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![Page 1: Lighting Your Path To The Future - IMAPS · PDF fileLighting Your Path to the Future ... Lit by LUXEON LEDs • Power LED Technology ... High-Power (> Watt Input) LED Performance](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011723/5aa2eb9b7f8b9ac67a8db649/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lighting Your Path to the Future
IMAPS Global Business Council November 14, 2007
M. George Craford, CTO Philips Lumileds Lighting Company
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2Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
Outline
Buckingham Palace, London, England
Lit by LUXEON LEDs
• Power LED Technology Status and Trends
• Existing and Emerging Applications
• Challenges and Recent Developments for Solid State Lighting
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3Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
• Emerging ~ 100 lm/W phosphor white power LEDs • Expect ~ 160 lm/W power LED performance within the next 5 years• Multi-primary white could outperform (need breakthrough green, red)
Outlook: LEDs vs. Conventional Light Sources
Krames et al., IEEE J. Display Technol. 3, 160 (2007)
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1930 1950 1970 1990 2010
Light Source Description ηL(lm/W)500W High-pressure Na 150140W Metal Halide 122‘TL HE’ Tube Fluorescent 105Halogen-IR Incandescent 30Standard Incandescent 16
Best low-current
LED
halogen
metal halidehigh-pressure Na
fluorescent
Pow
er L
EDs
Hg vaporhalogen-
IR
U.S
. DO
E ro
adm
ap
(LED
s)
incandescent
Best high-power LED
Lum
inou
s Eff
icac
y (lm
/W)
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4Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
White LED Performance“Cool” CCT ~ 4500 – 10,000K
• Small 5mm LEDs– Lower current density– Lower forward voltage
• Power LEDs– More lumens/package– Lower cost per lumen
Pum
p B
lue
WP
E (e
st.)
Current Density (A/cm2)
Lum
inou
s E
ffica
cy (l
m/W
)
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70%
Power LED~2004
Power LEDLab results
Small LEDLab results
Small LED 2006
~20 mA ~350 mA
Power LED2006
Power LED2007
Small LED 2007
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5Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
The Four Elements of LED TechnologyEpitaxy and
MaterialsDevice (chip)
designPackagePhosphors
Important metrics:External quantum efficiency:
EQE = IQE x EXE
Power conversion efficiency:PCE = EQE x Eph / Vf
Luminous efficacy:LE = PCE x V(λ)
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6Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
0%
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350 450 550 650
1) Philips Lumileds TFFC LEDs 2) Morita et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, 5945 (2004)3) Nichia, ICNS-74) Philips Lumileds TIP LEDs
InxGa1-xNInxGa1-xN (AlxGa1-x)0.52In0.48P(AlxGa1-x)0.52In0.48P
(2)
(1)
Tj = 25°CTj = 25°C
Exte
rnal
qua
ntum
eff
icie
ncy,
ηex
tEx
tern
al q
uant
um e
ffic
ienc
y, η
ext
Peak wavelength, λp (nm)Peak wavelength, λp (nm)
(4)
High-power ( 1 Watt input) visible -spectrum LEDs~>~>High-power ( 1 Watt input) visible -spectrum LEDs~>~>
(3)
V(λ)
(3)
• InGaN– Maximum external quantum efficiencies in the blue– Lower efficiency with increasing InN % (~ 2x reduction green)
• AlGaInP– Fundamental bandstructure limitations at short wavelengths
High-Power (> Watt Input) LED Performance
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7Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
RGB 540
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Wavelength (nm)
R
R-G540-B White LED for Illumination
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Green LED Efficiency (WPE)
Whi
te S
ourc
e Ef
ficie
ncy
(lm/W
)
0.20.40.75
•If nitride RGB all reach ≥ 75% WPE (very unlikely requiring three “miracles”) then the source efficacy would be ~280 lm/W before color mixing losses (possibly 15-30% which would imply about 200 lm/W → 240 lm/W)
•If RGB all reach >40% WPE (much more reasonable to expect) then ~150 lm/W source would be achieved which would be color tuneable
