lighting/electrical architectural engineering dr. martin

Andrea Hauber Lighting/Electrical Architectural Engineering Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library San José, California 04/02/04

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Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library; San José, CaliforniaDr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library; San José, CaliforniaAndrea HauberAndrea Hauber

Penn State University Architectural Engineering Lighting/ElectriPenn State University Architectural Engineering Lighting/Electrical Thesiscal Thesis________________________________________________________________________________________________www.arche.psu.edu/thesis/2004/amh268www.arche.psu.edu/thesis/2004/amh268

Design and Construction Team: Design and Construction Team: ..Owner:Owner: San Jose State University and the City of San JoseSan Jose State University and the City of San JoseDesign Architect:Design Architect: Carrier Johnson and Gunner Birkerts ArchitectsCarrier Johnson and Gunner Birkerts ArchitectsLocal Architect:Local Architect: Anderson Brule ArchitectsAnderson Brule ArchitectsMEP: MEP: Flack + Kurtz Consulting Engineers, LLPFlack + Kurtz Consulting Engineers, LLPLighting Designer:Lighting Designer: Francis Krahe & Associates, Inc.Francis Krahe & Associates, Inc.Acoustics / AV: Acoustics / AV: Paoletti AssociatesPaoletti AssociatesGeneral Contractor: General Contractor: Hensel PhelpsHensel PhelpsConstruction Manager:Construction Manager: Gilbane Building CompanyGilbane Building Company

General: .General: .$177.5 million; 500,000 sq. ft. Library$177.5 million; 500,000 sq. ft. LibraryBuilt as part of the San Jose redevelopment Built as part of the San Jose redevelopment Joint venture between the City and UniversityJoint venture between the City and UniversityFully accessible by the students and the publicFully accessible by the students and the public

Lighting: .Lighting: .Day light major factor in design Day light major factor in design 1.02 W/sq. ft. average building usage1.02 W/sq. ft. average building usageLuminaresLuminares on 120V and 277Von 120V and 277VPrimarily Fluorescent LampsPrimarily Fluorescent LampsAccent Halogen, Fiber optics, Xeon, Accent Halogen, Fiber optics, Xeon,

and Incandescent Pendantsand Incandescent PendantsGlazing designed to maximize Glazing designed to maximize

visual light transmissionvisual light transmission

ElectricalElectrical: : Service 12 Service 12 kVAkVAPrimary Voltage: 277/ 480 VPrimary Voltage: 277/ 480 VSecondary Voltage: 120/277 VSecondary Voltage: 120/277 VDistribution Panels:Distribution Panels:

277/480 V, 3 phase, 3 wire &277/480 V, 3 phase, 3 wire &277/480 V, 3 phase, 4 wire277/480 V, 3 phase, 4 wire

Mechanical: Mechanical: Campus Central Energy PlantCampus Central Energy Plant9 AHU: 4 roof @ 63,0009 AHU: 4 roof @ 63,000--105,000cfm105,000cfm

5 floor @ 2,0005 floor @ 2,000--11,000cfm11,000cfmDedicated units for special collectionsDedicated units for special collections100% air economizer cycle to cool 100% air economizer cycle to cool

building when outdoorbuilding when outdoortemperatures permittemperatures permit

Variable frequency drive fans and pumpsVariable frequency drive fans and pumpsused to reduce energy usageused to reduce energy usage

Structural: .Structural: .Foundation: Concrete pilesFoundation: Concrete pilesStructure: SteelStructure: SteelFaçade: PreFaçade: Pre--cast Concrete and Glazingcast Concrete and GlazingTransportation cost decreased by using local preTransportation cost decreased by using local pre--cast concretecast concreteMultiple spectrally selected glazing types usedMultiple spectrally selected glazing types used

Andrea Hauber; Lighting/Electrical Architectural Engineering Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library; San José, California

04/02/04; Consultant: Prof. Mistrick

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Table of Contents Abstract 2 Executive Summary 4 Building Introduction 6 Lighting Design 13 Exterior 14 Lobby 20 Youth Reading Area 26 Reading Area 33 Electrical Design 37 Structural Design 46 Mechanical Design 48 Overall Conclusion 53 Bibliography 56 Acknowledgement 57 Appendix

Lighting AutoCAD drawing

Fixtures Lamps with Ballast Controls Structural TIR Glass Façade Detail Light Guide Bracket Attachment Detail



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Executive Summary



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The Thesis Capstone Project is the culmination of the education at Penn State University in the Architectural Engineering department. The San Jose Joint Library or Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library in San Jose, California is the focus of this thesis assignment. The evaluation and redesign will encompass the lighting systems in four areas of the library, the overall electrical system and the stack switching, the structural system effected by the addition of exterior lighting, and the mechanical analysis of the fifth level special requirements. The lighting spaces used are the exterior façade lighting on the city corner, the first level entrance/lobby area, the mezzanine children’s reading area, and a general reading area on the upper levels. To analyze and redesign the lighting system in the building the IES and California Title 24 requirements were used in order to provide the most aesthetically pleasing and environmentally sound design scheme for the overall building. The electrical requirements for the building were evaluated and showed a need for re-evaluating the switching in the building. The stack lighting warranted a need for three-way timer switches to be installed in the library. The structural integrity of the building was put into question when the exterior vertical façade tube lighting was added in the lighting redesign. This required a breadth study in the structural option. In investigating with the lighting and glazing manufacturers bracketing details were designed to connect the luminaire to the façade without causing structural issues or voiding warrantees on materials installed in this portion of the construction. The mechanical requirements for the special storage and display of classic books, artifacts, and film made it essential to evaluate the fifth level mechanical system. The design control requirements for strict humidity and temperature control forced the design of the mechanical system to incorporate multiple air-handling unit systems to balance the requirements.



