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;"rgf ljefusf] ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf; • 87

ldl8of cWoog %M *&–!)@ @)^&

;"rgf ljefusf] ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf;

lzj /]UdL

cfhsf] o'u ;"rgfsf] o'u xf], ;dfrf/sf] o'u xf] . ;dfrf/ jf ;"rgfljgfs'g} klg r]tgzLn gful/ssf] hLjg rNg ;Sb}g . k|To]s /fi6«n] :j:y,:jR5 / dof{lbt kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf] lgldQ Ps lgsfosf] Joj:yfu/]sf] x'G5 . nf]slxtsf/L sfo{sf ;fy} ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf cGo s'/fsf]hfgsf/L, ;"rgf tyf ;dfrf/sf] k|jfx klg oxL lgsfon] ub{5 . a]nfa]nfdf;/sf/sf tk{maf6 kqsf/ ;Dd]ng cflbsf] Joj:yf oxL lgsfoaf6 x'g]u5{ .

o:tf ;"rgf k|To]s gful/sn] kfpg] p;sf] clwsf/ xf] eg] o;/L dfu]sf];"rgf jf ;dfrf/ lbg' /fi6«sf] klxnf] bfloTj / st{Jo klg xf] . b]zsf] af/]dfcGt/f{li6«o hutdf hfgsf/L lbg] lgsfosf] klg cfjZostf k5{ . g]kfndfo; k|sf/sf] sfo{ ug{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] k|rf/ ljefu h;nfO{ kl5 ;"rgfljefu elgof] . o; n]vdf k|rf/÷;"rgf ljefusf] @)$^ ;fn;Ddsf]Oltxf;sf s]xL kIfsf] rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] /fhgLltssfnqmdcg';f/ n]vnfO{ ljleGg v08df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf], bf];|f]/ t];|f] v08df qmdzM @))% b]lv @))& ;fn, @))& b]lv @)!&, @)!& b]lv@)$^ ;Ddsf] k|rf/ ljefu tyf ;"rgf ljefusf] ultljlw / o;sf] Oltxf;nfO{;d]l6Psf] 5 .

88 • ldl8of cWoog %

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em08} Ps ztfAbL cl3b]lv rNb} cfPsf] PstGqLo /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTolt/k|wfgdGqL aGg k'u]sf eLdzdz]/sf kfnfdf hgtfdf r]tgf / hfu/0fsf]lemNsf] p7\g ;'? ePsf] lyof] . To; a]nfsf …k':tsfno kj{Ú -!(*&_, …k|r08uf]vf{ kj{Ú -!(**_ cflbn] oxL ;Í]t u5{g\ . eLdzdz]/sf] d[To' ePkl5k|wfgdGqL ePsf h'4zdz]/sf] kfnfdf k|hfkl/ifb\sf rf/ hgfnfO{ kmfF;L lbO{zlxb agfOPsf] !((& ;fn sf08 tyf bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;dflKtkl5sf]kl/j]zn] cfd hgtfdf hfu?stf a9Øf] . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ klg /fhgLltdfrfv lng yfn] . oxL l:yltsf aLr @))@ dª\l;/df k|wfgdGqL ag]sfkßzdz]/n] …d /fi6«sf] gf]s/ x'FÚ eGg] cleJolQm lbP/ /f0ff zf;gsf] aGb]hnfO{cln v's'nf] agfpg] ;Í]t u/]sf lyP . pgs} k|of;df …g]kfn ;/sf/sf]j}wflgs sfg"g @))$Ú k|sfzgdf cfof] . @))$ ;fndf g} pgn] 5fkfvfgftyf k|sfzg P]g NofP/ klxnf] k|]; sfg"g klg nfu" u/] . xKtfsf] b'O{k6sk|sfzg x'Fb} cfPsf] uf]/vfkqnfO{ xKtfsf] tLgk6s k|sfzg x'g] agfP . o;/Lx]bf{ pgL /f0ff zf;sx¿dWo] s]xL pbf/ lyP eGg ;lsG5 .

@))% j}zfv !* ut] g]kfnsf clGtd /f0ff k|wfgdGqL ag]sf df]xgzdz]/:jo+ k|rf/d'vL / cfˆgf] k|z+;f rfxg] :jefjsf lyP . pgn] Toltv]/qmflGtsf] :j/ dTy/ kfg{ s]xL ;'wf/sf sfo{ of]hgfa4 lx;fan] ;'? ug{vf]h]sf lyP . cfk"mn] u/]sf sfo{sf] k|rf/k|;f/ hgtfaLr u/]/ pgLx¿af6;dy{g cfcf];\ eGg] pgL rfxGy] . @))% h]7 !$ ut] pgn] cfˆgf] l;Gb'/hfqf eJo ¿kdf ;DkGg u/fP . oxL lbg uf]/vfkqn] pgsf] …l;Gb'/ hfqfÚsf] ljz]iffÍ lgsfn]/ elQmefj k|bz{g u/]sf] lyof] . y'k|} gfdL slj, n]vs,sd{rf/L, ;]jsx¿n] elQmefj;lxt pgsf] :t'ltufg u/]sf lyP . k|wfgdGqLdf]xgzdz]/sf] ;ª\lIfKt hLjgL;lxt pgn] p7fPsf] efjL of]hgfaf/] lj:t[tljj/0f ;d]t uf]/vfkqdf 5flkPsf] lyof] -zdf{ @))%_ .