•Green is the key for enabling color tuneable white illumination to occur
Red - 615nmBlue - 460nmGreen - 540nm
CRI – 90CCT - 3270
Blue WPE - 75%Red WPE - 75%
Red WPE - 40%
Red WPE - 20%
Red, Green, Blue Color Mixing for Warm White Illumination
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8Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
Recent Development: Improved Epitaxial Materials Process Reduces “Efficiency Droop” at High Current Densities *
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Device input current (mA)
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mal
ized
EQ
E (%
)
PLL high currentefficiency solutionCurrent Production
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Device current (mA)
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mal
ized
rad
iant
flux
(% m
ax. W
)
PLL high currentefficiency solutionCurrent Production
• High efficiency maintained to over 1.5A
• >20% flux gain at high current densities (> 1.0A)
• Key step forward for achieving a high efficiency 1000lm emitter in a single 1mm2 chip
• Auger effect is key issue. Improvement is to use a thicker active layer. (DH vs QW’s)
*Nate Gardner, et. al., presented at ICNS-7, Las Vegas, NV, September 16-21, 2007
*Yu-Chen Shen, et. al., “Auger recombination in InGaN measured by photoluminescence,” APL, (2007)
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9Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
Thin ASThick AS
Thick AS + DBRTS
Improved TS
Shaped TS
Thick RS
CC(PS/ITO)low power
CC (PS/ITO)high power
TFFC
CC
FC (Al)
CC (PS)FC (Ag)
VTF
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1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year
Lig
ht E
xtra
ctio
n E
ffici
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, Cex
t (%
)Li
ght e
xtra
ctio
n ef
ficie
ncy,
Cex
t(%)
Year
(f) Thick RS
(a) Thin AS
(e) Shaped TS
(b) Thick AS (c) Thick AS + DBR
(d) Thick TS
(Al,Ga)InPwb pad
host substrate
GaAs GaAs GaAs
(Al,Ga)InP + window layer
DBR
n-GaP substrate
p-GaPn-GaP
substrate
p-GaPmetal
(Al,Ga)InP-GaAs or (Al,Ga)InP-GaP
InGaN-GaN-Al2O3
LED Chip Design
• Dramatic improvement last 15 years• Light extraction efficiencies reach
~80% (InGaN) and 60%+ (AlGaInP)
(a) Conventional Chip - CC (b) Flip Chip - FC
(c) Vertical Thin Film - VTF (d) Thin Film Flip Chip - TFFC
Al2O3
n-type
p-wb pad
p-type
p-spreader
n-wb pad
Al2O3
p-typen-type n contact
n-wb pad
n-typep-type
reflective metal bond
host substrate
n-typep-type
n contact
reflective p contact
reflective p contact
light extraction features
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10Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
State-of-Art Power LED Chip Design
• Flip Chip LED (FC)– Excellent heat extraction– No wire bonds– High extraction efficiency
• Thin Film Flip Chip LEDs (TFFC)– Highest extraction efficiency– Lambertian radiation pattern Flip Chip LED
QW(s)p-GaN
n-GaN
Sapphire
Submount
hν
Agp-contact
Thin Film Flip Chip LED
QW(s)p-GaN
n-GaN
Submount
hν
Agp-contact
LambertianTFFC LED
TFFC LED
FC, TFFCLED array with lens
Vertical chipLED array with lens
Lambertian radiation patternof TFFC LED
Heat Heat
Heat Heat
Sapphireremoved
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11Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
0.39
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u '
v '
14 00 0
1 00 00
2 20 02 40 0
8 00 0
70 00
6 30 0
5 650
50 00
450 0
4 10 0
3 80 035 00
32 5030 50
285 02 67 0
2 54 0
2 00 00
45 00 0
in f
Y e l lo w P h o s p h o r
6 5 0 0 K + /-2 0 0 K3 0 0 0 K + /-5 0 K
Key Challenge: PC-White CCT Variation
• Imperceptible color variationfor human eye:
– 6500 K: ±200 K– 3000 K: ±50 K
• Manufacturing challenge– Blue wavelength range– Control of phosphor
deposition process
Phosphor layer LED
LED chip LED chip
Phosphor coating
Luxeon LEDs:
Conformal phosphorcoating
Phosphorparticles
10…20x reduction inCCT distribution desired
Conventional LED:
“Slurry deposited”phosphor particles
Blue wavelength range
Phosphorlayer
thickness
Yellow Phosphor
Warm-whitecolor bins