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Building Statistics



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General Project Data Building Name: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library (San José Joint Library)

Location: San José, California Located on the southeast corner of Fourth St and San Fernando St Entrances from San Fernando St. and Tower Quad

Building Occupant Name: San José State University & The City of San José Main Library

Occupancy or Function Types: Library Grand Reading Room Center for Literacy Browsing Library Children's Exploration Room Children's Storytelling Area Children's Electronic Discovery Area Education Resource Center Adaptive Technology Center Teen Center Seven-story atrium with skylight Library café Forty-two group study rooms Public art collection Two music listening rooms



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Size: 474,500 square feet Total Levels: Eight floors plus a mezzanine and a lower level Project Delivery Method: Design Bid Build Project Design Start Date: 1998 Date of Construction: Start: 2000 Grand Opening: Aug 16, 2003 Approx. Total Project Cost: $177.5 million Construction Cost $107 million City contribution $ 70 million State contribution $ 86 million University contribution $ 5 million Private funding $ 16.5 million



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Project Team: CONSTRUCTION MANAGER:

GILBANE BUILDING COMPANY GENERAL CONTRACTOR: HENSEL PHELPS DESIGN ARCHITECT: CARRIER JOHNSON GUNNAR BIRKERTS ARCHITECTS LOCAL ASSOC. ARCHITECT: ANDERSON BRULE ARCHITECTS STRUCTURAL: FORELL / ELSESSER, INC. MEP: FLACK + KURTZ CONSULTING ENGINEERS, LLP CIVIL: RAJAPPAN & MEYER LANDSCAPE: WALLACE ROBERTS & TODD (WRT) COST: DAVIS LANGDON ADAMSON OWNER’S GEOTECHNICAL: US GREINER / WOODWARD CLYDE LIGHTING: FRANCIS KRAHE & ASSOCIATES, INC. ACOUSTICAL / AV: PAOLETTI ASSOCIATES FIRE / LIFE SAFETY: ROLF JENSEN ASSOCIATES ELEVATORS: HKA (HESSELBERG, KEESEE & ASSOCIATES, INC.) INFO-TECH: KC FUTURE PLANNING, INC. SECURITY: TRANS TECH SYSTEM, INC. TRASH / RECYCLING: BFI WATERPROOFING: SIMPSON GUMPERTZ & HEGER GRAPHICS: DEBRA NICHOLS DESIGN CURTAINWALL: HEITMANN & ASSOCIATES



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Building Systems Data: Architecture: The library was designed to bring together the University and City to provide a flexible building for resources and technology. The design theory was to break down the massive structure of the building by allowing for distinctive entrances from the campus and the town. In order to allow the building to relate to the surrounds the environment and campus master plan were considered. Despite the half million square foot building size, the circulation has been setup to place an emphasis on the vertical architectural elements with the natural lighting and allow the users of the building to feel comfortable in their surrounds. The function of the building is to serve the University and City of San José giving them a place for books, meeting rooms, and open areas to grow over the next 25 years. Building Envelope: The façade is oriented to optimize the day lighting opportunities. There are four light shafts to allow daylight into the majority of the spaces within the building. This includes two pyramid shafts into the below grade levels. The building envelope is pre-cast concrete and multiple selected glazing. The roof system is a flat roof concrete system with mechanical rooms located above the roof. The center of the building is the main lighting shaft for natural light. Major National Model Codes: NEMA

ANSI California Building Code (CBC) California Electric Code UL Listed IEEE Zoning: Commercial



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Electrical: The electrical service is (2) 12 kW. The primary voltage is 480V with the distribution panels at 277/480V, 3 phase, 3 wire and 277/480V, 3 phase, 4 wire. The secondary voltage is 120/277V. There is a backup generator of 900kW/1125kVA. Luminaires are on 120V and 277V. Mechanical systems are on 120V, 277V, and 480V. Lighting: Day light is a major factor in design of this building. The lighting design is primarily fluorescent lamps in order to keep the power density as low as possible. There are accent halogen, fiber optics, xeon, and incandescent pendants. The glazing is designed to maximize visual light transmission into the building. Mechanical: The building has nine air handling units and gets the energy from the campus central plant. The AHU vary between 2,000cfm and 105,000cfm. There are dedicated units for the special collections. The drive fans and pumps are variable frequency to reduce energy usage, and 100% air economizer cycle is used to cool the building when the outdoor temperatures permit. The glazing is designed to minimize heat transmissions. Structural: This is a steel structure building with a foundation of concrete piles. The façade is pre-cast concrete and multiple spectrally selected glazing types. The construction costs were reduced by using local pre-cast concrete.



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Fire Protection: The CBC limits atriums to three levels, however, this building has an atrium of eight-stories. In accordance with the CBC section 905 smoke must be prevented from spilling into the atrium opening. Therefore alternate means of equivalency had to be redesigned based on quick-response sprinklers throughout, smoke detectors in circulation space open to the atrium, and a specially designed smoke control system. In accordance with the CBC section 905 smoke must be prevented from spilling into the atrium opening. The primary structure frame is rated at three hours. The secondary structural frame is rated at two hours. The floor, ceiling, and roof are rated at two hours. Transportation: There are 8 elevators and a four pairs of escalators. The escalators run between the ground and fourth floors of the building. Five elevators are for public use and run from the lower level to the eighth floor. These elevators have a glass wall facing east for a view of the mountains beyond the city. There is a single elevator in the youth area of the building that run between the mezzanine and ground floor of the building. The two service elevators also run from the lower levels to the eighth level. The motor rooms for elevators one – seven are enclosed on the roof. A drop panel from the ceiling must be used to get equipment from the eighth level onto the roof to replace equipment. Telecommunications: The telecommunication room is located on the second level to feed the entire building. The Cat5 cables have been run to allow high-speed access to all uses of the building. There are electrical and internet access to all users in the reading areas of the building.



