light and color. ancient theories earlier views of light believed that something like a streamer...
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Light and Color
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Ancient Theories
• Earlier views of light believed that something like a streamer went out from the eye and gave us sight.
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• Newton came up with a theory of light that said it was particle in nature and came to the eye from a source.
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• A contemporary of Newton’s, Christian Huygen’s, believed that light traveled in waves.
• In 1905, Einstein published a paper called the Photoelectric Effect, stating that light traveled in massless bundles of electromagnetic energy called photons.
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Current view
• Today it is agreed upon that light has a dual nature, part particle and part wave. This idea is called the “duality of light”.
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The speed of light
• The speed of light was a mystery up until recent times.
• Olaus Roemer discovered a discrepancy with the time it took for one of the moons of Jupiter to reappear as it orbited.
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• Albert Michelson used a setup of mirrors and measured the speed of light in 1880.
• He became the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in science.
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• The speed of light is 300,000,000 m/s in a vacuum and is slightly less through transparent materials.
• A light year is the distance light travels in one year(9.5 x 1012 km.
• It takes light 8 min to reach us from the sun and 4 years from the nearest star, Alpha centauri.
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• Light travels as energy waves that come from vibrating electrons in atoms.
• These waves are called electromagnetic waves and are the same as x-rays and radio waves. The only difference is their frequency.
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The electromagnetic spectrum
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• Light is transferred through matter in much the same way that sound is, by vibrations.
• A transparent material is one that allows light to travel in through in straight lines ( ex. glass and clear plastic)
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• An opaque material is one that absorbs light and turns it into heat energy.
• A translucent material allows light through but cannot be seen through (Ex. frosted glass)
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• A ray is a thin beam of light. Blocked light rays cause shadows.
• An umbra is a total shadow and a penumbra is a partial shadow.
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• Light travels in transverse waves that vibrate in all directions.
• When a wave vibrates in only one direction, it is said to be polarized.
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Polaroid filters
• Certain filters are capable of polarizing light and are useful in sunglasses since they greatly reduce glare
• 3-D movies also use this phenomenon. They are filmed and projected with two lenses to give increased depth.
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Color
• The color of an object is the result of the frequencies of light it emits or reflects.
• A red rose reflects red light. It will absorb all others colors of the spectrum.
• If placed in green light the rose reflects no light and will be black.
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White light
• A white object will reflect all colors and will be white in white light.
• White light (such as sunlight) contains all the colors of the visible spectrum.
• A black object absorbs all the colors of the spectrum.
• Black is the absence of light.
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• Light is absorbed when its frequency matches a natural vibration frequency of electrons in the material. This is a form of resonance.
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Combining colors
• Color mixing occurs when light or pigments get combined. Combining colors of light is called color addition.
• Combining colors of pigment is called color subtraction.
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• The eyes sees an equal combination of red, green, and blue light as white.
• Red, green, and blue are the additive primary colors.
• Magenta, cyan and yellow are the subtractive primary colors.
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• The sky is blue due to the random scattering of the high frequency blue and violet light by the oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere.
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Sunrises and sunsets
• The low frequency yellow, orange and red light gets transmitted.
• If the sun is at a low angle virtually all the high frequency colors get scattered out and the sun appears deep orange or red.
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Bright line spectra
• Each element has a characteristic line spectra that is like its fingerprint.
• This is how atoms can be identified without directly examining an object.
• Ex. Composition of planets and stars