Cool-whitecolor bins
Large variation in CCT
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12Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
0.0
0.1
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0.6
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
u'v'
Pump WLdistribution
YAG:Ce
PlanckianLocus
Increasingabsorption
CIE Chromaticity
Diagram
460 nm
440 nm
CCT ~5000 K
Improvement: Solid-State Phosphor Element
• Lumiramic phosphor technology™– Sintered YAG:Ce ceramic– Matches TFFC LED chips– Optically homogeneous solid-state material
• White LEDs with Lumiramic phosphor technology™– Precision in phosphor absorption via
plate thickness control– 4x Reduction in number of color bins– High luminance and excellent color stability
QW(s)p-GaN
n-GaN
Submount
Agp-contact
Lumiramic™ YAG:Ce Plate(not to scale)
TFFC LED with Lumiramic™
Lumiramic platelets
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13Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
YearP
ower
han
dlin
g pe
r LE
D (
W)
State-of-Art LED Packages - Power Handling
• Power handling capability– LUXEON K2 >5 W– Luxeon Rebel ~3 W– Future >10 W
• Lumen maintenance– Strong function of
• Junction temperature (TJ)• Drive Current (If)
– Typical: 50,000 hour
Power handling increased>100 x in last decade
(B50, L70) Lifetime
Power Handling per LED
“5 mm”lamp
“Superflux”LUXEON I
LUXEON K2
LUXEONRebel
Future
LUXEON K2
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14Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
State-of-Art LED Packages
• LUXEON K2– Highest flux– Highest drive current (If ≤1.5 A)– Highest operating temperature (TJ ≤185°C)– Lowest cost of light
• LUXEON Rebel– Highest flux-density (footprint: 3 x 4.5 mm2)– High operating temperature (TJ ≤150°C)– High drive current (If ≤1 A)– Highest flux/$ power LED
LUXEON K2
d ~1
5 m
md
~15
mmr = 2.13 mmr = 2.13 mm
Example: Color mixing
• Small size reducesfocal length
– smaller optical systems– smoother mixing in small spaces
• First power LED “pixel solution”
LUXEON Rebel
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15Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
Ultra Small, Low Cost Power PackagingLUXEON Rebel Platform
Performance:• Size: 3x4.5mm vs. 7.2 x 7.2mm • Light output, efficiency, reliability leader in 350mA – 1A class• Packing density: Up to 6x other power LEDs• Lowest cost/improved Lumens/$• Outperforms Chip-on-Board (performance, reliability)
Winner: Technical Excellence Award
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16Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
Introducing LUXEON K2 with TFFC– Utilizes the latest TFFC die for dramatically improved light output
• Light output bins start at min 160 lumens in white– Lowest Thermal Resistance: 5.5°C/W– Highest Maximum Junction Temperatures:
• 185°C for direct colors, 150°C for white– Tested and binned exclusively at 1000mA– Available first in cool-white to be followed by
warm-white, neutral-white, blue and green – Lead-free reflow solder JEDEC 020c compatible
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17Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
LUXEON Automotive Forward Lighting SourceKey Performance Attributes:
– Automotive Reliability– High Power Density (> 4 W/mm2)– High Temperature Operation– World class lumen output:
• Today: 750 lumens @ 1A per 1x4• Future: >>1500 lm @ 2.3 A
– High luminance• Today: 45 MNits @ 1A per 1x4• Future: >90MNits
2008 Audi R8
Halogen: ~ 20 MNits
LAFLS: ~ 45 MNits
Prototype AFL LED Package
AFL LED elements
Prototype package
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18Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
Performance: Evolution of LED source brightness
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Lum
inan
ce (c
d/m2 )
Fluorescent
Halogen HID
unfiltered*
LEDs
Indi
cato
r D
ispl
ays
Aut
o-m
otiv
e
Proj
ectio
nIl
lum
inat
ion
gene
ral
sp
otPr
ojec
tion
Lum
inan
ce (c
d/m
2 )
TFFCLED, 1 A
• Focus on power LEDs has accelerated luminance performance.• LED brightness on target to match that of the UHP bulb.
