ΑΙΟlika parka ΚΑtharas s.a. ΑΙΟlika parka ΑΝΑΤΟlis …...table 22: land use in the...
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IISSSSUUEE ΑΑ EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL IIMMPPAACCTT AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT
STUDY CONTRACTOR:
ΑΑΙΙΟΟLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA ΚΚΑΑTTHHAARRAASS SS..AA.. ΑΑΙΙΟΟLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA ΑΑΝΝΑΑΤΤΟΟLLIISS--PPRRIINNIIAASS SS..AA..
ΑΑΙΙΟΟLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA SSPPIILLIIAASS SS..AA.. ΑΑΙΙΟΟLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA ΜΜIILLIIAASS SS..AA..
ΑΑΙΙΟΟLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA ΜΜΥΥΤΤΙΙΚΚΑΑ SS..AA.. ΑΑΙΙΟΟLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA PPΑΑLLΙΙΟΟPPΥΥRRGGOOSS SS..AA..
ΑΑΙΙΟΟLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA ΚΚΕΕRRAASSIIAASS SS..AA.. ΑΑΙΙΟΟLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA PPLLAATTAANNOOSS SS..AA..
AUGUST 2010
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 18
1.1 Type and size of project .................................................................................................... 18
1.2 Body responsible for the implementation of the project ............................................... 19
1.3 Contractor for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ........................................ 19
1.4 Signatures (Body for project implementation – Consultant Category 27) ................... 20
1.5 Legal framework for the preparation of the study .......................................................... 21
2 NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY .............................. .................................................................. 23
3 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION – OBJECTIVE, SIGNIFICANCE, NECES SITY & ECONOMIC DATA OF THE PROJECT – ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER PROJECTS ..................................... 27
3.1 Geographical position and administrative jurisdiction .................................................. 27
3.2 Summarized project description ....................................................................................... 30
3.3 Objective, significance and necessity of the project...................................................... 31
3.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 31
3.3.2 National targets for RES ................................................................................................... 32
3.3.3 Necessity of the proposed project .................................................................................... 32
3.4 Historical development of the project .............................................................................. 33
3.5 Economic data of the project ............................................................................................ 38
3.6 Association of the project with other projects and activities ........................................ 38
4 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE RES PROJECT (MAIN PROJEC T & ACCOMPANYING SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE) .............................................................................................. 43
4.1 General information – technical features of the project................................................. 43
4.1.1 General Information .......................................................................................................... 43
4.1.2 Coordinates of the proposed wind farms.......................................................................... 43
4.1.3 Type of Wind turbine ........................................................................................................ 44
4.1.4 Technical Description of Major Infrastructure Projects ..................................................... 47
4.1.5 Road construction works .................................................................................................. 51
4.1.5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 51
4.1.5.2 Description of access to each wind farm .................................................................. 53
4.1.5.3 Assessment of mass haul balance ........................................................................... 56
4.1.6 Connection with electricity system ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.6.1 Offer for Connection to the System (HTSO)............................................................. 58
4.1.6.2 Medium Voltage Network 20 kV or 33 kV................................................................. 59
4.1.6.3 Step-up Substations 20/150 kV ................................................................................ 60
4.1.6.4 High Voltage Network 150 kV (Overhead - Underground) ....................................... 61
4.1.6.5 High Voltage Network 150 kV (Submarine) (Karystos - Rafina) .............................. 65
4.1.6.6 High Voltage Network 150 kV (Underground) (Rafina – UHV Center of Pallini) ...... 66
4.2 Description of the construction phase of the project ..................................................... 70
4.3 Description of the operation phase of the project .......................................................... 70
4.4 Irregular and dangerous situations .................................................................................. 72
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 2
5 ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS .............................. .................................................................... 73
5.1 Zero solution ....................................................................................................................... 73
5.2 Alternative solutions (concerning wind farms & wind turbines) ................................... 74
5.3 Alternative solutions (for the road network construction for access and internal road network construction) .................................................................................................................... 83
5.4 Alternative solutions (for the medium voltage network 20 kV or 33 kV) ...................... 83
5.5 Alternative solutions (for the Step-up Substations 20/150 kV) ..................................... 84
5.6 Alternative solutions (for the high voltage network 150 kV) ......................................... 85
6 CONDITION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................... 89
6.1 Study area ........................................................................................................................... 89
6.2 Abiotic features .................................................................................................................. 90
6.2.1 Climate and bioclimatic features ...................................................................................... 90
6.2.2 Morphological and landscape characteristics .................................................................. 95
6.2.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 95
6.2.2.2 Evaluation of the landscape in the study area ......................................................... 96
6.2.2.3 Evaluation of the landscape of the study area according to the Special Framework for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development for Renewable Energy Sources ...................... 98
6.2.3 Geology, tectonic and soil characteristics ........................................................................ 99
6.3 Natural Environment ........................................................................................................ 104
6.3.1 General data ................................................................................................................... 104
6.3.2 Special areas .................................................................................................................. 106
6.3.3 Other areas ..................................................................................................................... 109
6.3.4 Location of the proposed wind farms in relevance to the statutory protected areas in or close to the study area ................................................................................................................... 119
6.3.5 Flora - Vegetation - Habitats .......................................................................................... 123
6.3.5.1 Introduction - Methodology ..................................................................................... 123
6.3.5.2 Habitat types in the Site of Community Importance Oros Ochi – Kampos Karystou – Akrotirio Kafirefs ............................................................................................................................. 124
6.3.5.3 Habitat types in the installation areas of the wind farms ........................................ 127
6.3.5.4 Flora elements in the study area ............................................................................ 129
6.3.6 Species of Fauna............................................................................................................ 131
6.3.6.1 General ................................................................................................................... 132
6.3.6.2 Presence ................................................................................................................ 132
6.3.6.3 Rarity and Protection .............................................................................................. 136
6.3.7 Avifauna of the area ....................................................................................................... 138
6.3.7.1 Aim of the Study ..................................................................................................... 138
6.3.7.2 Study Area .............................................................................................................. 138
6.3.7.3 Protection status of the area .................................................................................. 138
6.3.7.4 Methodology of recordings ..................................................................................... 139
6.3.7.5 Evaluation of impact assessment ........................................................................... 144
6.3.7.6 Results .................................................................................................................... 144
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3
6.4 Human environment ......................................................................................................... 159
6.4.1 Physical Planning – Land Use ........................................................................................ 159
6.4.1.1 Regional Framework for Spatial & Sustainable Development ............................... 159
6.4.1.2 Special Framework for Spatial Planning & Sustainable Development for Renewable Energy Sources .............................................................................................................................. 162
6.4.1.3 Land use (ELSTAT Data) ....................................................................................... 163
6.4.1.4 Land use (Data of European Programme Corine Land Cover-2000) .................... 165
6.4.2 Built environment ............................................................................................................ 167
6.4.3 Historic and cultural environment ................................................................................... 167
6.4.4 Socio-economic environment ......................................................................................... 173
6.4.4.1 Administrative jurisdiction ....................................................................................... 173
6.4.4.2 Demography of study area ..................................................................................... 174
6.4.4.3 Social characteristics of the population .................................................................. 177
6.4.4.4 Productive sectors .................................................................................................. 178
6.4.4.5 Land values ............................................................................................................ 181
6.4.4.6 Administrative and social infrastructures ................................................................ 181
6.4.5 Τechnical Infrastructures ................................................................................................ 182
6.4.6 Anthropogenic pressures on the environment ............................................................... 183
6.4.7 Atmospheric Environment .............................................................................................. 190
6.4.8 Acoustic environment, vibrations, radiation .................................................................... 191
6.4.9 Surface water and groundwater ..................................................................................... 194
6.5 Evolution trends of the environment − Zero solution .................................................. 196
7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT & EVALUATION ....... .................................... 199
7.1 Abiotic features ................................................................................................................ 199
7.1.1 Climate and bioclimatic features .................................................................................... 199
7.1.2 Morphological and landscape features........................................................................... 201
7.1.3 Geological, tectonic and soil features............................................................................. 205
7.2 Natural Environment ........................................................................................................ 207
7.2.1 Flora, vegetation, habitats .............................................................................................. 207
7.2.2 Fauna ............................................................................................................................. 210
7.2.3 Avifauna .......................................................................................................................... 211
7.3 Impact assessment pursuant to article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC ......................... 217
7.3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 217
7.3.2 Analysis of article 6 of the Directive ............................................................................... 219
7.3.3 General directions for the configuration of methodology ............................................... 220
7.3.4 Methodology configuration for the study area ................................................................ 221
7.3.5 Impact Assessment ........................................................................................................ 223
7.3.5.1 Assessment of indicator for loss of area ................................................................ 223
7.3.5.2 Habitats .................................................................................................................. 224
7.3.5.3 Flora........................................................................................................................ 225
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 4
7.3.5.4 Fauna...................................................................................................................... 225
7.3.6 Conclusions – Addressing of Impacts ............................................................................ 229
7.4 Anthropogenic environment ........................................................................................... 229
7.4.1 Land use ......................................................................................................................... 229
7.4.2 Built Environment ........................................................................................................... 230
7.4.3 Historic and cultural environment ................................................................................... 231
7.4.4 7.4.4 Socio-economic environment – Τechnical infrastructure ...................................... 232
7.4.5 Atmospheric environment ............................................................................................... 235
7.4.6 Acoustic environment, vibrations, radiation .................................................................... 236
7.4.7 Surface water and groundwater ..................................................................................... 238
7.5 Summarized presentation of the environmental impacts in a matrix ......................... 239
8 MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT .. ............................ 252
8.1 Abiotic features ................................................................................................................ 252
8.1.1 Climatic and bioclimatic characteristics .......................................................................... 252
8.1.2 Morphological and landscape features........................................................................... 252
8.1.3 Geological, tectonic and soil characteristics .................................................................. 253
8.2 Natural Environment ........................................................................................................ 253
8.2.1 Flora, vegetation, habitat ................................................................................................ 254
8.2.2 Fauna ............................................................................................................................. 255
8.2.3 Avifuauna ........................................................................................................................ 255
8.3 Human environment ......................................................................................................... 256
8.3.1 Land Use ........................................................................................................................ 256
8.3.2 Built Environment ........................................................................................................... 257
8.3.3 Historical and Cultural Environment ............................................................................... 257
8.3.4 Socio-economic environment - Technical Infrastructure ................................................ 257
8.3.5 Atmospheric environment ............................................................................................... 259
8.3.6 Acoustic environment, vibrations, radiation .................................................................... 260
8.3.7 Surface waters and groundwater ................................................................................... 261
8.4 Additional specific protective measures ....................................................................... 262
9 PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS .................. ................................................. 264
10 DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE DEVEL OPMENT OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................................................... 294
11 MAPS – TOPOGRAPHICS ................................ .................................................................... 295
11.1 Maps .................................................................................................................................. 295
11.2 TOPOGRAPHICS ( A/Π = WF) .......................................................................................... 295
12 DOCUMENTS – APPROVALS .............................. ................................................................ 296
13 BIBLIOGRAPHY – SOURCES ............................. ................................................................. 298
13.1 Greek Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 298
13.2 Foreign Language Bibliography ..................................................................................... 299
13.3 Greek Bibliography (used for the preparation of the Special Ornithological Assessment) ................................................................................................................................. 302
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 5
13.4 Foreign language bibliography (used for the preparation of the Special Ornithological Assessment) ................................................................................................................................. 304
13.5 Data from official websites .............................................................................................. 313
14 PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION ......................... ........................................................ 314
15 ANNEXES .............................................................................................................................. 324
15.1 Annex I: Coordinates of polygon wind farms and wind turbine/control cabines locations ........................................................................................................................................ 324
15.2 Annex II: Noise contours curves study .......................................................................... 333
15.3 Annex III: Road earthworks detailed tables ................................................................... 334
TABLES
Table 1: WFs taken into consideration at the assessment of cumulative impacts. .......................... 39
Table 2: Route coordinates of the 1st Network subsection. .............................................................. 62
Table 3: Route coordinates of the 2nd Network subsection .............................................................. 63
Table 4: Route coordinates of the 3rd Network subsection. ............................................................. 64
Table 5: Average monthly and annual precipitation measurements (in mm) by the Weather Station in Karystos. ....................................................................................................................................... 91
Table 6: Average monthly and average annual temperatures. ........................................................ 91
Table 7: Meteorological data from the weather station of Karystos (Table 1/2). ............................. 93
Table 8: Meteorological data from the weather station of Karystos (Table 2/2). ............................. 93
Table 9: Pluviothermic quotient of Weather Station in Karystos. ..................................................... 94
Table 10: Important Bird Areas in the Prefecture of Evia. .............................................................. 116
Table 11: Habitat Types in the SCI GR2420001 according to SEA (1998) and Mapping of Habitat Types (1999-2001). ........................................................................................................................ 124
Table 12: Habitat types in the proposed wind farms installation area. ........................................... 127
Table 13: Habitat types per Wind Farm within the Site of Community Importance. ...................... 128
Table 14: Distribution of habitat types per Wind Farm within the SCI. ........................................... 128
Table 15: Endemic plant taxa of the study area and their protection status (P.D. 67/81, IUCN/WCMC and UNEP) ............................................................................................................... 131
Table 16: Species of land mammals in the area of SE Evia (Dimopoulos et al. 1998, Greek names by Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999). ........................................................................................................ 133
Table 17: Species of land reptiles in the area of SE Evia (Dimopoulos et al. 1998, Greek names by Valakos et al. 2008). ....................................................................................................................... 133
Table 18: The Vantage Points selected to cover the 8 wind farms ................................................ 143
Table 19: Data summary of the wider regional avifauna in the study area and specific categories of bird species. ................................................................................................................................... 145
Table 20: The avian species of the wider area based on bibliographical review (Kanellis et al. 1969, Zogaris 1985, Corine Biotopes 1987, Special Environmental Assessment 1998, Hellenic Ornithological Society 1989, Gaetlich 1992, Zogaris 1999) which were not observed during the field observations (2006-2010) in the study area (English names from Mullarney & Svensson 2007). 145
Table 21: Bird species observed during field recordings (2006-2010) (English names from Mullarney & Svensson 2007). ........................................................................................................ 150
Table 22: Land use in the municipality of Karystos (areas in thousands of acres). ....................... 164
Table 23: Land use in the Municipality of Marmari (areas in thousands of acres). ........................ 164
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 6
Table 24: Land use in the Community of Kafireas ( areas in thousands of acres). ....................... 165
Table 25: Locations of archaeological sites. .................................................................................. 168
Table 26: Ancient quarries of Ochi and Styra. ............................................................................... 172
Table 27: Evolution of population in the prefecture of Evia (ELSTAT, 1991-2001). ...................... 174
Table 28: Evolution of population in the Municipality of Karystos (ELSTAT, 1991-2001). ............ 174
Table 29: Evolution of population in the Municipality of Marmari (ELSTAT, 1991-2001). ............. 175
Table 30: Evolution of population in the Community of Κafireas (ELSTAT, 1991-2001). .............. 176
Table 31: Education level in the Municipality of Karystos (Pref. of Evia). ...................................... 177
Table 32: Education level in the Municipality of Μarmari (Pref. of Evia). ....................................... 177
Table 33: Educational level in the Community of Κafireas (Pref. of Evia). .................................... 178
Table 34: Occupation per sector of economic activity. .................................................................. 180
Table 35: Administrative and social infrastructures in the Municipality of Karystos. ...................... 182
Table 36: Administrative and social infrastructures in the Municipality of Μarmari. ...................... 182
Table 37: Τechnical Infrastructures. ............................................................................................... 183
Table 38: Hydrolithological classification of rocks. ......................................................................... 194
Table 39: Impact probability of the proposed project. .................................................................... 209
Table 40: Number of flora species with different impact levels per Wind Farm. ............................ 210
Table 41: Summary of the significance of each examined impact on important species, for the examined WF ................................................................................................................................. 216
Table 42: Losses of habitat type areas from the planned project. (Areas in sqm, Mapping of Study Group). ........................................................................................................................................... 224
Table 43: Species of fauna of Annex II in the SCI GR2420001. .................................................... 226
IMAGES
Figure 1: View of the study area....................................................................................................... 89
Figure 2: Climatogram Emberger-Sauvage for the weather station in Karystos. ............................. 94
Figure 3: Pluviothermic diagram for the weather station in Karystos. .............................................. 95
Figure 4: The hierarchical succession of three virtual "proximity zones" that were used in counting (VP Counts). Zone A includes the area of "direct influence" of the project on the avifauna .......... 142
Figure 5: Loss of area according to the technical specifications and the assessment model which was eventually used in this study. .................................................................................................. 223
MAPS
NUMBER NAME SCALE
1 ORIENTATION MAP 1:75.000 2A ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS MAP 1:85.000 2Β ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS MAP 1:85.000 2Γ ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS MAP 1:85.000 3 GENERAL AREA MAP 1:50.000 4 GEOLOGICAL MAP 1:50.000
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 7
NUMBER NAME SCALE
5A NATURAL HABITATS MAP according to habitat mapping project M.E.P.P.P.W. (now M.E.E.C.C)
1:30.000
5Β NATURAL HABITATS MAP according to field recordings 1:30.000 6A LAND USE MAP 1:25.000 6Β LAND USE MAP 1:25.000 7 IMPACT MAP 1:50.000 8 PHOTOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS MAP 1:40.000 9 CUMMULATIVE IMPACT MAP 1:50.000
DRAWINGS
NUMBER NAME SCALE MAP 1 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP: WF: D1 - KATHARA, D2 ANATOLI 1:5.000 MAP 2 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP: WF: D4 - MILIA, D7 KERASIA 1:5.000 MAP 3 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP: WF: D3 - SPILIA, D8 PLATANOS 1:5.000 MAP 4 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP: WF: D5 - PLATANISTOS 1:5.000 MAP 5 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP: WF: D6 - PALIOPYRGOS 1:5.000
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 8
I. PREAMBLE
Τhe present study includes the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) concerning
the installation and operation of eight (8) wind farms , with total capacity of 174, 8 MW,
in the south-eastern part of Evia (municipality of Marmari, municipality of Karystos and
municipality of Kafireas). More specifically:
- D1 “KATHARA” Wind farm, total capacity32,2 MW.
- D2 “ANATOLI” Wind farm, total capacity 16,1 MW.
- D3 ”SPILIA” Wind farm, total capacity 29,9 MW.
- D4 ”MILIA” Wind farm, total capacity 18,4 MW.
- D5 “PLATANISTOS” Wind farm, total capacity 18,4 MW.
- D6 ”PALIOPYRGOS” Wind farm, total capacity 18,4 MW.
- D7 “KERASIA” Wind farm, total capacity 27,6 MW.
- D8 “PLATANOS” Wind farm, total capacity 13,8 MW.
Owners of the project are the companies DDAAMMCCOO EENNEERRGGYY SS..AA.. && DDIIEETTHHNNIISS CCOONN--
SSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN AA..TT..TT..NN..EE.. iinn ccooooppeerraatt iioonn wwii tthh EENNEELL,, tthhee iimmpplleemmeennttiinngg bbooddiieess tthheerreeooff
hhaavviinngg tthheeiirr hheeaadd ooffffiicceess iinn 3388--4400 KKaappooddiissttrriioouu ssttrreeeett,, PPCC 115511 2233 MMaarroouussii.. NNoonneetthheelleessss
tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ccoommppaanniieess hhaavvee bbeeeenn iinnccoorrppoorraatteedd ffoorr tthhee aabboovveemmeennttiioonneedd wwiinndd ffaarrmmss::
AIOLIKA PARKA KATHARAS S.A. AIOLIKA PARKA ANATOLIS – PRINIAS S.A.
AIOLIKA PARKA SPILIAS S.A. AIOLIKA PARKA MILIAS S.A. AIOLIKA PARKA
MYTIKA S.A. AIOLIKA PARKA PALIOPYRGOS S.A. AIOLIKA PARKA KERASIAS
S.A. AIOLIKA PARKA PLATANOS S.A.
The present document constitutes ISSUE A (ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESS-
MENT), and is accompanied by the following: ISSUE B ((IINNTTEERRCCOONNNNEECCTTIINNGG SSYYSSTTEEMM
KKAARRYYSSTTOOSS –– RRAAFFIINNAA)), IISSSSUUEE CC ((RREEVVIIEEWW OOFF TTEERRMMSS//LLIIMMIITTAATTIIOONNSS OOFF TTHHEE SSPPEE--
CCIIAALL FFRRAAMMEEWWOORRKK FFOORR SSPPAATTIIAALL PPLLAANNNNIINNGG && SSUUSSTTAAIINNAABBLLEE DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTT FFOORR
RREENNEEWWAABBLLEE EENNEERRGGYY SSOOUURRCCEESS)), IISSSSUUEE DD ((MMAAPPSS -- DDEESSIIGGNNSS)),, IISSSSUUEE EE ((SSPPEECCIIAALL
OORRNNIITTHHOOLLOOGGYY SSTTUUDDYY)) and IISSSSUUEE FF ((CCHHAARRAACCTTEERRIIZZAATTIIOONN AACCTTSS))..
