life’s important biological molecules the molecules that make up your cells
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Life’s Important Biological Life’s Important Biological MoleculesMolecules
The molecules The molecules that make up that make up
your cellsyour cells
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To Review -To Review -Life-supporting Properties of Life-supporting Properties of
WaterWater Cooling AgentCooling Agent
– evaporationevaporation Surface Tension Surface Tension
– Cohesion, adhesionCohesion, adhesion Universal SolventUniversal Solvent
– Allows for dissolving Allows for dissolving and transporting of and transporting of materialsmaterials
More dense than iceMore dense than ice– Ice causes cells to Ice causes cells to
burstburst
caused by hydrogen bonds between water molecules
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What are life’s 4 major What are life’s 4 major organic molecules?organic molecules?
-Organic means it has carbon in it!-Organic means it has carbon in it!
Carbohydrates (sugars & starches)Carbohydrates (sugars & starches)
Lipids (fats, oils, & waxes)Lipids (fats, oils, & waxes)
Proteins (enzymes & connective Proteins (enzymes & connective tissue)tissue)
Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
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Monomers and PolymersMonomers and Polymers
Monomers – single repeating subunits (like lego’s or the cars of a train)
Polymers – long chains of repeating monomers (the whole train)
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How do monomers combine How do monomers combine to make polymers?to make polymers?
As 2 monomers combine:As 2 monomers combine:– An -H is taken off of one An -H is taken off of one
monomermonomer– An –OH is taken off of the An –OH is taken off of the
other monomerother monomer The 2 monomers The 2 monomers
combine to begin making combine to begin making a chain (polymer)a chain (polymer)
The –H and –OH combine The –H and –OH combine to make HOH or Hto make HOH or H22OO
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Carbohydrates – made from subunits Carbohydrates – made from subunits (monomers) called (monomers) called monosaccharidesmonosaccharides– 2 monosaccharides combine to make a 2 monosaccharides combine to make a
disaccharidedisaccharide– Notice thatNotice that
water iswater isalso formed.also formed.
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A carbohydrate is a molecule that always has a 1:2:1 ratio of Carbons to Hydrogens to Oxygens
The structure of carbohydrates
CnH2nOn
Examples:
glucose and fructose are both:
C6H12O6
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•Complex carbs - called starches • Polysaccharides - many
monosaccharide subunits. (ie. cellulose, glycogen)
The structure of carbohydrates
•Simple carbs – called sugars• monosaccharide (mah noh SA
kuh ride). (ie. glucose, fructose)• Disaccharide – sucrose, lactose
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Function of CarbsFunction of Carbs
Carbohydrates are used by cells Carbohydrates are used by cells for energyfor energy– Sugars – give immediate Sugars – give immediate
energy energy
– Starches – give energy inStarches – give energy in 12-24 hours 12-24 hours
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Fatty AcidsFatty Acids – subunits of – subunits of lipidslipids
Fatty acids – long chains of carbon and hydrogen
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LipidsLipids
LipidsLipids are used by are used by cells for long-term cells for long-term energy energy storagestorage (not use)(not use)– Also used for:Also used for:
Making cell membranesMaking cell membranes Insulation of organsInsulation of organs
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LipidsLipids
They do not They do not dissolve in dissolve in water water because they because they are nonpolar are nonpolar (not attracted (not attracted to water to water molecules).molecules).
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ProteinsProteins
Proteins – long chains of Proteins – long chains of monomers (subunits) called monomers (subunits) called Amino AcidsAmino Acids– There are 20 There are 20
different different amino acids amino acids found in found in nature.nature.
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Function of ProteinsFunction of Proteins Proteins are used by the body to make most connective tissue:Proteins are used by the body to make most connective tissue:
– Bones, muscle, ligaments, tendons, skin, hair, nailsBones, muscle, ligaments, tendons, skin, hair, nails Proteins also serve to Proteins also serve to
regulate all reactions regulate all reactions in the bodyin the body– Enzymes & hormonesEnzymes & hormones
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Enzymes & HormonesEnzymes & Hormones
Enzyme - a protein that speeds up Enzyme - a protein that speeds up chemical reactionschemical reactions
Hormone – a protein that is made Hormone – a protein that is made in one place of the body and directs in one place of the body and directs an action in another placean action in another place
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Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
stores genetic stores genetic information in information in the form of a the form of a code.code.
Nucleic acids are polymers made Nucleic acids are polymers made of smaller subunits calledof smaller subunits called nucleotidesnucleotides..
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DNA & RNADNA & RNA
DNA -deoxyribonucleic acid DNA -deoxyribonucleic acid is a is a nucleic acidnucleic acid
The information coded in The information coded in DNADNA contains contains instructions used to make proteins for instructions used to make proteins for the organism.the organism.
Another important nucleic acid is Another important nucleic acid is RNARNA, , which stands for which stands for ribonucleic acidribonucleic acid..
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Nucleotides
•Made of 3 parts:
•Sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base