lightning school

7/29/2019 Lightning School

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The BEST Lighting School

Prepared and performed by Prof. Slavko

Krajcar


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BESTSUSTAINABLE


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Four drivers for action

Rising energy prices (/kWh)

Security of Supply (SoS)

(reduction of external dependence)

Economic Growth (GDP)(EE intensity)

Climate change /Kyoto/Copenhagen

Potential savings 40% (EU/Global)

Electricity cost/yr (Bio )

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CO2 emissions/yr (Mio tons)99/630

Barrels of oil eq/year (Mio)

405/1800 Power plants (each 2

TWh/yr) 135/600Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory


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Energy prices

Eurocent/kWh excl. VAT

14.50

11.32

7.04

Germany

*Source: Federal Ministry for Economy & Technology, November 2009

2000 2001 2002 2003 200920082007200620052004

Year

Energy costs increased by

+61% in the last 9 years

Europe

2013201220112010 20152014

?


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Climate change or global warming


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ARE YOU KYOTO FOLLOWER? WHAT IS

YOUR PERSONAL ATTITUDE?

Thinking about


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Lighting uses 19% of all electricityconsumption world wide - source

IEA

Up to 75% of all lighting currentlyinstalled is old less energy efficient

Research on Office Lighting inEurope: Less than 25% in Europes

Office Lighting is energy efficient

New energy efficient solutionsexist for all segments, tomorrow we

will have even more energy saving

solutions available (LEDs, OLEDs)

Background to our opportunity (Global)


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The opportunity

Cities are responsible for75% of global total energy

consumption

Public and commercialbuildings represent 60% of

lighting electricity

consumption

Street lighting 15% oflighting electricity

consumption

99% are in existing buildings

Energy efficient lightingin new buildings is not

enough

80% of lighting inbuildings is old

technology

Only 1% uses lightingcontrols: presence

detection, daylight

controls


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DO WE KNOW WHAT THE LIGHT IS?


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LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS


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Lighting Fundamentals - Illumination

Light Output (Luminous flux)Measured at the lamp surface

Measured in lumens (lm)

Illuminance or Light LevelMeasured at the working surface

Measured in lux

Luminous intensityMeasured as luminous flux

over a solid angle (sr)Measured in candela(cd=lm/sr)

Luminance or BrightnessMeasured at an angle tothe working surface

Measured in cd/m2


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12

The 3 Pillars of Energy Efficient Lighting

Meet target light

levels

Meet target light

levels

Efficiently produce

and deliver light

Efficiently produce

and deliver light

Automatically

control lighting

operation

Automatically

control lighting

operation

Visual Task

LUX

WATTS

LUMENS

Visual Task


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Targeted Illumination Levels

Targeted illumination level is determined by:

Tasks being performed (detail, contrast, size)Ages of the occupants

Importance of speed and accuracy

etc.


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Illumination level(s) from the sun

summer noon

10.000 lx

in the shadow

100.000 lx

on the sun

6.000 lx

under the awning

300 lx

middle of

the room

2.500 lx

near to the

window

10 lx

in the cellar


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Recommended Illumination Levels

Activity

Illumination

(lux)

Offices: Average Reading and Writing 500-750

Offices: Hallways 100-200

Offices: Rooms with Computers 200-500

Auditoriums / Assembly Places 150-300

Hospitals: General Areas 100-150

Labs / Treatment areas 500-1000

Libraries 300-1000

Schools 300-1500


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Quality of Illumination

Quality of illumination may affect workerproductivity.

Quality is affected by: Glare (Too bright) Uniformity of illumination. Color rendition ( ability to see colors properly)

Scale is 0 to 100 (100 is best)

Color Temperature (Warm to cool) Measured in degrees Kelvin (0 K) 3000 is warm (yellowish); 5000 is cool or daylight


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Color Rendering Indeks (CRI)

A relative scale indicating how perceived colorsilluminated by the light source match actual colors.The higher the number the less color distortion from

the reference source. 85 -100 CRI = Excellent color rendition

75 - 85 CRI = Very Good color rendition

65 - 75 CRI = Good color rendition 55 - 65 CRI = Fair color rendition

0 55 CRI = Poor color rendition


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Color Temperature (K)

A measure of the warmth or coolness of a light

source.