It is clarified that for the eight (8) wind farms of DAMCO ENERGY S.A. & DIETHNIS
CONSTRUCTION A.Τ.Τ.Ν.E. which are being planned as well as for eight (8) more wind
farms by ΤERΝA ENERGEIAKI A.Β.E.Τ.E., one single ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PRE-
ASSESSMENT (EIP) was submitted in the past (2007) concerning the first Assessment
and evaluation of the environmental impact deriving from the construction and operation
of sixteen (16), in total, wind farms in the south-eastern part of Evia. In the framework of
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 9
this procedure the favourable opinions no. 110580/15.12.20081 and 110592/15.12.2008
were issued by the Special Environmental Service of the Ministry for the Environment,
Physical Planning and Public Works (already Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate
Change) regarding the Preliminary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation (PEEE). As
far as document no. 110580/15.12.2008 by the Special Service of Environment is con-
cerned, as well as the certified copy of the accompanying map, which refer to the wind
farms of the Group DAMCO ENERGY S.A. & DIETHNIS CONSTRUCTION, details are
presented in the attached copies (see Chapter 12 – Supporting documents-Approvals).
It is worth to mention that, since after the phase of PEEE the planning rhythms of the wind
farms and the elaboration times of the accompanying supporting studies were differentiat-
ed between the two Groups (DAMCO ENERGY S.A. & DIETHNIS CONSTRUCTION
A.Τ.Τ.Ν.E. and ΤERΝA ENERGEIAKI A.Β.E.Τ.E.), it was decided that separate Environ-
mental Impact Assessments would be drawn up. Therefore this EIA refers solely and ex-
clusively to the presentation of all individual data of the project of the Group DAMCO EN-
ERGY S.A. & DIETHNIS CONSTRUCTION A.Τ.Τ.Ν.E taking, however in consideration,
the synergetic environmental effects deriving from the eight (8) wind farms of the Group
ΤERΝA ENERGEIAKI A.Β.E.Τ.E .
This Environmental Impact Assessment is prepared also within the framework of issuance
of L.3851/2010 (Govt Gazette 85/A/04.06.2010) Accelerating the development of Renew-
able Energy Sources to deal with climate change and other regulations addressing issues
under the authority of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change”.
There will be used 76 WTs Enercon E-70 each at 2,3 MW for electricity generation, 14
thereof are to be installed in KATHARA WF, 7 in ANATOLI WF, 13 in SPILIA WF, 8 in
MILIA WF, 8 in PLATANISTOS WF, 8 in PALIOPYRGOS WF, 12 in KERASIA WF and 6
in PLATANOS WF.
For the overall construction and operation of the project a road network giving access to
the wind farm positions, and a road network within the field of each wind farm as well as
the improvement of specific parts of the existing road network, are planned. Detailed data
on the road construction works are set out in Chapter 4 of this Environmental Impact As-
sessment.
1
Subject: Preliminary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation of the project: “Wind Farms for Electric Power Generation of total capacity 158 MW, of the companies Aiolika Parka Paliopyrgos S.A. capacity 12 MW, Κerasias S.A capacity 24 MW, Μytika S.A capacity 26 MW, Platanos S.A. capacity 12 MW, Μilias S.A capacity 16 MW, Spilias S.A. capacity 26 MW, Anatolis Prinias S.A capacity 14 MW, Κatharas S.A. capacity 28 MW, in the locations “Paliopyrgos, Kerasia, Platanistos, Platanos, Milia, Spilia, Anatoli, Kathara” respectively of the Municipalities of Κarystos, Μarmari and the Community of Kafireas in the Prefecture of Evia & Interconnecting Transmission Line 150 kV of the wind farms with the UHV Center of Pallini in the Pref. of Attica.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 10
As far as the interconnection of the project with the Hellenic Transmission System Opera-
tor, is concerned, it should be known that for the needs of the project operation the follow-
ing is provided for:
- MMeeddiiuumm VVoollttaaggee NNeettwwoorrkk 2200 kkVV oorr 3333 kkVV ((uunnddeerrggrroouunndd)) between the control cabins
and the three step-up substations. The Medium Voltage Network follows mainly the
existing forest road and the new constructed road, as planned. The total route length
of the existing cable on the existing road is estimated to be approximately 99,7 km,
while its total route length on the newly designed road is estimated to be approximate-
ly 9,8 km. In addition, the installation of optical fibres in the same channel of the
planned route is provided for.
-- Three step-up substations 2200//115500 kkVV ((SSSS 11 ““AAmmyyggddaalleeaa””,, SSSS 22 ““AAnnttiiaass””,, SSSS 33
““PPllaattaanniissttooss””. At substation 1 “Amygdalea” wind power stations D1 Kathara , D2
Anatoli will be connected for the company DAMCO ENERGY S.A. & DIETHNIS
CONSTRUCTION A.Τ.Τ.Ν.E. as well as the wind farms of the company ΤERΝA
ENERGEIAKI A.Β.E.Τ.E. Τ1 Vios-Kalamaki-Bathriza and T9 Petra-Liofantiza total
capacity 90,3 MW, through the underground medium voltage cables. At substation 2
“Antias” wind power stations D7 Kerasia for the company DAMCO ENERGY S.A. &
DIETHNIS CONSTRUCTION A.Τ.Τ.Ν.E. will be connected as well as the farms of the
company ΤERΝA EΝERGEIAKI A.Β.E.Τ.E. Τ4 Tsouka-Madriagara, Τ5 Tsouka-
Skoura,Τ7 Ntoukaz-Antia and Τ8 Mouriza-Petra Megali-Vranouli, total capacity 117,6
MW, through the underground medium voltage cables. At substation 3 “Platanistos”
the wind power stations D3 Spilia, D4 Milia, D5 Platanistos, D6 Palaiopyrgos, D8
Platanos will be connected for the company DAMCO ENERGY S.A. & DIETHNIS
CONSTRUCTION A.Τ.Τ.Ν.E. as well as the farms of the company ΤERΝA
ENERGEIAKI A.Β.E.Τ.E. Τ6 Milia and Τ10 Aidoni, total capacity 143,9 MW.
-- HHiigghh VVoollttaaggee NNeettwwoorrkk 115500 kkVV ((oovveerrhheeaadd -- uunnddeerrggoouunndd)).. The line, approximately
22,658 km long, starts from the first substation, “SS 1 Amygdalea”, next to the homon-
ymous municipal district, and reaches Mpouros, the southest end of the island, with
north-south direction. The line will be overhead except for one part of approximately
700 m at its southest edge, which will be underground.
-- HHiigghh VVoollttaaggee NNeettwwoorrkk 115500 kkVV ((ssuubbmmaarriinnee)) ((KKaarryyssttooss-- RRaaffiinnaa)).. This line constitutes a
part of the overall construction works for the new transmission line of 150 kV which
consists of three separate parts. The subsea connection Evia-Attica is the second part
of the High Voltage Line (HVT) 150 kV which will be sunk to the bottom of the greater
area of the Petalies Gulf in the South Evian Gulf. Its length reaches approximately 45
km and it will connect the first part of the line from the side of Evia at a landing point
on the rocky side of of “Mpouros” with one of the two alternative landing points in Atti-
ca at Rafina (one main and one alternative landing point). One alternative point was
designated within the port area of Rafina, the other one within “Velani” in Attica.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 11
- HHiigghh VVoollttaaggee NNeettwwoorrkk 115500 kkVV ((uunnddeerrggrroouunndd)) ((RRaaffiinnaa –– UUHHVV CCeenntteerr PPaalllliinnii)).. The high
voltage transmission line between Rafina and the UHV Center of Pallini will be under-
ground in all its length– approximately 22 km – and will consist of two circuits. Regard-
ing the landing point of the line on the eastern coast of Attica and more specifically the
greater area of Rafina, it is mentioned that 2 alternative areas have been chosen. The
first one is within the land area of Rafina while the second one has been chosen to be
on the borders between the municipalities of Rafina and Artemida, and specifically in
the location Agios Nikolaos on the cape Velani. The selection of two alternative posi-
tions was effected after sedulous examination of all important environmental and so-
cio-economic circumstances of the greater area of Rafina. The selection of the final
landing point will be the result of constant communication and cooperation with the lo-
cal entities and notables of the area as well as with the competent environmental ser-
vices to which this study will be submitted.
Finally, it should be mentioned that for the implementation of the connection of single-
pole underground power cables with the triple three-phase bus duct 150 kV of the
UHV Center of Pallini (150/400 kV), its extension is required. On the extension area
grow currently several trees which have to be, necessarily, removed. The expansion
comprises the addition of two gates for the connection of the electric cables which
reach Pallini at the 150 kV side of the UHV Center as well as the installation of all re-
quired switchgear and measuring electromechanical equipment.
The particular intervention is going to take place in the west side of the UHV Center of
Pallini near its existing fence, which separates it from the neighbouring residences.
It is hereby clarified that analytical details and data about the way of connection with the
electric power network (underground medium voltage network, step-up substations, over-
head high voltage network with a part thereof being underground, submarine high voltage
network) are presented in ISSUE B which accompanies this Environmental Impact As-
sessment and in which: a) the overall impacts of the connection with the electric power
network are analysed and b) necessary measures for the treatment of such impacts are
drafted.
The installation area of the proposed wind farms is registered in the Ecological Network
Natura 2000 and is being qualified as:
√ Site of Community Importance (SCI) in accordance with the Directive 92/43/EEC and
the Committee Decision 2010/45/EE of 22nd December 2009 (served under no. C(2009)
10406) on the approval, according to Council Directive 92/43/EE, of a third updated list
with Sites of Community Importance for the Mediterranean bio-geographical region.
Specifically:
GGRR22442200000011,, OOrrooss OOcchhii,, KKaammppooss KKaarryyssttoouu,, PPoottaammii,, AAkkrroottiirriioo KKaaffiirreeffss,, PPaarraakkttiiaa
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 12
tthhaallaassssiiaa zzoonnii..
The majority of the planned wind farms (except for WF PALIOPYRGOS and the southern
part of WF PLATANISTOS) is situated within the borders of the above Site of Community
Importance (SCI).
√ Special Protection Area for Avifauna (SPA) according to the Directives 79/409/EC
and 2009/147/EEC. Specifically:
GGRR22442200001122,, OOrrooss OOcchhii,, ppaarraakkttiiaa zzoonnii kkaaii nniissiiddeess..
The total number of the planned wind farms is situated within the borders of the above
Special Protection Area for Avifauna (SPA). It is mentioned here that the location of wind
farms within Special Protection Areas for Avifauna is permitted pursuant to article 6, par.
32, of the Joint Ministerial Decision 49828 (Govt Gazette 2464/Β/03.12.2008).
Pursuant to the Joint Ministerial Decision Η.Π. 15393/2332/2002 the proposed project is
listed in the 10th Group “Special works”, in the 11th activity “Electricity generation from
wind and solar power”, in Category A and Subcategory 1. According to Decision nο. Oικ.
104247/Special Environmental Service/Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning
and Public Works (Govt Gazette 663/26.05.2006) “Procedure of Preliminary Environmen-
tal Assessment & Evaluation (PPEE) and Approval of Environmental Terms (AET) of
works for Renewable Energy Sources (RES) according to article 4 of L. 1650/1986, as
replaced by article 2 of L.3010/2002”, procedures provided for articles 3 and 4 will be fol-
lowed for the environmental licensing of the project.
For the preparation of the assessment were utilized the contents which are specified in
the file for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) regarding a Renewable Energy
Sources project in decision no. “Oικ. 104248/Special Environmental Service / Ministry for
the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works” (Govt Gazette 663/Β/26.05.2006)
“Contents, supporting documents and other data of the Environmental Impact Pre-
assessments (EIP), the Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), as well as related envi-
ronmental studies, Renewable Energy Sources projects (RES)”, Annex “Contents, sup-
porting documents and other data of the files”, Chapter A.
All available data and sources were utilized for the compilation of the texts of this assess-
ment. Specifically:
- Data from the in situ field investigations.
- Results of the specific recordings (flora/vegetation, habitat types, avifauna). 2 The location of wind farm installation is allowed within the Special Protection Areas (S.P.A.) of the avifauna of the Directive 79/409/EEC upon preparation of a special ornithological assessment and according to the specific terms and limitations stipulated in the relative environ-mental terms approval.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 13
- Greek and international bibliography on Renewable Energy Sources (RES) pro-
jects and Assessment of their impact on the natural and human environment.
- Existing national and community statutory framework for Renewable Energy Sources
and Assessment of Environmental Impact Databases.
- Data obtained from official services and institutions.
- Internet (Greek and foreign websites).
The Competent authority for the examination of the file is the Special Environmental Ser-
vice ((SSSSEE)) ooff tthhee MMiinniissttrryy ooff EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt,, EEnneerrggyy aanndd CClliimmaattee CChhaannggee
This study was assigned to the Company:
with head offices in 91, Neratziotissis street, Maroussi, Attica, 151 24, Τel.: (210) 61 07
403,
Fax.: (210) 61 07 404, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], Contact persons:
Alexandros Iatrou, Evangelos Pappas.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 14
II. SPECIAL CENSUSES – FIELD SURVEY
For the needs of a full and complete approach of all issues dealt with in the chapters of
this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) special censuses were carried out in the in-
stallation area of the wind farms (south-eastern Evia) by a group of specialized scientists.
The censuses were related to:
√√ CCeennssuuss ooff fflloorraa aanndd hhaabbiittaatt ttyyppeess
For the census of species of flora and habitat types, the relevant positions were visited;
flora elements and structure elements (dominant, typical species, height, thickness of
vegetation) were taken from all representative habitat types which form the mosaic of the
vegetation on order to substantiate the presence of each habitat type upon collection of
samples of data from each separate area.
Thereafter the spatial imaging of the habitat types, as included in the mapping of the net-
work Natura 2000 region, was confirmed-identified in the field. Finally an association be-
tween the presence of endemic species and specific types of habitats was made, taking in
consideration the geological substratum and the existing bibliography.
Detailed results of flora species and habitat types censuses are analyzed/presented in the
Section “Description of the Natural Environment of the Assessed region” of this Environ-
mental Impact Assessment (EIA).
√√ CCeennssuusseess ooff aavviiffaauunnaa ssppeecciieess iinn tthhee rreeggiioonn aanndd mmeeaassuurreemmeennttss ooff ppooppuullaattiioonnss aanndd bbee--
hhaavviioouurrss ooff bbiirrddss ppeerr WWFF
For the census of avifauna species a survey at the sites of the proposed wind farms up to
a radius of 2 kilometers from these sites was carried out to assess any impacts of the pro-
posed project. Moreover all species, which were observed during the surveyors move-
ment among the positions, were recorded.
The field survey examined the distribution of all the species of avifauna emphasizing on
the species of Annex I of the Directive 2009/147/EC and the Red Book (2009). Censuses
were carried out with the methods of “Point – Counts” and “Vantage Point Counts”) and
the respective recording forms were filled in. Additionally censuses of nocturnal species
were carried out with the method of “Nocturnal bird playback calls”.
The censuses cover part of the spring migration, the nesting and the autumn migration
and they were carried out during the period April 2006 – May 2010.
The detailed results of censuses of the avifauna species are analyzed/presented in the
Section “Description of the Natural Environment of the Assessed region” in this Environ-
mental Impact Assessment.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 15
III. STUDY GROUP
This Environmental Impact Assessment was drafted with the cooperation of the following
special scientists:
-- EEvvaannggeellooss PPaappppaass, BSc Biology, MSc. Management of the Environment , Licence
Holder Cat. 27 (Environmental studies), Class C, Reg. no. 6691.
-- AAlleexxaannddrrooss IIaattrroouu, BSc Environmental science, MSc. Management of the Environ-
ment, Licence Cat.27 (Environmental studies), Class Β.
-- GGrriiggoorriiss KKaappssaallaass, BSc Environmental science, MSc. Conservation.
-- NNiikkooss KKaattssiimmaanniiss, BSc Environmental science, MSc. Environmental Biology, Li-
cence Cat.27 (Environmental studies), Class Β.
-- NNiikkooss PPaannaaggiioottoouu, BSc Environmental science, MSc. Geoinformatics.
- CChhaarraallaammbbooss AAlliivviizzaattooss, BSc Biology, Phd.
-- Dr. Panagiotis Dimopoulos, Professor, Botany and Plant Ecology, Department of En-
vironmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina.
-- VVaassssiilliiss XXaattzziirrvvaassssaanniiss, Forester, Consultant Category 24 (Forest studies), Class A
and Category 27 (Environmental studies), Class Β, Reg. no. 12340.
-- FFiilllliioo ZZaacchhaarraakkii, BSc Environmental science, MSc. Sustainable Management of Pro-
tected Areas.
- EEvvaanntthhiiaa AAlleexxaannddrrooppoouulloouu, BSc Environmental science.
As far as the competences and the distribution of tasks of the members of the study group
are concerned, the following applies:
Mr. Evangelos Pappas, was the Main Coordinator of the Environmetal Impact Assessment
(EIA). Among his direct duties were the final evaluation of the existing natural environment
status, the assessment and evaluation of the environmental impact and the suggestion of
the necessary measures addressing these impacts. The compilation of all environmental
data, the final drawing up and preparation of a Plan of Proposed Environmental Terms is
also included in Mr. Pappas duties.
Mr. AAlleexxaannddrrooss IIaattrroouu, has been the Coordinator of the project group for the Environmen-
tal Impact Assessment (EIA). Among his direct responsibilities were the analysis and de-
scription of the study area, the evaluation of the proposed project in relation with the crite-
ria of the Special Framework for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development for Re-
newable Energy Sources, the assessment and evaluation of the environmental impact
and the suggestion of the necessary measures addressing these impacts and the partici-
pation in the preparation of the Plan of Proposed Environmental Terms. The compilation
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 16
of all environmental data and the final drawing up is also included in Mr. Iatros’ responsi-
bilities.
Mr. Grigoris Kapsalas has been a member of the project team. Among his direct respon-
sibilities were the analysis and description of the study area, the evaluation of the pro-
posed project in relation with the criteria of the Special Framework for Spatial Planning
and Sustainable Development for Renewable Energy Sources, the assessment and eval-
uation of the environmental impact on flora/vegetation and on the various habitats of the
region. The evaluation of the impact on flora and habitat types in accordance with the pro-
visions of article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC, the compilation of all environmental data
and the drawing up of maps/designs were also included in the direct responsibilities of Mr.
Kapsalas.
Mr. PPaannaaggiioottiiss DDiimmooppoouullooss (Coordinator of the field works regarding the species of flora
and the types of habitats) has been member of the study group and member of the group
for Flora – Vegetation – Habitats & Mapping. The preparation of a special report on the
results of the field census, the assessment and evaluation of the environmental impact of
the project on the species of flora-vegetation and on field (including the assessment of
impact in accordance with article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EU), the drawing up of maps
with the census results in the area, the assessment and evaluation of the maintenance
status of the species of flora, vegetation and habitats and the suggestion of the necessary
measures for the protection of flora-vegetation and habitats.
Mr. NNiikkooss KKaattssiimmaanniiss,, MMrr.. NNiikkooss PPaannaaggiioottoouu,, MMrr.. CChhaarraallaammbbooss AAlliivviizzaattooss, have been
members of the study group and members of the group which recorded the species of avi-
fauna in the project area (from 2008 till 2010). Furthermore, the preparation of a special
ornithological assessment with the results of the field census, the assessment and evalua-
tion of every environmental impact of the project on the species of avifauna and the sug-
gestion of the necessary measures for the protection of the avifauna was included in their
directs responsibilities.
Mr. VVaassssiilliiss CChhaattzziirrvvaassssaanniiss, has been a member of the study group. The evaluation of
the impact of the project on the wooded areas, the suggestion of the necessary manage-
rial forest measures, the analysis/description of the main landscape features of the region,
as well as the assessment and evaluation of the impact of the proposed project on the
landscape and the landscape features were included in his direct responsibilities.
MMrrss.. FFiilllliioo ZZaacchhaarraakkii has been member of the study group. The description of the human
environment elements of the region (built environment, historic environment, infrastruc-
tures, human pressures etc) were included in her direct responsibilities.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 17
Mrs. EEvvaanntthhiiaa AAlleexxaannddrrooppoouulloouu, has been a member of the study group and participated
in the management of the relevant map data and the preparation of the environmental
maps which accompany this study.
It is hereby mentioned that part of the data regarding avifauna which are presented in the
Special Ornithological Assessment was collected by censuses made in the past (census-
es during 2006-2007 and provision of older data) by the following specialized scientists:
-- GGiiaannnniiss RRiiggaass, BSc Environmental science, MSc. Management & maintenance of natu-
ral environment.
-- SSttaammaattiiss ZZooggaarriiss, BSc Geography - Biology, Msc.