df]xgzdz]/n] To; lbg l;Gb'/ hfqfkl5 l;+xb/af/df kqsf/ ;Dd]ngu/] . t/ of] kqsf/ ;Dd]ng efif0fsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . To; cj;/dfpgn] g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns Pj+ P]ltxfl;s cj:yfsf] j0f{g u/]sf lyP . ;fy},g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt, vfBfGg ;d:of, cfbz{a:tL k|aGw, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f,ljB't, oftfoft, xjfOdfu{sf] k|aGw, 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/, ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgfcflbsf ;DaGwdf of]hgf k|:t't u/]sf lyP -zdf{ @))%_ . o; l;Gb'/ hfqfsf]l/kf]l6{ª ug{ ef/tLo ;dfrf/ ;ldlt o'kLcfO{sf ;+jfbbftf dbgdf]xg u'KtfnfO{


g]kfnsf] k|rf/k|;f/sf nflu u'KtfnfO{ df]xgzdz]/n] lemsfPsf x'g\ . pgn]l;Gb'/ hfqfkl5 ;+jfbbftf dbgdf]xg u'KtfnfO{ dfl;s ef/tLo ?= Ps xhf/kfl/>lds lbP/ g]kfn;DaGwL ;dfrf/x¿ ljb]zL kqklqsf tyf cGo ;+:yfx¿df;d]t k7fpg] sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lbP/ /fv] . Toltv]/ u'Ktf g]kfndf …a8]efOÚsf gfdn] k|Voft lyP -vqL ;g\ !(*# M %!_ .

oxL qmddf k|rf/k|;f/sf] dxŒj a'e]msf k|wfgdGqL df]xgzdz]/n] @))%;fpg % ut] k|rf/ ljefusf] :yfkgf u/] . To;sf] 8fO/]S6/ hg/n kbdfljhozdz]/nfO{ tf]lsof] -gjLg @)$) M @@_ . ;lrjsf] sfd ug{ g/]Gb|dl0fcf=bL=nfO{ tf]lsof] . pgL tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLsf] lghL ;lrj klg lyP . @))%sflQsdf jL/u~haf6 Zofdk|;fb zdf{n] ;]jf dfl;s k|sfzgsf] nflu k7fPsf]lgj]bgdf gsf/fTds k|To'Q/ lbFb} ;xL ug]{ g/]Gb|dl0fn] cfk"mnfO{ k|rf/ clkm;/pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 -x]g'{xf];\ tl:a/ !_ . of] kq Zofdk|;fbsf] k':ts cfPsfs]xL lr7Ldf ;d]l6Psf] 5 -Zofdk|;fb @)%% M @!_ .

tl:a/ ! M cfPsf s]xL lr7L, k[= @! df 5flkPsf] kq .


o;sf] Ps jif{kl5 bflh{lnªsf kf/;dl0f k|wfgnfO{ ef/tLsf b'O{ k|ltk|fKt ePsf] hfgsf/L lbFbf g/]Gb|dl0f tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLsf lghL ;lrjsf¿kdf b]lvG5g\ -x]g{'xf];\ tl:a/ @_ . x'g;S5 k|rf/ ljefu, k|wfgdGqL :jo+n]cfˆgf] dftxtdf /fv]sf lyP h;/L @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtkl5 s]xL ;do/fHo Joj:yf ljefucGtu{t k|rf/ ljefunfO{ /flvPsf] lyof] . k|rf/ ljefun]To; a]nf ug]{ sfdaf/] ;"rgf ljefusf] sfo{ ljlw, @)^! df elgPsf] 5 M

g]kfn clw/fHosf ljleGg efux¿df ePsf ljsf;sf sfd / 36gf;DaGwL

ljj/0f a8fxflsddfk{mt k|fKt u/L k|rf/ ljefusf 8fO/]S6/n] ;]G;/ u/L k|sfzg

ug{ k7fOGYof] . To; ;dosf zf/bf, pBf]u cflb ;flxlTos klqsfdf k|rf/

ljefuaf6 ;]G;/ eP/ dfq n]v /rgf k|sflzt x'Gy] . ef/t tyf cGo b]zaf6

cfPsf kqklqsfnfO{ x'nfs / yfgsf]6df /f]sL ljefudf NofP/ ;]G;/ u/]kl5

dfq ;DalGwt k|fksnfO{ a'emfOGYof] . g]kfn;DaGwL / g]kfndf 5flkPsf k':tsx¿

klg k|rf/ ljefun] hfFRg] / cfklQhgs eP hkmt ul/g] / geP ahf/df laqmLsf

nflu k7fpg] ul/GYof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)^! M !_ .

dfly pNn]v ePsf Joxf]/f Tolt ljZj;gLo eg] b]lvFb}g lsgls Tolt a]nfo'ujf0fL / g]kfnk'sf/ ef/tdf k|sfzg x'Gy] . g]kfnaflx/ k|sfzg x'g] tLklqsf k|rf/ ljefuaf6 s;/L hfFr kf; eP/ dfq 5flkGYof] eGg] k|:6 x'Fb}g .;ª\If]kdf eGg'kbf{ k|rf/ ljefun] aflx/af6 cfPsf kqklqsfsf] …;]G;/Úug]{, g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt kqklqsfdf cjf~5gLo ;fdu|Lx¿ 5fKg glbg]h:tf sfo{ uYof]{ . ;fy}, o;n] b]zdf ePsf] 36gfsf] ljj/0f, va/,;dfrf/sf] a'n]l6g lgsfNYof] . oxL qmddf k|rf/ ljefun] @))% df3dfzÍ/zdz]/nfO{ a]nfotsf nflu g]kfnL /fhb"t lgo'Qm ul/Fbf lgsfn]sf] k|];lj1lKtsf] Joxf]/f pbo -;flxlTos dfl;s_ klqsfsf] jif{ !@ cÍ $-@))% df3_ df k|sflzt 5 -x]g'{xf];\ tl:a/ #_ . @))^ ;fndf df]xgzdz]/n]cfˆgf] zf;gsfndf eP u/]sf sfo{x¿sf] ljj/0f;d]t ;dfj]z u/L Psk'l:tsf k|sfzg u/]sf lyP -vqL @)#@ M #)_ .