3200K warm or red side of spectrum 4000K cool or blue side of spectrum

3500K neutral

5000K Daylight


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CAN YOU EXPLAIN WARM WHITE

TEMPERATURE OF A LAMP? HOW DO YOU

FEEL IT?

Thinking about


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Sensitivity of the human eys


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LIGHTING SOURCES


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The principles of Light generation

Electromagnetic radiation Electric discharge Luminescence

sun

lightning

firefly

incandescent lamps Mercury lamps(without phosphor)

HID Lamps

Metal halide lamps

Sodium lamps

halogen lamps

Natural

light

source

Artificial

light

source

does notexit in the

nature

Photon emission

Fluorescent lamps

Mercury lamps(with phosphor)

LED lamps

OLED lamps


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Types of Lighting

Incandescents/Halogens (GLS)

Fluorescents (FL, CFL)

High Intensity Discharge (HID). Inductive

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)


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Solar radiation spectrum

Ultraviolet C or (UVC) range, which spans a range of 100 to 280 nm Ultraviolet B or (UVB) range spans 280 to 315 nm Ultraviolet A or (UVA) spans 315 to 400 nm

Visible range or light spans 380 to 780 nm. As the name suggests, it is thisrange that is visible to the naked eye

Infrared range that spans 700 nm to 106 nm. It is also divided into threetypes on the basis of wavelength: Infrared-A: 700 nm to 1,400 nm Infrared-B: 1,400 nm to 3,000 nm Infrared-C: 3,000 nm to 1 mm.


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One of the oldest electriclighting technologies

Light is produced by passinga current through atungsten (wolfram) filament

Least efficient (4 to 24lumens/watt)

Lamp life ~ 1,000 hours

The invention of Prof. Franjo

Hanaman (1878-1941)patent (incandescent lamps based ontungsten)

Incandescent Lamps


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Incandescent Lamps (contd)

High CRI (100) Warm Color (2700K)

Halogen (2900K to 3200K)

Inexpensive

Excellent beam control

Easily dimmed no ballast needed

Immediate off and on

No temperature concerns can be used outdoors

100, 75, 60 and 40 watt lamps will be going (is gone) away perlaw !!!


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Schematic of Fluorescent Lamp

ultraviolet radiationvisible radiation


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Fluorescent lamp that issmall in size (~2 in.

diameter, 3 to 5 in. in

length)

Developed as replacement

for incandescent lamps Two Main Types

Ballast-integrated

Ballast non-integrated (allowsonly lamp to be replaced)

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)


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Use the power of anincandescent for anequivalent amount oflight. (an 18-watt CFL isequivalent to a 75-watt

incandescent.) 10,000 hour life. (10x

an incandescent).

Saves about $30 overthe life of the CFL.

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (contd)


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Auxiliary component thatperforms 3 functions:

Provides higher startingvoltage.

Provides operating voltage.

Limits operating current. Old type ballasts were

electromagnetic.

New ballasts are electronic.

Lighter, less noisy, no lampflicker, dimming capability).

Ballasts


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High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

produces light by

means of an electric arcbetween tungsten

electrodes housed

inside a translucent or

transparent fused

quartz or fused alumina

(ceramic) arc tube filled

with special gases.


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High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps


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High Intensity Discharge Lamps (contd)

Arc tube can be filled by various types of gases andmetal salts.

HID lamps are used in industrial high bay

applications, gymnasiums, outdoor lighting, parkingdecks, street lights.

Efficient (up to 150 lumens/watt).

Long Life (up to 25,000 hours).

Drawback take up to 15 minutes to come up to fulllight after power outage.


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High Intensity Discharge Fixtures


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High Intensity Discharge Lamps (contd)

Types of HIDsMercury Vapor

(obsolete)

Sodium Vapor High pressure

Low pressureMetal Halide

Arc tube contains argon,mercury, and metalhalides.

Gives better colortemperature and CRI.


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Most common HID in usetoday.

Recent Improvements. Allow higher pressure &

temperature.