- AAlleexxiiss VVllaammiiss, BSc Biology, Phd.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 18
11 IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN
11..11 TTyyppee aanndd ssiizzee ooff pprroojjeecctt
DD11 ““KKAATTHHAARRAA”” WWIINNDD FFAARRMM,, TTOOTTAALL CCAAPPAACCIITTYY 3322,,22 MMWW..
DD22 ““AANNAATTOOLLII”” WWIINNDD FFAARRMM,, TTOOTTAALL CCAAPPAACCIITTYY 1166,,11 MMWW..
DD33 ““SSPPIILLIIAA”” WWIINNDD FFAARRMM,, TTOOTTAALL CCAAPPAACCIITTYY 2299,,99 MMWW..
DD44 ““MMIILLIIAA”” WWIINNDD FFAARRMM,, TTOOTTAALL CCAAPPAACCIITTYY 1188,,44 MMWW..
DD55 ““PPLLAATTAANNIISSTTOOSS”” WWIINNDD FFAARRMM,, TTOOTTAALL CCAAPPAACCIITTYY 1188,,44 MMWW..
DD66 ““PPAALLIIOOPPYYRRGGOOSS”” WWIINNDD FFAARRMM,, TTOOTTAALL CCAAPPAACCIITTYY 1188,,44 MMWW..
DD77 ““KKEERRAASSIIAA”” WWIINNDD FFAARRMM,, TTOOTTAALL CCAAPPAACCIITTYY 2277,,66 MMWW..
DD88 ““PPLLAATTAANNOOSS”” WWIINNDD FFAARRMM,, TTOOTTAALL CCAAPPAACCIITTYY 1133,,88 MMWW..
TTYYPPEE AANNDD SSIIZZEE OOFF PPRROOJJEECCTT
TTIITTLLEE:: EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL IIMMPPAACCTT AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT ((EEIIAA))
FFOORR TTHHEE IINNSSTTAALLLLAATTIIOONN AANNDD OOPPEERRAATTIIOONN OOFF 88
WWIINNDD FFAARRMMSS IINN SSOOUUTTHH –– EEAASSTTEERRNN EEVVIIAA..
PPRROOJJEECCTT TTYYPPEE:: PPuurrssuuaanntt ttoo JJMMDD ΗΗ..ΠΠ..:: 1155339933//22333322//22000022 ((Govt GGaazzeettttee
11002222//ΒΒ//0055..0088..22000022)) ““CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn ooff ppuubblliicc aanndd pprriivvaattee
wwoorrkkss aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo aarrtt 33 ooff LL..11665500//8866 aass rreeppllaacceedd bbyy aarrttii--
ccllee 11 ooff LL..33001100//22000022 ““HHaarrmmoonniizzaattiioonn ooff LL..11665500//8866 wwiitthh
tthhee DDiirreeccttiivveess 9977//1111//EEEE aanndd 9966//6611//EEEE eettcc ((AA’’9911))””,,tthhee pprroo--
jjeecctt iiss ccllaassssiiffiieedd iinn tthhee 1100tthh GGRROOUUPP ““SSPPEECCIIAALL PPRROO--
JJEECCTTSS”” iinn tthhee1111tthh AAccttiivviittyy ““EElleeccttrriicc ppoowweerr ggeenneerraattiioonn ffrroomm
wwiinndd aanndd ssoollaarr eenneerrggyy””,, CCaatteeggoorryy AA,, 11sstt ssuubbccaatteeggoorryy
TTOOTTAALL PPOOWWEERR:: 117744,,88 MMWW ((7766 wwiinndd ttuurrbbiinneess –– eeaacchh 22,,33 MMWW))..
NNUUMMBBEERR OOFF WWIINNDD FFAARRMMSS:: EEiigghhtt ((88))..
NNAAMMEESS OOFF WWIINNDD FFAARRMMSS:: -- KKAATTHHAARRAA ((DD11))
-- AAΝΝAATTOOLLII ((DD22))
--SSPPIILLIIAA ((DD33))
-- MMIILLIIAA ((DD44))
-- PPLLAATTAANNIISSTTOOSS ((DD55))
-- PPAALLIIOOPPYYRRGGOOSS ((DD66))
-- ΚΚEERRAASSIIAA ((DD77))
-- PPLLAATTAANNOOSS ((DD88))
PPRROOJJEECCTT AARREEAA:: SSoouutthh--eeaasstteerrnn EEvviiaa
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 19
AADDMMIINNIISSTTRRAATTIIVVEE JJUURRIISSDDIICCTTIIOONN:: TThhee pprroojjeecctt bbeelloonnggss aaddmmiinniissttrraattiivveellyy ttoo tthhee MMuunniicciippaalliittiieess
ooff KKaarryyssttooss aanndd MMaarrmmaarrii,, aass wweellll aass tthhee CCoommmmuunniittyy ooff
KKaaffiirreeaass ((PPrreeffeeccttuurree ooff EEvviiaa))..
PPRROOTTEECCTTEEDD AARREEAA ((SSIITTEE OOFF
CCOOMMMMUUNNIITTYY IIMMPPOORRTTAANNCCEE,, SSCCII,,
OOFF DDIIRREECCTTIIVVEE 9922//4433//EEEECC))::
GGRR22442200000011 ““OOrrooss OOcchhii,, KKaammppooss KKaarryyssttoouu,, PPoottaammii,,
AAkkrroottiirriioo KKaaffiirreeaass,, PPaarraakkttiiaa tthhaallaassssiiaa zzoonnii”” ((SSiittee ooff CCoomm--
mmuunniittyy IImmppoorrttaannccee ((SSCCII)) ooff tthhee DDiirreeccttiivvee 9922//4433//EECC))..
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**TThhee mmaajjoorriittyy ooff wwiinndd ffaarrmmss iiss ssiittuuaatteedd wwiitthhiinn tthhee bboorrddeerrss
ooff tthhee aabboovveemmeennttiioonneedd aarreeaa ooff tthhee NNeettwwoorrkk NNaattuurraa 22000000,,
eexxcceepptt ffoorr WWFF PPAALLIIOOPPYYRRGGOOSS aanndd tthhee ssoouutthheerrnn ppaarrtt ooff
WWFF PPLLAATTAANNIISSTTOOSS..
PPRROOTTEECCTTEEDD AARREEAA ((SSPPEECCIIAALL
PPRROOTTEECCTTIIOONN AARREEAA FFOORR AAVVII--
FFAAUUNNAA,, SSPPAA,, OOFF DDIIRREECCTTIIVVEESS
7799//440099//EEEECC && 22000099//114477//EECC
GGRR22442200001122,, OOrrooss OOcchhii,, ppaarraakkttiiaa zzoonnii kkaaii nniissiiddeess..
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**AAllll ppllaannnneedd wwiinndd ffaarrmmss aarree ssiittuuaatteedd wwiitthhiinn tthhee bboorrddeerrss ooff
tthhee aabboovveemmeennttiioonneedd SSppeecciiaall PPrrootteeccttiioonn AArreeaa ffoorr AAvviiffaauunnaa
((SSPPAA))..
11..22 BBooddyy rreessppoonnssiibbllee ffoorr tthhee iimmpplleemmeennttaatt iioonn ooff tthhee pprroojjeecctt
Owners of the Project are the companies DDAAMMCCOO EENNEERRGGYY SS..AA.. && DDIIEETTHHNNIISS CCOONN--
SSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN AA..ΤΤ..ΤΤ..ΝΝ..EE iinn ccooooppeerraatt iioonn wwii tthh EENNEELL.. NNoonneetthheelleessss ffoorr tthhee wwiinndd ffaarrmmss iinn
qquueessttiioonn the following companies have been incorporated: AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA KATHARAS
S.A. AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA ANATOLIS S.A. – PRINIAS S.A. AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA SPILIAS S.A.
AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA MILIAS S.A. AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA MYTIKA S.A. AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA
PALIOPYRGOS S.A. AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA KERASIAS S.A. AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA PLATANOS
S.A. wwiitthh ccoommmmoonn sshhaarreehhoollddeerr ssttrruuccttuurree aass mmeennttiioonneedd aabboovvee aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee PPrroodduuccttiioonn
LLiicceenncceess..
Address: 38-40, Kapodistriou street PC 151 23, Maroussi.
Telephone: (210) 61 01 150, Fax: (210) 61 01 164.
E-mail: [email protected]
Contact: Mr. S. Konstantinidis, Mr. N. Valtis.
11..33 CCoonnttrraaccttoorr ffoorr tthhee EEnnvvii rroonnmmeennttaall IImmppaacctt AAsssseessssmmeenntt ((EEIIAA))
Company: OOIIΚΚOOΜΜ LLTTDD
Name of Consultant Cat. 27 (Environmental Studies): Evangelos Pappas.
Licence : Category 27 (Environmental studies), Class C, Reg, no. 6691.
Address: 91, Neratziotissis, 151 24, Maroussi, Attica
Telephone: (210) 61 07 403, 61 07 458, Fax: (210) 61 07 404.
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected].
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 20
Contact: Alexandros Iatrou, Evangelos Pappas.
11..44 SSiiggnnaattuurreess ((BBooddyy ffoorr pprroojjeecctt iimmpplleemmeennttaatt iioonn –– CCoonnssuull ttaanntt CCaatteeggoorryy 2277))
AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA KKAATTHHAARRAASS SS..AA..
AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA AANNAATTOOLLIISS-- PPRRIINNIIAASS SS..AA..
AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA SSPPIILLIIAASS SS..AA..
AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA MMIILLIIAASS SS..AA..
AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA MMYYTTIIKKAA SS..AA..
AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA PPAALLIIOOPPYYRRGGOOSS SS..AA..
AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA KKEERRAASSIIAASS SS..AA..
AAIIOOLLIIKKAA PPAARRKKAA PPLLAATTAANNOOSS SS..AA..
EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL SSTTUUDDIIEESS LLTTDD
EVANGELOS PAPPAS, BSc BIOLOGY, MSc. MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANT CATEGORY 27 (ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES) Reg No. 6691
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 21
11..55 LLeeggaall ff rraammeewwoorrkk ffoorr tthhee pprreeppaarraatt iioonn ooff tthhee ssttuuddyy
The main legal framework, which defines the necessity as well as the specifications of this
particular study, is the following:
- L.3851/2010 (Govt Gazette 85/A/04.06.2010) “Accelerating the development of Renew-
able Energy Sources to deal with climate change and other regulations addressing is-
sues under the authority of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change”.
- Decision no. Oικ. 104247/Special Environmental Service/Ministry for the Environment,
Physical Planning and Public Works (Govt Gazette 663/Β/26.05.2006) “Procedure of
Preliminary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation (PPEE) and Approval of Environ-
mental Terms (AET) of works for Renewable Energy Sources (RES) according to article
4 of L. 1650/1986, as replaced by article 2 of L.3010/2002”.
- Decision no. Oικ. 104248/Special Environmental Service/Ministry for the Environment,
Physical Planning and Public Works (Govt Gazette 663/Β/26.05.2006) “Contents, sup-
porting documents and other data of the Environmental Impact Pre-assessments (EIΡ),
the Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), as well as related studies for the Envi-
ronment, for Renewable Energy Sources projects (RES)”.
- Decision no. 49828 (Govt Gazette 2464/Β/03.12.2008) “Approval of Special Framework
for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development for Renewable Energy Sources and
of the strategic study of its environmental impact”.
- L.3468/2006 (Govt Gazette 129/A/27.06.2006) “Electric power generation from renewa-
ble energy sources (RES) and high efficiency cogeneration of electricity and heat, and
other provisions ”.
- Circular 107100 (Ref. οικ. 107100/29.08.2006) “Clarifications regarding the procedure of
environmental licencing of Renewable Energy Sources Projects ”.
- L. 1650/1986 (Govt Gazette 160/A/16.10.1986) “About the protection of the environ-
ment”.
- L. 3010/2002 (Govt Gazette 91/A/25.04.2002) “HHaarrmmoonniizzaattiioonn ooff LL..11665500//8866 wwiitthh tthhee DDii--
rreeccttiivveess 9977//1111//EEEE aanndd 9966//6611//EEEE,, procedure of delimitation and regulation of matters re-
garding water streams, and other provisions”.
- Joint Ministerial Decision: 15393/2332 (Govt Gazette 1022/05.08.2002) “CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn ooff
ppuubblliicc aanndd pprriivvaattee wwoorrkkss aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo aarrtt 33 ooff LL..11665500//8866 aass rreeppllaacceedd bbyy aarrttiiccllee 11 ooff
LL..33001100//22000022 “Harmonization of L.1650/86 with the Directives 97/11/EE and 96/61/EE,
and other provisions” (A’ 91)”.
- Joint Ministerial Decision: 11014/703/Φ104 (Govt Gazette 332/20.03.2003) “Procedure
of Preliminary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation (PEEE) and Approval of Envi-
ronmental Terms (AET) of works for Renewable Energy Sources (RES) according to ar-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 22
ticle 4 of L. 1650/1986 (A’ 160), as replaced by article 2 of L.3010/2002” “Harmonization
of L.1650/86 with the Directives 97/11/EU and 96/61/EU, and other provisions” (A’ 91)”.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 23
22 NNOONN TTEECCHHNNIICCAALL SSUUMMMMAARRYY
This chapter deals with the summarization of the assessment in a non- technical language
so that it is comprehensible to the general public. Below follows a concise, without spe-
cialized technical terminology, description of the project under study, of the status of the
natural and human environment, of the parameters based on which the environmental im-
pacts were investigated and of the measures for the protection of the environment. Fur-
thermore data regarding the benefits for the local and national economy, and generally the
environment, deriving from the implementation of the project, are presented. More specifi-
cally:
Τhe project under study regards the installation and operation of eight wind parks of the
Group Damco Energy S.A. & Diethnis Construction A.Τ.Τ.Ν.E in cooperation with ENEL
for the generation of electric power with the use of the wind energy potential in the instal-
lation area. The project is located in south-eastern Evia, in the administrative borders of
the municipalities of Marmari and Karystos, and the community of Kafireas. For the gen-
eration of electric power 76 wind turbines will be used totally, each of which with nominal
capacity 2,3 ΜW. The overall installed capacity of the project is estimated at 174,8 MW.
For the construction and the operation of the project a road network for access to the wind
farm sites, an internal road network within the field of each wind farm as well as the im-
provement of specific parts of the existing road network are planned.
Regarding the interconnection of the project with the Hellenic System of Electricity Trans-
mission, it is mentioned that for the operational needs of the project the following is
planned: a) construction of an underground Medium Voltage Network at 20 kV or 33 kV
between the control cabins and the three step-up substations. The Medium Voltage Net-
work will follow mostly the existing forest road and the newly constructed road connection,
as planned, b) the construction of three step-substations at 20/150 kV (SS 1 “Amygdalea,
SS 2 “Antia”, SS 3 “Platanistos”), c) the construction of an overhead High Voltage Net-
work at 150 kV, approximately 22,658 km long, which will start from the first northest sub-
station (SS 1 Amygdalea) and will reach the position Mpouros at the southest edge of the
island, with north-south direction. The line will be overhead except for one segment ap-
proximately 700 m on its southest edge, which will be underground, d) the construction of
a submarine High Voltage Line at 150 kV. This line constitutes the second part of the
greater construction project of a new transmission line at 150 kV which consists of three
separate parts. The subsea connection Evia-Attica is the second part of the High Voltage
Line (HVL) 150 kV which will be sunk to the bottom of the greater area of the Petalies Gulf
in the Southern Evoikos Gulf. Its total length amounts approximately to 45 km and it will
connect the first part of the line from the side of Evia in a landing point on the rocky side of
the position “Mpouros” with one of the two alternative landing points of Attica in Rafina
(one main and one alternative landing point). One alternative point is designated within
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 24
the port area of Rafina, the other in the region “Velani” of Attica and e) the construction of
an underground High Voltage Line at 150kV, which will follow the route mainly under the
local road network and will connect the landing point at Rafina with the High Voltage Cen-
ter of PPC in Pallini, where the generated electricity is eventually injected, according to
the relevant connection offer of HTSO.
The wider installation area of the wind farms is usually under the status of environmental
protection since the area is usually included in the Ecological Network Natura 2000 and is
qualified as a Site of Community Importance [SCI, Directive 92/43/EEC and Decision
2010/45/EU], while recently (March 2010) it was also characterized as Protection Area for
avifauna [SPA, Directive 79/409/EEC and Directive 2009/147/EC]. The project is situated
totally within the Special Protection Area for Avifauna (SPA) and partly within the Site of
Community Importance (SCI) (*The PALIOPYRGOS WF and the southern part of the
PLATANISTOS WF is outside the SCI. The remaining WFs are situated within the particu-
lar SCI). Regarding the protected areas in question of the Network Natura 2000 the follow-
ing data are concisely added:
In the Site of Community Importance (SCI) 17 habitat types are found, according to the
study “Recognition and description of the habitat types in areas of interest for the conser-
vation of nature” (1999-2001) of the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and
Public Works (already Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change). In the pro-
posed installation sites of the wind farms 8 habitat types are met (habitats of Annex I of
92/43/EEC and Greek habitat types) according to the updated results of the field survey in
the framework of this Environmental Impact Assessment. No species of flora of Annex II
are being mentioned. As far as fauna is concerned, 8 species of Annex II of 92/43/EEC
have been recorded. It is noted that in the installation site of the project (WF fields), habi-
tats and priority species of 92/43/EEC do not exist .
Furthermore, as was also mentioned above, the region was recently (March 2012) estab-
lished also as Special Protection Area for Avifauna (SPA) with code GR2420012. The
borders of the SPA are different from those of the SCI and include Mount Ochi with the
coastal areas of Kafireas and of Potami, as well as the Mandilos islet. The importance of
the SPA is that it conserves important populations of predatory species (such as the
Bonelli’s eagle and the Short-toed snake eagle) and important populations of the Eurasian
Eagle Owls. In addition, the area is important for nesting passerines of community im-
portance (Woodlark, Tawny Pipit, Cretzschmar’s Bunting) but also other important species
which nest on the islet of Mandilos (Eleonora’s Falcon, Audouin’s Gull).
In addition to the above and taking into consideration the environmental sensitivity of the
area, special field surveys were conducted (habitats, flora/vegetation, avifauna) for the
needs of the project and real field data were collected so that the assessment of the im-
pact and the countermeasures would be realistic and suitable for the actual protection of
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 25
the biodiversity and of the area itself.
The environmental impact (of the main project and the accompanying supporting infrastruc-
ture) were evaluated at phases – the construction phase and the operation phase of the
project. The accumulated impacts of the project were also examined.
According to the results of the analysis, impacts are tracked during the construction phase
as well as the operation phase of the project. The impacts which were examined were re-
lated to parameters of the natural environment (e.g. habitats, flora/vegetation, fau-
na/avifauna, water resources, soil, land use etc.), but also to other elements related to the
human environment (e.g. distance from human settlements, noise levels etc). Any impacts
are minimized even more by taking appropriate protection measures or precautionary
measures. It is mentioned that the majority of impacts were examined as to the installation
sites of the wind farms and the areas were technical works will be carried out for the con-
struction of new roads, the connection with the electricity network etc.
Particularly regarding the operation phase it could be mentioned that also positive impacts
are tracked concerning the creation of new jobs and also the electric power generation
from renewable sources replacing a part of the conventional fossil fuels which contribute
to global environmental phenomena like the greenhouse effect and the climate change.
Finally, as far as the importance of the examined project at local and national level is con-
cerned, it could be mentioned that project implementation would have notably positive im-
pact related to:
Improvement of life quality in the area, since it utilizes an inexhaustible natural re-
source and does not burden the environment with pollution or waste.
Energy autonomy.
Growth of the region.
Increase of the rate of use of the wind potential in the area which is particularly de-
sirable as far as energy policy is concerned.
Electric power production with low production costs.
Participation in the National Energy Programming.
Deficit reduction of the country’s energy balance.
At its overall assessment of the project from a strictly environmental point of view, it has to
be pointed out that its environmental balance is clearly positive for the general environ-
ment. Namely, the environmental benefits regarding the limitation of the greenhouse gas
emission, the contribution to the management of the climate change as well as the limita-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 26
tion of the production of the polluting PPC factories and the consequent reduction of
emissions of polluting load ashes etc are evaluated as being significantly more important
compared to the small or medium disturbance of the local populations of fauna -as well as
avifauna- and the small and fully reversible burden on the overall environment which
characterizes the installation area of the project at its construction phase.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 27
33 SSUUMMMMAARRYY DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN –– OOBBJJEECCTTIIVVEE,, SSIIGGNNIIFFIICCAANNCCEE,, NNEECCEESSSSIITTYY && EECCOONNOOMMIICC DDAATTAA OOFF TTHHEE PPRROOJJEECCTT –– AASSSSOOCCIIAATTIIOONN WWIITTHH OOTTHHEERR PPRROOJJEECCTTSS
33..11 GGeeooggrraapphhiiccaall ppoossii tt iioonn aanndd aaddmmiinniissttrraatt iivvee jjuurr iissddiicctt iioonn
The region of south-eastern Evia belongs to the areas with the highest wind energy poten-
tial in Greece. The proposed project consists of totally eight (8) wind farms which will gen-
erate energy with the use of air turbines. The project aims, thus, to energy production from
a renewable energy source (wind) and its disposal to the market.