tl:a/ @ M ef/tL jif{ ! cÍ $, @))^, df 5flkPsf] kq .


tl:a/ # M pbo klqsf, jif{ !@ cÍ $ df ;dfrf/sf ¿kdf 5flkPsf] k|rf/ ljefusf]

k|]; lj1lKt .


;'?df k|rf/ ljefun] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|jQmfsf] sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 .To;}n] s'g} gofF ;dfrf/ k|rf/ ug'{, cvaf/df k|sflzt s'g} ;dfrf/sf]v08g ug'{ o;sf] sfd lyof] . >L % dxf/fhflw/fhsf] lj1lKt jf g]kfn;/sf/sf] h'g;'s} dGqfnosf] lj1lKt klg k|rf/ ljefuaf6 g} hf/L x'g]k|rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

k|rf/ ljefusf] :yfkgf ePkl5 d'n'sdf ePsf 36gfx¿sf] ljj/0fa8fxflsddfk{mt ljefunfO{ k|fKt x'GYof] . o;/L k|fKt ePkl5 ljefusf8fO/]S6/n] ;dfrf/ hfFr u/L pNn]Vo 36gfsf ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;dfrf/sf]¿k lbO{ a'n]l6g lgsfNg yflnof] . 6]saxfb'/ vqLn] @^ h'g !(%@ -cyf{t\@))( c;f/ !#_ df g]kfn ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g lgSn]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\-vqL @)#@ M #!_ . t/ bflh{lnªaf6 k|sflzt ef/tL -;flxlTos dfl;s_jif{ @ ;ª\Vof ! -@))^ c;f/_ sf] cÍdf g]kfn k|rf/ ljefusf] Go"h a'n]l6gg+= !^ af6 eGb} hubLzzdz]/sf] ljjfxsf] ;dfrf/ k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .t;y{ of] a'n]l6g slxn]b]lv lgsfNg yflnof] eGg] olsg x'Fb}g . of] Go"ha'n]l6g slt slt lbgdf lgSnGYof] eGg] s'/f klg st}af6 v'Nb}g . @))^c;f/df ef/tLdf 5flkPsf] ;dfrf/ g} a'n]l6g gDa/ !^ af6 lnOPsf]b]lvFbf Tof]eGbf s]xL ;do cl3b]lv g} k|sfzgdf cfPsf] k'li6 x'G5 .

@))& b]lv @)!& ;fn

@))& ;fnsf] qmflGtkl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'sdf cfPsf] /fhgLltsJoj:yf kl/jt{g;Fu} k|rf/ ljefusf] ;+/rgf / g]t[Tjdf klg kl/jt{gu¥of] . kqklqsf tyf ev{/ v'n]sf] /]l8of] g]kfnnfO{ klg ;d]6\g] u/L k|rf/ljefusf] sfo{If]q tf]lsof] . afns[i0f ;dnfO{ ;f] ljefusf] lgb]{zs tf]lsof] .;dsf] kfnfdf k|rf/ ljefusf] ;fË7lgs ;'wf/afx]s ;fob c¿ s]xL sfdx'g ;s]g . ;dkl5 ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/df afnrGb| zdf{, af;'b]j zdf{,;'/]Gb|/fh zdf{, cflb 8fO/]S6/sf ¿kdf /xg' eof] . af;'b]j zdf{ 8fO/]S6/ePsf a]nfdf @)!! ;fndf Pg OG6«8S;g\ 6' g]kfn gfds Pp6f k'l:tsfk|sfzg ePsf] b]lvG5 -hLcf]Pg ;g\ !(%#_ . o;df g]kfnsf] Oltxf;e"uf]n / oxfFsf hfthfltaf/] hfgsf/L 5 . cª\u|]hLdf n]lvPsf] of] k'l:tsfk|rf/ ljefuaf6 5flkPsf] klxnf] xf] .

@))& ;fnsf] qmflGtkl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg ;/sf/L ;"rgf, lj1lKt,lgod, sfg"g cflb k|sfzgsf lgldQ k|To]s xKtf g]kfn uh]6 lgsfNg ;'?


u/]sf] lyof] . of] @))* ;fpg @@ b]lv k|sfzgdf cfpg yfn]sf] xf] -g]kfn;/sf/ @))*_ . ;'?df g]kfn uh]6 u[x dGqfnocGtu{t /x]sf] …h'l8l;on;]qm]6l/o6Ú af6 k|sfzg x'Fb} cfPsf]df @))* dª\l;/ @% b]lv k|rf/ljefunfO{ uh]6 k|sfzgsf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ cgf}7f] s'/f s]5 eg] w]/} jif{;Dd …uf]/vfkq 5fkfvfgfaf6 k|sflztÚ eg]/ uh]6df pNn]vePsf] kfOG5 . @)!# ;fndf dfq of] ;lRrP/ …uf]/vfkq 5fkfvfgfdfd'lb|tÚ egL pNn]v x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 .