Better efficiency, better CRIand better lumenmaintenance.

Pulse Start vs. older ProbeStart

Ceramic vs. older Quartzarc tube.

Metal Halide Lamps


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Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

Latest Lighting Technology.

Invented in 1962.

In the past, used as indicator lights, automotivelights, and traffic lights; now being introduced forindoor and outdoor lighting.

LED is a semiconductor technology.

Electroluminescence. Electrons recombine withholes in the semiconductor, releasing photons.


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Lower energyconsumption.

Longer lifetime (50,000to 100,000 hrs).

Smaller size.

Faster switching.

Greater durability andreliability.

Cycling.

Dimming.

Light Emitting Diodes (contd)

LED Replacement Lamps for a 4 ft


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LED Replacement Lamps for a 4-ft.

Fluorescent Fixture


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Comparison of LED with a Fluorescent Lamp

EverLED-TR* T8 Fluorescent

Watt Rating 22W 34W

Lumens, initial Equivalent 2850

CRI 85 85

Color Temperature 5000K 5000K

Life Expectancy12 hrs per start /3 hrs per start 10 years /10 years

20.000 hours/16.000hours

Light output at 0 C 20% increase 50% decrease


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LED vs. HPS


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Induction Lights (1)

Light source in which the power required to generate light istransferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by meansof electromagnetic fields.

Type of fluorescent lamp uses radio waves rather than arc to

excite phosphor coating on lamp to glow Long lifespan due to the lack of electrodes - between 65,000

and 100,000 hours depending on the lamp model;

High energy conversion efficiency of between 62 and 90

Lumens/Watt [higher wattage lamps are more energyefficient];


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Induction Lights (2)

High power factor due to the low loss of the high frequencyelectronic ballasts which are typically between 95% and 98%efficient;

Minimal Lumen depreciation (declining light output with age)

compared to other lamp types as filament evaporation anddepletion is absent;

Instant-on and hot re-strike, unlike most conventional lampsused in commercial/industrial lighting applications (such as

Mercury-Vapor lamp, Sodium Vapor Lamp and Metal HalideLamp);

Environmentally friendly as induction lamps use less energy,and use less mercury per hour of operation than conventional

lighting due to their long lifespan.


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Induction Lighting

Type of fluorescent lamp uses radio waves rather than arc to excite phosphorcoating on lamp to glow

Advantages:

QL and Icetron: 60,000 to 100,000 hours if used 12 hours each day will

last 20 years! Good for hard to maintain locations

Disadvantages:

Large light source difficult to control beam of light making it inefficient

for delivered and task lumens Expensive - $200+ adder to HID

No industry standards for Induction

I d i A li i


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Applications wheremaintenance is expensive

and/or difficult 24 hour a day.7 days a

week applications

Bridges Low Bay Industrial

Select Outdoor LightingApplications

Long burning hourapplications

Induction Applications


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Luminaires (contd)

Luminaire Efficiency Percentage of lamp lumens produced that actually exits

the fixture

Types of luminaires Direct (general illumination)

Indirect (light reflected off the ceiling/walls; wall washers)

Spot/Accent lighting

Task Lighting Outdoor/Flood Lights


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LIGHTING ECONOMICS


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Internal Rate of Return (IRR %)

IRR is a hurdle rate. The IRR is the discount rate of returnat which a projects NPV=0. IRR accounts for life-cyclecash flows and time-value of money, but the percentagesalone should not be compared for ranking (choosing one

alternative over another) still use the NPV results as well. IRR is the discount rate that delivers a net present value

of zero for a series of future cash flows. IRR is expressedas an interest yield. Any interest yield equal to or less

than the IRR for a project is a yes decision (i.e. the IRRis greater than the cost of capital).


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Example: Simple Payback & ROI

A lighting upgrade is estimated to save 5,000 a year and cost25,000 . What are the simple payback and return oninvestment (ROI)?

