Lighting TechnologiesLighting Technologies

Monday, April 10, 2023 www.element-14.com1

Product Training Session-1

Presented by :Karthik VinayakaDept: PDD India

Agenda

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LIGHTING INTRODUCTIONLIGHTING TERMINOLOGYDIFFERENT LIGHTING TECHNOLOGYAPPLICATIONSTARGET MARKETCONCLUSION

Introduction

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Light is simply a name for a range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye.

What is electromagnetic radiation, then?

Is a form of energy that exhibits wave like behaviour as it travels through space.

The radiation including visible light, radio waves, gamma rays, and X-rays, in which electric and magnetic fields vary simultaneously .Electromagnetic radiation is classified according to the frequency of its wave.

V ~

3.1

7eV

B ~

2.7

3eV

G ~

2.5

2eV

Y ~

2.1

5eV

O ~

2.0

8eV

R ~

1.6

2eV

LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY

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Ambient Light :The light already present in a scene, before any additional lighting is added. Ex: Natural light. More info: Ambient Light

Incident Light : Light seen directly from a light source (lamp, sun, etc).

Reflected Light : Light seen after having bounced off a surface.

Conventional Methods of converting electrical energy to light:

•Heating up bits of wire•Passing Electricity through gas at near vacuum•Passing Electricity through gas above atmospheric pressure

DIFFERENT LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY

The top five global lighting technologies include

1.Incandescent light2.Fluorescent,3.Halogen4.High-intensity discharge 5.light-emitting diodes (LED)

The Incandescent light bulb : incandescent lamp produces light by heating a metal filament wire to a high temperature until it glows. The hot filament is protected from oxidation in the air with a glass enclosure that is filled with inert gas.

Fluorescent lamp:

compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)

The tube is filled with noble gas (i.e. argon, neon, helium).

The tube also contains a small amount of mercury that when heated becomes mercury vapor. The inside of the tube is lined with phosphorescent material (mostly phosphorous).

In the base of the bulb, There is an electronic ballast that boosts the line voltage up high enough to ionize the gas inside the bulb. As this happens the mercury also vaporizes inside the tube.

The ionized gas and ionized mercury vapor emit ultraviolet light which strikes the phosphorous. The phosphorous, in turn, emits white light that lights up the room.

Halogen : Halogen lamps use a tungsten filament that is encased inside a

Small quartz envelope. Similar to an incandescent lamp, the electrical current

causes the tungsten filament to heat up to temperatures above 2500°C and

get “white hot” and produce visible light.

The envelope is much closer to the filament. Thus, to prevent it from melting

High-Intensity Discharge : HID lamps are available in the form of mercury or sodium vapour and typically are used as street lamps and outdoor lighting for stadiums. These lamps are popular because they are efficient and have a high-brightness output. In the case of sodium vapour, they are twice as efficient as normal fluorescent bulbs.

Mercury and sodium vapour lamps produce light using a technique similar to that used in fluorescent lamps, where a low-pressure mercury vapour produces lots of ultraviolet light that excites a phosphor coating on the tube.

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What is an Solid-state lighting

Solid-state lighting (SSL): refers to a type of lighting that uses semiconductor light emitting diodes (LEDs), as sources of illumination rather than electrical filaments, plasma (used in arc lamps such as fluorescent lamps), or gas. LED is a semiconductor diode that glows when operated in forward biased direction.

LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are those little colour lights you see in electronic equipment, household appliances, toys, on signs, and many other places.  Red, yellow and green ones are the most common, since they are have been used widely.

LEDs are different from ordinary light bulbs because they do not have a filament to break or burn out.  They generate very little heat, and are ideal for putting lights into battery-operated equipment like telephones and portable computers.