Insg
The project under study is located wholly within the Special Protection Area (SPA) for avi-
fauna (Directives 79/409/EEC and 2009/147/EC), GGRR22442200001122,, OOrrooss OOcchhii,, ppaarraakkttiiaa zzoonnii
kkaaii nniissiiddeess, and partially within the Site of Community Importance (SCI) (Directive
92/43/EEC and Decision 2010/45/EU), GGRR22442200000011,, OOrrooss OOcchhii,, KKaammppooss KKaarryyssttoouu,,
PPoottaammii,, AAkkrroottiirriioo KKaaffiirreeffss,, PPaarraakkttiiaa tthhaallaassssiiaa zzoonnii..
The following image presents a view of the abovementioned protected areas of the Eco-
logical Network Natura 2000.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 28
At this point it is worth mentioning that the beginning and during the biggest period of this
assessment’s preparation, the site was not included in a Special Protection Area (SPA) of
the Network Natura 2000. Nevertheless, in March 2010, the general study area, along
with 65 other areas of the region, was included in the network Natura 2000 and was quali-
fied as an SPA with code GR2420012 and name “Oros Ochi, Paraktia zoni kai Nisides”.
Subsequently as its is understandable, for the project under study to comply additionally
with the provisions of the Special Framework for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Devel-
opment for Renewable Energy Sources (MD 49828/ Ministry for the Environment, Physi-
cal Planning and Public Works Govt Gazette 2464/ Β/03.12.2010) an ornithological cen-
sus becomes essential. The Group of companies, despite the non-inclusion until recently
of the general project area under study in an SPA, in cooperation with the consultants of
the Environmental Impact Pre-assessment had long time ago understood the necessity of
an ornithological census and the preparation of a Special Ornithological Assessment.
The assessment in question was considered useful –due to the particular features of the
ecosystems in the area- so that the compatibility of the specific project with the conserva-
tion of the natural environment would be ensured at the maximum possible level (consid-
ering that the study area is an Important Bird Area of Greece), as well as the adoption of
the precautionary principle. The Special Ornithological Assessment and its specific con-
clusions accompany this Environmental Impact Assessment (see ISSUE E – SPECIAL
ORNITHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT).
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 29
The existing qualifications or establishments which are applicable to the area under study
regard the following:
-- SSiittee ooff CCoommmmuunniittyy IImmppoorrttaannccee iinn tthhee nneettwwoorrkk NNaattuurraa 22000000 (SCI, Directive 92/43/EEC
and Decision 2010/45/EU, GR2420001, Oros Ochi, Kampos Karystou, Potami,
Akrotirio Kafirefs kai Paraktia Thalassia Zoni). A view of the borders of the Site of
Community Importance of the network Natura 2000 is also presented on the maps in
ISSUE D (“Maps & Designs”) which accompanies this Environmental Impact Assess-
ment.
-- SSppeecciiaall PPrrootteeccttiioonn AArreeaa ffoorr AAvviiffaauunnaa (SPA, Directives 79/409/EEC and 2009/147/EC,
GR2420012, Oros Ochi, Paraktia Zoni kai Nisides). A view of the borders of the Spe-
cial Protection Area for Avifauna of the network Natura 2000 is also presented on the
maps in ISSUE D (“Maps & Designs”) which accompanies this Environmental Impact
Assessment.
-- IImmppoorrttaanntt BBiirrdd AArreeaa (Oros Ochi and surroundings). A view of the borders of the Im-
portant Bird Area is presented on the map in Chapter D (“Maps & Designs”) which ac-
companies this Environmental Impact Assessment.
-- AArreeaass ooff SSppeecciiaall NNaattuurraall BBeeaauuttyy (It is hereby clarified that: 1) this qualification refers to
parts of the study area, and 2) the qualification of these areas derives from a study of
the National Technical University prepared for the Ministry for the Environment, Physi-
cal Planning and Public Works without, however, any existing legal status).
- WWiillddlliiffee RReeffuuggee ((WWRR)). A view of the Wildlife Refuges is presented in the picture below
It is also mentioned that for the area under study a draft presidential decree exists, on the
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 30
basis of which it is proposed that the area is divided in three zones as follows:
-- ZZoonnee AA:: PPrrootteecctteedd AArreeaass ooff NNaattuurree,, with the following sub-zones: A1: Dimosari
gorge (Faraggi Dimosari), A2: Peaks of Mount Ochi (Periochi Korfon Ochis), A3:
Kastanologgos area (Periochi Kastanologgou), A4: Archampolis area (Periochi
Archampolis).
-- ΖΖoonnee ΒΒ:: SSppeecciiaall RReegguullaattiioonnss AArreeaass, with the following subzones: Β1: Greater area
of Dimosari gorge (Evriteri periochi Faraggiou Dimosari), Β2: Greater area of
Kastanologgos and valley of Komito (Evriteri periochi Kastanologgou kai koilada
Komitou), Β3: Area of Rouklia (Periochi Rouklion), Β4: Valley and Potami of
Platanistos (Koilada kai Potami Platanistou), Β5: Southern feet of Ochi (Notioi
Propodes tis Ochis), Β6: Agios Dimitrios gorge (Faraggi tou Agiou Dimitriou), Β7:
Area of Archampolis (Periochi Archampolis), Β8: Cape Kafireas (Akrotirio Kafirefs),
Β9: Anemopyles of Cavo d’oro, Β10: Wetland of “Kampos Karystou” plain
(Ygrotopos of Kampos Karystou).
- ΖΖoonnee CC:: MMiilldd ggrroowwtthh aarreeaass.
A view of the abovementioned protection zones are presented on a map in Issue D
(“Maps & Designs”) which accompanies this Environmental Impact Assessment.
None of the finally proposed for licencing wind farms is sited within the borders of
Zone A. On the contrary, their sites refer to Zones B and C.
Detail on the protection areas as well as on the elements of natural and human environ-
ment which compose the area under study are presented in the following chapters.
33..22 SSuummmmaarr iizzeedd pprroojjeecctt ddeessccrr iipptt iioonn
The proposed investment regards the iinnssttaall llaatt iioonn aanndd ooppeerraatt iioonn ooff eeiigghhtt ((88)) wwiinndd
ffaarrmmss ooff tthhee GGrroouupp DDaammccoo EEnneerrggyy && DDiieetthhnniiss CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn AAΤΤΤΤΝΝEE in the region of south-
eastern Evia. The total capacity of the project is 117744,,88 MMWW, which will be generated from
the installation and operation of totally seventy six (76) wind turbines EEnneerrccoonn EE--7700,, eeaacchh
ooff ccaappaacciittyy 22,,33 MMWW.
The coordinates (HGRS 87, ΗAΤΤ) of the polygons of the wind farms and of the positions
of the wind turbines are presented in tables in Annex I which accompanies this Environ-
mental Impact Assessment.
FFoorr tthhee aacccceessss to the wind farm sites the structure of a new road network (internal and
access) been designed, with a total length of ~31,5 km. The alignment choice was based
on the following:
a) The maximum possible minimization of impacts on the natural environment of the ar-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 31
ea.
b) The maximum possible utilization of the existing local, rural and forest road network.
c) The existing morphological soil features so that the roads follow the terrain with com-
posite profile, as visible in the typical profile (see attached road construction studies) so
that heavy impacts on the ground are avoided.
d) The main lines should be straight and parallel to the polygonal line that connects the
wind turbines and they should pass as close as possible to them having as an obvious
benefit the cutting short of the routes and the lineation of the pipes of transmission of the
generated electric power to the control cabin.
It should be mentioned that detailed information about the road construction works serving
the access and the internal road network are presented in the Chapter “Detailed descrip-
tion of the RES project (main project and accompanying supporting infrastructure)”, aswell
as in road construction studies attached to this Environmental Impact Assessement Study.
Finally, as far as the transmission of the generated electric power is concerned the follow-
ing is planned to be constructed: An underground Medium Voltage Network at 20 kV or 33
kV, control cabins, three step-up substations at 20/150 kV (SS 1 “Amygdalea”, SS 2
“Antia”, SS 3 “Platanistos”), an overhead High Voltage Network at 150 kV (except for a
segment of approximately 700 m in the southmost edge which will be underground) and a
submarine High Voltage Network at 150 kV. Detailed data about the electric power trans-
mission network are presented in ISSUE B – INTERCONNECTION NETWORK
KARYSTOS-RAFINA.
33..33 OObbjjeecctt iivvee,, ssiiggnnii ff iiccaannccee aanndd nneecceessssii ttyy ooff tthhee pprroojjeecctt
33..33..11 GGeenneerraall
The development of electricity production from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in
Greece remains much lower than the desired one considering the relevant objective [as
such is established in the recent law about RES [L.3468/2006 (Govt Gazette
129/A/27.06.2006) and its amendment pursuant to L.3851/2010 (Govt Gazette 85/04-06-
2010] and the energy sources potential of the country. This failure is caused by a combi-
nation of factors. Amongst them are included the time-consuming licencing procedure of
RES projects, the lack of social consent due to missing or incomplete information of the
local societies and bodies, the lack of infrastructures, such as electricity transmission net-
works, (especially in areas with high potential RES like Thraki, Evia, Lakonia and the is-
lands of Greece), etc.
This problem as presented above might result in the imposition of large fines to the coun-
try from the EU because of the breach of the obligation arising from the relevant European
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 32
Directive. Furthermore the failure to replace the conventional fuel with renewable energy
sources will lead to the intensification of an important – and acknowledged by the global
community - environmental problem: the greenhouse effect. At this point it is noted that
the environmental problem of the greenhouse effect is considered a top priority also in
other Greek documents regarding the strategy in protection of the environment and pro-
motion of sustainable development.
Nowadays, greenhouse gas emissions have been increasing in Greece, especially during
the past decade, following the increase rate of the GNP. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and me-
thane (CH4), with 80% and 8% contribution rates respectively, are the most important of
the 6 greenhouse gases. Energy generation and use are the most important greenhouse
gas sources and especially of CO2, while waste disposal and the agricultural sector have
the biggest share of responsibility in the production of CH4. Last, the industry share of re-
sponsibility lies in CO2, emissions (e.g. from the cement production) as well as in fluorides
emissions.
33..33..22 NNaatt iioonnaall ttaarrggeettss ffoorr RES
Pursuant to article 1 of L.3851/2010 (Govt Gazette 85/A/04.06.2010) “Accelerating the
development of Renewable Energy Sources to deal with climate change and other regula-
tions addressing issues under the authority of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Climate Change”, the climate protection, through the promotion of electric power
generation from RES, is an environmental and energy priority of the highest im-
portance for the country.
The national targets for RES, pursuant also to the Directive 2009/28/EC (EEL, 140/2009),
are defined as follows till 2020:
- Share of energy from RES in overall gross energy consumption 20%.
- Share of energy from RES in gross electricity consumption at least 40%.
- Share of energy from RES in overall energy consumption for heating and cooling at
least 20%.
- Share of energy from RES in overall energy consumption in transport at least 10%.
33..33..33 NNeecceessssii ttyy ooff tthhee pprrooppoosseedd pprroojjeecctt
In the framework of the analysis above it is essential to mention the following:
aa)) RReenneewwaabbllee EEnneerrggyy SSoouurrcceess ((RES)) aatt nnaattiioonnaall lleevveell
A short-term significant increase of electricity production from Renewable Energy Sources
(RES) is mandatory in our country. This increase is and shall continue to be of priority due
to the international obligations of the country but also due to the national strategy choices
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 33
concerning the greenhouse gases problem which is of global importance. Furthermore
there should be implementation of policies, actions and measures for the limitation of
greenhouse gases produced by conventional fuel.
bb)) PPrroojjeecctt uunnddeerr ssttuuddyy ((wwiinndd ffaarrmmss iinn ssoouutthh--eeaasstteerrnn EEvviiaa))
The impacts from the implementation of this specific project will be particularly positive at
national level. They comprise the following:
- Improvement of the overall balance of energy supply and demand, along with second-
ary positive energy consequences (reduction of instability etc) as well as improvement
of the “mixture” of energy sources in favour of the RES against those which produce
greenhouse gases, with positive impacts at environmental level (but also on the com-
pliance with of international obligations and avoidance of payment of large fines and of
the degradation of the country’s prestige).
- Creation of new jobs related with the construction and operation of the project. Alt-
hough only a percentage of these positions will be created in Greece (the rest will be
created in the installation places of the wind turbine manufacture industries), in any
case there will be a contribution to the employment in the country (sum of the local po-
sitions and of those which will be created at a national, regional or local level).
- Direct capital inflow in the installation site of the wind farms.
- Creation of direct revenues for Local Authorities from the operation of wind power sta-
tions in south-eastern Evia. The respective amounts will be substantial, they will clear-
ly contribute to the improvement of the local financial data, and can be used for the fi-
nancing of projects and interventions which will upgrade the level of development and
competitiveness as well as the quality of life of the residents. Hence, significant com-
pensatory benefits will arise from the utilization of the wind energy potential of the ar-
ea.
- Utilization of an area (south-eastern Evia) due its wind energy potential, where up till
today the exploitation of the wind power remains low in relation to the national needs
for the development of RES.
33..44 HHiissttoorr iiccaall ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff tthhee pprroojjeecctt
On 29.3.2005 applications for the granting of Generation Licences for five (5) out of eight
(8) wind farms of the Group DAMCO ENERGY S.A. – DIETHNIS CONSTRUCTION
AΤΤΝE were submitted to the Regulatory Authority of Energy (RAE) and more specifically
for the following companies:
”AIOLIΚA PARΚA SPILIAS S.A.” with Ref. No. Γ883/29.03.2005.
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA MILIAS S.A.” Ref. No. Γ877/29.03.2005.
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA KERASIAS S.A.” Ref. No. Γ887/29.03.2005.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 34
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA KATHARAS S.A.” Ref. No. Γ884/29.03.2005.
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA AΝAΤOLI - PRINIAS S.A.” Ref. No. Γ885/29.03.2005.
while on 24.1.2006 applications for the remaining three (3) wind farms were submitted:
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA ΜYΤIΚA S.A.” Ref. No. Γ/24.01.2006.
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA PLAΤAΝOS S.A.” Ref. No. Γ1328/24.01.2006.
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA PALIOPYRGOS S.A.” Ref. No. Γ1329/24.01.2006.
Thereafter the electric power Generation Licence no. ∆6/Φ17.1391/οικ. 19515/2.10.2006
was granted to the company “AIOLIKA PARKA PALIOPYRGOS S.A.” by the Ministry of
Development regarding the wind energy station in the position “Paliopyrgos”, the single
project which is not sited in an area Natura 2000.
Thereupon the common Environmental Impact Pre-Assessment (EIP) for all eight (8) pro-
jects was submitted to RAE No. I-42396/17.10.2006 (Serv. Ref. No.) and was forwarded,
in accordance with the applicable legislation, to the Special Environmental Service of the
Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works no. O-
15136/31.10.2006 (RAE Ref. No.) for the process of the procedure of issuance of a deci-
sion on the Preliminary Environmental Assessment and Evaluation (P.E.A.E.).
The Special Environmental Service forwarded with its instrument no. 126207/12.2.2007,
the file of the PEA to the co- responsible authorities so that they would issue an opinion.
Hence, having gathered the opinions on the projects and the EIP from the below
corresponsible authorities:
the Directorate A2 of the Hellenic Navy General Staff,
the Department of National Infrastructure, Sec. B/Directorate for Infrastructures of
the Hellenic National Defence General staff,
the Secretariat for the Environment of south-eastern/eastern Attica,
the Secretariat for Physical Planning of the Ministry for the Environment, Physical
Planning and Public Works,
the Civil Aviation Authority,
the Directorate of Environmental Planning of the Ministry for the Environment,
Physical Planning and Public Works,
the Ephorate of Contemporary and Modern Monuments of Attica,
the 11th Ephorate of Pre-historic and Classical Antiquities,
the 23rd Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities,
the Directorate of Pre-historic & Classical Antiquities of the Hellenic Ministry of
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 35
Culture,
the Organization for the Master Plan of Athens,
the Directorate of Certification of the General Directorate of Communication of the
Hellenic Ministry of Transportations and Communications,
the Prefectural Committee for Spatial Planning and Environment of south-eastern/
eastern Attica
the Directorate of Touristic Installations of the HNTO, Ministry of Touristic Devel-
opment,
the Prefectural Committee for Spatial Planning and Environment of south-eastern
Evia,
the Directorate of Aesthetic Forests, National Parks and Game Management of the
Ministry of Rural Development and Food, and
the Directorate of Port Infrastructures of the Ministry of Mercantile Marine.
it issued the Preliminary Environmental Assessment and Evaluation decision no.
110580/15.12.2008 which included small amendments and limitations compared to the
initial planning of all projects. The particular amendments were based mainly on the
maintenance of the criterion of carrying capacity for the municipalities of Karystos and
Marmari as well as for the community of Kafireas which was reviewed by the RAE in the
framework of the Preliminary Environmental Assessment and Evaluation, in accordance
also with the provisions of the Special Framework of Spatial Planning and Sustainable
Development for Renewable Energy Sources (MD 49828/ Ministry for the Environment,
Physical Planning and Public Works, Govt Gazette 2464/Β/03.12.2010). The above deci-
sion includes amongst others the attached project of the submarine interconnection of the
substations of the wind farms which will be constructed (to which also the wind farms of
the Group TERNA Energeiaki ABETE will be connected) with the Ultra-High Voltage Cen-
ter of Pallini.
Thereupon after having taken the above Preliminary Environmental Assessment and
Evaluation decision, RAE proceeded to the issuance of positive opinions to the Ministry of
Development as regards the seven (7) wind farms (a Generation Licence had already
been issued for the project in the location “Paliopyrgos”) and more specifically:
positive opinion no. 122/2009 for the company “AIOLIΚA PARΚA MYTIKA S.A.” for
the wind farm in the location Platanistos,
positive opinion no. 122116/2009 for the company “AIOLIΚA PARΚA MILIAS S.A.”
for the wind farm in the location Milia,
positive opinion no. 122121/2009 for the company “AIOLIΚA PARΚA KERASIAS
S.A.” for the wind farm in the location Kerasia,
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 36
positive opinion no. 122118/2009 for the company “AIOLIΚA PARΚA KATHARAS
S.A.” for the wind farm in the location Kathara,
positive opinion no. 122119/2009 for the company “AIOLIΚA PARΚA ANATOLIS-
PRINIAS S.A.” for the wind farm in the location Anatoli-Prinia,
positive opinion no. 122117/2009 for the company “AIOLIΚA PARΚA SPILIAS
S.A.” for the wind farm in the location Spilia, and
positive opinion no. 122120/2009 for the company “AIOLIΚA PARΚA PLATANOS
S.A.” for the wind farm in the location Platanos.
Thereafter the Ministry of Development issued the following seven (7) generation Licenc-
es:
Generation Licence no. ∆6/Φ17.1392/οικ.13258/16.6.2009 to the company
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA MYTIKA S.A.” for a wind farm of capacity 16 MW in the location
Platanistos,
Generation Licence no. ∆6/Φ17.1158/οικ.13263/16.6.2009 to the company
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA MILIAS S.A.” for a wind farm of capacity 16 MW in the location
Μilia,
Generation Licence no. ∆6/Φ17.1159/οικ.13259/16.6.2009 to the company
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA KERASIAS S.A.” for a wind farm of capacity 24 MW in the loca-
tion Κerasia,
Generation Licence no. ∆6/Φ17.1162/οικ.13262/16.6.2009 to the company
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA KATHARAS S.A.” for a wind farm of capacity 28 MW in the loca-
tion Κathara,
Generation Licence no. ∆6/Φ17.1160/οικ.13261/16.6.2009 to the company
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA ANATOLIS-PRINIAS S.A.” for a wind farm of capacity 14 MW in
the location Anatoli-Prinia,
Generation Licence no. ∆6/Φ17.1145/οικ.13264/16.6.2009 to the company
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA SPILIAS S.A.” for a wind farm of capacity 26 MW in the loca-
tion Spilia, and
Generation Licence no. ∆6/Φ17.1393/οικ.13260/16.6.2009 to the company
“AIOLIΚA PARΚA PLATANOS S.A.” for a wind farm of capacity 12 MW in the loca-
tion Platanos.
In the framework of the above Generation Licences and the capacity of each wind farm it
is worth to mention that the Group proceeded to the:
Upgrade of the proposed type of wind turbines, in all wind farms, from Enercon E-
70/2MW to Enercon E-70/2,3MW, without any relocation of the approved positions
of the wind turbines or any change in the location and the size of the considered
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 37
polygons of the wind farms under development. The two types of wind turbines are
exactly identical in all their dimensions. Additionally it is here added that the re-
quired opinions regarding the amendment of the above Generation Licences
(Generation Licence no. ∆6/Φ17.1392/οικ.13258/16.6.2009, Generation Licence
no. ∆6/Φ17.1158/οικ.13263/16.6.2009, Generation Licence no.