Simple payback = Cost / Annual Savings= 25,000 / 5,000= 5 years

ROI = 1 / Simple Payback= 1/5= 20%


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Other Benefits from Energy Efficient Lighting Retrofit

Improved Color Rendition/Visibility in Space Longer Lamp Life

Less Maintenance (Normally a result of longer lamp life)

Adjust to target light levels Improved Controls

HVAC Savings Typically 5% above lighting savings for cooledspaces

Tax Incentives Generally tax deductions (if exist)


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HVAC Savings from a Lighting Retrofit

1 Wh saved = 1 Wh of heat removed Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:

A savings when cooling (A/C is on)

A cost when heating is on Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings

Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2

Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1

Example: Lighting Savings = 2.000 2.000 x ,05 to 0,2 = 100 to 400 savings from HVAC


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Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)

Detect movement of heat-radiating sources betweenradial detection zones

Line-of-sight is required (30 max)

Larger motion is required to trigger sensor at greater

distance

Most sensitive to motion lateralto sensor


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Ultrasonic Sensors

Detect movement by sensing disturbance in reflectedultrasonic frequency pattern

Line-of-sight is not required ifhard surfaces exist in

enclosed space

Most sensitive to motion toward/awayfrom sensor

Sensitive to air movement vibration

Ultrasonic Wall Sensor


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Automatic Control

Use in areas where thereare large periods ofunoccupied time

Does not require direct

line of sight Adjust sensitivity and

time delay for best

results


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Dual-Technology Sensors

Greater reliability from using both infrared (IR)and ultrasonic (US) sensing technologies

Typical operation settings: IR and US signals for lights to turn on

IR or US signals for lights to stay on

Absence of IR and US signals for lights to turn off


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ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND COST

SAVINGS CONCLUSIONS


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Old technology Old fluorescent lamps

Passive Analogue drivers

New technology High efficiency TL5 fluo lamps

Active electronic drivers

Lighting control systems

New lighting technology saves energy, some figures(1 kW energy = 0.42kg CO2)


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Older Lighting Technology Subject to be Changed Out

T-12 Fluorescent

Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts

Incandescent

Standard Metal Halide

Mercury Vapor

Neon Manual Controls


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New Energy Efficient Lighting Replacements

T8, T5 Fluorescent Systems

Electronic Ballasts

Halogen

Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide LED

Dimming Systems

New Fixtures


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AN INCREASE IN QUALITY CAN IMPROVE

WORKER PRODUCTIVITY


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Daylighting Advantages

Excellent light source for almost all interior spaces offices,homes, retail, schools and more; People prefer it!

Field research indicates that with daylighting:

Learning is enhanced

Retail sales increase (Wal-Mart study)

Employee satisfaction increases

Energy savings is realized when controls are used


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Suggestions for a Lighting Survey

Ask the right questions to meet the clients goals Gather ALL the right information

Dont assume check the existing equipment to obtain accurateinformation

Determine Economic Calculations Required

Is a test installation needed?

Lighting Fixtures

Controls

Consider all drivers to reduce the payback

Use a pre-printed form or spreadsheet template


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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS


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THERE ARE ALSO SOME DIRECTIVES


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CRI Bulbs vs CFL


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CRI Bulbs vs CFL


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Control with the regimes of road lighting


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Regimes Characteristics

Simplicity

Energy savings 15-30%

t

sunset sunrise

lightlevel

0

100

runup of lamp

t

sunset sunrise

lightlevel

0

100runup of lamp

< 70

22:00 pm 5:00 am

100% operation

Control of the lighting level

Although new technology offers even more


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safety on roads and efficacy

Source: Philips

Outdoor Lighting - conclusion


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Older technology foroutdoor lighting

High pressure sodiumMetal Halide

Newer technology

Compact fluorescentsLEDs

Solar street lights(economical when electric

lines dont need to be runin a new installation).


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ENERGY SAVING THROUGH HIGH QUALITY

LIGHTING


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THE CURRENT MARKET RENOVATION RATES ARE SLOW !