@))( ;fndf o; ljefun] lj1lKtsf] ¿kdf /fhf lqe'jgsf] cf1fkq;d]t hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . of] cf1fkq zfxL k/fdz{bftfx¿sf nflu hf/Lul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;df k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / ;'ljwfx¿af/]pNn]v 5 -ef/tL @))(_ . @))( ;fnb]lv k|rf/ ljefun] kL6LcfO{ /lxGb':tfg ;dfrf/ ;ldlt;Fu ;dfrf/ lsGg yfNof] . of] ;dfrf/ /]l8of]g]kfn / uf]/vfkqn] ;d]t k|of]u ug]{ ub{y] . @)!@ ;fnlt/ k|rf/ ljefusf];Ë7gdf s]xL x]/km]/ ePsf] tYo /fd/fh kf}8]nn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .kf}8]nsf cg';f/ 8fO/]S6/sf] dftxtdf /xg] u/L cl;:6]G6 8fO/]S6/sf]b/aGbL yk ul/Psf] lyof] eg] cl;:6]G6 uh]6]8 clkm;/x¿sf] klg b/aGbLl;h{gf eof] . o;/L g} @)!# ;fndf Pl8;gn 8fO/]S6/sf] ;§f csf]{cl;:6]G6 8fO/]S6/ kb l;h{gf u/]/ k|rf/ ljefudf cfGtl/s k|rf/ tyfafXo k|rf/ zfvfx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/of] -kf}8Øfn @)@& M #)!_ .

@)!# ;fndf dx]Gb|sf] /fHofleif]ssf] cj;/df k|rf/ ljefun] s]xL;fdu|Lx¿ 5fk]sf] x'g'k5{ . t/ Toltv]/sf ;fdu|Lx¿ s]xL km]nf kb}{gg\ .@)!$ ;fndf of] ljefun] cfbz{ ;d|f6 gfds k':tssf] t];|f] ;+:s/0fk|sfzgdf NofPsf] 5 . To;} u/L d}qb]j kf7såf/f lnlvt >LnÍfsf] e|d0f;lxtsf] cfbz{ ;d|f6 >L % dx]Gb| gfds k':ts klg k|sfzgdf NofPsf]b]lvG5 .1 @)!$ ;fnd} ePsf] /fhgLlts ;Dd]ng af/]sf] k'l:tsf klgk|rf/ ljefuaf6 lgSn]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] Oltxf;df @)!$ ;fn pNn]Vo jif{sf] ¿kdf dfGg'k5{ .;'?df k|rf/ ljefusf 8fO/]S6/ ;'/]Gb|/fh zdf{sf] cWoIftfdf k|]; sld;gsf]u7g ePsf] lyof] . t/ of] sld;g u7g k|lqmofdf s]xL q'l6 b]lvPsfn] k'gM

1 of] k':ts k9\g kfOPsf] 5}g . t/ dbgk'/:sf/ k':tsfnon] k|sflzt u/]sf] k':tssf] ;"rL dbg;f}/edf o;sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 -x]g'{xf];\ dbgk'/:sf/ k':tsfno @)#!_ .


csf]{ sld;g ljz]if GofofwLz s[i0fk|;fb rfkfufO{+sf] cWoIftfdf u7g x'gk'Uof] . o;df zfxL k|]; ;]qm]6/L /]0f'nfn l;+x, u[x dGqfnosf sf=d'= ;lrjhLjgfy nf]xgL, uf]kfnbf; >]i7, dfl0fsnfn >]i7, /fd/fh kf}8]n tyf ;b:o–;lrjdf k|sfzdfg l;+x /xg'ePsf] lyof] . of] sld;gn] @)!% h]7 #! dflj:t[t k|ltj]bg k]; u/]sf] lyof] . -rfkfufO{+ @)^)[@)!%]_ . o; k|ltj]bgn]@))& kl5sf] g]kfnL kqsfl/tf If]qsf] ;ft jif{sf] d"NofÍg u/]sf] lyof] .To;qmddf o; If]qnfO{ ljsf; ug{ cfjZos ;+oGq / kqsfl/tf If]qdf;/sf/n] ug{ ;Sg] ;xof]usf] vf]hL ul/Psf] lyof] .

k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 Toltv]/sf] ;/sf/n] k|ltj]bgdf lbPsf ;'emfjx¿sf]sfd sf/afxL ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . To;cg';f/ @)!% c;f]h @) df uh]6df kqk|ltlglwx¿nfO{ k|df0fkq lbg] lgod hf/L u¥of] . /, To;sf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/Lk|rf/ ljefunfO{ ;'lDkof] . @)!^ dª\l;/b]lv kqklqsfnfO{ rf/ >]0fLdfljefhg u/L @)) b]lv ^)) ;Ddsf] cfly{s ;xfotf lbg] u/]sf]df @)!*;fnb]lv ?= ($) b]lv !,))) ;Ddsf] ;/sf/L ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] gLltlnOof] -rfkfufO{+ @)^)[@)!%]_ . o;/L @)!& cl3 g} k|rf/ ljefudfk{mtkqsfl/tf If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu s]xL sbd rfn]sf] b]lvG5 .