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Basic Structure of an LED

Die – light emitting semiconductor material

Encapsulation – translucent case to protect the die and disperse the light

Lead frame – the die is placed on it

‘Anode’ post

Epoxy Encapsulation

LED die

‘Cathode’ post

Cathode lead

Anode lead

+ -

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Discrete LEDs• Available in a variety of shapes

and size

LED Displays• LED multi-segment display• LED dot-matrix display• Bargraph

LED clusters• A group or cluster of discrete LEDs

are used to provide a bright light source.

7-segmentLED Display

14-segment LED Display

Dot-matrixLED Display

Bargraph

Types of LEDs

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Standard LEDs

Flashing LEDs• Flashing LEDs look like ordinary LEDs but they contain

an integrated circuit (IC) which controls LED flash times per seconds.

High Power LEDs• They give out large amounts of light.• The future of lighting

Multi-color LEDs

• Two or more semiconductor chips within one LED package, each producing a different color, usually the three primary colors, Red, Green and Blue.

Infrared LEDs (IRLEDs)• Invisible LED; infrared light output.

Types of Discrete LEDs

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•Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply! It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass through and burn it out.

•LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick testing purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V or less..

How to test an LED

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Parameter of standard LED Description LED Color The color of an LED is determined by the semiconductor material.

Forward Current If Indicates the current flowing through the LED to turn on. It is the maximum average amount of current the diode is able to conduct in forward bias mode

Forward Voltage Forward voltage is the voltage required to activate an LED Luminous Intensity Brightness of the LED at the given current, mcd = millicandela Lens Shape This attribute the exact shape of LED. Ex: Round, Rectangular, Square,

Dome Wavelength Typ The peak wavelength of the light emitted, this determines the colour of the

LED .nm = nanometre Bulb Size This attribute indicates the size of the LED Viewing Angle Angle is the width of the beam of light produced by an LED LED Mounting This attribute refers to type of LED mounting , TH, SMD, Panel

Key Parameter of LED

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Why Use an LED?

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LED Market Segmentation

AutomotiveGeneralIllumination

Other Markets

Head lampsHigh Beam LightsInterior LightingDashboard Lighting Rear Lights Turn Signals Emergency Vehicle LightingAftermarket Accent Lighting

• Bulb replacement– Home– Office– Flashlights

• Traffic lights and signs• Signage

– Billboards– Community Information– Security, Exits

• Indicator / Fun lights– Gaming Machines– Clavilux (Disco)

• Medical / Dental– Endoscopes– MRI / CAT scan

• Backlighting– Monitors– TVs– Portable devices– Camera/Camcorders– Handsets– Instruments

• Camera Flash• User experience

– Handset fun lights– Handset indicators– Toys– Instruments

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Indicators and signs Status indicator; LED panels; Traffic lights; Exit signs…

Lighting Replacement light bulbs; Flashlights; Streetlights; Architectural lighting;

Vehicle lighting; LED dental curing light …

Non visual applications Remote control; Touch sensing; Movement sensing…

LED Application

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Low

Pow

er L

ED

Hig

h P

ower

LE

D

Single color or RGB LEDs Blue Vf~3.7Green Vf ~3.1Red Vf ~2.0

White LEDs Vf ~ 3.3…3.7 I~ 0…25mA

White Flash LEDs Vf ~ 4…6V I~ 0.4…0.6A/LED

High current white LEDs Vf ~ 3.5…6V I~ up to 1A/LED

Multi Die LED modules Vf ~ 5…8V I~ up to 1.5A/LED

Typical LEDs— Characteristics and Applications

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LEDs have gained widespread use and now can be found nearly everywhere.

Target MarketsTarget Markets

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Associated Products Accessory Products 

Panel assemblies

Cartridge holders

LED mounting kits

LED testers

LED Driver module

LED Lens

PC board standoffs

Light pipes

Bezels

LED spacers

Adhesive -Thermal conductive

Associated and Accessory Products

It is always important to ask the customer about associated and accessory products.

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OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode)

OLED is an organic layer of resources that emits light when electricity is passed through it. OLED is proving to consume even less power and have a clean, crisp picture than an LED TV.

