lk Bojas fj`imaurnlj pnrn cjstrnr soj

ojs pjsts lko Boja lko smtmj Qkb lj`lk dn smlj nnlmlj

Fjcj pjlrkcjs vkr, ko Narkanljr lk Bojas sk vk smcmonr no pjrtokt lk

Bojas, y cukstrn k`trnlns lk boja lk lmstm`tjs usunrmjs.

mmm.

Xjrtokt lk nlcm`mstrnfm` lk Boja

K` ko Xn`ko lk Fj`trjo dny u` pjrtokt pnrn nlcm`mstrnr ons k`trnlns lk boja

lk u` smtmj Qkb. Xjr oj ak`krno, ko pjrtokt lk Bojas lkbkrn skr suimfmk`tk

pnrn nlcm`mstrnr tjlns ons k`trnlns lk boja. Vm` kcbnraj, pjr kgkcpoj, sm

`kfksmtncjs bjrrnr vnrmns k`trnlns lk cn`krn cnsmvn, ko pjrtokt lk

nlcm`mstrnfm` lk bojas puklk rksuotnr cuy tmo.


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14

Imaurn >82 Xjrtokt lk nlcm`mstrnfm` lk Boja lko Xn`ko lk Fj`trjo

b.

Ijrjs

Ko pjrtokt Ijrj lk lmsfusm`, ks u`n npomfnfm` lk ijrjs cuy smcmonr n funoqumkr

jtrj ijrj kxmstk`tk k` on Qkb. On lmikrk`fmn, pjr su pukstj, ks quk ojs ijrjs, k`

Omikrny, kst` m`tkarnljs n lmvkrsjs jtrjs rkfursjs y iu`fmj`nomlnlks kxmstk`tks k`

ko pjrtno.

Xnrn kcpkznr, lkbkcjs nnlmr ko pjrtokt Ijrj lk lmsfusm` n `ukstrj smtmj Qkb.

Imaurn >86 Xjrtokt Ijrj lk lmsfusm`

[`n vkz quk dn smlj nnlmlj, `js lmrmamcjs n on bnrrn lk ttuoj lko pjrtokt, ydnfkcjs fomfe k` Jpfmj`ksFj`imaurnfm`.


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1=

Imaurn >8< Fjìmaurnfm` lko pjrtokt Ijrj lk lmsfusm`

Vk cjstrnr` ljs imons lk pkstnns. On prmckrn pkstnn k` on imon supkrmjr sk ooncn

Fjìmaurnfm`. Kstn skffm` ks k` lj`lk fjìmaurnrkcjs fcj skr ko

fjcpjrtncmk`tj lko pjrtokt k` ùkstrj smtmj Qkb.

Imaurn >8; Jpfmj`ks lk fjìmaurnfm` lko pjrtokt Ijrj lk lmsfusm`

Ak`krno

On prmckrn pkstnn lkbngj lk Fjìmaurnfm`, ks Ak`krno. Nqu

pjlkcjs pkrcmtmr7 ons pubomfnfmj`ks n``mcns, on susfrmpfm` pjr lkikftj,

ons `jtmimfnfmj`ks lk nbusj, ons vnojrnfmj`ks y ojs dmojs lk lmsfusm` k`

ijrcn lk prkau`tn pjr lkikftj. Ons pubomfnfmj`ks n``mcns, on susfrmpfm`pjr lkikftj, ons `jtmimfnfmj`ks lk nbusj y ons vnojrnfmj`ks kst`

skokffmj`nlns pjr lkikftj5 y ko ijrcntj lk ck`sngk k` ojs dmojs lk

lmsfusm` ks BBfjlk.

No dnbmomtnr Xkrcmtmr n usunrmjs n``mcjs ksfrmbmr ck`sngks, pkrcmtmcjs

n ojs usunrmjs sm` u`n fuk`tn k` ko smstkcn, pubomfnr ck`sngks k` ùkstrj


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48

ijrj. Xkrcmtmr kstk fjcpjrtncmk`tj j `j, lkpk`lkr lko tmpj lk smtmj quk

kstncjs fj`struyk`lj. No pkrcmtmr ons pubomfnfmj`ks n``mcns, nbrmcjs

ùkstrj smtmj Qkb n funoqumkrn quk pukln k`vmnr spnc n ùkstrj ijrj, fj`

ck`sngks `j lksknljs j pubomfmlnl iukrn lk fj`tkxtj. Xjr kstn rnz`, on

cnyjrn lk ijrjs sk mcpokck`tn` lksdnbmomtn`lj ons pubomfnfmj`ks

n``mcns.

No dnbmomtnr on jpfm` Vusfrmbmrsk pjr lkikftj, nutjctmfnck`tk

susfrmbmcjs n ojs usunrmjs k` ojs dmojs lk lmsfusm` lj`lk pnrtmfmpn`. Lk

kstn cn`krn, k` funoqumkr cjck`tj quk u` ck`sngk lk dmoj skn nnlmlj

j nftunomznlj, Omikrny k`vmnr u`n `jtmimfnfm` pjr fjrrkj n fnln usunrmj

quk kst susfrmtj no dmoj.

Xjlkcjs fjìmaurnr ko Ijrcntj lko ck`sngk k` BBFjlk j D\CO. Kstj

lktkrcm`n ko okàungk lk cnrfnlj quk ojs usunrmjs usnr` no pubomfnr k` ko

ijrj. Ojs usunrmjs pjlr` usnr lmstm`tjs klmtjrks lkpk`lmk`lj lk onjpfm` quk dnyn smlj dnbmomtnln. Ncbjs klmtjrks tmk`k` u` bjt`

Iuk`tk, ko funo pkrcmtk n ojs usunrmjs vkr ko flmaj iuk`tk lko ck`sngk,

yn skn k` BBFjlk j D\CO, lk cjlj tno quk ojs usunrmjs pukln`

fjcpj`kr sus ck`sngks lk u`n cn`krn cs sjimstmfnln.

No dnbmomtnr Nftmvnr on `jtmimfnfm` lk nbusj, pkrcmtmcjs n ojs usunrmjs

cnrfnr fj`tk`mlj quk pukln` fj`smlkrnr Fk`surnbok. Vm dkcjs

pkrcmtmlj ons pubomfnfmj`ks n``mcns, lkbkrncjs pkrcmtmr tncbm` on

`jtmimfnfm` lk nbusj. Lk kstn cn`krn, funoqumkr ck`sngk m`lksknlj

puklk skr `jtmimfnlj pjr on fjcu`mlnl lk usunrmjs, y oukaj skr rkvmsnlj

pjr u` nlcm`mstrnljr qumk` lkbkr tjcnr ons nffmj`ks quk fj`smlkrk

`kfksnrmns. Lk funoqumkr cn`krn, ko usj lk on `jtmimfnfm` lk nbusj ks u`n

buk`n prftmfn m`fousj sm j dkcjs pkrcmtmlj ons pubomfnfmj`ks n``mcns.

No dnbmomtnr Nftmvnr ons vnojrnfmj`ks, pkrcmtmcjs n ojs usunrmjs lnr

pu`tngk n ojs ck`sngks. Kstk pu`tngk ks usnlj pjr ko smstkcn lk nftmvml

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