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Design Analysis of Lighting System existing conditions and requirements



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Exterior Street Entrance:

Overview of Space: The street entrance is the main entrance for the members of the community who are entering the library. The purpose of this space is to effectively and aesthetically allow patrons of the library to enter the building. At the same time people are passing in and out of the library, there is an outdoor seating area for the library’s café on the Northwest corner of the building. The façade of the building along the entrance is glazing. The steps are concrete and the patio is brick.

Existing Area Description: The area is an angle around the North point of the building. It is a wide patio wrapping the façade of the building. Furniture description and layout: There are a dozen tables for the library’s café seating area.



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Design Criteria: IES: Active Exterior Entrance: Very Important: Horizontal: 50 lux Vertical: 30 lux Appearance of Space and Luminaires, Color appearance and contrast, Direct Glare, Light Pollution, Modeling of Faces or Objects, Peripheral Detection, Points of Interest, Reflected Glare, Shadows, Source/Task/Eye Geometry, Surface Characteristics Important: Light Distribution on Surfaces, Sparkle/Desirable Reflected Highlights Evaluation of Criteria: The leading factors that affect the lighting criteria for the exterior are an appropriate amount of light and creating an aesthetically pleasing building to enter or drive past in the evening/night hours. The lighting can create an even or dramatic entrance but cannot be obtrusive to the passerby or the person entering the building. Objects and people on the area should have a good modeling and color appearance. Evaluation of Existing System: The color rendering for the bollards, which are located near the stairs have a good color rendering for the people entering the building. The pole fixtures provide a decent ambient light over the surface area. The current pedestrian lighting is in conjunction with the remainder of campus and will not be altered. The redesign will add façade lighting that will accentuate the architecture of the building. The sparkle is what is missing from the current design of the building exterior design and will be the addition to the building.



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Schematic Design:

In the schematic design phase the symbols and colors of the City and University were to be incorporated with the architecture. The orange on the legs was to be isolated with spot lighting and the blue was to place a ribbon of color around the existing lower level square of the building. Along with this design the sun was to be incorporated as a symbol that would be turned on during evening events. This design after evaluation was determined to be less visible from the pedestrian level than initially designed. It also interfered with the housing located on two of the four corners.

The Sun is a symbol of the City of San José.

The colors of San José State University.



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For the final design of the exterior of the library a more minimal design will be used. This will allow for the building geometry to be viewed at night without the light being intrusive on the surrounding residences and campus.

Low CRI is acceptable to illuminate the building. Lamp type must be able to be focused.

A combination of up and down lighting will be used to give an even orange glow to the exterior legs of the building while limiting unnecessary light pollution.

Tube lighting will be used to highlight the edges of the box that runs along San Fernando St.

Tube lighting will be attached to the concrete façade where there are indentations in the pre-cast concrete.



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Final Redesign: In order to accentuate the architecture of the library the façade lighting is to use linear lighting to accentuate the geometric complexity of the building. The TIR Tubular Series will allow for the architecture of the building to be evident.



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Lower block: Four TIR Tubular Series 4” Ovoid Series @32’-8” as shown in Elevation 1 (TBR-4-GEN-DU-392) Upper tubes: Three TIR Tubular Series 6” Ovoid Series @ 59’ (TBR-6-GEN-DU-708)

The structural connection and moisture protection for the bracketing of the Ovoid Tubular fixture will be detailed in the structural breadth topic section of this thesis. Maintenance: The upper lamp in the end cap can be replaced from roof level. The lower lamp in the bottom end cap is to be replaced using a lift. The re-lamping is limited to the end caps to ease the process of re-lamping multiple fixtures throughout the tube. Conclusion: The purpose of the lighting concept is to give the needed sparkle to the building. With the pedestrian lighting being sufficient, the façade lighting will emphasize the geometry of the building.



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Main Lobby Area (North Vestibule thru South Vestibule): Overview of Space: This is the entrance level from both the North, city street entrance, and the South, campus entrance. The space is 190’ x 30’ x 17’ and runs from through the heart of the building. The main circulation check out desk is located on the west wall in the center of the lobby space. Existing Room Description: Floor: 3/8” epoxy terrazzo, krypton thin set

Custom Colors: Light Grey, Dark Grey, & Light Blue Reflectance: 0.30

Walls: Gypsum Board, Harbour Blue Reflectance: 0.60

East and West Lobby walls (Northern and Southern most) Glazing walls

Ceiling: North Vestibule: 2’ x 6’ Custom exterior snap in non-perforated metal panel system; Concealed spline South Vestibule: Gypsum board white painted ceiling; Flat finish

Lobby Areas: 4’ x 4’; 1” thick fiber glass; 1/8” defined joint Concealed spline

Reflectance: 0.80 Ceiling height:

17’-0” Open to above in center



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Furniture description and layout: There is a circulation check-out desk in the middle of the lobby area on the west wall. Information booths are located as you enter the lobby from the South and North entrances and a small self check-out desk is to the left of the circulation desk.

Design Criteria: IES: Library Circulation Desk Very Important: Horizontal: 300 lux Reflected Glare, Source/Task/Eye Geometry Important: Appearance of Space and Luminaires, Color appearance and contrast, Direct Glare, Light Distribution on Surfaces and Task Plane (uniform), Modeling of Faces or Objects Lobby General Somewhat Important: Horizontal: 100 lux Important: Appearance of space and luminaires, Color appearance and color contrast, Daylighting integration and control, Direct glare, Light distribution on surfaces, Luminance of room surfaces, Modeling of faces or objects, and Points of interest Title 24: Lobby: 1.5 + allowable credit for decorative sconces Corridor: 0.6W/sqft Evaluation of Criteria: The main focus of this area is to comfortably allow users to enter and exit the building efficiently. The criteria for the general lobby does not greatly consider any factors. However, the appearance of the space, the points of interest in the space(circulation desks and entry area), and the people passing through the space must be modeled well in this area in order for the space to be useful.