(E.G. STREET LIGHTING 3%, OFFICE LIGHTING 7% ETC)

EE Lighting - one of the most attractive ways to


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EE Lighting - one of the most attractive ways to

cut cost & save energy


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What is preventing the growth rate

The environmental benefits of energy efficient lamps speakfor themselves... but the market doesnt always follow Purchase price and functional performance often take

precedence over environmental concern in our society ->Lobbying

Functional performance has mainly addressed by mostmanufacturers but still huge number of cheap productsimported in EU which do not conform CE marking

Most significant inhibiting factor is the high purchase price Lack of consumer understanding of the overall but long-term

benefits =Total cost of ownership benefits


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Energy saving technology offers a unique triple win

End-Users / tax payers: save costs & have betterlight quality

The environment benefits from lower energyusage and lower emissions CO2eq

Economy: European competitiveness is

strengthened, green jobs, lower costs

New, higher quality, lighting technology available

i l i d i l ff d d


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For triple win we need triple effort needed

Accelerate the switch to new energy saving lightingsolutions

More awareness and partnership between

stakeholders including financial institutions Implement new legislation


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THE MOST ATTRACTIVE FILEDS OF ENERGY

USE FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY ARE?

Thinking about


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TIPS AND TRICKS


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DO WE KNOW?

Light sources in Transition


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100W i d t li ht b lb 20W E i CFL li h b lb


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100W incandescent light bulb

100w light bulb 1000 hours per

year 0.15 p/kwh Electricity costs per year:

Up to 15

Average lifetime: 1 year

20W Energy saving CFL light bulb

Up to 12 euro saving per year or

72,-during 6 years Electricity costs per year:

3

Average lifetime: 6 year

LED Lamps portfolio (Phili )


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LED Lamps portfolio (Philips)


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safety on roads

Source: Philips

HPS vs LED


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One nice tour with the LED (3.08)


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Lighting for Learning ( more focused and less distracted )


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Lighting for Learning (more focused and less distracted )

Source: Philips

Requirements for


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lighting:

Restore night time imageof landmark building

Maximize energyefficiency while

minimizing maintenance Solutions:

125 LED luminaires

PhilipsEnergy savings of 67%

Source: Philips

Lighting requirements:


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g g q

Promote the centres

public imageCreate an entertaining

shopping experience

Solutions:Different LED luminaries

85% reduction in energy

consumption

Source: Philips

Requirements for lighting:R d t


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Reduce energy costs Good quality lighting

positively influencing shoppers buyingdecisions

Uniform lighting in line withbrand values and company

image Solution:

Affinium LED FreezerModules from Philips

Energy savings 75%( >1 ton CO2 / year / freezer)

Source: Philips

Requirements for lighting:


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Improve users well-being

Innovative design Reduce operating costs

Solution:

422 recessed LEDluminaires

Spot LED 1x K2

Spot LED 3x K2

Worlds 1st building litentirely by LED

Source: Philips


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Source: Philips

Todays responsible outdoorlighting


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g g Is energy efficient,

Controls glare,

Avoids light trespass, Reduces light pollution, &

Respects animal and plant life


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MORE THAN 14 BILLION EURO

SAVINGS IN ENERGY

Untapped potential of existing lighting technology

59 million tons CO2

67 x Power stations

200 million barrels of oil eq.

Source: Philips


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YOUR FAVORITE IN ELECTRICAL

LIGHTING IS? WHY?

Thinking about


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FUTURE OF LIGHTING EFFICIENCY?

Lighting Industry Trends


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Solid State Lighting Technologies: LED & OLED


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OLEDs energy saving and aesthetics appeal


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Fraunchofer R&D in OLED


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OLED through the comparation


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Outstanding Features


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Diffuse non glaring area light source High quality white light

Currently up to CRI 80

CRI 95 in future

Low voltage DC

Instant on/off

Mercury-free, RoHS conform

Outstanding Features


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No thermal management required High luminous efficacy

23lm/W on product level 62 lm/W in lab >100 lm/W reachable in future

Various CCTs and colors possible Design & Aesthetics

Thin, flat, lightweight

Diffuse, mirror or transparent Flexibility (products expected 2015+)

OLED Lighting


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OLED Performance Today


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OLED Technology - Future


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OLED once again (Philips)


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Take care


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DID YOU BECOME SOME IDEA(S) TO IMPLEMENT

NEW LIGHTING SOURCES IN YOUR HOME?

Thinking about


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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

3RD

TIME

Contact:

[email protected]

lightning school

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