lights fs bouys

8/3/2019 Lights FS Bouys

1/57

Lights, Fog Signals & Buoyage

122/03/99

Buoyage Module



2/57


222/03/99

Range

During this lesson we will cover thefollowing:

The IALA buoyage system Region A.

The general & local direction of buoyage.

The characteristics of the different buoys& lights used in this system.

Abbreviations used on charts.


3/57


322/03/99

Objectives

By the end of this lesson you will beable to:

Identify lights, fog signals, and IALA BuoyageSystem (Region A) by day and night.

State the meaning of and identify general lightcharacteristics

Use ALLFS to a basic level

State the use and limitations of fog signals

Determine the meaning of and be able to pass

the safe side of IALA Buoyage (Region A)


4/57


422/03/99

IALA

International Association of LighthouseAuthorities (IALA)

Non-governmental body

recommends improvements tonavigational aids based on the latesttechnology


5/57


522/03/99

B

B

B

B

B

B

AA

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

IALA BUOYAGE REGIONS A & B

1973 IALA met and divided the World intotwo Buoyage regions - A & B.

Regions A & B differ by which side lateralmarks are placed.We are interested in Region A


6/57


622/03/99

The IALA System

The system applies to all fixed and floatingmarks, other than lighthouses and sector lights.

It serves to indicate the following: Sides and centrelines of navigational channels

Navigational channels under fixed bridges

Natural dangers and other obstructions such as

dangerous wrecks. Areas in which navigation may be subject to regulation

Other features of importance to the Mariner


7/57


722/03/99

IALA Buoyage system A

To meet the requirements of the systemfive different types of mark are provided.

Lateral Cardinal

Isolated danger

Safe water

Special marks


8/57


822/03/99

Lateral Marks

Lateral marks are generally used for well definedchannels in conjunction with direction of Buouyage.

They indicate the limits of channels on the port and

starboard sides

Channel

DIRECTION

OF BUOYAGE


9/57


922/03/99

Direction of Buoyage

Channel

DIRECTION

OF BUOYAGE

Local Direction of Buoyage - The direction taken by the Marinerwhen approaching a harbour, river, estuary or other waterway fromseaward.

IALA A & B - entering harbour, port hand buoys on the port side andstarboard in the starboard side.


10/57


1022/03/99

General Direction of Buoyage - The direction determined by the Buoyage authorities,based whenever possible on the principle of following a clockwise direction aroundcontinents.

At sea around the British Isles its general direction is SW to NE


11/57


1122/03/99

Starboard Lateral MarksColour - Green

Shape - Cone, pillar or spar

Topmark - Single green cone

Retroreflector - Green band or triangle

Light- (When fitted) May have anyRhythm except 2+1 someexamples are given below:

Q.G

Fl.G

LFl.G

Fl(2)G

Continuous-quick light

Single-flashing light

Long-flashing light

Group-flashing light


12/57


1222/03/99

Port Lateral MarksColour - Red

Shape - Can, pillar or spar

Topmark - Single Red can

Retroreflector - Red band or square

Light - May have any Rhythm except(2+1) some examples are givenbelow:

Q.R

Fl.R

LFl.R

Fl(2)R

Continuous-quick light

Single-flashing light

Long-flashing light



13/57


1322/03/99

POINT

OF

INTEREST

N

E

S

W

Cardinal Marks

Note. Topmarks always point

towards black band


14/57


1422/03/99

Pass to the west of the cardinal

Cardinal marks are used are used in conjunction with a compass

to indicate where the Mariner may find the best navigable water


15/57


1522/03/99

POINT

OF

INTEREST

N

E

S

W

North Cardinal Mark

Colour

Top - Black

Bottom - Yellow

Shape

Pillar or spar

Topmark

Two black cones

points upwards

Retroreflector

Blue over Yellow band

Light

Colour - White

Rhythm - Q or VQ


16/57


1622/03/99

POINT

OF

INTEREST

N

E

S

W

East Cardinal Mark

Colour

Top - Black

Middle - YellowBottom - Black

Shape

Pillar or spar

Topmark

Two black cones

points away

Retroreflector

Two Blue bands

Light

Colour - White

Rhythm - Q(3) or VQ(3)


17/57


1722/03/99

POINT

OF

INTEREST

N

E

S

W

South Cardinal Mark

Colour

Top - Yellow

Bottom - Black

Shape

Pillar or spar

Topmark

Two black cones

points downwards

Retroreflector

Yellow over Blue band

Light

Colour - White

Rhythm - Q(6)+LF orVQ(6)+LF


18/57


1822/03/99

POINT

OF

INTEREST

N

E

S

W

West Cardinal MarkTopmark

Two black conespoints together(W for wineglass) Colour

Top - Yellow

Middle - BlackBottom - Yellow

Shape

Pillar or spar

Retroreflector

Two Yellow bands

Light

Colour - White

Rhythm - Q(9) or VQ(9)


19/57


20/57


2022/03/99

Isolated Danger Marks

Colour - Black & Red

Shape - Pillar or spar

Topmark - Two black spheresRetroreflector - Blue & Red band

Light - White, Group-flashing (2)

Use - Erected on or moored above

isolated dangers which havenavigable water all around them

Fl(2)Group-flashing light


21/57


2122/03/99

Safe Water MarkColour - Red & White

Shape - Spherical, Pillar or spar

Topmark - One Red sphere

Retroreflector - Red & White bands or

StripesLight - White with the rhythms below

Use - To indicate navigable water allround the mark. May be used as a

centreline, mid-channel or landfall

buoy or the best point to pass under abridge

Iso

Oc

LFl. 10s

Mo(A)

Isophase

Occulting

Long Flash every 10 secs

Morse Code A


22/57


2222/03/99

Special MarksColour - Yellow

Shape - Can be any shape

Topmark - Yellow cross

Retroreflector - Yellow band or cross

Light - Yellow, may have any rhythm notused for white lights, someexamples below

Use - Indicates a special area or featurethe nature of which is apparent

from reference to the chart.

