life’s chemical basis matter—anything that has mass and takes up space solid liquid gas
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 2Life’s Chemical Basis
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THE BASICS Matter—anything that has mass and
takes up spaceSolidLiquidGas
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THE BASICS Element—unit of matter than cannot be
broken down further by ordinary chemical reactions92 naturally occurring elements98% of weight of any living thing is made
up of 6 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Sulfur
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BUILDING BLOCKS Atom—smallest indivisible unit of an
element Molecule—multiple atoms of the same
element bonded together Compound—multiple atoms of different
elements bonded together
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ATOMS Three subatomic particles
ProtonsNeutronsElectrons
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BOHR MODEL
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BOHR MODEL
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BOHR MODEL
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ELECTRON ORBITS Orbit in “shells” K Shell—2 electrons L Shell—8 electrons M Shell—18 electrons
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PERIODIC CHART Atomic Number=Protons Atomic Mass=Protons + Neutrons
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PERIODIC CHART Elements in their natural state have
neutral chargePositive charge (protons) equals negative
charge (electrons)
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ISOTOPES Change in the number of neutrons Does not affect charge Carbon-14
Atomic Mass = 14 (6 Protons + 8 Neutrons) Radioisotopes in medical diagnosis
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IONS Change in the number of electrons Affects charge
Anion—negative chargeMore electrons than protons
Cation—positive chargeMore protons than electrons
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BONDS Ionic Covalent Hydrogen
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INERT ELEMENTS
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ACTIVE ELEMENTS
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IONIC BONDS Formed between ions Electrons transfer from one atom to another Opposite charges attract and hold atoms Usually inorganic (acids, bases, salts, etc.)
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COVALENT BONDS Atoms share electrons Happens when both have room Usually organic (proteins, carbohydrates, etc.)
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COVALENT VS. IONIC
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HYDROGEN BONDS Bond between covalently bonded
hydrogen atom & atom in different molecule or different location.
Individually weak, but collectively strong.
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WATER Biologically important Makes up 70-90% of living things Unique properties
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WATER Polar molecule (slight positive &
negative charge)Can easily dissolve other polar moleculesHydrophilicHydrophobic“universal solvent”Cell membranes
Temperature stabilizingKeeps cell processes from generating too
much heatEvaporation Ice helps insulate
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WATER “Stick together”
Adhesion—water sticks to itselfCohesion—water sticks to other polar
moleculesDue to polarity & hydrogen bonds
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ACIDITY pH scale
0-14Based on H+ & OH- moleculesGreater H+, lower the pHEach unit is 10-fold change
going from pH 6 to 5 increases H+ by 10 times
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ACIDITY Acids
Donates H+
pH less than 7 Bases
Accepts H+
Releases OH-
pH greater than 7 Neutrals
Release equal numbers of H+ and OH-
pH 7.0
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ACIDITY Buffers
Biological substances that help regulate pHRelease or absorb H+ to keep pH unchangedEx.—Carbonic Acid, Bicarbonate regulate
blood
H2CO3 + OH- HCO3- + H20
HCO3- + H+ H2CO3