∆6/Φ17.1159/οικ.13259/16.6.2009, Generation Licence no. ∆6/Φ17.1162/
οικ.13262/16.6.2009, Generation Licence no. ∆6/ Φ17.1160/οικ.13261/16.6.2009,
Generation Licence no. ∆6/Φ17.1145/οικ.13264/16.6.2009, Generation Licence
no. ∆6/Φ17.1393/οικ.13260/16.6.2009) of the Regulatory Authority for Energy
(RAE) were issued.
Upgrade of 6 wind turbines from Enercon E-70/2MW to Enercon E-70/2,3MW and
addition of 2 extra wind turbines of type Enercon E-70/2,3MW for WIND FARM
PALIOPYRGOS without change of installation field, resulting in the increase of ca-
pacity from 12 MW to 18,4 MW. In this framework the respective positive opinion
regarding the amendment of the Generation Licence of the wind farm in question
(Generation Licence no. ∆6 / Φ17.1391 / οικ.19515 / 02.10.2006) was issued by
the Regulatory Authority for Energy.
Besides the above it is mentioned that the Group of the eight (8) companies proceeded to
the preparation and submission of a complete file for interconnection with all supporting
documentation to HTSO, so that the latter would issue the Offer of Connection Terms.
With the document of HTSO no. 8920/29.12.2009 (subject: Offer for Connection to the
System of sixteen (16) wind farms (WFs) with total capacity 325 MW of the companies of
the Group DAMCO ENERGY SA & DIETHNIS CONSTRUCTION AΤΤΝE and of the com-
pany ΤERΝA EΝERGEIAKI AΒEΤE in the prefecture of Evia). Offers for Connection were
issued for sixteen (16) wind farms with total capacity 325 MW. The Offers of Connection
refer to eight (8) wind farms of the Group Damco Energy SA & DIETHNIS Construction
AΤΤΝE and (8) wind farms of the Group ΤERΝA Energeiaki AΒEΤE.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 38
33..55 EEccoonnoommiicc ddaattaa ooff tthhee pprroojjeecctt
WIND FARM Κ
AT
HA
RA
AΝ
AΤ
OLI
SP
ILIA
MIL
IA
PLA
TA
NIS
TO
S
PA
LIO
PY
RG
OS
KE
RA
SIA
PLA
TA
NO
S
TO
TA
L
Capacity (MW)
32,2 16,1 29,9 18,4 18,4 18,4 27,6 13,8 174,9
Total Investment (Κ€)
36.021 18.010 33.448 20.583 20.583 15.437 30.875 15.437 190.394
Annual Production (MWh)
83.650 38.627 77.629 45.867 43.569 32.100 71.485 36.873 429.800
Annual sales (Κ€)
6.704 3.096 6.221 3.676 3.492 2.572 5.729 2.955 34.444
NOTE: Annual sales are calculated at rates of 2009, 1 KWh = 0,08785.
33..66 AAssssoocciiaatt iioonn ooff tthhee pprroojjeecctt wwii tthh ootthheerr pprroojjeeccttss aanndd aacctt iivvii tt iieess
In this section projects of similar or different nature (existing or under construction) in the
installation site of the WFs are mentioned or related to the project under question as re-
gards the complementarity, the compatibility or not, and the cumulation. More specifically,
an association of the project under study with the following is being carried out for the full
and complete approach of the issues which are being dealt with in this section:
a) projects of different nature which exist or are going to be constructed in the installa-
tion area of the proposed WFs, and
b) projects of similar nature which exist or are going to be constructed and are situated
within a radius of 10 km (*circles of radius 10 km were designed from the positions of
the proposed installation fields (polygons) of the wind farms). It is clarified here that as
projects of similar nature are considered the wind farms (WFs) of other investors. It is
also mentioned that those which are in some stage of the licencing procedure (e.g.
application for Environmental Impact Pre-assessment, positive opinion, generation li-
cence, installation and operation licence).
More specifically:
As regards point (a) of the above paragraph mention is made that during the visit which
was carried out in the area of the project no other projects of different nature, existing or
planned to be constructed, were noted. No other projects of different nature were noted in
the installation locations of the proposed wind farms or near them.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 39
As regards point (b) of the above paragraph the following are mentioned:
- For the association of the project with projects of similar nature (WFs) initially a survey
was conducted concerning all WFs for which applications for EIP or positive opinions
have been submitted or which have been granted generation licences. Τhe respective
data was obtained from the official website of the Regulatory Authority For Energy
(RAE).
- Thereupon WFs which have been granted a generation licence or operation licence
were reviewed. Data was also obtained from the official website of the Regulatory Au-
thority For Energy (RAE).
- Finally, circles of radius 10 km were designed around the location of the proposed in-
stallation fields (polygons) of the wind turbines so that projects of similar nature exist-
ing within the abovementioned distance and being in some stage of the licencing pro-
cedure, as mentioned above, and acting possibly cumulatively with the project under
study (in positive or negative way) would be located.
Hence, in the framework of the above it is mentioned that the assessment of cumulative
impacts is conducted considering the WFs of the Group Damco Energy SA & Diethnis
Construction AΤΤΝE (8 WFs), the WFs of the Group ΤERΝA Energeiaki AΒEΤE (8 WFs)
and the WFs of the other investors (see table below).
Table 1: WFs taken into consideration at the assessment of cumulative impacts.
Company Status Capacity Municipality Location
ΖEFYROS LTD Generation Licence
1,2 ΜARΜARI & ΚARYSΤOS
ΜAVRAΝΤOΝI
ΖEFYROS LTD Generation Licence
1,8 ΜARΜARI ΜPOYRLARI PARADEISIOU
ENERGI E2 AIOLIΚA PARKA ΚARYSΤIAS SINGLE MEMBER LTD
Generation Licence
1,8 ΚARYSΤOS & ΜARΜARI
ΚARPASTONI- MOYLITHI KALIVION
ENERGI E2 AIOLIΚA PARKA ΚARYSΤIAS SINGLE MEMBER LTD
Generation Licence 4,2 ΜARΜARI PROFITIS ILIAS
ENERGI E2 AIOLIΚA PARKA ΚARYSΤIAS SINGLE MEMBER LTD
Generation Licence
3,6 ΜARΜARI ΚAMPIA PARADEISIOY
ENERGI E2 AIOLIKI SOCIETE ANONYME
Generation Licence
9 ΜARΜARI ΤOYRLA
ROΚAS AIOLIΚI AVEE Generation Licence
12,6 C. KAFIREFS AG. VASSILEIOS /MEGALI RACHI KOMI
ROΚAS AIOLIΚI AVEE Generation Licence
11,4 C. KAFIREFS& ΚARYSΤOS
TSOYKA KOMITOY OF KAFIREAS
AIOLIKA PARKA ΚYΚLADON ΜΠOYRLARI SA
Generation Licence
7,8 ΜARΜARI & ΚARYSΤOS
ΜPOYRLARI SPATA
ΜELΤEΜI ΚASTRI AΒEΤE
Generation Licence
5 ΚARYSΤOS ΚASTRI
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 40
Company Status Capacity Municipality Location
AIOLIKI PLAΤAΝISΤOY LTD
Generation Licence
36 ΚARYSΤOS ΚOYΚOYVAGIES - ΜARΚOYRI ISIOMA
WRE HELLAS SA Generation Licence
3,6 ΜARΜARI ΠΡOFITIS ILIAS-LOGOTHETI IN STOYPPAIOI
AIOLIKA ΚARYSΤIAS EVIAS GP
Generation Licence
15 C. KAFIREFS& ΚARYSΤOS
AIDONI
EΝERGEIAKI ΚAFIREOS EVIAS GP
Generation Licence
21 C. KAFIREFS ΤSOYKA/MANTRIAGARA
ENERGI E2 AIOLIΚA PARKA ΚARYSΤIAS SINGLE MEMBER LTD
Generation Licence
1,8 ΚARYSΤOS & ΜARΜARI
ΚARPASTONI-ΜOYLITHI OF KALYVIA
YORK RESEARCH HELLAS
Generation Licence
24,65 ΚARYSΤOS
PORTES/ KOKKINOCHOMA/ LOYMPARDA/ PLAKOTA
YORK CONSTRUCTIVE LTD
Generation Licence
24,42 ΚARYSΤOS STAVROS
ELLINIKI AIOLIKI ENERGEIAKI SA
Generation Licence
12 C. KAFIREFS PYRGOS
ELLINIKI AIOLIKI ENERGEIAKI SA
Generation Licence 6,8 ΜARΜARI KSEROPOYSI
ELLINIKI AIOLIKI ENERGEIAKI SA
Generation Licence
16,15 ΚARYSΤOS & ΜARΜARI
LYKOYRDI/ PLAKOTA
ELLINIKI AIOLIKI ENERGEIAKI SA
Generation Licence
16,15 ΚARYSΤOS& ΜARΜARI
LYKOYRDI/ PLAKOTA
AIOLIKI EVIAS - PYRGOS SA
Generation Licence
15,3 ΜARΜARI PYRGOS
AIOLIKI EVIAS- HELONA SA
Generation Licence
9,35 ΜARΜARI HELONA
AIOLIKI ΚARYSΤIAS EVIAS GP
Generation Licence
15 C. KAFIREFS MEGALI PETRA – LIOFANTIZA
AIOLIΚA ΜARΜARIOY EVIAS GP
Generation Licence
6,3 ΜARΜARI PYRGARI/ ΝΤARDIZA
AIOLIΚA ΜARΜARIOY EVIAS GP
Generation Licence
19,8 ΜARΜARI GALOSSI/RIKEZA
AIOLIΚI ΜARΜARIOY EVIAS GP
Generation Licence
19,8 ΜARΜARI ΚARAΜPILA-KYMI
EΝERGEIAKI ΚAFIREOS EVIAS GP
Generation Licence
27 C. KAFIREFS VIOS/ΚALAΜAΚI/ΜΠATHRIΖA/PRINIA
EΝERGEIAKI ΚAFIREOS EVIAS GP
Generation Licence
12 C. KAFIREFS ΝΤOYGZA-AΝΤIA
EΝERGEIAKI ΚAFIREOS EVIAS GP
Generation Licence 30 C. KAFIREFS ΜILIA
EΝERGEIAKI ΚAFIREOS EVIAS GP
Generation Licence
30 C. KAFIREFS ΤSOYΚA/SKOYRA
EΝERGEIAKI ΚAFIREOS EVIAS GP
Generation Licence
27 C. KAFIREFS ΜOYRIΖA/PETRA-MEGALI/VRANOYLI
ROΚAS AIOLIΚI AVEE Generation Licence
12,6 C. KAFIREFS ASPRI RACHI/ MISOCHORIA
AIOLIKA PARKA MILIAS SA
Generation Licence
18,4 C. KAFIREFS MILIA
AIOLIKA PARKA SPILIAS SA
Generation Licence
29,9 ΜARΜARI & ΚARYSΤOS
SPILIA
AIOLIKA PARKA ΚATHARAS SA
Generation Licence
32,2 ΜARΜARI & C. KAFIREFS
ΚATHARA
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 41
Company Status Capacity Municipality Location
AIOLIKA PARKA AΝAΤOLIS PRINIAS SA
Generation Licence
16,1 C. KAFIREFS AΝAΤOLI
AIOLIKA PARKA KERASIAS SA
Generation Licence 27,6
C. KAFIREFS& ΜARΜARI ΚRASIA
AIOLIKA PARKA PLATANOS SA
Generation Licence
13,8 ΜARΜARI PLATANOS
AIOLIKA PARKA PALIOPYRGOS SA
Generation Licence
18,4 ΚARYSΤOS & C. KAFIREFS
PALIOPYRGOS
AIOLIKA PARKA ΜYΤIΚA SA
Generation Licence
18,4 ΚARYSΤOS PLATANISTOS
PPC RENEWABLES SA
Generation Licence
5,1 ΜARΜARI & ΚARYSΤOS
ΜARΜARI
Thereupon follows a map with the WFs of the Group Damco Energy SA & Diethnis Con-
struction AΤΤΝE, as well of the other investors. Each of these wind farms is accompanied
by its licencing status.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 42
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 43
44 DDEETTAAIILLEEDD DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN OOFF TTHHEE RES PPRROOJJEECCTT ((MMAAIINN PPRROOJJEECCTT && AACCCCOOMMPPAANNYYIINNGG SSUUPPPPOORRTTIINNGG IINNFFRRAASSTTRRUUCCTTUURREE))
44..11 GGeenneerraall iinnffoorrmmaatt iioonn –– tteecchhnniiccaall ffeeaattuurreess ooff tthhee pprroojjeecctt
44..11..11 GGeenneerraall IInnffoorrmmaatt iioonn
The project under study regards eight (8) wind farms which will be installed in the greater
area of the Community of Kafireas and the Municipalities of Karystos and Marmari in
Southern Evia. Specifically:
(D1) “KATHARA” WF.
(D2) “ANATOLI” WF.
(D3) “SPILIA” WF.
(D4) “MILIA” WF.
(D5) “PLATANISTOS” WF.
(D6) “PALIOPYRGOS” WF.
(D7) ”KERASIA” WF.
(D8) “PLATANOS” WF.
The total number of wind turbines which are included in the wind farms under study are 76
and the total generated power is 174,8 MW. The type of wind turbine which is going to be
used in the Group’s wind farms is Enercon E-70/2,3MW.
A new road network (internal and access) with a total length of ~31,5 km has been de-
signed for access to the wind farm sites.
For the transmission of the generated electricity the following constructions have been
planned: an underground Medium Voltage Network at 20 kV or 33 kV, control cabins,
three step-up Substations at 20/150 kV (SS 1 “Amygdalea”, SS 2 “Antia”, SS 3
“Platanistos”), an overhead High Voltage Network at 150 kV (except for a segment of ap-
proximately 700 m on the southmost edge which will be underground), a submarine High
Voltage Network at 150 kV and an underground High Voltage Network at 150 kV from the
landing point in Rafina to the UVC Center in Pallini.
44..11..22 CCoooorrddiinnaatteess ooff tthhee pprrooppoosseedd wwiinndd ffaarrmmss
The coordinates (HGRS 87 and ΗAΤΤ) of the polygons vertices (fields) of the wind farms,
the positions of the wind turbines and the control cabins are presented in detail in Annex I
which accompanies this Environmental Impact Assessment
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 44
44..11..33 TTyyppee ooff WWiinndd ttuurrbbiinnee
a) ENERCON E-70/2,3MW.
For the wind farms (WFs) KATHARA, ANATOLI, SPILIA, MILIA, PLATANISTOS,
PALIOPYRGOS, KERASIA and PLATANOS the proposed type of wind turbine within the
scope of this assessment is ENERCON E-70.
The E-70 is a three-blade wind energy converter, with active pitch control, variable rota-
tional speed, of rated power 2.300 kW. The exploitation of the wind energy potential for
electricity generation is achieved through a rotor with diameter 71 m and hub height 64 m.
The rotor as well as the mechanical parts have been designed in accordance with the
specifications of Wing Class IA.
The main goal at developing and designing all wind energy converters of ENERCON is
the mitigation of loads. In view of this, all components have been developed and designed
accordingly. The result is a wind turbine which is characterized, amongst others, by low
stress loads.
The pitch control combined with the variable rotational speed (6-21 rpm) conduce to:
the maximization of the performance efficiency of the conversion,
the mitigation of fatigue even when operating with medium load,
the elimination of undesirable spikes.
Therefore increased energy production, long life and high quality of power which is fed to
the grid are achieved.
b) Operational and Technical Features of Wind Turbines
The main data about the operational and technical features of the wind turbines are listed
as follows:
Rated power 2.300 kW Wind Class IEC / IA Rated voltage 400 Volt Nominal frequency 50 Hz Power adjustment Variable speed – blade angles adjustment
Rotor diameter 71 m Number of blades 3 Speed of blade tips 22 - 80 m/s Cut-in wind speed 2,5 m/s approx. Cut-out wind speed 28 – 34 m/s approx. Hub height 64 m
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 45
c) Blades / Rotor
The wind turbines Enercon E-70 are equipped with three variable pitch blades. The blades
are attached to the hub with flush bolts.
Manufacturer Enercon Τype E-70 Blade length 32,8 m
Brake systems 3 independent pitch control systems with emergency power supply
Brake activation By electronic control through electromotors. Stoppage time at highest speed Approximately 1 complete rotation Blade material GRP (epoxy resin) integrated lightning protection Swept area 3.959 m2 Power control pitch
d) WT Hub
The blades are attached to the hub and this assembly forms the rotor which is connected
directly to the main axis of the WT, through a conical bearing which both parts have. It is
manufactured by Enercon and the construction material is steel.
e) Mechanic and Aerodynamic Brake
The braking of the WT E-70 is effected completely aerodynamically with adjustment of the
rotors blades pitch (pitching). Three independent pitch control systems act within seconds
and bring the blades into a vertical position. The rotor continues to rotate, however at a
very slow rate. This way the axis and the rotor suffer much smaller stress than if it
stopped. The rotor is immobilized only for its maintenance or in case of emergency. In this
case a mechanical brake system acts after the aerodynamic brake has been activated
and the rotation rate has significantly reduced.
f) Generator
This specific WT disposes of a double row tapered / two speed electric generator for the
best possible exploitation and maximization of the wind energy.
Τype Modern gearless annular generator (direct link with hub)
Exit power kW 0 - 2.000
Rotation speed variable
Connection frequency 50Hz
Voltage (V) 400
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 46
g) Rotation system
The shell is based on the tower with an external, slewing bearing. Six gears are fixed to
this ring and allow the shell to adjust to the direction of the wind. Additionally this ring
transfers the weight of the shell and of the rotor to the tower.
h) Pillar
The pillar is made of steel, it is divided in three parts and it has a conical form. Inside the
pillar is a vertical ladder with safety belt which allows access to all levels which are in-
stalled in its inside for safety reasons. The panel which contains all control systems is
placed on the base of the pillar and inside it.
Access to the inner part is prevented by a door which can be locked.
Pillar height 62,85 m Hub height 64 m Weight 153 t Top diameter 2,00 m Base diameter 4,20 m Paint material 3-layer polyester resin
i) Central Panelboard
All electric functions of the wind turbine are controlled by the equipments which are inside
the central electric panel and which also contains all switch and safety mechanisms.
j) Control Systems
All functions of the WT are controlled by a microprocessor. The central computer stores
various data during the operation of the WT which can be assessed from the base of the
WT where it is installed. Moreover there is the possibility of remote monitoring and remote
control as well of storage of all operational data in the central computer of the WT.
The manufacturing company of the power control systems is Enercon.
k) Description of Control System and Remote Monitoring of Wind Turbines
The control system provides remote control of the wind turbines & data collection regard-
ing the generation of each wind turbine. Every wind turbine is equipped with a micropro-
cessor which provides communication between the wind turbines & the Control System.
The data base which is created contains the efficiency, the operation & the record of each
wind turbine.
The equipment of the system is the following:
Central Computer: Intel Pentium, AT compatible PC, Industry Standard.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 47
Cable for 4 telephone lines between each wind turbine in parallel order.
Modem: Hayes compatible, max. 14,400 band .
Printer.
Pager.
On - line UPS (feeding from the network without disruptions) in the wind farm.
l) Aviation lights of WT
On the basis of studies specific WTs have been selected to be equipped with suitable avi-
ation lights on their top, in accordance with the recommendations of opinions issued about
the wind farms under study by the Civil Aviation Authority. This serves the tracking of WTs
during the night and the protection of all flights which may be conducted in the area above
the WF site.
44..11..44 TTeecchhnniiccaall DDeessccrr iipptt iioonn ooff MMaajjoorr IInnff rraasstt rruuccttuurree PPrroojjeeccttss
The construction of the abovementioned wind farms requires the construction of major
infrastructure projects as follows:
a) Squares
The installation of wind turbines requires the configuration of the surrounding space
around the installation position of each wind turbine. Hence for each WT an even plateau
with surface 2.000 to 2.500 m2 (40 x 50 m to 50 x 50 m) is formed. This plateau must be
relatively flat with small permissible pitches.
Experience from numerous similar projects shows that this area is adequate for carrying
out the construction works (assembly and up-lifting of WT), the manoeuvres of the ma-
chinery and the transportation means of the equipment. The terrain will also be used for
the storage of the equipment before its erection and installation in the final position.
Τhe crane truck which will carry through the erection has to park so that its oblong axis is
aligned with the erection point of the WT. This even field must have small pitches (maxi-
mum permissible pitch 2%).
The center of the WT foundation is on the edge of the plateau. The levelling of the erec-
tion surface is mainly conducted through clearing of the land so that the ground is solid in
the wider area where the equipment will be placed, the transportation vehicles will move
and the crane machinery will operate. The estimated average depth of excavations on the
fields will not exceed 1,0 m.