@)!&–@)$^ ;fn

@)!& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 ax'bnLo Joj:yfnfO{ c;kmn ;flat ug{tyf lgb{nLo Joj:yfsf] kIfkf]if0fsf nflu w]/} k|rf/fTds ultljlw eof] . k|rf/ljefun] o; ;Gbe{df w]/} k|sf/sf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|sfzg u/L ljt/0f u¥of] . k|rf/tyf k|;f/ ljefunfO{ klg u[x dGqfnoaf6 lems]/ 5'§} /fli6«o lgb]{zg dGqfnou7g u/L To;}cGtu{t /flvof] . @)!* df lgb]{zg gfds dfl;s klqsf ;d]tk|sfzgdf NofOof] . k|rf/k|;f/ ljefun] k|rf/ ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzgdf ljljwtfNofPsf] To;} a]nfb]lv xf] . Sofn]08/, 8fo/L, kf]i6/x¿ tyf cd/jf0fLh:tfk|sfzg ;'? ul/P . o:tf ;fdu|L b]zljb]zdf k7fpg] sfd klg k~rfot sfndfePsf] lyof] . @)!( sf] 8fo/Ldf g]kfnn] lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/ cflb If]qdfu/]sf] k|ultnfO{ plhNofOPsf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)!(_ .

@)!* ;fndf lgb]{zg dGqfnon] x'nfssf] ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf; k|sflztu/]sf] b]lvG5 ->L % ;/sf/ @)!*_ . k~rjifL{o of]hgf, lqjifL{o of]hgf,g]kfn kl/ro;DaGwL k':tsx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . o;} u/L g]kfnsf]Oltxf;, e"uf]n, ;+:s[ltsf k':tsx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . @)!* ;fnsf]


;'?b]lv k~rfotL Joj:yf Jofks k|rf/k|;f/sf] nflu hf]8 lbO{ ltg} ljifoufpF k~rfotb]lv c~rn k~rfot;Ddsf] kl/ro k'l:tsfx¿ klg k|sflztePsf lyP .

@)@) c;f]hb]lv k|rf/k|;f/ ljefuaf6 å}dfl;s ljsf;f]Gd'v g]kfnlgsfn]sf] b]lvG5 . @)@@ ;fndf k|rf/k|;f/ dGqfno u7g eof] . @)@@;fnlt/ rflxF k|rf/ ljefun] k|sfzg ug]{ k':ts k'l:tsfdf ljljw ljifon]k|j]z kfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;} a]nf Oltxf;, e"uf]n, ;f+:s[lts / ;flxlTosk':tsx¿ k|sfzgdf cfPsf lyP . o;sf] s]xL ;dokl5 k|rf/k|;f/dGqfnonfO{ ;"rgfk|;f/ dGqfno egL gfds/0f ul/Pkl5 @)@# ;fndfk|rf/ ljefusf] gfd klg kl/jt{g u/L ;"rgf ljefu agfOof] . @)@$;fndf …ufpF kms{ cleofgÚ nfu" ePkl5 k|rf/k|;f/df c¿ tLj|tf ylkof] .

;"rgf ljefun] @)@& h]7b]lv æb]znfO{ ljleGg kIfaf6 b]zleq / afXoljZjdf ;d]t kl/ro u/fpg] p2]Zon]Æ g]kfn gfds ;fdlos klqsfsf]k|sfzg ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . of] klqsf rf}dfl;s ¿kdf -jif{sf] # k6s Mj}zfv !, ebf} ! / k'; !_ k|sflzt x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . o; klqsfdfg]kfn;DaGwL ljljw kIfsf n]v /rgf k|sflzt ul/GYof] . o;sf] klxnf] cÍtTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb| jL/ljqmd zfxsf] %! cf}F hGdf]T;jsf] pknIodflgsflnPsf] lyof] -x]g'{xf];\ tl:a/ $_ . g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL n]vx¿ 5flkg] of]klqsf xfn -@)^^ ;fn_ ;Dd klg rln/x]s} 5 . o;df g]kfnsf] Oltxf;,;+:s[lt, ;flxTo, snf, d7–dlGb/, ljleGg hghflt, efiff, /Lltl/jfhaf/]sf n]v /rgf k|sflzt x'G5g\ . o;sf ;fy} ;/sf/sf gLltut s'/fx¿klg a]nfa]nfdf k|sflzt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .

Jff:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] cfhsf] ;"rgf ljefu k|fljlws tyf k|zf;lgsb'j} b[li6n] @)!* ;fnsf] k|rf/k|;f/ ljefuaf6 a;]sf] xf] . @)!* ;fnkl5g} o;n] b[Zo dfWodnfO{ klg k|rf/sf nflu k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf] lyof] . To:t}@)!* ;fndf cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf kqklqsfx¿nfO{ Ans ljt/0fug{ yflnof] . oL Ansx¿ ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L k|sfzgdf k|of]u x'Gy] .;"rgf ljefun] Ans ljt/0f ubf{ lghL kqklqsfnfO{ ;xof]u x'GYof] . o;}a]nfb]lv kmf]6f]u|fkmL, j[Qlrq, ;dfrf/lrq lgdf{0f tyf syfgs rnlrqsf]kl/sNkgf ;d]t ;'? eof] . @)@! h]7 @% ut]b]lv k|mfG;sf] PPkmkL;Fu;Demf}tf u/L ljZj36gf;DaGwL ;dfrf/ k|fKt ug{ yflnof] . ljefudfk{mtPPkmkLsf] ;dfrf/ uf]/vfkq / /]l8of] g]kfnn] ;d]t k|of]u ug]{ uy]{ .


tl:a/ $ M g]kfn klqsfsf] klxnf] cÍ .