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Schematic Design: Replace existing compact fluorescents downlight with recessed strip T5 strip lighting. The focus of the lighting for this portion of the building is to draw people through the lobby into the library, to allow the circulation desks to be easily located, and to create a space that can be multifunctional. This lobby area can be used for receptions type events within the library.

For the final design of the lobby of the library a more involved design will be used. This design needs to allow for the building geometry to be commented on by using triangular formed luminaires to reflect the day lighting element used heavily in the architecture of the building through the use of the atrium, windows, and light shafts.



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Final Design: (35) American Glass Lighting Viewpoint Indirect/Direct Single Uplight fixtures with six 25 watt T-8 lamps (SS48) (12) American Glass Lighting Chieftan Sconce with two 21 watt T-5 lamps (1540-S) All lamps 3000K, 82 CRI LLF = 0.75 Allowed: 8790 sqft total 1.2 W/sqft as lobby= 10548 W 0.6 W/sqft as corridor= 5274 W Actual: 35fixtures x 6lamps x 25W = 5250 12fixtures x 2lamps x 21W = 504 Total watts =5754 Watts/square foot =0.65 See Appendix: AutoCAD drawing for dimensions, fixture type, circuiting, and switching.



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South (Campus) Entrance:

Above: Looking toward the north entrance. Left: Looking at the circulation desk toward the South entrance



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Conclusion: The purpose of the lighting concept was to in bringing the architecture of the large angular windows into the lobby space. The light levels are brighter at the Vestibule area to draw people into the library. The lobby has an overall intensity that can support small gatherings in the space. The circulation desks have been illuminated to allow for proper reading light levels. This space has successfully incorporated the design factors.



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Mezzanine Youth Area: Overview of Space: This is located as a shorter level on the Northeast corner of the building, between the ground and second levels two levels have been placed. The design is to allow the children using the facility to be more comfortable in their surroundings. Existing Room Description: Floor: Slate carpeting

Reflectance: 0.30 Walls: Gypsum Board, Harbour Blue

(or) Custom transparent satin finish, Red, Green, Purple, & Blue Reflectance: 0.60

Ceiling: Gypsum board white painted ceiling; Flat finish (or) 2’ x 2’; Superfine 9/16”; Fine line grid Reflectance: 0.80 Ceiling height: 8’-0”



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Furniture description and layout: The stacks are located through out the floor plan. The two reading areas are located first in the Northeast corner of the space and the second in the center of the space below the elevator shafts. These elevator shafts run only between the youth area main and mezzanine levels. The focus of the redesign will be the circled reading area within the youth level. Design Criteria: IES: Library Book Stacks - Active Very Important: Vertical: 300 lux Degradation factors important to consider Important: Color appearance and color contrast, Direct glare, & Reflected glare Library Book Stacks - Inactive Very Important: Vertical: 50 lux Degradation factors important to consider Study Desks Very Important: Horizontal: 300 lux Direct glare, Reflected glare, Source/task/eye geometry Title 24: Library Stacks: 1.5 W/sq.ft. Library reading: 1.2 W/sq.ft. Evaluation of Criteria: This space is designed for children; therefore lower light levels would be necessary for the same task as those specified in the IES handbook. However with adults also reading with the children it will be necessary to allow for different light levels throughout the space. This will be accomplished casting an even luminance on the floor for children to read and sufficient light levels on the couches and chairs for adults to read with the children.



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Schematic Design: In the ceiling slits will be incorporated with LEDs to fill in the room with a whimsical light and color pattern without being overwhelming to the space. Pendant lighting will provide lumen levels for reading.

For the final design of the youth reading area of the library a more minimal design will be used, while still maintaining a whimsical feeling. This will allow for the children using this area to become comfortable in there surroundings and give a sense that it is separate from the main stack areas in the library.



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Final Design: Design I: Is to give the room distinction by using pendants and ceiling mounted halogen fixtures to accent the room and give dimension to children’s reading area.

(10) ERCO Starpoint Pendant Downlight (19) ERCO Starpoint Downlight Lamp 50 watt low-voltage halogen

LLF = 0.7 Allowed: Actual: Reading Area = 1780 sqft 29 lamps x 50 W = 1450 W x 1.2 W/sqft = 2136 W 1450W / 1780 sqft = 0.82 W/sqft



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Design II: Is to give the room distinction by using semi-circular pendants that incorporate indirect light and halogen accents in the room in order to accent the room and give dimension to children’s reading area.

(10) Visa Lighting Infinity Pendant Indirect with (2) 24 watt T-5HO mini bi-pin base and (3) 50 watt low-voltage halogen (CP3778-4FS24-50MR16(120V)-GAL-SAL) LLF = 0.75 Allowed: Actual: Reading Area = 1780 sqft 10 fixtures x 198 W = 1980 W x 1.2 W/sqft = 2136 W 1980W / 1780 sqft = 1.11 W/sqft



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Conclusion: The purpose of the lighting concept was to allow for areas of the room to have higher illumination on the couches and chairs sufficient for adults to read and lower illumination on the floor to allow the children to comfortable read. The first design allows for thesis lighting levels while casting an even illuminance across all planes. The second design layout allows causes areas of the couch and the floor to be both sufficient for reading by adults and children, but with this design there are very bright spots on the floor and ceiling. The first design is recommended for use in this space.