Fl. Y

Fl(4)Y

Yellow Flashing light



23/57


2322/03/99

IALA REGION B Lateral Marks


24/57


2422/03/99

Characteristics of Lights

There are four main characteristics to a light

RHYTHM

COLOUR

PERIOD

INTENSITY


25/57


2522/03/99

Characteristics of Lights RHYTHMS

F Fixed On all the time

Fl Flashing < 50 flashes per min

Q Quick Flashing 50-80 flashes per minVQ Very Quick Flashing 80-160 flashes per min

UQ Ultra Quick Flashing > 160 flashes per min

Oc Occulting More light than dark

Iso Isophase Equal light and dark

Alt Alternating Different colours

Mo Morse Code Flashes Morse Code

characters


26/57


2622/03/99


COLOURS

W White

R RedG Green

Y Yellow

Bu BlueVi Violet

If no colour is listed, the light is WHITE


27/57


2722/03/99


PERIOD

The period of a light is the time taken to

complete one full cycle of ON-and-OFFchanges.


28/57


2822/03/99


PERIOD



15 seconds


29/57


2922/03/99


PERIOD



15 seconds Fl (3) W 15s


30/57


3022/03/99


INTENSITY

A measure of the brightness or power of

the light.The standard unit of measurement iscandelas.

However, on the majority of charts andon all British Admiralty Charts, theNominal Range of a light is given.


31/57


3122/03/99

Lights

The range of visibility is dependent on:

The intensity of the light

The prevailing visibility

The height of the light combined with theheight of eye of the observer.

S


32/57


3222/03/99

Lights

The Intensity

The brighter the light the further it can be seen.

Li h F Si l & B


33/57


3322/03/99

Lights

The prevailing visibility

The range of a lights given on the chart or in

Admiralty List of Lights & Fog Signals(ALLFS) isbased on visibility being 10nm, this is referred toas the Nominal range.

Visibility is rarely exactly 10nm so the ranges

given on Charts are a rough guide.

Li h F Si l & B


34/57


3422/03/99

Lights

The height of the light combined with theheight of eye of the observer

The height of the light is also given on the chart orin Admiralty List of Lights & Fog Signals(ALLFS).

Li h F Si l & B


35/57


3522/03/99


Geographical Range Range of a light taking into account the height

of a light and the height of the observer

Li h F Si l & B


36/57


3622/03/99



of a light and the height of the observer

Li ht F Si l & B


37/57


3722/03/99



of a light and the height of the observer.

Li ht F Si l & B


38/57


3822/03/99

Chart Symbology

FL (4) 20s 15m 12M

Li ht F Si l & B


39/57


3922/03/99

Chart Symbology

FL (4) 20s 15m 12M

White light

Flashing in a

group of 4

Li ht F Si l & B


40/57


4022/03/99

Chart Symbology

FL (4) 20s 15m 12M

White light

Flashing in a

group of 4

Period

4 flashes every

20 second

Li ht F Si l & B


41/57


4122/03/99

Chart Symbology

FL (4) 20s 15m 12M

White light

Flashing in a

group of 4

Period

4 flashes every

20 second

Luminous range

12 Miles

Li ht F Si l & B


42/57


4222/03/99

Chart Symbology

FL (4) 20s 15m 12M

White light

Flashing in a

group of 4

Period

4 flashes every

20 second

Elevation

15 metres above

M. H.W. S.

Luminous range

12 Miles

Li ht F Si l & B


43/57


4322/03/99


CHART EXAMPLES

Light F g Sig l & B g


44/57


4422/03/99


CHART EXAMPLES

Fl (6) 30s

Lights Fog Signals & Buoyage


45/57


4522/03/99


CHART EXAMPLES

Fl (6) 30s

A group of 6 white flashes every 30seconds

30 seconds



46/57


4622/03/99


CHART EXAMPLES

Oc Y 12.5s



47/57


4722/03/99


CHART EXAMPLES

Oc Y 12.5s

12.5 seconds

A Yellow light with one Occultationevery 12.5 seconds



48/57


4822/03/99


CHART EXAMPLES

F G



49/57


4922/03/99


CHART EXAMPLES

F G

A fixed green light



50/57


5022/03/99


CHART EXAMPLES

Iso R



51/57


5122/03/99


CHART EXAMPLES

Iso R

A red light with an equal duration of lightand darkness (Isophase)



52/57


5222/03/99


SECTOR LIGHTS



53/57


5322/03/99


SECTOR LIGHTS

W W

R



54/57


5422/03/99

Fog Signals - LIMITATIONS

Heard at greatly varying distances

Affected by atmospheric conditions

Areas of inaudible sound Fog signals may be unoperable at very short

notice

No accurate bearing or range information



55/57


5522/03/99

Fog Signals Abbreviations of fog signals found on

charts.

Dia

Siren

Reed

Explos

Bell Gong

Whis

Horn



56/57


5622/03/99

Summary

During this lesson we have covered thefollowing:

The IALA buoyage system Region A.

The general & local direction of buoyage.

The characteristics of the different buoys& lights used in this system.

Abbreviations used on charts.



57/57


Objectives

You should now be able to: Identify lights, fog signals, and IALA Buoyage

System (Region A) by day and night.

State the meaning of and identify general lightcharacteristics

Use ALLFS to a basic level

State the use and limitations of fog signals Determine the meaning of and be able to pass

the safe side of IALA Buoyage (Region A)

lights fs bouys

Documents