syfgs rnlrq lgdf{0ftk{m cfdf -@)@@_, lxhf] cfh ef]ln -@)@$_,kl/jt{g -@)@&_ h:tf lkmNdsf] lgdf{0f ;"rgf ljefuaf6 eof] . rnlrqlgdf{0fn] o; ljefusf] 5lj pHoflnof] -chLt @)^$_ . To; a]nf g} k|rf/ljefudf lkmNd l8lehgsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . of] l8lehgsf] :yfkgfdf/fhf dx]Gb|n] ef/taf6 g]kfn lemsfPsf lx/fl;+x vqLsf] k|d'v e"ldsflyof] . pgn] @)!( d} >L % dx]Gb|sf] $@ cf}F z'ehGdf]T;j gfds j[Qlrq


lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . k|rf/k|;f/ ljefusf tTsfnLg lgb]{zs gf/fo0fk|;fbaf:sf]6f / vqLsf] ;+o'Qm ;lqmotfdf s]xL o'jsnfO{ lkmNdsf ljleGgkIfdf tflnd lng k7fOPsf] lyof] -rf}nfufO{+ @)^$ M @$_ . k|rf/ ljefusf]oxL l8lehgn] g]kfnsf ufpF ufpFdf rnlrq, ;dfrf/lrq b]vfpg] 6f]nLagfPsf] lyof] . o;/L syfgs rnlrqsf] dfWodaf6 klg k~rfotL ;/sf/n]cfˆgf] /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/fsf] k|rf/ u/]sf] lyof] .

;"rgf ljefun] a]nf–a]nfdf ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfo tyf :jb]zL /ljb]zL cvaf/x¿df ;d]t k|sflzt ;dfrf/k|lt ;r]t u/fpg k|]; sl6ªsf];]jf k'¥ofpFb}cfPsf] lyof] . of] ;]jf ;/sf/L ljefu, dGqfnonfO{ lbOGYof] .o;sf ;fy} b]zsf ljleGg c~rn lhNnfx¿df k|rf/ s]Gb| tyf ;"rgfs]Gb|sf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . tL s]Gb| lj/f6gu/, kf]v/f, jL/u~h,g]kfnu~h, e}/xjf, Onfd cflb 7fpFdf vf]lnPsf lyP -/f0ff @)## M @$_ .

;"rgf ljefun] a]nfa]nfdf lglZrt ljifodf uf]i7L tyf ;Dd]ng ub{Yof] .pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf o'g]:sf]sf] lglDt g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]u;Fu ldn]/ @)@$df o;n] g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ ljifos klxnf] uf]i7L u/]sf] lyof] .To; uf]i7Ldf kqsf/ / hg;Dks{ clws[t u/L #! hgfn] efu lnPsf lyP .of] uf]i7L @)@$ dª\l;/ !% b]lv k'; !% ;Dd ePsf] lyof] -vqL @)#@_ . o;;Dd]ngsf tLg p2]Zo lyP— ;a}nfO{ ;~rf/dfk{mt ;fdflhs / cfly{sljsf;df ug{ ;lsg] sfdaf/] hfgsf/L lbg]Ù cfd ;~rf/df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{Ù / ufpF kms{ /fli6«o cleofgdf kqsf/ / cfd;~rf/sdL{nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] -vqL ;g\ !(&^ M (&_ .

@)@* ;fndf ;/sf/n] /fli6«o ;~rf/ of]hgf nfu" u/]kl5 ;"rgfljefusf] p2]Zo, gLlt / ;Ë7gdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ul/of] .2 o; of]hgfdf;"rgf ljefusf] gLlt zLif{scGtu{t o:tf] pNn]v lyof], æ>L % sf] ;/sf/n]k|ltkfbg u/]sf] gLlt of]hgf cflb hfgsf/L ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k|fKt u/fpg',k|sfzg If]qdf ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug'{ / kqsf/ hut;Fu cfjZos;Dks{ sfod /fVg' ;"rgf ljefusf] d"n p2]Zo x'g]5Æ ->L % sf] ;/sf/@)@* M @@_ . oxL p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu gLlt, of]hgf / ;Ë7gsf] Joj:yfeof], h;sf] a]nf–a]nfdf kl/jt{g / kl/dfh{g x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

2 o; of]hgfaf/] lj:t[tsf nflu dxh{g -@)^^_ x]g'{xf];\ .


o; of]hgfdf ;"rgf ljefunfO{ ;~rf/ dGqfnocGtu{t NofOPsf]lyof] . ;"rgf ljefuafx]s o; of]hgfn] x'nfs, >L % sf] 5fkfvfgfsfnflu ljefu 5'§ØfPsf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@*_ . ;fwf/0ftofcTofjZos ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfnfO{ ljefu agfpg] rng lyof] . of]of]hgf ;fpg @)@* df nfu" x'g'cl3;Dd ;"rgf ljefun] w]/} sfd ub}{cfPsf]lyof] . o;n] 5fkfvfgf / k|sfzg sfg"g, ;/sf/L k|sfzg / kqklqsf,rnlrq, ;dfrf/ ;ldlt, >L % sf] 5fkfvfgf / kqklqsf ljsf;;DaGwLsfd uYof]{ . To;} sf/0f o; of]hgfn] ;"rgf ljefunfO{ r':t / b'?:tagfof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@* M !!_ .

o; of]hgfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ ;"rgf ljefunfO{ ljleGg 7fpFdfjfrgfno vf]Ng], kqklqsfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg lbOPsf] lyof] .;/sf/sf dGqfno, ljefu cflbaf6 k|sflzt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lj1lKt,;dfrf/, l6Kk0fL, :ki6Ls/0f tyf cGo lnlvt hfgsf/L o;} ljefudfk{mtdfq hfg] k|fjwfg /flvof] . o;} u/L of]hgf d'tfljs ;"rgf ljefun] ug'{kg]{sfo{x¿sf] ofjt k]mxl/:t agfOPsf] lyof] . of]hgfn] ;"rgf ljefunfO{ k|];;Dd]ng, k|zf;g tyf n]vf / k|sfzg zfvf u/L tLg zfvfdf ljefhgu/]sf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@*_ .