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Reading Area: Overview of Space: This reading area is located on the second floor in the Northeast corner of the building. It is directly above the youth area. The floor area is 1000 sq. ft. in a triangle layout. Furniture description and layout: The area is lined with tables for studying along the large exterior wall and chairs square to the shorter exterior wall. Existing Room Description: Floor: Slate carpeting

Reflectance: 0.30 Walls: Gypsum Board, Harbour Blue

Reflectance: 0.60 Glazing on North angled wall & East facing wall

Ceiling: 2’ x 2’; Superfine 9/16”; Fine line grid Reflectance: 0.80 Ceiling height: 10’-0” Design Criteria: IES: Study Desks: Very Important: Horizontal: 300 lux Title 24: Library reading: 1.2 W/sq.ft. Evaluation of Criteria: This space is mainly used as a study area. The light distribution on the horizontal plane is most important to allow an even coverage and lack of glare on the individual desks trough out the space.



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Schematic Design: This is used for a study area. Therefore an even lighting level on the surface of the desks will minimize glare on the individual surfaces. Replacing 2’x2’ direct/ indirect fixture with indirect fixture.

This fixture will work in the overall appearance from the exterior of the building. It resembles other fixtures used on the exterior walls at windows to be visible from the street.

For the final design of the reading area of the library a similar design will be used.



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Final Design:

Darker Area will be filled in with stacks and stack lighting.

(13) Focal Point Optec fixtures Designed wattage allows for stack lighting not to exceed standards.

with one 32 watt T-8 lamp (FSXS-RA-1T8-277-D-C24- -WH-4’) (1) Focal Point Optec fixture with two 32 watt T-8 lamps (FSXS-RA-2T8-277-D-C24- -WH-4’) All lamps 3000K, 82CRI LLF = 0.76 Allowed: Actual: 34ft x 57ft x ½ = 970 sqft total Stack area = 192 sqft Reading Area = 778 sqft 15 lamps x 32 W = 420 W x 1.2 W/sqft = 933 W 480 W / 778 sqft = 0.62 W/sqft



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Conclusion: The purpose of the lighting concept was to uniformly illuminate the desk and lounge chairs to allow for the occupants of the library to be able to study comfortably in the area without glare from the light fixtures. This design fits into the design of the lighting systems of the building while giving character to the individual reading spaces.



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Electrical System Design and Evaluation



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Single Line Diagram:



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System Type: The Secondary Selective System is used in the Dr. MLK Jr. Library. This system over comes the major disadvantages of the radial system by operating two radial systems with a tie connection open between the two systems. The system has two step-down transformers with two primary feeders, one to each. There is an incoming feed of two 15kV and they are rated at 12kVA. Building Utilization Voltage: 480/277V is available on each level. Also with step-down transformers located on every level there is 208/120V available. Transformer Configuration: The first set of transformers is to step down from 15kV high voltage to utilization voltage 480/277 at the service entrance. The 480/277V also has step-down transformers located on every level to 208/120V. Emergency Power System: Emergency lighting is mainly fluorescent and all are operated on 277V. On-site Emergency Generator is 900kW/1125kVA; 277/480V; 3ø-4w (4) Automatic Transfer Switches ATS-1 400A/3pole; 480/277, 3ø-4w, 65000 RMS Spare, Space, Core “A” Riser, Core “D” Riser ATS-2 1000A/3pole; 480/277, 3ø-4w, 65000 RMS Spare, Space, AHU R 1-4 (SF-A, SF-B) ATS-3 800A/3pole; 480/277, 3ø-4w, 65000 RMS Spare, Space, Elevators 1 -5 ATS-4 400A/3pole; 480/277, 3ø-4w, 65000 RMS Spare, Space, UPS-4A, CAC-4-1&2 General Description of Over current Protective Devices: Heavy duty disconnect switches with fuse are located on each level in Core “A”, Core “B”, and Core “D”. Core “C” is located downstream from Core “D” bus on each level. The switch fuses are rated between 200 Amp Fuse /200 Amp Switch and 100AF/100AS. Main Switchgear is located on the lower levels at the service entrance. The disconnect switch with fuse, 480/277 panel boards, transformers, and 120/208 panel boards are located in the four Core (“A”, “B”, “C”, and “D”) electrical rooms on each level.



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Typical Lighting Systems: Fixtures specified (see charts to follow) All ballasts are specified to be integral, electronic, with a high power factor. NEC Building Design Load Calculations: Mechanical Equipment:

4570Amps (see chart to follow) Lighting Loads:

1.2W/sqft * 481,921 sqft = 578.3kW 2088 Amps

Receptacles: 0.5W/ sqft * 481,921 sqft =240kW 2000 Amps Total: =4570+2088+2000 = 8658Amps Actual panels = 8725Amps



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Input Watts

Operating Voltage

FA Wall mounted fluorescent sconce 52 120

FA-1 Wall mounted fluorescent sconce 52 120

FB-1 Pendant mounted fluorescent direct/ indirect 8' 128 277

FB-2 Pendant mounted fluorescent direct/ indirect 4' 64 277

FB-3 Pendant mounted fluorescent direct/ indirect 8'