Based on the beforementioned features and dimensions, it is estimated that the interven-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 48
tion area will be approximately 2,5 acres for each wind turbine and the average volume of
the excavated material will be 2,500 m3 per WT. Τhe excavation material will be reused
almost totally in the form of earth fills for the arrangement of the necessary plateau.
The surface of the field will be laid with suitable material (3A or properly graded excava-
tion material), which will be compacted.
b) Foundation of Wind Turbines
The excavations for the foundations will be conducted having as center the installation
points of the WTs. The volume of the foundations will be approximately 350 m3. Τhe foun-
dations will be cylindrical in accordance with the geometry of the design below.
The diameter of the basis is approximately 15 m. The diameter of the neck is approxi-
mately 7,0 m and the foundation depth is 2,50 m. The final dimensions will be exactly de-
fined based on the foundation study.
All works will be executed with the help of mechanical means. The excavations for the
foundations will be executed in accordance with the respective specifications of the Minis-
try of Environment, Energy and Climate Change and compliance with all safety regula-
tions which are provided for by the relevant legislation.
The construction of the foundation of the WTs, includes concisely the following works:
Excavation of base.
Installation or earthing foundation.
Blinding concrete C12/15.
Construction of metal formwork.
Pad reinforcement installation and installation / alignment of the anchoring grid of
the wind turbine.
Installation of pipes for the M.V. cable run.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 49
Pad concreting with concrete type C25/30.
Paint of upper surface of foundation.
Earth filling.
The necessary excavation for the foundation amounts to approximately 400 m3 per wind
turbine. The excavation is cylindrical of diameter 1 m bigger than the diameter of the
foundation basis. The excavation will be carried out with machinery. Τhe excavation mate-
rial is used partially for the earth fill of the foundation and partially for the arrangement of
the square.
The exact geometry of the foundation as well as the necessary reinforcement derive from
a study of static and dynamic loadings, and depend from the features of the WT tower, of
the wind activity in the area, the geological/geotechnical features of the soil and the seis-
mic activity of the installation area.
Special emphasis will be put to the restoration of the space into its initial natural state, so
that the visional disturbance caused by the excavations and the earth fillings will be miti-
gated. The full restoration of the space constitutes an essential objective so that the sole
perceivable intervention in nature is limited to a distance of ~10 m around the diameter of
the pillars anchorage and the internal road network the pavement of which will be execut-
ed with sorted excavation material minimizing thus the disturbance of the area.
c) Erection of wind turbines
The main erectable parts of a WT are:
Steel conical pillar consisting usually of 2-3 individual pieces.
Nacelle.
Rotor, which consists of the hub at which the three (3) blades area attached.
The transportation of the WT and of the accessory equipment (e.g. panelboards, connec-
tion and assembly material etc) will be done with suitable vehicles (platforms) as follows:
Bottom part of pillar.
Middle part of pillar.
Upper part of pillar.
Blades.
Nacelle, hub and boxes with accessory equipment.
All necessary preparations (arrangement of space, foundation construction, earthworks)
as well as the necessary preparation of the auxiliary material will have been carried out
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 50
previously in the installation site so that the erection can follow immediately after the
gradual arrival of the equipment to the site. The erection procedure consists of the
following phases:
Placement of the shell near the foundation.
Erection of the first part (base) of the pillar.
Preparation and erection of the second and then the third part of each pillar.
Lifting – connection of the nacelle.
Lifting – installation of the hub at the nacelle.
Lifting and connection of each blade with the hub. The two (2) types of lifting ma-
chinery which will be necessary for the proper and safe lifting of the equipment will
have lifting capacity of 800 t and 100 t respectively. The main lifting machinery with
lifting capacity 800 t can lift successfully all basic parts of the wind turbine, while
the secondary machinery with lifting capacity 100 t will perform all necessary auxil-
iary works.
Based on the general experience regarding equipage of similar size, the total erection
time, under normal weather conditions, should not exceed totally 3 days per wind turbine.
The assembly will be executed by a crew specialized in erections, consisting of four (4)
experienced technicians and two (2) assistants, excluding the operators of the lifting ma-
chinery.
d) Excavations for Low and Medium voltage cableline channels and weak current wires
within the wind farm.
For the electrical interconnection of the WT an underground network is constructed within
the WF through which the Medium Voltage cables (M.V.), the Low Voltage cables (L.V.)
(for the feeding of aviation lights etc), the telecommunication cables (optical fibres) and
the earthing network will pass.
The routing of the channels will take place, mainly, along the internal road network and so
that it does not cross the rain water pipelines. The cable channels follow usually the road
network; however in case the road makes a big detour, they follow the shortest route be-
tween the WTs. The channels are usually 1,0 m wide and 0,8 m. deep. The dimensions of
the channels and the order of the cables therein conform to the electrical regulations and
the technical specifications of PPC. The refilling of these channels will be executed as fol-
lows: Low resistivity soil will be spread on the base with a height of approximately 20 cm.
In the middle of this zone, a layer of sand will be spread to a height of approximately 30
cm in the middle of which the M.V. cables will be installed. The L.V. cables and the optical
fibres will be installed at a higher point.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 51
In specific cases the placement of a special marker tape above the cables might be nec-
essary in order to avoid their destruction during a future excavation. Wherever the cable
channel route passes below roads of passage of heavy vehicles, additional provisions will
be taken for the enforcement of their mechanical resistance with the use of steel pipes or
plastic pipes made of heavy duty PVC. Furthermore, special attention will be paid to the
bendings of the cables during the route so that they comply with the specifications of the
manufacturer. The channels will be covered with suitable crushed material, possibly from
excavation products and they will not leave a visible trace, since they are expected to be
soon covered by the herbaceous vegetation of the area. The remaining excavation prod-
ucts can be used for the construction of the internal road network.
e) Control cabin (CC)
As aforementioned, a ground floor Control Cabin (CC) with a surface of approximately 72
m2 is going to be constructed in the installation field of the WF. Therefrom the control and
protection of the WF provisions will be conducted.
The CC will host the installation of the central electrical equipment for the connection of
the WF with the PPC network and the system of remote monitoring, control and safety.
Moreover it will have the necessary spaces for small repairs and storage of necessary
tools, consumables, spare parts etc as well as changing rooms and WC for the hygiene of
the staff which will attend periodically to the maintenance of the WF.
The building is properly designed in order to observe the regulations and the operational
requirements of the WF, while its external design follows the architecture of the buildings
in the wider area.
44..11..55 RRooaadd ccoonnsstt rruucctt iioonn wwoorrkkss
44..11..55..11 IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
This study deals with the construction of a road network (internal and access), with a to-
tal length of 31,5 km, of the wind farms of the Group Damco Energy SA & Diethnis Con-
struction AΤΤΝE. The choice of alignments was based on the one hand on the existing
local, rural and forest road network for the definition of the entrances into the installation
polygon of the wind farm and on the other hand on the soil morphology, so that the road
follows the terrain with composite profile, as is shown in the attached typical profile, so
that heavy impacts in the ground are avoided. Finally the main alignments were planned
to be straight and parallel to the polygonal line that connects the wind turbines (WT) and
to pass as close as possible for the benefit of routes shortening and of the lineation of
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 52
the pipes of transmission of the generated electric power to the Control Cabin (CC).
Overhead photos were used to support the study as regards the choice of alignments, so
that there a passage through forested regions will be avoided, as well as digitalized dia-
grams scale 1:5000 of MGS for the measurements of long sections and cross sections
and then earth mass volumes.
The roads have been studied with a study speed of 20 km/h and in parallel they comply
with the terms of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food for the construction of forest
roads Category C; at the same time the specifications – technical requirements concern-
ing the safe circulation of the special vehicles for the transportation of the wind turbines
components and the pillars to their installation area, were taken into consideration during
the design.
The following geometrical features were selected and implemented in the whole network:
Width of road 5,00 m.
Maximum long fall 12%.
Minimum radius of curvature 25 m.
Minimum radius of curvature with manoeuvre 15 m and respective road widening.
Embankment slopes will be covered with topsoil coming from the clearing of the ground
before the excavations.
The opening of a draining ditch into the natural receivers as well as the construction of the
necessary sewers in their places is planned for the protection of roads from the rain water.
In the plan is also the levelling of the ground after the excavation with a gravel layer 0,20
m thick all along the road.
The construction of the road network requires approximately in total 230.000 m3 excava-
tions of rocky and semi-rocky surfaces which will be all disposed for the construction of
equivalent backfillings.
With the selection of the proper combinations of horizontal and vertical alignments an ab-
solute balance of earth mass was achieved at study so that in each wind farm all roads
(main and branches) are autonomous as regards earth mass.
As is also shown in the produced mass haul diagrams the minimization of earthmoving
was aimed and achieved so that the roads are constructed, in their biggest part, with
composite profile and transportation of excavation material for the construction of em-
bankments is almost nullified. An exception to the above are areas with very steep pitch-
es, where the road is constructed with section in full trench for obvious reasons of stability;
again the minimization of transfers was sought.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 53
In case of failure of the earth mass balance during the construction because of the soil
condition, any remaining excavation material will either, if it is suitable, be crushed for the
production of gravel to meet the needs of road structure works, or deposited in the site of
the wind turbines or other suitable places at the discretion of the supervising engineer.
The required, based on premeasurements, total quantity of approximately 32.000 m3
rocky material suitable to be crushed for the needs of road structure (layers of sub-base
and base), will be saved from remaining suitable excavation material either from the roads
or the squares for assembly of the wind turbines.
44..11..55..22 DDeessccrriippttiioonn ooff aacccceessss ttoo eeaacchh wwiinndd ffaarrmm
"" PPLLAATTAANNIISSTTOOSS"" WWIINNDD FFAARRMM
The connection of the wind farm with the local road Karystos-Platanistos is achieved with
the existing farm road which commences approximately 1 km before the settlement and
heads to the wind farm with an average gradient of 10%.
After 2,8 km it offers the possibility of access to WT 6 through the construction of a new
275 m long road.
Next, passing by WT 5 and after a route of 1,3 km, we meet a branch of the farm road,
which after 200 m reaches WT 2 and gives possibility of access to WT 3 and WT 4
through the construction of a new road 340 m long.
A new road 300 m long is constructed leading from WT 2 to the CC and WT 1.
Also, a new road 1 km long to WT 8 and a branch 350 m long to WT 7.
It derives from the above that the access to the wind farm requires the maintenance of the
existing 4,3 km long farm road network and the construction of new roads totally 2,25 km
long with excavations amounting approximately to 9. 600 m3.
"" PPAALLIIOOPPYYRRGGOOSS"" WWIINNDD FFAARRMM
The connection of the wind farm with the farm road Karystos-Platanistos is achieved with
the existing farm road which commences approximately 3,5 km after the settlement and
heads to the wind farm with an average gradient of 11%.
After 1,3 km passing by WT 1, it offers the possibility of access to WT 2, WT 5 and WT 6,
through the construction of new road 2,4 km long and to WT 3 and WT 4 through the con-
struction of new 700 m long road.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 54
It derives from the above that the access to the wind farm requires the maintenance of the
existing 1,3 km long farm road network and the construction of new roads totally 3,1 km
long with excavations amounting approximately to 17.500 m3.
"" MMIILLIIAA"" WWIINNDD FFAARRMM
The connection of the wind farm with the local road Karystos-Prinias is achieved with the
existing main farm road which commences at the level of settlement Antia and reaches
the southern area of the wind farm after a 6,5 km long route with maximum gradient of
12% in its first part.
New roads are required only for access to WT 4 through the construction of a new 70 m
long road, a 430 m new main road to WT 7 and WT 8 and a 160 m long branch to WT 6.
It derives from the above that the access to the wind farm requires the maintenance of the
existing approximately 10 km long farm road and the construction of totally 655 m long
new roads with excavations amounting approximately to 1.500 m3.
""ΚΚEERRAASSIIAA"" WWIINNDD FFAARRMM
The connection of the wind farm with the local road Karystos-Prinias is achieved also with
the existing main farm road which commences approximately 1,3 km after the settlement
Komito and reaches the area close to the wind farm after a 5,5 km long route with gradi-
ents up to 10%.
At this point starts the construction of a new 3.845 m long main road to WT 1 and WT 8
which passes consecutively by WT 12, WT 11, WT 10, WT 9, the CC and then by WT 8,
WT 7, WT 4, WT 3 and WT 2.
For access to WT 2, WT 5 and WT 6, the construction of branches 100, 321 and 165 m
long respectively is required.
From the above derives that the access to the wind farm requires the maintenance of the
existing approximately 5,5 km long farm road network and the construction of 4.435 m
long new roads with excavations amounting approximately to 30.000 m3.
"" SSPPIILLIIAA"" WWIINNDD FFAARRMM
The connection of the wind farm with the local road Karystos-Lepoyros is achieved with
the existing main road which commences approximately 3 km after Karystos and after an
approximately 12 km long route with mild gradients reaches the area close to the wind
farm. At this point starts the farm road which after approximately 3 km reaches the south-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 55
ern part of the wind farm and is the departure point of the main roads to the wind farm
“SPILIA” and the wind farm “PLATANOS”.
From that point starts the construction of a 2.873 m long new main road to WT 1 which
passes consecutively by WT 9, the CC and then by WT 5, WT 4, WT 3 and WT 2.
Access to WT 5, WT 6 and WT 8, requires the construction of 83, 143 and 114 m long
branches respectively.
Access to WT 11, WT 12 and WT 13 is achieved through the main road of the wind farm
“PLATANOS” with the construction of 193, 155 and 539 m long branches, respectively.
From the above derives that the access to the wind farm requires the maintenance of the
existing approximately 3 km long farm road network and the construction of totally 4.273
m new roads with excavations amounting approximately to 25.300 m3.
"" PPLLAATTAANNOOSS"" WWIINNDD FFAARRMM
As aforementioned, from the departure point of the main road to the wind farm "SPILIA"
starts also the construction of a new main road to the wind farm “PLATANOS” totally
2.905 m long which reaches WT 1.
Access to WT 2, the CC and WT 3, WT 4, WT 5, WT 6, requires the construction of 44,
135, 80, 77, 249 and 471 m long branches respectively.
From the above derives that the access to the wind farm requires the construction of new
roads totally 3.961 m long with excavations amounting approximately to 31.600 m3.
““ AAΝΝAAΤΤOOLLII"" WWIINNDD FFAARRMM
The connection of the wind farm with the local road Karystos-Prinia is achieved with the
existing also main farm road which commences approximately 2,3 km after the settlement
Zacharia and heads to the southern part of the wind farms "AΝAΤOLI" and "ΚATHARA"
with gradients up to 10%.
Thus the construction of new main roads starts consecutively to:
- WT 7 675 m long.
- WT 6 755 m long with a 255 m long branch to WT 5.
- WT 2 1.566 m long passing by WT 3, with a 540 m long branch to WT 4 and a
288 m long branch to the CC.
For access to WT 1 the internal road network of the wind farm “KATHARA” is used.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 56
From the above derives that the access to the wind farm requires the maintenance of the
existing farm road network approximately 2,5 km long in total and the construction of new
roads totally 4.074 m long with excavations amounting approximately to 42.600 m3.
""ΚΚAATTHHAARRAA"" WWIINNDD FFAARRMM
At the end of the farm road which used to access the wind farm "AΝAΤOLI" starts the
construction of two new main roads to:
- WT 14 3.189 m long passing by WT 10, with a 891 m long branch to WT 9 and a
453 m long branch to WT 12 and WT 13.
- WT 1 1.414 m long passing by WT 4, WT 3 and WT 2, with a 2.340 m long branch
to the CC, WT 7, WT 8 (and WT 1 of the wind farm "AΝAΤOLI") and a 526 m long
branch to WT 6 and WT 5.
From the above it derives that the access to the wind farm requires the maintenance of
the existing farm road network approximately 3,5 km long and the construction of new
roads totally 8.813 m long with excavations amounting approximately to 71.100 m3.
44..11..55..33 AAsssseessssmmeenntt ooff mmaassss hhaauull bbaallaannccee
A summary table of earth mass referring to the road construction works which will be exe-
cuted to serve the wind farms of the Group Damco Energy SA & Diethnis Construction
AΤΤΝE is presented below.
CUTTINGS EMBANKMENTS SUB-BASE BASE LENGTH
m3 m3 m2 m2 m PLATANISTOS_13_001 MAIN TO WT 8
4.633,85 4.634,32 5.276,71 4.974,08 994,82
PLATANISTOS_13_002 BRANCH 1 TO WT 7 1.906,02 1.907,20 1.765,03 1.663,90 346,29
PLATANISTOS_13_003 TO WT 6
571,84 572,06 1.459,65 1.375,27 275,05
PLATANISTOS_13_004 TO OE- WT1
2.209,60 2.209,58 1.575,93 1.482,40 296,48
PLATANISTOS_13_006 TO WT 3- WT4
261,30 261,36 1.816,01 1.867,41 337,48
TOTAL 9.582,61 9.584,52 11.893,33 11.363,06 2.250,12
PALIOPYRGOS_2_002 MAIN TO WT5- WT6
13.385,19 13.385,97 12.648,85 11.924,65 2.384,93
PALIOPYRGOS_6_002 BRANCH TO WT4- WT3-CC
4.169,89 4.169,97 3.626,52 3.416,13 706,91
TOTAL 17.555,08 17.555,94 16.275,37 15.340,78 3.091,84
KERASIA _01_001 MAIN TO WT1
25.435,05 25.435,17 20.399,72 19.224,05 3.844,80
KERASIA _02_001 BRANCH 1 TO WT2
901,92 901,75 489,09 462,47 104,15
KERASIA _02_001 BRANCH 2 TO WT5
2.772,01 2.771,95 1.626,61 1.532,05 321,07
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 57
CUTTINGS EMBANKMENTS SUB-BASE BASE LENGTH
KERASIA _06_001 BRANCH 3 TO WT6
1.004,96 1.004,72 807,44 762,84 165,25
TOTAL 30.113,94 30.113,59 23.322,86 21.981,41 4.435,27
SPILIA 14_001 MAIN TO WT1
15.885,87 15.885,75 15.258,84 14.366,10 2.873,22
SPILIA 14_002 BRANCH 1 TO WT5
542,99 543,50 384,31 365,58 83,20
SPILIA 14_003 BRANCH 5 TO WT11
906,06 906,75 943,17 895,70 193,30
SPILIA 14_004 BRANCH 4 TO WT10
517,75 517,98 916,14 863,46 172,69
SPILIA 14_005 BRANCH 7 TO WT13
5.240,28 5.239,03 2.796,02 2.635,95 539,22
SPILIA 14_006 BRANCH 6 TO WT12
1.622,63 1.621,45 772,89 730,02 155,15
SPILIA 14_008 BRANCH 2 TO WT6
203,26 203,66 687,12 648,59 142,67
SPILIA 14_009 BRANCH 3 TO WT8
404,62 402,49 603,86 568,61 113,72
TOTAL 25.323,46 25.320,61 22.362,35 21.074,01 4.273,17
PLATANOS 11_001 MAIN TO WT1
21.989,80 21.990,67 15.409,17 14.523,75 2.904,74
PLATANOS 11_000 BRANCH 1 TO CC
190,89 190,13 179,54 170,30 44,03
PLATANOS 11_002 BRANCH 2 TO WT2
944,72 945,21 663,20 563,24 134,80
PLATANOS 11_003 BRANCH 3 TO WT3
247,17 248,13 361,91 345,12 80,01
PLATANOS 11_004 BRANCH 4 TO WT4
580,08 579,18 337,78 309,27 77,29
PLATANOS 11_005 BRANCH 5 TO WT5
2.477,06 2.477,02 1.227,08 1.160,64 249,16
PLATANOS 11_006 BRANCH 6 TO WT6
5.174,26 5.175,55 2.434,91 2.296,55 471,05
TOTAL 31.603,98 31.605,89 20.613,59 19.368,87 3.961,08
ΚATHARA_01_001 MAIN 1 TO WT4- WT3- WT2- WT1
9.989,38 9.989,58 7.488,17 7.068,22 1.413,64
ΚATHARA_07_001 BRANCH 1 TO CC- WT7- WT8 & WT1*
15.401,25 15.401,27 12.336,72 11.632,36 2.340,17
ΚATHARA_05_002 BRANCH 2 TO WT6- WT5
3.894,71 3.895,59 2.748,39 2.595,98 526,10
ΚATHARA_2_01_001 MAIN 2 TO WT10- WT14
31.412,71 31.417,73 16.897,29 15.944,10 3.188,82
ΚATHARA_2_02_001 BRANCH 4 TO WT12- WT13
2.916,89 2.916,87 2.322,18 2.195,88 453,43
ΚATHARA_2_03_001 BRANCH 3 TO WT9
7.470,16 7.469,35 4.680,07 4.410,60 890,79
TOTAL 71.085,10 71.090,39 46.472,82 43.847,14 8.812,95
ΜILIA _03_001 MAIN 1 TO WT7- WT8
1.187,20 1.187,61 2.270,04 2.142,40 428,48
ΜILIA_05_001 TO WT4 44,61 45,01 354,57 334,16 66,83
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 58
CUTTINGS EMBANKMENTS SUB-BASE BASE LENGTH
ΜILIA_04_001 BRANCH 1 TO WT6
240,10 240,72 766,74 740,33 160,20
TOTAL 1.471,91 1.473,34 3.391,35 3.216,89 655,51
AΝAΤOLI_03_001 MAIN 1 TO WT2
17.386,97 17.386,20 8.601,04 8.121,91 1.565,85
AΝAΤOLI_02_001 BRANCH 1 TO CC
2.672,16 2.671,03 1.454,96 1.371,91 287,62
AΝAΤOLI_04_001 BRANCH 2 TO WT4
6.303,41 6.304,98 2.798,73 2.645,20 540,28
AΝAΤOLI_05_001 BRANCH 3 TO WT5
2.311,05 2.311,31 1.290,77 1.215,50 255,01
AΝAΤOLI_06_001 MAIN 2 TO WT6
8.521,72 8.522,13 4.113,79 3.877,06 755,41
AΝAΤOLI_07_001 MAIN 3 TO WT7
5.411,87 5.412,37 3.555,93 3.350,40 670,11
TOTAL 42.607,18 42.608,02 21.815,22 20.581,98 4.074,28
TOTAL SUM 229.343,26 229.352,30 166.146,89 156.774,14 31.554,22
Analytical tables of quantities are presented in the issues referring to road construction
studies which are attached to and accompany this Environmental Impact assessment
Study
44..11..66 CCoonnnneecctt iioonn wwii tthh eelleecctt rr iiccii ttyy ssyysstteemm
44..11..66..11 OOffffeerr ffoorr CCoonnnneeccttiioonn ttoo tthhee SSyysstteemm ((HHTTSSOO))
The connection terms of the sixteen (16) wind farms of the Groups Damco Energy SA &
Diethnis Construction AΤΤΝE and ΤERΝA Energeiaki AΒEΤE, of total capacity 325 MW,
were set forth with document no. 8920/29.12.2009 issued by HTSO SA (Subject: “Offer for
Connection with the System of sixteen (16) wind farms (WFs) with total capacity 325 MW
of the companies of the Group DAMCO ENERGY SA & DIETHNIS CONSTRUCTION
AΤΤΝE and of the company ΤERΝA EΝERGEIAKI AΒEΤE in the municipality of Evia”).