@)@* sf] ;~rf/ of]hgfn] ;"rgf ljefun] ub}{ cfPsf] rnlrq;DaGwLsfdsf nflu 5'6}— zfxL g]kfn rnlrq ;+:yfgsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] lyof] .3

o; of]hgfs} cfwf/df ;"rgf ljefudf rnlrq;DaGwL sfd ug]{ JolQmhfg rfx]df zfxL g]kfn rnlrq ;+:yfgdf nluPsf] lyof] . of]hgfdfpNn]v ul/Psf sfo{cg';f/ ;"rgf ljefu s]xL ;do rn] klg kl5 lj:tf/–lj:tf/ v's'lnP/ cf–cfˆgf] sfd cf–cfˆg} dGqfno, ljefuaf6 x'g yfNof] .

@)#! ;fndf ;"rgf ljefun] csf]{ pNn]vgLo sfo{ u/]sf] lyof] . Toltv]/sfrf/ ljsf; If]qsf ;a} lhNnfsf] kl/rofTds ljj/0fsf] ¿kdf d]rLb]lvdxfsfnL u|Gy k|sfzgdf Nofof] . rf/ efudf ljeflht o; u|Gydf ;a}lhNnfsf k|fs[lts ;Dkbf, hghLjg, cfly{s cj:yf, oftfoft, ;~rf/, lzIff,:jf:Yo / k|zf;gsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . of] hfFra'em s]Gb|n]u/]sf] cWoogsf] glthf lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)#!s_ . o;sf] klxnf]efudf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)#!s_, bf];|f] efudf

3 lj:t[tsf nflu o;} cÍdf xif{dfg dxh{gsf] n]v x]g'{xf];\ .


dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)#!v_, t];|f] efudf klZrdf~rnljsf; If]q ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)#!u_ / rf}yf] efudf ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnljsf; If]q ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)#!3_ nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

@)#^ ;fndf hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] 3f]if0ffkl5 g]kfnL kqsfl/tfs If]qn]s]xL v's'nf]kg dx;'; ug{ kfof] . k|]; hutsf] ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf] pkfo;dli6 ¿kdf cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg k]; ug{ @)#& kmfu'g !! ut] zfxL k|];cfof]u u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf dfggLo cltl/Qm GofofwLzlqnf]sk|tfk /f0ffsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t pQm cfof]udf v8\udfg l;+x,kB'Dgnfn /fhe08f/L, u|Lidaxfb'/ b]jsf]6f, g]kfn kqsf/ ;‹sf ;efklt;b:o /x]sf lyP . ;lrjsf] sfd ug{ ;"rgf ljefusf] lgb]{zsnfO{ tf]lsPsf]lyof] . cfof]un] lj:t[t cWoog u/L @)#* ;fpgdf k|ltj]bg k]; u¥of] .o;n] kqsfl/tf If]qdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/af/] ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof]] -/f0ff @)#*_ .t/ k|ltj]bg k"0f{ ¿kdf nfu" x'g ;s]g / kqsf/ hutdf c;Gt'li6sfaLpx¿ h:tfsf t:t} /lx/x] .

@)@* ;fndf …ljsf;sf] nflu ;~rf/Ú gf/fsf ;fy nfu" ul/Psf]/fli6«o ;~rf/ of]hgfn] ljleGg dGqfnocGtu{t 5l/P/ /x]sf cË tyflgsfonfO{ Ps} 5ftfd'lg Nofpg] ;/fxgLo sfo{ u¥of] . t/ kl5 ;~rf/dGqfnocGtu{t /x]sf] ;f+:s[lts ;+:yfg @)#( ;fndf lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t/flvg', k|;f/ ljefusf] ;§f @)$! ebf} ! ut]b]lv /]l8of] k|;f/ ;]jf ljsf;;ldlt u7g x'g' tyf @)$@ ;fnb]lv g]kfn 6]lnlehg :yfkgf x'g' h:tfsf/0fn] k'/fgf] ;~rf/ of]hgfsf] cf}lrTo /x]g . To;}n] @)$% ;fndf/fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{df ul/of] . kqklqsfsf] If]qdfePsf ljsf; tyf ;"rgf k|jfxdf ePsf] ljsf;nfO{ b[li6ut u/L o;gLltdf ;"rgf ljefusf] gfd kl/jt{g u/]/ k|]; tyf ;"rgf ljefu agfOof] .;"rgf ljefun] ub}{ cfPsf] k|sfzg / ljt/0f;DaGwL sfd eg] d'b|0fljefunfO{ lhDdf lbO{ of] ljefusf] gfd d'b|0f tyf k|sfzg ljefu /flvof] .;du|df eGg'kbf{ o; gLltn] ;"rgf ljefuaf/] u/]sf] Joj:yf @)@* sf];~rf/ of]hgfdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfeGbf tflTjs ¿kn] leGg eg] lyPg .