w/ dimmable ballast 64 277

FC Recessed fluorescent downlight 4' 32 277

FD Surface side mounted flourescent strip 8' 64 277

FD-1 Surface side mounted flourescent strip 4' 32 277

FD-2 Surface side mounted flourescent strip 3' 25 277

FE 2'x2' Semi-recessed fluorescent 80 277

FE -1 2'x4' Semi-recessed fluorescent 80 277

FF Recessed halogen downlight 100 277

FF-1 Recessed adjustable halogen downlight 100 277

FG Recessed compact fluorescent downlight 32 277

FG-1 Recessed compact fluorescent downlight 32 277



FG-4 Recessed compact fluorescent downlight


FG-5 Recessed compact fluorescent downlight


FH Recessed halogen accent light 75 120

FI-1 Lighting track track 120

FI-2 Lighting track adjustable fixture 50 120

FJ Double side stack mounted fluorescent @70" 70 277

FJ-1 Single side stack mounted fluorescent @70" 35 277

FJ-2 Lightshade fluorescent downlight 4' 28 277

FJ-3 Single side stack mounted fluorescent @105" 140 277

FJ-4 Double side stack mounted fluorescent @105" 70 277

FK 2'x4' Recessed parabolic fluorescent 96 277

FK-1 2'x2' Recessed parabolic fluorescent 51 277

FK-2 2'x4' Fluorescent light w/ acrylic lens 96 277

FL Surface mounted fluorescent strip 4' 124 277

FL-1 Surface mounted fluorescent strip 8' 32 277

FM Pendant fluorescent uplight (sunshade) 4' 28 277

FN Recessed fluorescent downlight w/ sq glass disk 64 277

FO Pendant fluorescent 150 277

FP Recessed fluorescent wall wash 8' 64 277

FP-1 Recessed fluorescent wall wash 4' 32 277

FR Recessed fluorescent downlight w/ round gl disk 64 277

FR-1 Recessed fluorescent downlight w/ round gl disk

w/ dimmible ballast 64 277

Lighting E q.



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Input WattsOperating

VoltageFT Surface Mounted Fluorescent - 4' 64 277

FU Surface Mounted Fluorescent - 8' 64 277

FU-1 Surface Mounted Fluorescent - 4' 32 277

FU-2 Surface Mounted Fluorescent - 3' 25 277

FV Table Lamp 25 120

FW Wall Mounted Fluorescent- Direct/ Indirect - 8' 56 277

FW-1 Wall Mounted Fluorescent- Direct/ Indirect - 4' 28 277

FW-2 Wall Mounted Fluorescent- Direct/ Indirect - 2' 25 277

FX Semi-Recessed Halogen Downlight 50 120

FY Wall Mounted Uplight 150 277

FZ Surface Mounted Halogen Accent 50 120

FZ-1 Cable Mounted Halogen Accent 50 120

FZ-WALL Wall Mounted Halogen Accent 50 120

FAA Recessed Baffled Downlight 36 277

FBB Surface Mounted Accent Halogen 250 277

FCC Multi-lamp Adjustable Metal Halide 140 277

FDD Fiber Optic Cove cove 120

FE E Recessed Column Capital Accent 5 120

FHH Decorative Incandescent Pendant 100 120

FFF Fiber Optic Illuminator 150 120

FFF-1 Fiber Optic E dge E mitting Cable cable fiber optics

KA Heavy duty Industrial Stip T8 -8' 118 277

KA-1 Heavy duty Industrial Stip T8 -4'' 64 277

KB Wall Mounted KA 118 277

KB-1 Wall Mounted KA-1 64 277

KC Single Head Obstuction Light 116 120

KC-1 Two Head Obstruction Light 232 120

KD Wall Mounted Comp. Fl. Vaporproof 36 277

SA Pedestrian Pole - Single Head 150 277

SA-1 Pedestrian Pole - Double Head 300 277

SB Surface Mounted Fluorescent Downlight 42 277

SC Bracket Wall Mounted Landscape Downlight 100 277

SC-1 Bracket Wall Mounted Landscape Uplight 100 277

SD Bracket Mounted Landscape Uplight 100 277

SE Bracket Mounted Landscape Uplight 150 277

SF Recessed Downlight 42 277

SG Bracket Wall Mounted Downlight -Glowtop 100 277

SH Bollards on Roof Terrace 100 277

SI Bracket Surface Mounted Downlight 90 120

Lighting E q.



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Mechanical Eq. Input HP Operating Voltage Current Power Factor

AHU-B-1 15 480 14.95 0.9

AHU-1-1 10 480 9.97 0.9

AHU-1-2 3 480 2.99 0.9

AHU-5-1 15 480 14.95 0.9

AHU-5-2 15 480 14.95 0.9

AHU-5-3 5 480 4.98 0.9

AHU-5-4 3 480 2.99 0.9

AHU-R-1(SF-A) 40 480 39.88 0.9

AHU-R-1(SF-B) 40 480 39.88 0.9

AHU-R-1(EF-A) 15 480 14.95 0.9

AHU-R1(EF-B) 15 480 14.95 0.9

AHU-R-2(SF-A) 50 480 49.85 0.9

AHU-R-2(SF-B) 50 480 49.85 0.9

AHU-R-2(EF-A) 20 480 19.94 0.9

AHU-R-2(EF-B) 20 480 19.94 0.9

AHU-R-3(SF-A) 75 480 74.77 0.9

AHU-R-3(SF-B) 75 480 74.77 0.9

AHU-R-3(EF-A) 25 480 24.92 0.9

AHU-R-3(EF-B) 25 480 24.92 0.9

AHU-R-4(SF-A) 50 480 49.85 0.9

AHU-R-4(SF-B) 50 480 49.85 0.9

AHU-R-4(EF-A) 15 480 14.95 0.9

AHU-R-4(EF-B) 15 480 14.95 0.9

Motorized Door or Gates 4 480 3.99 0.9

Gargabe Disposal -- 120 6.20 0.9

Elevator 1 50 480 49.85 0.9

Elevator 2 50 480 49.85 0.9

Elevator 3 50 480 49.85 0.9

Elevator 4 50 480 49.85 0.9

Elevator 5 50 480 49.85 0.9

Elevator 6 75 480 74.77 0.9

Elevator 7 75 480 74.77 0.9

Elevator 8 30 480 29.91 0.9

Escalator 1 15 480 14.95 0.9

Escalator 2 15 480 14.95 0.9

Escalator 3 10 480 9.97 0.9

Escalator 4 10 480 9.97 0.9

Escalator 5 10 480 9.97 0.9

Escalator 6 10 480 9.97 0.9

Etc. 2500 480 2492 0.9

CU-4-1 - 460 10.5 0.9

Total 3655.74 4570 Amps



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Utility: The Utility Rate Structure for the San José State University is very complex in that many factors are incorporated into each building. In order to produce the electricity used for the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library: The billing process for this building could not be shared. However, it will consist of the following factors. The Transmission and Distribution (T&D) charges are received from Pacific Gas & Electric on an E20-T Rate. The substation is owned by the University. The University is billed from the T&D, the local utility, and there is a negotiated rate for the commodity from Arizona Public Services. The University also has The Cogen which uses natural gas and water to produce electricity for heating and cooling.