A copy of the above document is attached to the chapter “Supporting documentation –
Approvals” of this Environmental Impact Assessment.
The following sections present concisely the data about the following: Medium
Voltage Network 20 kV or 33 kV (underground) , Step-up Substations 20/150 kV ,
High Voltage Network 150 kV (Overhead – Underground) , High Voltage Network 150
kV (Submarine) (Karystos – Rafina) , High Voltage Network 150 kV (Underground)
(Rafina – UVC of Pallini) . In spite of the fact that a detailed description of the con-
nection way with the electricity system as well as its impacts and countermeasures
are presented in ISSUE B – INTERCONNECTION NETWORK KARYSTOS-RAFINA, it
was deemed useful to present concise data in the following four sections for rea-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 59
sons of completeness and continuity of this Environmental Impact Assessment.
44..11..66..22 MMeeddiiuumm VVoollttaaggee NNeettwwoorrkk 2200 kkVV oorr 3333 kkVV
The WTs of the wind farms of the Group Damco Energy SA and Diethnis Construction
AΤΤΝE will be manufactured by Enercon, type E-70/2,3MW, and will be generating elec-
tric power with 3-phase generators at 400 V and frequency of 50 Hz. Each wind turbine is
equipped with a local step-up transformer of 0,40/20 kV, 2500 kVA. Τhe cables will be led
to the Control Cabin of each Wind Farm, to the Medium Voltage Main Switchboard. Each
wind turbine is equipped with a step-up transformer of 1/20 kV, 3140 kVA, while on the
base of the pillar is installed a board for the protection of the step-up transformer against
errors of the Medium Voltage Network (MVN).
The WT of each station will we interconnected through an underground cable which will, in
its greater part, follow the alignment of the internal road network and which will end up in
the Control Cabin of the Wind Farm, in the Medium Voltage Main Switchboard.
The Medium Voltage Main Switchboard in the control cabin consists of entrance fields
(one for each branch), a measurements and protections field, a field which feeds the local
transformer 20/0,4 kV and one or more exit fields to the underground Medium Voltage
network which will connect the wind farm with the SS 20/150 kV. The accessory voltage of
the SS is assured with a transformer of 20/0,4 kV, 50 kVA from the yoke of 20 kV.
A network of earthings will provide protection to the wind farm. Every WT will be equipped
with foundation earthing through a strip of galvanized steel with appropriate supportings
and connection components, which will form a loop around the pad of the WT. The earth-
ing foundation will be enforced with its connection with the pad reinforcement of the WT
and with 4 earthing conductors type E.
The control building of the WF is also protected through foundation earthing. Additionally a
pipe Cu will be installed below the surface of each foundation as well as in the channel
bearing the underground MV cable. All of the abovementioned grounding systems will be
interconnected and connected also with the grounding grid in each local SS and the con-
trol building of the WF. The dimensions of the ground conductors and the grounding in
general will be such as to achieve a satisfactory ground resistance value.
Besides the cables and the ground conductor an optical fibre cable will be installed in the
channel of underground cables for the control of the WT which will be performed in a spe-
cial area of the Control Building of the Wind farm, which is the only building on the wind
farm.
The routes (channels) of the underground cables for the interconnection of each WT will
follow the alignment of the internal road network of the Wind Farm, and afterwards all
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 60
along the existing or the new road network up to SS 20/150 kV.
44..11..66..33 SStteepp--uupp SSuubbssttaattiioonnss 2200//115500 kkVV
Three (3) step-up substations 20/150kV will be constructed in the positions which are de-
picted in the topographical diagram as follows:
SSuubbssttaattiioonn 11 ““AAmmyyggddaalleeaa””
In the Substation 1 “Amygdalea” will be connected the wind power stations D1, D2, total
capacity 48,3 MW, through the underground medium voltage cables.
It will consist of two transformers at 40/50 MVA class 150/20 kV, connection Dyn1, with a
grounding potential either through resistance grounding system or directly and it will be
equipped with high voltage and medium voltage transformers. Every transformer will be
equipped with a power switch and a power-driven disconnector.
The HV busbars 150 kV will be single, common for both transformers. The 150 kV feeder
bay will consist of a power-driven disconnector, a power switch, a voltage and current
transformer for protection and measurements, disconnector and conductor.
The MV busbars 20 kV of each transformer are independent. However their connection
will be feasible through a power switch. Three, underground MV cables coming from four
wind farms are connected to each MV busbar through a power switch. Each gate is
equipped with a slide switch, a conductor and current transformers for protection. The re-
quired surface for the installation of this substation will be 8 acres.
SSuubbssttaattiioonn 22 ““AAnnttiiaass””
In the Substation 2 “Antias” will be connected the wind power station D7, total capacity
27,6 MW, through the underground medium voltage cables.
It will consist of four transformers, one at 20/25 MVA and three at 40/50 MVA, voltage
150/20 kV, connection Dyn1, with grounding potential either through resistance grounding
system or directly and they will be equipped with high voltage and medium voltage trans-
formers. Each transformer will be equipped with a power switch and two motor-driven
disconnectors.
The HV busbars 150 kV will be double with a busbar coupling switch. There are three line
gates 150 kV. Each gate will consist of two motor-driven disconnectors, a power switch,
voltage and current transformer for protection and measurements, disconnector and con-
ductor.
The MV busbars 20 kV of each transformer are independent. Their connection will be fea-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 61
sible through a power switch. The MV underground lines coming from five wind power sta-
tions will be connected to the MV busbars. The gate will be equipped with a slide switch, a
conductor and a voltage and current transformer for protection.
The required surface for the installation of this substation will be 16 acres.
Substation 3 ““PPllaattaanniissttooss””
In the substation “Platanistos” will be connected the wind power stations D3, D4, D5, D6,
D8, total capacity 98,9 MW.
It will consist of four transformers, one at 20/25 MVA and three at 40/50 MVA, voltage
150/20 kV, connection Dyn1, with grounding potential either through resistance grounding
system or directly and they will be equipped with high voltage and medium voltage trans-
formers. Each transformer will be equipped with a power switch and two motor-driven
disconnectors.
The HV busbars 150 kV will be double, with a busbar coupling switch. There will be 4 line
gates 150 kV. Each gate will consist of two motor-driven disconnectors, a power switch, a
voltage and current disconnector for protection and measurements, a disconnector and a
conductor.
The MV busbars 20 kV of each transformer will be independent. Their connection will be
feasible through a power switch. The underground MV lines coming from seven wind
power stations will be connected with MV busbars through power switches. Each gate will
be equipped with a slide switch, a conductor and a current transformer for protection.
The required surface for the installation of this substation will be 19 acres.
44..11..66..44 HHiigghh VVoollttaaggee NNeettwwoorrkk 115500 kkVV ((OOvveerrhheeaadd -- UUnnddeerrggrroouunndd))
For the interconnection of the wind power stations with the Electric Power System the
construction of a new transmission line 150 kV is being planned. Herein is addressed the
overhead line which travels to the island of Evia. The line, approximately 22,658 km long,
commences from the first substation, “Amygdalea”, close to the homonymous municipal
region and ends up at the position Mpouros on the southmost edge of the island, and has
a north-south direction. The line will be overhead, except for a segment of approximately
700 m in its southmost edge, which will be underground.
√√ 11sstt NNEETTWWOORRKK SSUUBBSSEECCTTIIOONN –– TT..LL.. 115500 kkVV FFRROOMM SSSS 11 ““AAMMYYGGDDAALLEEAA”” UUPP TTOO SSSS 22
““AAΝΝΤΤIIAA””
The first subsection of the line is of a simple circuit with 24 optical fibres (18 single-mode
optical fibres G652 / 6 single-mode optical fibresG655). Subsequently this section has on-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 62
ly one 3-phase circuit with overhead conductors for the transmission of electrical power.
The length of the line is 10 km with approximately 30 pillars. The line has the potential of
transmission of natural power 56 MW, thermal limit 138 MVA and in summer 117 MVA.
The line being a technical work comprises three essential elements:
- Τhe electric phase conductors, i.e. the overhead cables which are intended to transmit
electric power. The electric conductors are horizontally arranged and form a 3-phase
circuit. Each electric conductor is a naked, multi-core cable with twisted aluminum
wires on the outer layers and steel galvanized in the center (type ACSR = Aluminum
Cables Steel Reinforced), with outer diameter 25,883 mm and profile 322,26 mm2
(GROSBEAK).
- Τhe conductors of electrical protection which are intended to protect the line against
lightning. There are two conductors, arranged horizontally and symmetrically on both
sides of the line axis. The conductor of electrical protection is a naked, multi-core ca-
ble with twisted aluminum galvanized wires (galvanized wire rope) which bears inside
a conductor of 24 optical fibres (18 fibres G652/6 fibres G655) which will result in a
terminal equipment.
- Τhe agents on which are bound or attached through insulators the electric phase con-
ductors and the conductors of electrical protection. They are the well-known, steel,
galvanized lattice towers of high voltage line transmissions.
All types of towers are founded in the ground with four legs and have each a separate
concrete foundation. Several foundation types have been standardized (pads, concrete
piles etc) which are used depending on the strength and the composition of the ground).
The distance between two consecutive towers is on average 350 m. This distance may
vary and be adjusted accordingly depending on the arrangement and use of the land.
This specific route is defined by points Κ1- Κ9ΞΚ6* and Κ9ΞΚ6*- Κ1* in the topographical
diagram no. ΚA-Η∆-ΓYΤ/April 2010. The coordinates of the possible peaks of the polygo-
nal route of the High Voltage Transmission Line are depicted in the following table:
Table 2: Route coordinates of the 1 st Network subsection .
S/N Χ Y Κ1 549490.053 4219079.928 Κ2 548895.188 4219037.963 Κ3 547964.892 4218538.219 Κ4 547815.868 4218280.805 Κ5 547701.077 4217868.464 Κ6 547137.973 4216882.774 Κ7 546869.746 4216559.256 Κ8 546108.626 4215470.000
Κ9ΞΚ6* 546012.595 4214303.846 Κ5* 546037.593 4214304.164 Κ4* 546769.364 4214699.191 Κ3* 547204.699 4214837.096
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 63
Κ2* 547898.172 4214868.199 Κ1* 548793.157 4215000.000
√√ 22nndd NNEETTWWOORRKK SSUUBBSSEECCTTIIOONN –– TT..LL.. 115500 kkVV FFRROOMM SSSS 22 ““AAΝΝΤΤIIAASS”” UUPP TTOO SSSS 33
““PPLLAATTAANNIISSTTOOSS””
The second subsection of the line is of a double circuit, 3-phase, and will, bear 24 optical
fibres (18 single-mode optical fibres G652 / 6 single-mode optical fibres G655 in each cir-
cuit). Τhe length of the line is 5 km with approximately 20 pillars. The line has the potential
of transmission of natural power 2x64 MW, with thermal limit 2x202 MVA and in summer
2x169 MVA.
The line being a technical work comprises three essential elements:
1. Τhe electric phase conductors, i.e. the overhead cables which are intended to
transmit electric power. These conductors are vertically arranged on both sides of
the line axis, three per side and are attached to the same towers through chain in-
sulators made of porcelain or glass. Each group of three conductors on every side
forms a 3-phase circuit with one conductor per phase. Every electric conductor is a
naked, multi-core cable with twisted aluminum wires on the outer layers and steel
galvanized in the center (type ACSR = Aluminum Cables Steel Reinforced), with
outer diameter 25,883 mm and cross section 322,26 mm2 (GROSBEAK).
2. Τhe conductor of electrical protection which is intended to protect the line against
lightning. This conductor is installed on the line axis and is bound or attached di-
rectly to the towers, in position which is higher that the electric phase conductors
all along the line. The conductor of electrical protection is a naked, multi-core cable
with twisted aluminum galvanized wires (galvanized wire rope) which bears inside
a conductor of 24 optical fibres (18 fibres G652/6 fibres G655) which will result in a
terminal equipment.
3. Τhe agents on which are bound or attached through insulators the electric phase
conductors and the conductors of electrical protection. They are the well-known,
steel, galvanized lattice towers of high voltage line transmissions.
The distance between two consecutive towers is on average 350 m. This distance may
vary and be adjusted accordingly depending on the arrangement and use of the land.
The coordinates of the potential peaks of the polygonal route of the High Voltage Trans-
mission Line from SS 2 “Antia” to SS 3 “Platanistos” (defined by points Κ9ΞΚ6*- Κ14ΞΚ3*
and Κ14ΞΚ3*- Κ0** as they are depicted in the topographical diagram no. ΚA-Η∆-ΓYΤ/
April 2010), are presented in the following table:
Table 3: Route coordinates of the 2 nd Network subsection
S/N Χ Y Κ9ΞΚ6* 546012.595 4214303.846
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 64
S/N Χ Y Κ10 545903.462 4213675.052 Κ11 545475.000 4213263.133 Κ12 545175.000 4212714.691 Κ13 544801.797 4212278.295
Κ14ΞΚ3* 543105.000 4211461.434 Κ2** 543126.316 4211440.332 Κ1** 543379.968 4211193.433 Κ0** 543384.922 4211168.929
√√ 33rrdd NNEETTWWOORRKK SSUUBBSSEECCTTIIOONN –– TT..LL.. 115500 KKvv FFRROOMM SSSS 33 ““PPLLAATTAANNIISSTTOOSS”” UUPP TTOO TTHHEE UUNNDDEERR--
GGRROOUUNNDDIINNGG PPOOIINNTT
Finally, the third subsection of the line is of double circuit, 3-phase, and will bear inside 24
optical fibres (18 single mode optical fibres G652 / 6 single mode optical fibres G655 in
each circuit). Τhe length of the line is 7,6 km with approximately 36 pillars. The line has
the potential of transmission of natural power 2x64 MW, with thermal limit 2x202 MVA and
in summer 2x169 MVA.
The below table shows the coordinates of the possible peaks of the polygonal route the
High Voltage Transmission Line from SS 3 “Platanistos” to the coupling space where the
terminal station will be constructed (defined by points Κ14ΞΚ3*- Κ28 as depicted in the
topographical diagram no. ΚA-Η∆-ΓYΤ/April 2010). At this point the overhead high voltage
cable is converted to underground cable in the area of the terminal station.
Table 4: Route coordinates of the 3 rd Network subsection .
S/N Χ Y Κ14ΞΚ3* 543105.000 4211461.434 Κ15 542500.000 4210692.096 Κ16 5422290.636 4209903.290 Κ17 542481.607 4208790.954 Κ18 542431.390 4208181.568 Κ19 542541.490 4207284.168 Κ20 542701.176 4206900.000 Κ21 543436.127 4206200.067 Κ22 543573.992 4205785.646 Κ23 543841.487 4202507.911 Κ24 543731.874 420288.491 Κ25 543494.803 4201685.491 Κ26 543454.664 4201090.891 Κ27 543344.250 4200355.732 Κ28 543311.345 4200288.413
Regarding the underground final segment of the high voltage interconnection line
the following is applicable:
The last part of the High Voltage transmission line 150 kV, approximately 700 m long,
which is converted into an underground line, consists of six (6) underground, single core,
XLPE, 150 kV (170 kV max) cables, of total length approximately 6x200m, with aluminum
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 65
(Al) conductors with cross section 1200 mm2, as well as of two single-mode cables of op-
tical fibres each of which bearing 24 optical fibres (18 single-mode optical fibres G652 / 6
single mode optical fibres G655), of a total length of 2x200 m.
The six (6) single core, underground cables are divided in two groups of triangular layout.
The center horizontal distance between the two parallel circuits will be 800 mm.
Each of the two circuits of the overhead transmission line is connected only with one of
the two groups of underground single core cables respectively (Ug point), through the ap-
propriate protective equipment (lightning rods and disconnectors with grounding rods).
The underground single core cables will be ending up in single core outdoor termination
boxes, for single-core underground cables XLPE 150 kV at their one end (Ug point), while
at their other end they will be resulting in joints of three single core underground cables
through a three-core underground cable XLPE 150 kV (Uw point).
The above technical description may undergo some alterations for techno-economical
reasons, the result remaining, nevertheless, neutral.
All underground cables will be laid within a ditch, 1.600 mm deep, 1.400 wide and approx-
imately 200 m long, which is meticulously backfilled with suitable excavation material of
natural soil, fully restoring in this way the ground surface to its initial condition. The con-
struction will be executed in accordance with the applicable regulations and in compliance
with the applicable safety provisions (warning mesh, protective plates etc).
In an distance of approximately 700 m from the landing point in the location Mpouros the
terminal will be installed on a small surface 40 m x 40 m where the overhead conductors
will result into and will be connected with the underground part as follows.
Each phase of each circuit of the overhead transmission line 150 kV is connected with an
underground, single-core cable XLPE which is coated with sleeves for protection / insula-
tion made of drawn polyethylene with aluminum cross section 1.400 mm2.
44..11..66..55 HHiigghh VVoollttaaggee NNeettwwoorrkk 115500 kkVV ((SSuubbmmaarriinnee)) ((KKaarryyssttooss -- RRaaffiinnaa))
The submarine High Voltage Line 150 kV AC is approximately 45 km long and commenc-
es from the location Spilia-Mpouros which is in the southmost edge of Karystos gulf and
turns in the beginning to the south and then to the west-northwest approaching the coasts
of Attica in the south of the main port of Rafina where it ends at a landing point within the
port zone or a landing point a little further south.
For the construction of the submarine line 150 kV two three-core, shielded subsea cables
coated with multiple sleeves for protection/insulation made of drawn polyethylene (XLPE).
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 66
They are modern technology cables which consist of solid, stable materials and do not
contain liquid substances used in the past (oil-filled cables). The cross-section of every
cable is 630 mm2 copper and they will bear a conductor of 24 optical fibres (18 fibres
G652/6 fibres G655).
The installation of the submarine cables between Rafina (Prefecture of Attica) and Evia in
the location Spilia Mpouros of Karystos involves concisely the following works:
- Installation of the cables within a subsea ditch to a depth of 1,5 m in the sea bottom
and backfilling for the protection of the cable, after the placement, running from the
landing point of the coastline up to 20 m sea depth along the subsea route of the cable
for both landing sides, i.e. in Mpouros of Evia and in Rafina of Attica.
- Laying of submarine cables by a special cable ship. With the use of a special system
to lay submarine cables in the deep sea (jetting), the cable will be buried along its
length to a depth of 1 M below the bottom between the depth contours of 20 M in both
coasts.
