INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

-: PRESENTATION ON :-

LIFTS

PRESENTED BY:- -KALEEM AHMAD` -SWARN PRABHA -NAJMUS SAQLAIN -SACHIN MANDHYAN SUBJECT CO-ORDINATOR:- AR. SHAHZEB RAHMAN AR.SHIBLI MERAJ

INTRODUCTION:-

An elevator lift is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel or other structure. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.

HISTORY :- The earliest known reference to an

elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) built his first elevator probably in 236 BC.[9] Some sources from later historical periods mention elevators as cabs on a hemp rope powered by hand or by animals.

On March 23, 1857 the first OTIS passenger

Elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in NEW YORK CITY. The Equitable life Building

completed in 1870 in NEW YORK CITY was the first office building to have passenger elevator.

TYPES OF LIFTS:- ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM

ACCORDING TO BUILDING HEIGHT

ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPES

ACCORDING TO ELEVATOR LOCATION

ACCORDING TO SPECIAL USES

ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM:-Elevators will be classified according to hoist mechanism to 4 main types as follows:-

1.HYDRAULIC ELEVETOR  2.TRACTION ELEVETOR3.CLIMBING ELEVETOR4.PNEUMATIC ELEVETOR

1.HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR:- Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of

the elevator that pushes the elevator up. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.

Hydraulic elevators have many two main types as follows:

A. Holed (Conventional) Hydraulic Elevators:-  They have a sheave that extends below the floor of the

elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends.

Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet. 

B. Hole-less hydraulic elevator:- it is further classified into three parts-a.Telescoping hydraulic elevator- In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole below the pit and has 2 or 3 pieces of telescoping pistons. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel distance. b.  Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic Elevators:- it has one piston and only allows about 20 feet of travel distance.c.  Roped Hydraulic Elevators -They use a combination of ropes and a piston to move the elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.

2.TRACTION ELEVETOR (PULL ELEVETOR) :- Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached

to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher

travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. Traction elevators have main types as follows:

 A- Geared Traction Elevators: They have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. These are capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute. 

B- Gear-less Traction Elevators: They have the wheel attached directly to the motor. These are capable of speeds up to 2000 feet per minute.

C- Machine-Room-Less Elevators:They are typically traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and the controls sit above the ceiling adjacent to the elevator shaft.  

3. CLIMBING ELEVETOR:- They hold their own power device on

them, mostly electric or combustion engine.

Climbing elevators are often used in work and construction areas.

4. PNEUMATIC ELEVETOR :- pneumatic elevators are raised and

powered by controlling air pressure in a chamber in which the elevator sits.

By simple principles of physics; the difference in air pressure above and beneath the vacuum elevator cab literally transports cab by air. It is the vacuum pumps or turbines that pull cab up to the next Floor and the slow release of air pressure that floats cab down.

They are especially ideal for existing homes due to their compact design because excavating a pit and hoist way are not required. 

2.ACCORDING TO BUILDING HEIGHT:-

A- Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories):-Buildings up to about (1 to 3) stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost 

B- Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories):-Buildings up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use Geared Traction Elevators 

C- High-Rise buildings (12 + stories):-Buildings up to about 12+ stories typically use Gear-Less Traction Elevators 

3. ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPES:-Elevators will be classified according to building type to 5 main types as follows: 

1.HOSPITAL ELEVETORS.2. RESIDENCIAL /DOMESTIC ELEVETORS.3.INDUSTRIAL ELEVETORS.4.COMMERCIAL ELEVETORS.5.PARKING BUILDINGS ELEVATORS.

1.HOSPITAL LIFTS:-

• Used in hospital & treatment center.

Designed for transporting large carts or furniture

Speed of elevator 100 – 350 Ft / min. - Two sides of front and back doors for loading and unloading

facilities. - Door width between

900 – 1100mm

Hospital bed elevators generally transport patients who are not well enough to sit up even in a wheelchair.

One of the features of bed elevators should be its ability to transport the patient has smoothly as possible with minimal amount of bumping and jostling.

Many contemporary bed elevators are manufactured to consume extremely low amounts of power and to be durable with a number of safety features built-in.

Hospital bed elevators generally draw very little power so that should there be a power outage they are still operational off the hospital's backup power supply.

Most often there will be a rear and a front entry to the elevator cabin. 

2.RESIDENTIAL LIFTS:-

Domestic elevators which are intended to move passengers up and down stairs in a multilevel residence are quite similar to those used in large public buildings.

They can be built either inside the home or outside the home.

Most often domestic elevators designed for carrying passengers in a residential setting only carry perhaps two to four people safely and comfortably. 

 

3. INDUSTRIAL ELEVETORThis type of elevators is used in construction, warehouses, and shipyards. These are two types:-hoist elevators and incline elevators.