cGtdf

kl5Nnf] ;dodf d'b|0f tyf ;"rgf ljefu eg]/ 5'§ØfOPsf ljefux¿sf]hu k|f/lDes cj:yfdf /fHosf] ;"rgfnfO{ b]z ljb]zdf k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{


p2]Zon] /f0ff zf;sn] :yfkgf u/]sf] k|rf/ ljefu g} xf] . o;n] /f0ffsfnb]lvg} ;/sf/sf] PstkmL{ k|rf/ dfq ub}{cfPsf] b]lvG5 . /f0ff zf;sn] h'gp2]Zo lnP/ o;sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] eP klg Joj:yf ablnPkl5 klg ljleGg;dodf o;nfO{ zf;sx¿n] To;/L g} pkof]u ub}{cfPsf] kfOof] . @)^@÷^#sf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngkZrft\ ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg"g klg b]zdflgdf{0f eO;s]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf /fHosf x/]s lsl;dsf ;"rgfnfO{cBfjlws ug]{ / gful/snfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;Gbe{df o; ljefusf] dxŒjlgs} 7"nf] 5 . ;fwf/0f ljZn]if0fs} cfwf/df klg s] eGg] ;lsG5 eg] ;"rgfljefuk|lt /fHosf] ;f]rfO jf x]/fOdf @)$^ ;fnkl5 ;d]t vf;} kl/jt{gcfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . oBlk kl5Nnf] of] cjlwdf ;"rgf ljefusf] e"ldsfnfO{uxg 9Ën] s]nfpg yk cWoog cfjZos 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

chLt, cg'ej . @)^$ . g]kfnL rnlrqsf] cf/De . ldl8of cWoog @ M #%–&# .vqL, 6]saxfb'/ . @)#@ . g]kfndf ;"rgf ;]jf . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/,

k[= #)–#@ . sf7df8f}F M ;"rgf ljefu .rfkfufO{+, s[i0fk|;fb, ;+of]hs . @)^)[@)!%] . k|]; sldzgsf] k|ltj]bg . k|sfzgsf]

lbUbz{g -rf}yf] ;+:s/0f_ . xl/x/ lj/xL, ;+, k[= @^^–#*# . sf7df8f}F M k|];sfplG;n g]kfn .

Rff}nfufO{+, od . @)^$ . rnlrqsf ;f/ly . sf7df8f}F M n]vs :jo+ .…gljgÚ, 6]saxfb'/ . @)$) . ;"rgf ljefu . g]kfnL ;~rf/If]qsf] lrgf/L,

k[= @@–@$ . sf7df8f}F M ;"rgf ljefu .g]kfn ;/sf/ . @))* . g]kfn uh]6 . @@ ;fpg, k[= !–!* .kf}8Øfn, /fd/fh . @)@& . kqsfl/tf . sf7df8f}F M n"gs/0fbf; rf}w/L / ljgos'df/

cu|jfn .ef/tL . @))( . >L % dxf/fhflw/fhaf6 zfxL k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] ;Nnfxn] hf/L

ul/aS;]sf] cf1fkq . $-#_ M !@&–!@* .dbgk'/:sf/ k':tsfno . @)#! . dbg ;f}/e . sf7df8f}F M dbgk'/:sf/ k':tsfno .dxh{g, xif{dfg . @)^^ . k~rfotL zf;gdf …ljsf;sf] nflu ;~rf/Ú cjwf/0ffsf]

/fhgLlt . ldl8of cWoog $ M !!#–!$* ./f0ff, v'Zj'zdz]/ . @)## . g]kfndf ;~rf/–Joj:yf . sf7df8f}F M hGde"ld k|]; ./f0ff, lqnf]So, cWoIf . @)#* . zfxL k|]; cfof]un] r9fPsf] k|ltj]bg @)#* .

sf7df8f}F M zfxL k|]; cfof]u .


Zfdf{, k|]d/fh, ;+= . @))% . >L >L >L dxf/fh df]xgzdz]/ hËaxfb'/ /f0ffsfl;Gb"/ofqfdf uf]/vfkq ljz]iffÍ . sf7df8f}F M uf]/vfkq 5fkfvfgf .

Zofdk|;fb . @)%% . cfPsf s]xL lr7L . sf7df8f}F M ;'gsf];L ;flxTo k|lti7fg .>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)!* . x'nfssf] ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf; . sf7df8f}F M k|rf/–k|;f/

ljefu .>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)!( . g]kfn @)!( . sf7df8f}F M k|rf/–k|;f/ ljefu .>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)@* . /fli6«o ;~rf/ ;]jf of]hgf . sf7df8f}F M ;"rgf tyf

k|;f/ dGqfno .>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)#!s . d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL -efu !_ . sf7df8f}F M ;"rgf

ljefu .>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)#!v . d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL -efu @_ . sf7df8f}F M ;"rgf

ljefu .>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)#!u . d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL -efu #_ . sf7df8f}F M ;"rgf

ljefu .>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)#!3 . d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL -efu $_ . sf7df8f}F M ;"rgf

ljefu .>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)$([@)$%] . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd, @)$% .

k|sfzgsf] lbUbz{g -t];|f] ;+:s/0f_ . k[=@*!–#!@ . sf7df8f}F M k|]; sfplG;n .>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)^! . ;"rgf ljefusf] sfo{ljlw @)^! . sf7df8f}F M ;"rgf

ljefu .

GoN. 1953. An Introduction to Nepal. Kathmandu: Department ofPublicity, Government of Nepal (GoN).

Khatri, Tek Bahadur. 1976. Mass Communications in Nepal. Kathmandu:Department of Information, HMG.

Khatri, Tek Bahadur. 1983. Nepal's Mass Media. Kathmandu: Departmentof Information, HMG.

lifkt oltxf; · to; a]nf ug ]{ sfdaf/ ] ; rgf ljefusf" ] sfo { ljlw, @)^! df elgpsf ] 5 m...

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