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Stack Switching:

The stack lighting is to be circuited on a three-way timer switching system. There are 94,500 watts of stack lighting on during hours of operation. Most of the stack areas are located within the area which will receive natural daylighting. The timer will allow the lighting to be used for periods of time when there are occupants within the stacks only. The hours of operation for the facility are:

Monday- Thursday 8:00 am – 10:00 pm Friday 8:00 am – 6:00 pm Saturday 9:00 am – 6:00 pm Sunday 1:00 pm – 7:00 pm Total 80 hours per week

Level Stack row Switches Lamps GS 12 0 22

Youth 23 45 58 2N 39 78 151 2S 29 58 76 3N 82 164 353 3S 71 142 238 4 50 50 100 5 47 80 135

6N 62 124 200 6S 85 168 299 7N 62 124 200 7S 95 187 334 8N 62 124 200 8S 95 187 334

Total 814 1531 2700

Watts 2700 lamps * 35 W =94500 W The switching of the stack lighting will use the Watt-stopper TS-200-24 Low Voltage Digital Timer Switch. The switches will be set to initially switch on for 15 minutes, however, the student and community occupants can turn on the stack lighting for up for 12 hours using this switching option. Switches to be tied into 120V panel in spare locations. (See Lighting Appendix: Controls) Conclusion: The electrical design from the existing conditions is properly designed. The changes in the lighting re-design will not affect the sizing of the system. The additional stack switching will be incorporated in the spares designed into the system.



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Structural System



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In creating my exterior lighting system a challenge was created in connecting my exterior tubular lighting system to the façade glazing system. For the structural investigation a connection to the mullions and beam will be determined. This connection will call for a moisture protection design that will be determined in conjunction with the glazing manufacturer.

The exterior tubular fixture consists of a double ended tube system to allow for even illumination through the length of the pipe.

The fixture assembly will consist of three sections of pipe joined together with two light guide butt joints and two HID6 luminaires in the end cap. The light guide brackets will be located at twelve inches from each of the butt joints of the pipe connections and the pipe to luminaire connection. The light pipe connections will also be connected between forty-eight and seventy-two inches (four to six feet) O.C. along each run of the light pipe. (See Structural Appendix: TIR Glass Façade Detail) The weight of the length of pipe and luminaire is one hundred and sixty pounds. The fixed connection on the tube one foot below the upper luminaire will be connected to the beam at the roof level. This will support the weight of the light pipe and luminaires and be the safety connection incase of a failure in the system. In coordination with the existing beams sizing the beams are sufficient to hold the additional weight and moment caused by the addition of the system. The other connections along the light pipe are not fixed connections and will be connected to the mullion only. The mullion connections will call for a waterproofing/moisture control system to protect the façade glazing system from moisture entering the building. The glazing manufacturer must be involved in the coordination of the shop drawings in order for the warrantees of the façade glazing system to be valid with the installation. The typical method to be used for connecting the light guide brackets to the mullion is an aluminum extruded bracket attached to the glass fin with a structural silicone. The silicone used for structural glazing is Dow Corning 795 silicone. This is designed for 20 psi in shear or tension for this material. (See Structural Appendix: Light Guide Bracket Attachment Detail)



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Mechanical Coordination



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Appropriateness for the Special Collection and Special Storage on the Fifth Level The main building mechanical system is designed to be an efficient system. There are four roof top Air-Handling Units (AHU) that are 63,000 to 105,000 cfm designed to support the overall building loads. In order to reduce energy usage in the system it runs on variable frequency drive fans and pumps and uses a 100% air economizer cycle to cool the building when outdoor air temperatures permit. The special collections, book storage, artifact storage, and film storage are isolated to the fifth level of the library. Special considerations have been implemented in the mechanical systems in order to maintain a controlled temperature and humidity level for the more delicate items that will be in storage or on display in these rooms. The fifth level for the special collections, book storage, artifact storage, and film storage has been equipped with four floor AHUs.

AHU Type Location Total airflow (cfm)

Outside Air max (cfm)

5.1 dual duct

AHU Special

Collections 8045 950

5.2 dual duct

AHU Special

Collections 8730 1130

5.3 AHU Book Storage/ Artifact Vault 4520 0

5.4 AHU Film Storage 2080 0 The special rooms within the fifth level contain a thermostat and a humidistat to allow for a tight control on each of the systems. ¬Units one and two are dual duct systems. ¬Unit three is a constant volume system with an electric reheat coil system ¬Unit four is a constant volume with variable temperature and an incorporated dehumidifier in the room. Strict humidity and temperature control are the major factors in the proper storage of the items stored and displayed on the fifth level. The three types of air-handling units give tight control over these conditions.



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Fifth Level North HVAC Plan



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Unit one (AHU 5.1) and unit two (AHU 5.2) control both the temperature and humidity through the dual duct system by supplying deep cooling and heating in the zone. In mixing the warm and cool air the system is arranged to have superior comfort control and flexibility compared with any other hvac system available. Humidifiers have been installed in this system to allow for maximum control over the humidity in these rooms. Desiccant dehumidifiers are installed in the ceilings of the rooms and are controlled by the humidistat. The system, however, has a large first cost, is large in comparable size, and is costly in energy usage and maintenance. To limit the energy usage of this type of system outside air is used as economized air when the temperature outside is low enough for controlling the environment within the space. Unit three (AHU 5.3) controls the temperature and humidity through the reheat coil that is placed after the air-handling unit. If the humidistat detects that the room humidity levels are too large the air-handling unit will lower the supply air and turn on the electric reheat coil. This in turn lowers the humidity level while allowing the temperature to continue at, or return to, the desired temperature. Small desiccant dehumidifiers have been placed in the ceiling in the spaces controlled by unit three in order to allow for specific control in each space. No outside air is used for this type of system. No humidifiers are available in these rooms. Unit four (AHU 5.4) controls the temperature on a constant volume variable temperature single zone system. This is the most simple and cost effective system. The humidity control in this room is a ceiling desiccant dehumidifier. This system will control only

the film storage room, and it will allow for complete control over this individual room. No outside air or humidifier is used for this type of system due to the design conditions required for the film storage.