A.Hoist elevator:- Hoist elevators are operated by

a pulley and they can be a simple platform or a cage in which humans or heavy materials are moved up and down during industrial applications.

Generally, a pulley operates a rope or chain that wraps around a drum causing the elevator to rise or descend.

Hoist elevators carrying materials and equipment to upper levels as needed while the building is being constructed.

B. Incline elevator:-

The equipment and supplies are placed on

a form of conveyor belt that continues turning bringing the cargo up to itsdestination where it is quickly unloaded as the belt continues turning around. This is a much quicker method of

loadingand unloading cargo than with a hoistelevator because there is no stopping tounload. Everything happens in one fluid motion. Incline elevators when used for industrial purposes are usually temporary and mobile. Many are on wheels and can be easily moved from one dock or location to the next. 

4. COMMERCIAL ELEVETOR-A- Commercial passenger elevators A passenger elevator is designed to move people between a building's floors. Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space.

B- Freight elevators A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers.Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg.

5.PARKING LIFT:-

It is of two types-1.Conventional car parking 2.Auto car parking elevetor

1.Conventional car parking:-

The conventional parking elevators are built to move vehicles to upper or lower levels of the building because of their space saving featureith ramps on and off parking levels consumealot of space which could be better utilized as parking spaces for vehicles. With the addition of parking elevators, vehicles can be transported up and down as many levels as necessary by taking up only the space required for that vehicle. But maintain the need for attendants to sit in the car, in the elevator and park it on the floor on which there is space. 

2. Auto car lift parking:-

As against cars being driven (on ramps) or carried (in car lifts) to different levels in conventional multi-level parking, cars are driven at only one level for parking or retrieval, Cars are parked in steel pallets and a target pallet comes up or down to the driveway level at the press of a button, for parking or retrieval. 

Such car parking systems or auto parking systems are also referred to by various other names in different parts of the world, such as “auto-parking”, "stack-parking", "mechanized parking", "mechanical parking", "parkomat “modular parking” etc. 

ACCORDING TO ELEVATOR LOCATION:-

A- Outdoor Elevator Common types of outdoor elevators are platform elevators and incline elevators. 

1.INCLINED ELEVETOR-

• Outdoor elevators built on an incline can allbe used to transport passengers or goods.• Incline elevators are most often recognized as passenger elevators called ski lifts. However, outdoor elevators that move cargo on anincline are generally constructed with a conveyor belt and most often seen when loadingcargo on ships and some types of aircraft. 

2.PLATFORM ELEVATOR- While it is possible to use platform

elevators indoors they are generally classified as outdoor elevators because that is where they are most often used. Platform elevators usually are not enclosed by having a have a fence or gate running around the perimeter to keep cargo from slipping off during transport. Platform elevators usually use a system of pulleys as the working mechanism. Outdoor elevators consisting of a platform are most often used at new construction sites but they can also be used for such things as elevating workmen renovating the façade of a building or washing windows on a high-rise. 

ACCORING TO SPECIAL USES:-

It is of two types- HANDICAPPED ELEVATOR GRAIN ELEVATOR

1.HANDICAPPED ELEVATOR-

In reality, any type of elevator that can assist a handicapped person in going up and down various levels of the building could be considered a handicap elevator. However, specific types of elevators are manufactured with handicapped persons in mind. A good example of this would be a wheelchair lift that gets a handicapped person in and out of vans. The lift comes out the sliding doors and descends in order to allow the wheelchair on the platform. Then the lift is raised up and backs into the vehicle. Most city buses have this type of handicap elevators installed on them,

2.GRAIN ELEVATOR:-

A grain elevator is a tower containing a bucket elevator, which scoops up, elevates, and then uses gravity to deposit grain in a silo or other storage facility. They can be classified as either “country” or “terminal” elevators, with terminal elevators further categorized as inland or export types. Operations other than storage, such as cleaning, drying, and blending, often are performed at elevators. The principal grains and oilseeds handled include wheat, corn,oats, rice soybeans, and sorghum. 

COMPONENTS OF LIFT:-

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS:-

LIFT SUB SYSTEM:-

Control Motion – includes motor, gear, engines, brakes and power supply.

Control System - to get control the movements of the lift. Door Control – contained motor connecting lift car doors,

platforms gates and door safety devices. Safety Control – contain the safety gear, speed controller for the first balance, heat and lack of power.

TYPICAL TRACTION LIFT DESIGN:-

LIFT SHAFT:-

It is determined by the number of user. Constructed with reinforced concrete. To accommodate the loading and fire resistance.

Size of lift shaft space

Looking down the lift shaft of a hydraulic elevator. The hydraulic ram is to the left