An OLED is Organic light emitting diode which emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds.

OLED invented by Ching Tang and Steve Van Slyke in 1987 at Kodak Labs.

Features• Flexible / bendable lighting• Wallpaper lighting defining new ways to light a space• Transparent lighting doubles as a window

Continued in Next session

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In this training, we had an opportunity to learn the basic knowledge of Lighting and LEDs. LED (light emitting diode).

•An LED will emit light when the current is passed through it.

•The color of the light depends on the semiconductor material of the LED.

•There are many advantages which make LEDs eye-catching for high-performance modern electronics. For example, their low power consumption extends battery life and thus they are well suited for portable applications.

•LED's fast turn-on/turn-off characteristics fit perfectly with the needs of automotive tail lights, especially the brake lights. LEDs are environmental friendly,

•LEDs do not contain lead or mercury.

•LED lighting facilitates a full-spectrum light source with larger color range.

•LEDs have an exceptionally long lifespan, which enables their use in applications where long-term reliability is highly desirable, such as traffic lights. Machine vision systems require a focused, bright and homogeneous light source – LEDs are a great match.

Conclusion

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How good is our website for selection of productsFarnell/Newark/element14 extensive offering of solid-state lighting components can support the most demanding design requirements. Find lighting (visible/non visible) products from world leaders like Avago, Bridgelux, Cree, CML, Dialight, Lumex, Optek, Vishay and more. Products span all types of LED’s, emitters/arrays, optics, drivers, thermal and mounting accessories, and tools under the classification --- Optoelectronics and Display http://www.newark.com/optoelectronics-displays

Selection of products on our webpageFeatured Products linked on the web pageLighting Microsite for developments, solutions, Design resources are availablehttp://www.newark.com/jsp/bespoke/bespoke7.jsp?bespokepage=common/en/technology-first/applications/lighting/home.jspAssociates and Accessories linked for SKU’sAlternative available for SKU’sProducts separated in different classification for easy selectionAttribute filter option available for SKU selection based on parametric searchKeyword search results can be viewed through search tabLink to design guide on element14 KNODEhttp://www.element14.com/community/static/knode/design_elements?ICID=knodenav_deselements

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How good is our website for selection of products

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Attribute selection viewhttp://www.newark.com/leds-standard-under-75ma

THANK YOU Your Feedback is most valuable

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Please Send your feedback to karthikv@farnell.com

Interactive Video

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Link: \\flcspnfp\canalrd\General Transfer\Lighting presentation video

Q & A

When were LED invented?

The first practical LED was invented in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr. while working for General Electric Company.

 

What is Haitz law?

Haitz's law is an observation and forecast about the steady improvement, over many years, of light-emitting diodes (LED)

The Law said the cost per lumen of LED lighting would fall to 10% of its original price every 10 years. During the same period, the lumen power of LEDs would increase 20 times.

When were White LED’s first available?

White LED’s became a reality around 1995 invented by Japan’s Nichia Corporation.

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Q & A

Which of the following statement about LED is not correct? a. An LED is a semiconductor device. b. An LED is able to give off light when current passes through it. c. An LED has no polarity. d. The basic structure of an LED consists of die, encapsulation, and lead frame.Correct answer is c.

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Q & A

Tri-colour LEDs

The most popular type of tri-colour LED has a red and a green LED combined in one package with three leads. They are called tri-colour because mixed red and green light appears to be yellow and this is produced when both the red and green LEDs are on.

The diagram shows the construction of a tri-colour LED. Note the different lengths of the three leads. The centre lead (k) is the common cathode for both LEDs, the outer leads (a1 and a2) are the anodes to the LED’s allowing each one to be lit separately or both together to give the third colour.

Bi-colour LEDs

A bi-colour LED has two LEDs wired in 'inverse parallel' (one forwards, one backwards) combined in one package with two leads. Only one of the LEDs can be lit at one time and they are less useful than the tri-colour LEDs described above.

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