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Ceiling mounted desiccant dehumidifiers have been used for this application. The desiccant dehumidifiers weigh 115 pounds and have been incorporated into the ceiling plenum. They are limited in capacity to 9.1 lb/hr but have been determined to be sufficient for their usage within the special collections.

Type Location Capacity

(lb/hr) Nominal Moisture Removal

(FLA/Voltage)

DH-1 Ceiling Desiccant

Dehumidifier D501, E501 9.1 75°, 50%RH, @300SCFM









Humidifiers have been incorporated into the first and second air-handling units. This is the only form of humidification on this floor. The rest of the systems are controlled by the heating/cooling air-handling units and the desiccant dehumidifiers with no humidification.

Location cfm Steam Flow

(lbs/hr) Quantity

HUM-5-1 AHU-5-1 Hot Deck 3855 140 4

HUM-5-2 AHU-5-2 Hot Deck 2835 100 3

Upon initial evaluation it appears that the number of systems controlling this level of the library is excessive. However, upon examination of the purposes of the individual rooms and zones which are controlled by the three types of systems and four separate air-handling units the controls are necessary for proper storage and display of the books, films, and artifacts. Considering the quality of the overall system, the cost of the initial system, and maintenance of the system the combinations of systems will be cost effective by allowing the items to be properly preserved and displayed.



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Overall Conclusion



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The lighting spaces used are the exterior façade lighting on the city corner, the first level entrance/lobby area, the mezzanine children’s reading area, and a general reading area on the upper levels. To analyze and redesign the lighting system in the building the IES and California Title 24 requirements were used in order to provide the most aesthetically pleasing and environmentally sound design scheme for the overall building. The purpose of the lighting concept for the exterior of the building was to give the needed sparkle to the building. With the pedestrian lighting being sufficient, the façade lighting will emphasize the geometry of the building. The purpose of the lighting concept for the entrance/lobby area was to bring in the architecture of the large angular windows into the lobby space. The light levels are brighter at the Vestibule area to draw people into the library. The lobby has an overall intensity that can support small gatherings in the space. The circulation desks have been illuminated to allow for proper reading light levels. This space has successfully incorporated the design factors. The purpose of the lighting concept for the children’s reading area was to allow for areas of the room to have higher illumination on the couches and chairs sufficient for adults to read and lower illumination on the floor to allow the children to be comfortable reading. The first design allows for these lighting levels while casting an even illuminance across all planes. The second design layout causes areas of the couch and the floor to be both sufficient for reading by adults and children, but with this design has very bright spots on the floor and ceiling. The first design is recommended for use in this space. The purpose of the lighting concept was to uniformly illuminate the desk and reading chairs to allow for the occupants of the library to be able to study comfortably in the area without glare from the light fixtures. This design fits into the design of the lighting systems of the building while giving character to the individual reading spaces. The electrical requirements for the building were evaluated and showed a need for re-evaluating the switching in the building. The stack lighting warranted a need for three-way timer switches to be installed in the library. The electrical design from the existing conditions is properly designed. The changes in the lighting re-design will not affect the sizing of the system. The additional stack switching will be incorporated in the spares designed into the system.



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The structural integrity of the building was put into question when the exterior vertical façade tube lighting was added in the lighting redesign. This required a breadth study in the structural option. In investigating with the lighting and glazing manufacturers bracketing details were designed to connect the luminaire to the façade without causing structural issues or voiding warrantees on materials installed in this portion of the construction. The bracketing details will successfully support the fixture while allowing the warrantee of the manufacturer to remain intact. The weight of the system was considered but did not affect the structure of the building. The upper most bracket is to be a fixed connection with the tube and connected into the beam on the roof level of the building. The other brackets will connect only to the mullions and will not be fixed connections with the tube. The mechanical requirements for the special storage and display of classic books, artifacts, and film made it essential to evaluate the fifth level mechanical system. The design control requirements for strict humidity and temperature control forced the design of the mechanical system to incorporate multiple air-handling unit systems to balance the requirements. Upon examination of the purposes of the individual rooms and zones which are controlled by the three types of systems and four separate air-handling units the controls are necessary for proper storage and display of the books, films, and artifacts. The quality of the overall system, the cost of the initial system, and maintenance of the system the combinations of systems will be cost effective by allowing the items to be properly preserved and displayed.



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Bibliography 2001 Energy Efficiency Standards.: California Energy Commision : California Title 24. 2002 National Electric Code.: National Fire Protection Association, 2002. Rea, Mark S., ed. The IESNA Lighting Handbook: Reference & Application. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2000. Reynolds, John S., and Benjamin Stein. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. NY: 1999.



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Acknowledgements: My Family My AE Boys: Brian, AJ, and Tim My Alpha Rho Chi Brothers The Alpha Rho Chi Spring 2004 Pledge Class Samantha Low of Flack & Kurtz Engineer Dawn Zimmer of Carrier Johnson Art Heinrich of San Jose State Architect Ted Cunningham of San Jose State University Ben Bresnahan and Larry Vondrasek of Heitmann Assoc. Gary Takhar and Jon Frederiksen of TIR Systems AE Faculty

lighting/electrical architectural engineering dr. martin

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