lifespan chapter 4 online stud
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Chapter 4Social and Personality
Development in Infancy
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Forming the Roots of Sociability:
Emotions in Infancy
Across every culture, infants show similar facial expressions relating to basic emotions.
Influenced by bio AND exp.
E.g., rules of display are culturally influenced
Temperament
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Emergence of Emotional Expressions:
first expression of relationships
The “self-conscious” emotions (jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt) appear later
• Enables coordinated interactions w/caregivers• Reciprocal changes in expression
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Emergence of Emotional Expressions:
first expression of relationshipsCrying: at least three
types:basic cryanger crypain cry
stimulated by physical pain or high-intensity stimulus
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Emergence of Emotional Expressions:
first expression of relationshipsSmiling: 2 types:
ReflexiveSocial
4 months
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Begins ~ 8 or 9 months; peaks ~14
months. (Slightly later than stranger
anxiety.)
Both stranger & separation anxiety
represent important social progress!
They reflect cognitive advances in
the infant, and growing emotional
and social bonds.
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/shared_hss_assets/psychology/dev_vid/video_pop-ups/feldman_video_06-2.html
Separation Anxiety (Protest)
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Separation Anxiety (Protest)
A universal (but slightly varying) phenomenon
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Social Referencing: Feeling What Others Feel
Social Referencing > reading emotional cues to help determine how to act; esp facial expressions
First occurs ~8-9 months. Most likely > uncertain and ambiguous
situations. If Dad and Mom show conflicting emotions?
[next]
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Temperament
Chess and Thomas’Easy - 40% Difficult - 10% Slow-to-warm-up - 15%35% cannot be consistently categorized
Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition/socially bold Effortful Control > high control = self-
soothing; low control = easily agitated Biological foundations and experience
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The Consequences of Temperament:Does Temperament Matter?
GOODNESS OF FIT: Development is dependent on the degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised.
= affect on LT dev’t
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Infant Personality Development
Personality - enduring personal characteristics
Includes emotions and temperament
Erikson: Early Py is shaped largely by an infant’s personal experiences [next]
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First year of life; Trust Age 2: Independence
“autonomy versus shame and doubt” when caregivers are impatient and do for
toddlers what they are capable of doing themselves, shame and doubt develop
Stages/Crises
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The Development of Self
SELF-AWARENESS, knowledge of self, begins to grow ~12 months.
mirror and rouge task. Most infants attempt to wipe
off the rouge b/t 17-24 months.
Ability to assess own physical features emerges in 2nd year.
Crying, when presented with complicated tasks, implies consciousness.
[next]
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Attachment
Konrad LorenzImprinting Harry Harlow and one of his monkeys
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Attachment
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John Bowlby > attachment has a biological basis
Ainsworth Strange Situation: illustrates the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) his or her mother [next]
Attachment
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Individual Differences in Attachment
Responses the Strange Situation securely attachedinsecure avoidantinsecure resistantinsecure disorganized
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Individual Differences in Attachment
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Attachment: The Roles of Mother & Father
When stressed, infants tend to prefer their mothers. [?]
BUT, no preference when no stress (boredom, fatigue, novel stimuli) present
Fathers > more rough-and-tumble play; mothers > more feeding and nurturing.
An interconnecting constellation of subsystems
Generations, genders, roles, Reciprocal relationships
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Attachment
MUTUAL REGULATION MODEL
RECIPROCAL SOCIALIZATION Scaffolding (turn-taking) part of the process
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Gender
Dissimilar worlds for members of each sex, even during infancy.
Fathers interact more with sons than daughters; mothers more with daughters.
Fathers > more rough-and-tumble play; mothers > more feeding and nurturing.
Infants wear different clothes and are given different toys based on gender.
Infants' behavior is interpreted differently depending on gender.
Male infants are more active and fussier than females. By age one, infants are able to distinguish between
males and females.
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Day care and social and personality development.
2/3 between 4 months and 3 years of age spend time in non-parental child care.
> 80% of infants are cared for by people other than mothers at some point during their first year of life.
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Day Care: Assessing Outcomes
Possible advantages Solve problems
better. Pay greater
attention to others. Use language
more effectively. Play well with
others.
Possible disadvantages
Lower attachment. Slower cognitive
development Illness
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Where Are Children Cared For?