filtered
UHP
*collected flux of 4500 lm within 15 mm2-sr, an étendue typical for micro-display projection (G. Derra, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. Vol. 38, pp. 1995-3110, 2005)
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19Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
1000-Lumen Single Emitter (White)
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Gen
erat
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Passive Cooling
1000 lm Single Emitter(White)
1000-Lumen Single Emitter (White)
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1000 lm Single Emitter(White)
Heat Management: Easier in the Future
• LEDs pass all heat back to heat-sink and fixture• Today’s efficiency: Thermal management remains an issue and adds cost• Future efficiency: Heat management should be straightforward• Circuitry for driving LED is a large cost factor for replacement lamps. As LED
efficiency goes up circuit cost will go down, but will likely remain a key issue
If PCE = 50 %,LE = 150 lm/W
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20Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
LUXEON Applications Around the World
Mega Bridge, Bangkok, ThailandPhilips
Bosphorus Bridge, Istanbul, TurkeyPhilips
Technopolis, Athens, GreecePhilips
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21Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
High-power LED Applications: RGB White
• Illumination• LCD Backlighting• Projection
• LUXEON I and LUXEON III• Replicates day-light
without harmful ultra-violet or infra-red radiation
• Exact color rendition
SONY Qualia 005
• TriluminosTM LED backlightfor LCD panel
• Ultra-high color gamut(105 % NTSC)
• LEDs eliminate motion artifact• Mercury free• Long life
Pocket Projectors• Flux: 12 – 100 lm• Power: 10 – 25 W• Weight: 1 – 1.5 lb• Battery life: 2.5 hToshiba TDP-FF1A
Mitsubishi PK-10
Samsung SP-P300M
Mona Lisa Lighting by Fraen Corporation
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22Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
High-power LED Applications: PC White
• Portable lighting• Mobile phone camera flash• Illumination• Automotive forward lighting
S6
Casino Breda, Netherlands by Bocom
• LUXEON V• 2 – 80 variable lumens• 1 - 40 variable hours• Non imaging optics
• Functional flash (<~3m)• LUXEON Flash• LUXEON Module
Surefire DEF 1
S6S8
Daytime Running Light (DRL)• Multiple LEDs per DRL• 100°C ambient temperature
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23Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
Why are LEDs Not Yet Widely Used for General Illumination?
• Cost has been too high
• Efficiency has been too low
• White “color” needs to be warmer and better controlled
• Engineering challenges: thermal, optical, electrical
• Other Issues: Standards, complimentary infrastructure, stable supply, etc.
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24Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
Key Challenge: Cost/lumenThe conventional technologies are much lower in cost
~10.0 (best case-without driver!)White LEDs:
~2.0 (and going lower)CFLs:
~0.6Fluorescents:
~0.4Incandescents:
$/1000 lm
Need > 10xreduction!
How do LEDs get closer?
Total 12x
2xLower chip and packaging costs
3xHigher drive currents (700 mA to 2A)2xEfficiency improvement (75 lm/W to 150 lm/W)
Gain Factor LEDs are more competitive when total cost of ownership and
environmental factors (no mercury) are considered
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25Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
1
10
100
1000
1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
Max
. Whi
te L
umen
s
Outlook: Goals for Phosphor White for Illumination
• Single-emitter Flux (“Power” LED)
1000 lm target– same as 60 W light bulb– today’s LEDs: 100-200lm ea.
• Cost of Ownership (COO) Analysis – 1000 lm source
$ 240$ 48$ 48$ <160 W1 X 60 W incandescent
$ 90$ 20$ 18~ $ 220 W1 x 20 W Compact Fluor.
~ $ 6
$ 33
COO(1 yr)
~ 6 W
14 W
InputPower
~ $ 26$ 5~ $ 11 x 160 lm/W LED
$ 85 $ 13$ 2010 x 1-W TFFC emitters
COO (5yrs)
Energy cost/yr
Source cost
Target: ~160 lm/W, 1000-lm LED
5 mm lamp
Early LUXEON I LUXEON III
LUXEON K2
at $0.10 per kWh
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26Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
Outlook: How achievable is 160 lm/W, 1000-lm LED?
• High-current-density (~ 250 A/cm2) efficiency is critical• Blue internal quantum efficiency (IQE) must increase by > 2x• Must reduce forward voltage (ongoing programs)• Warm white would be lower by (10 - 30%)
Light Extraction Eff.Internal Quantum Eff.
Forward Voltage
Luminous Efficacy*
~80~36EQE (%)
~2.9~4.2Vf (V)
~75~25PCE (%)
PC White
~160~61LE (lm/W)
~90~40IQE (%)
~90~90Cext (%)
FutureToday
2000 mA : 1x1 mm2For single 1000-lm emitter, 2 A drive current needed
*assumes 250 lm/Wopt phosphor conversion for cool white CCT ~6000
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27Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, M. George Craford, IMAPS November 14, 2007
• Power LEDs are improving rapidly. Commercial performance in the 100 lm/W range is beginning, and ~150 lm/W should happen within five years
• Key issues for conversion to LEDs include: More lumens, lower cost, complementary infrastructure, standards, and consistent high volume supply
• Performance improvement for green devices is a key issue for RGBtuneable white
• It is clear that LEDs will dominate general illumination. The only question is timing
• Full conversion at 150 lm/W will reduce electricity used for lighting by ~50% and “save” over 100 nuclear reactors worldwide
Summary