44..11..66..66 HHiigghh VVoollttaaggee NNeettwwoorrkk 115500 kkVV ((UUnnddeerrggrroouunndd)) ((RRaaffiinnaa –– UUHHVV CCeenntteerr ooff PPaalllliinnii))
√√ LLaannddiinngg ppooiinntt aatt tthhee eeaasstt ccooaasstt ooff AAttttiiccaa
Two alternative landing points have been chosen in Attica and specifically in the wider ar-
ea of Rafina. The first point is within the inland port of Rafina while the second point has
been chosen on the borders of the municipalities of Rafina and Artemida, and specifically
in the location Agios Nikolaos of the cape Velani.
Regardless of which one of these two alternative landing point locations is eventually cho-
sen, two underground sealed links (one for each cable) are constructed in a small dis-
tance from the foreshore, approximately 15-20 meters, serving the interconnection of the
subsea cables with the inland, underground cables. The route of the cables is marked with
a suitable standardized label along the foreshore zone and the backshore.
The selected point in the wider area of Rafina will be the endpoint of six (6) underground
single-core cables of 150 kV (170 kV max), XLPE with aluminum conductors (Al) of cross
section 1200 mm2, total length approximately 6x22 km, as well as optical fibre cables,
each one bearing 24 optical fibres (18 single-mode optical fibres G652 / 6 single-mode
optical fibres G655), of total length approximately 2x22km.
All cables will be laid within a ditch, 1.600 mm deep, 1.400 mm wide and approximately 22
km long.
The six (6) single-core underground cables are divided into two groups of triangular lay-
out. The center horizontal distance between the two parallel circuits will be 800 mm.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 67
Except for the underground, single-core cables within the ditch will be also laid two fiber
optic cables, each of which will comprise 24 optical fibres (18 single-mode optical fibres
G652/6 single-mode optical fibres G655), of total length approximately 2x22 km.
At the side of the coastline of Rafina, underground single-core cables will end up to joints
which will be connecting them with the 3-phase submarine cables.
The selection of the two alternative locations was made after thorough examination of all
critical environmental and socio-economic conditions of the wider area of Rafina.
Finally, the selection of the final position of the landing point will be the result of a constant
communication and cooperation with local bodies and prominent persons of the area, as
well as with the competent environmental authorities to which this assessment will be
submitted.
The installation of the submarine cables in these two alternative landing points “Inland
Port Zone of Rafina” or “Agios Nikolaos – Cape Velani” comprises in total the following
works:
Excavation of a land ditch, approximately 1,5 m deep and 2 m wide, and its backfilling for
the protection of the cable after its placement, running from the coastline up to the joining
point with the underground cable in one of the two alternative landing points which will be
eventually chosen. The joining point with the underground network will be in a distance of
approximately 20 m from the coastline.
Finally it is noted here that as regards the route of the cables in the Inland Port Zone of
Rafina, the comments of the Ministry of Mercantile Marine and of the Organismos Limena
Rafinas were observed as depicted in document no. 8221.Τ12/10/07/17-09-2007 by Min-
istry of Mercantile Marine /Directorate of Port Infrastructures/Dep. b STUDIES AND PRO-
JECTS.
√√ MMaaiinn UUnnddeerrggrroouunndd HHiigghh VVoollttaaggee TTrraannssmmiissssiioonn LLiinnee bbeettwweeeenn RRaaffiinnaa aanndd UUHHVV CCeenntteerr ooff PPaalllliinnii
The transmission line 150 kV to Attica will be underground along its full length –
approximately 22 km– and will comprise two circuits. Each circuit consists of three single-
core cables XLPE coated with sleeves for protection/insulation made of drawn polyeth-
ylene with aluminum cross section 2.000 mm2, which are put in triangular layout, with a
distance of 80 cm between them, in a ditch 1,60 m deep and 1,40 m wide. Additionally
into the ditch will be laid for both circuits two fiber optic cables, each one comprising 24
optical fibres (18 single-mode optical fibres G652 / 6 single-mode optical fibres G655), of
total length approximately 2 x 22 km.
After the excavation of the ditch, a layer of fine sand 10 cm thick will be spread and then
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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follows the arrangement in triangular layout of the power cables for the two circuits. The
cables will be covered with fine sand screed in successively condensed 40 cm thick lay-
ers, above of which are placed 4 cm thick concrete slabs, for reasons of mechanic protec-
tion of the cables. Another layer of pit sand 15 cm thick, on which the fiber optic cables
are laid, which are covered by a layer of gravel STS 3A and 25 cm thick, which will be
compressed with a manual or light mechanic tool, and new concrete slabs are laid for pro-
tection. A layer of gravel STS 3A follows, 30 cm thick, which is sprinkled and compacted
with a mechanical vibrator; a plastic warning mesh is being placed. The remaining 35 cm
are back filled with gravel STS 3A which undergoes the same compaction, and finally
comes one layer of asphalt concrete 5 cm thick. Furthermore, on the bottom of any man-
holes for joints and before the first sand screed, a multi-core tinned earthing conductor will
be laid with cross section 50 mm2 which will end up as a sleeve inside the joint manhole.
While the sleeves of the submarine cables are grounded at their ends, the sleeves of the
high voltage underground cables are crossed and grounded at equal intervals. The fiber
optic cables accompany the power cables upon their connection with the fiber optic cables
of the submarine cables, and end up also to UHV Center of Pallini.
The common ditch will run in parallel with the following streets:
From the joints construction location the line heads through the inland port zone of Rafina
to the point where it meets Alexandrou Fleming street; it continues along this street for 2,7
km until its junction with Marathonas Avenue. Then it turns south-west following the
Marathona Avenue with direction to Pallini for 7,4 km until the point where Marathona Av.
meets Ploutarchou street. There it turns to the south following Ploutarchou street for 1,5
km and then to the west along the side street of Attiki Odos (2,6 km) Leontariou street (2,8
km) to end up to the SVC area, and be connected with the busbars of 150 kV in the Ultra-
high Voltage Center of Pallini.
The above alignment can be altered for better cooperation with the respective local au-
thorities, without change in the total length and with neutral environmental impact.
√√ PPrroovviissiioonnss aabboouutt RReeaaccttiivvee PPoowweerr ccoommppeennssaattiioonn
Due to the length of the submarine cables, a significant reactive power compensation will
be required. The following alternative ways were proposed for the reactive power com-
pensation pursuant to document no. ∆EΣΜΗE/8920/29.12.2009 “Offer for Connection to
the System of sixteen (16) wind farms (WFs) with total capacity 325 MW of the companies
of the Group DAMCO ENERGY SA & DIETHNIS CONSTRUCTION AΤΤΝE and of the
company ΤERΝA EΝERGEIAKI AΒEΤE in the prefecture of Evia”.
1. Installation of compensation coils at the ends of the cable connections, i.e. the UHV
Center of Pallini and SS 3 “PLATANISTOS”. The total power of the compensation
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 69
coils will be equal approximately with 80% of the total reactive generation of the
submarine and the underground cables. In addition, a compensation device (SVC) of
low power might be needed in SS 1 “AMYGDALEA” or in SS 2 “AΝΤIA”. The power
and the quantity of the compensation coils will be defined during the execution of the
respective Connection Contracts when the type, the features and the excat length of
the submarine and underground cables, which are going to be used, will be known.
2. Installation of Static Var Compensators (SVCs) next to the UHV Center of Pallini.
The power of the compensation devices (SVCs) will be fully defined during the exe-
cution of the respective Connection Contracts when the type, the features and the
excat length of the submarine and underground cables, which are going to be used,
will be known.
3. In view of the above, the 2nd proposed solution was selected eventually, i.e. installa-
tion of Static Var Compensators (SVCs) next to the UHV Center of Pallini. In the field
area under question will be installed two (2), each with capacity of -120 MVAr, +20
MVAr (or two SVCs in combination with coils). This field with an area of approxi-
mately 6 acres is being sought close to the UHV of Pallini where the interconnection
network under study will end up.
The busbars 150 kV of each of the SVC, are connected through single core outdoor ter-
mination boxes of underground cables, with three arrivals of underground cables from
Rafina as well as three departures of underground single core cables which end up at the
UHV Center of Pallini. (150/400 kV).
Afterwards six (6) single core underground power cables depart from the SVC under study
and will end up to the triple 3-phase busbars 150 kV of the UHV Center of Pallini.
(150/400 kV), through single core outdoor termination boxes, of underground cables 150
kV. These underground cables are XLPE, single core, 150 kV (170 kV max), with alumi-
num (Al) conductors of cross section 1200 mm2.
All underground cables will be placed within a ditch 1.600 mm deep, 1.400 mm wide.
The six (6) single-core underground cables are divided into two groups of triangular lay-
out. The center horizontal distance between the two parallel circuits will be 800 mm.
Except for the underground, single-core cables within the ditch will be also laid two fiber
optic cables, each of which will comprise 24 optical fibres (18 single-mode optical fibres
G652/6 single-mode optical fibres G655).
√√ EExxppaannssiioonn ooff tthhee UUHHVV CCeenntteerr ooff PPaalllliinnii iinn tthhee PPPPCC ffiieelldd
According to the abovementioned the 2nd proposed solution of HTSO was preferred in-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 70
volving the installation of Static Var Compensators (SVCs) next to the UHV Center of
Pallini. Six (6) single core underground power cables depart from the two SVC and will
end up to the triple 3-phase busbars 150 kV of the UHV Center of Pallini. (150/400 kV),
through single core outdoor termination boxes, of underground cables 150 kV. These un-
derground cables are XLPE, single core, 150 kV (170 kV max), with aluminum (Al) con-
ductors of cross section 1200 mm2.
The performance of the connection of 6 single core underground power cables with the
triple 3-phase busbars 150 kV of the UHV Center of Pallini (150/400 kV), requires its ex-
pansion. In the expansion area grow some trees which will have to be removed. The ex-
pansion involves the addition of two gates for the connection of the electric conductors
which arrive in Pallini at the side of the 150 kV of the UHV Center as well the connection
of all necessary switchgear and electromechanical equipment.
This particular intervention will take place in the west side of the UHV Center of Pallini
close to its existing fence which separates it from the neighbouring residences.
44..22 DDeessccrr iipptt iioonn ooff tthhee ccoonnssttrruucctt iioonn pphhaassee ooff tthhee pprroojjeecctt
The infrastructure works and the construction works for the installation of the wind farms
(WF) under study are the following:
Construction of internal road network – localized improvements of the access road
network.
Landscaping of the surroundings of the WT for the assembly and the erection of
the wind turbines.
Foundation of the WT.
Erection of the wind turbines.
Construction of cable channels.
Construction of one concrete control cabin (CC) per wind farm, each with surface
approximately of 72 m2
Construction of medium voltage networks.
Installation of three Step-up Substations.
Construction of High Voltage Networks (overhead line approximately 25 km from
the substations up to the location Mpouros, submarine line up to the port of Rafina,
underground line from Rafina up to the UHV Center of Pallini).
44..33 DDeessccrr iipptt iioonn ooff tthhee ooppeerraatt iioonn pphhaassee ooff tthhee pprroojjeecctt
The wind farms will be operating as independent generators of electric power and will be
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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interconnected with the system of PPC to which the total production will be exclusively
disposed pursuant to the applicable legislation.
According to the principal, the essence and the obligations provided by L 2773/99, the
companies of generation and exploitation of the specific WFs are aiming at:
The protection of the natural environment against the impacts of the Electric Power
Activities.
The fulfilment of the country’s energy needs.
The secure supply and the regular provision of electric power supply services of
high quality.
The protection of the people from potential dangers arising from energy activities
and the compliance with health and safety regulations by all people occupied
therein.
The proposed WFs are expected to contribute to the electrification and environmental re-
lief of Attica, a region which is particularly environmentally overburdened due to the large
concentration of population, as well as to the partial coverage of the country’s energy
needs. The generated energy is infused into the central part of the national electric system
and contributes, thus, to the treatment of the commonly known imbalance between North
and South, which characterizes the country’s electric system, and to the reduction of the
transmission losses.
Additionally with the optimum exploitation of the available wind energy, it will contribute to
the accomplishment of the environmental targets and the international obligations of the
country, but also to the compliance with the principle of sustainable development.
The WT are arranged at a proper distance between them so that effects of aerodynamic
shadow and high wind turbulence are avoided and their energy efficiency is optimized
while their wear and tear is being reduced and the life of the installation is being increased
Engineers and technicians will be working in the wind power stations for the monitoring
and everyday maintenance of the stations and the networks. All necessary spaces for
staff services (office, WC) are in the control cabins. Additionally scheduled or emergency
maintenance visits will be requested from specialized crews.
A system of central supervisory control and telemonitoring, consisting of a computer and
the appropriate devices and communication lines will be installed in the wind power sta-
tions. The system will be recording all data relevant with the operation of the wind farm
and will allow its remote operation and control.
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44..44 IIrrrreegguullaarr aanndd ddaannggeerroouuss ssii ttuuaatt iioonnss
aa)) GGeenneerraall
The project is not related to emission of chemical substances or radiation. Moreover there
is no explosion risk because the operation of a WF does not require the usage of inflam-
mable or explosive materials. The operation of a wind farm is particularly safe since it is
pure electrical and does not require inflammable fuels nor active acids or other caustic
substances. Furthermore there is no accident risk due to contact with warm surfaces of
the installation as the wind turbines operate in environment temperature.
bb)) CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn aanndd ooppeerraattiioonn pphhaasseess
During the construction phase, the installation of the wind turbines will be executed, pref-
erably, at time periods with favorable weather conditions in order to avoid difficulties dur-
ing the installation. The transportation and installation of the pillars will start after comple-
tion and inspection of all necessary technical works (road construction, foundation bases
etc) and so that no hazardous situations arise.
During the operation phase, the wind turbines and all other equipment which will be used
are not related with the possibility of outbreak of irregular and hazardous situations. More-
over the maintenance and monitoring of the installed wind turbines during the operation
phase of the project will be frequent and with ultimate goal the normal operation and the
avoidance of any accidents.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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55 AALLTTEERRNNAATTIIVVEE SSOOLLUUTTIIOONNSS
55..11 ZZeerroo ssoolluutt iioonn
In the framework of preparation of this Environmental Impact Assessment the option of
“zero solution” was also examined alternatively, in the sense of the continuation of the ex-
isting situation without the construction and operation of the proposed project. This sce-
nario is mentioned in the international bibliography as a “do-nothing case” or “zero solu-
tion” and is examined in the framework of environmental licencing of works / activities.
More specifically:
Considering the “zero solution” the scenario of the continuation of the environmental situa-
tion as it is up to date is being adopted. It is evident that regarding the project under study
a solution of this kind (zero) is equal with the loss of generated energy from renewa-
ble/friendly energy sources (see wind energy potential and it is opposed to the adopted
direction of the country (and the EU) in the energy sector; even more nowadays since the
country has committed itself with the Directive 2009/28/EC (EEL 140/2009) to abide by
the following:
a) 20% share of energy from RES in the gross final consumption of energy.
b) 40% at least share of electricity from RES in the gross final consumption of electricity.
c) 20% at least share of energy from RES in the final consumption of energy for heating
and cooling.
d) 10% at least share of energy from RES in the final consumption of energy for trans-
ports.
Hence, in view of the above it becomes clear that a continuation of today’s situation, as
incorporated by a zero solution, is extremely harmful for the country (in terms of develop-
ment and economy), for the energy sector (in terms of non-generation of electric power
from RES), for the natural sources (in terms of non-exploitation of renewable energy
sources like the wind), but also for the environment (in terms of growth of the global envi-
ronmental problems such as the greenhouse effect and the climate change and in terms
of failure to reduce production of the polluting lignite-fired units of PPC and the conse-
quent maintenance of the emissions of fly ash, gas residues and other contaminants at
today’s levels).
Besides the negative impact on the abovementioned factors, the adoption of the “zero so-lution” affects adversely the local society and the revenues of the inhabitants, since the execution of works related to RES contributes to the creation of jobs and income. Espe-cially nowadays, considering the current economic situation of the country, the construc-tion and operation of such projects can contribute (cumulatively with all RES projects) to responding to a significant part of the national deficit.
Upon further review of the zero solution, i.e. the cancellation of the project in the light of
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 74
“goods weighting” we point out that weighting any negative environmental impacts of the project against the economic and energy benefits, which naturally favours overwhelmingly the latter ones, is in principle not correct. More correct is weighing the most important pos-itive environmental impacts from the implementation of the project (elimination or reduc-tion of the production of PPC polluting units, contribution to the reduction of pollutants causing the greenhouse effect etc) against the low and largely temporary and reversible negative environmental impacts deriving from the construction and the operation of the project. Weighting the above two environmental indexes results clearly in favour of the installation of the project. If to this weighting the other benefits from the installation (eco-nomic, energy etc) are added, then the zero solution results in being totally unfavourable and thus rejectable.
Based on the criteria, which were analysed above, at this point it is mentioned that the op-tion of “zero solution” is being rejected and the effort is orientated towards the licencing of the proposed project and the utilization of its multiple benefits at glob-al/community/national level. However it is quite difficult, even not realistic, to consider that projects of similar nature may be executed without any negative impact in the fields which are examined in this Environmental Impact Assessment. Nevertheless options which can prevent, limit and generally confront any negative impacts, can be chosen.
For this reason, especially in this Environmental Impact Assessment, the following was taken into consideration and evaluated:
The general and special directions of the spatial planning policy, deriving from ap-proved spatial and town plannings or other land use plans.
The environmental sensitivity of the wider area of installation of the project. The characteristics of any important environmental impacts, like their size, their
complexity, their intensity and extent, their duration, their frequency and their re-versibility.
The benefits for national economy, national security, public health and public inter-est.
The positive impacts to the natural and human environment at national/community/ global level, thus in an area wider than the one directly affected by the project.
55..22 AAll tteerrnnaatt iivvee ssoolluutt iioonnss ((ccoonncceerrnniinngg wwiinndd ffaarrmmss && wwiinndd ttuurrbbiinneess))
This section analyses the alternative scenarios/options which were examined and exclud-ed from the environmental licencing procedure. The main reason which led to the rejection of those alternative solutions was that their planning did not fully or partially comply with the criteria initially set by the consultants assigned to the preparation of this assessment. Those criteria pertained to the following:
- Location of the wind farm fields in areas where no priority habitats or other important habitats are located.
- Minimization of the impacts on the species of avifauna. - Minimization of the impacts on other species of fauna. - Location of the fields as far as possible from natural spaces/niches of the species of
avifauna. - Design of the wind farms and installation of the wind turbines outside Zone A which
was proposed in the Special Environmental Assessment.
In view of the above it is stated that after the re-planning and evaluation, and thereupon
the issuance of the positive opinion on the Preliminary Environmental Assessment &
Evaluation (Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works/General
Directorate for Environment/Special Environmental Service, Ref. 110580/15.12.2008),
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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these scenarios led to the final proposed solution, which is presented in this Environmen-
tal Impact Assessment and for which the final environmental licencing and approval of en-
vironmental terms is requested.
Details are laid out below. Specifically:
I. ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION 1 – WIND FARM POLYGONS & WIND TURBINE POSI-
TIONS (INITIAL PLANNING)
The initial planning (alternative solution) for the Group DAMCO ENERGY S.A. &
DIETHNIS CONSTRUCTION included eight (8) wind farms , with ten (10) fields and
ninety (90) wind turbines which would generate a total power of 180 MW . Τhese wind
farms would be the following:
“Kathara” WF: The initial planning in this wind farm included 12 wind turbines, with
total capacity 24 MW.
“Anatoli” WF: The initial planning in this wind farm included 11 wind turbines, with
total capacity 22 MW.
“Spilia” WF: The initial planning in this wind farm included 14 wind turbines, with
total capacity 28 MW.
“Milia” WF: The initial planning in this wind farm included 9 wind turbines, with total
capacity 18 MW.
“Platanistos” WF: The initial planning in this wind farm included 13 wind turbines,
with total capacity 26 MW.
“Paliopyrgos” WF: The initial planning in this wind farm included 6 wind turbines,
with total capacity 12 MW.
“Kerasia” WF: The initial planning in this wind farm included 14 wind turbines, with
total capacity 28 MW.
“Platanos” WF: The initial planning in this wind farm included 11 wind turbines, of
total capacity 22 MW.
Eight (8) fields of the above wind farms were located within the border of the protected
area with code GR2420001 “Oros Ochi, Kampos Karystou, Potami, Akrotirio Kafirefs,
Paraktia thalassia zoni” while two (2) outside of it (south side of WF “Platanistos” and WF
“Paliopyrgos”).
The main reasons which resulted to the rejection of the above planning and to the need of
a re-planning are specified below for each wind farm. It is noted that the re-planning re-
ferred to a part of the abovementioned wind farms and not to their entirety. The Wind
Farms which were submitted to re-planning were those which would be improved as per
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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the above criteria. The rest remained the same. However, all of them are presented and
analysed below.
Specifically:
“Kathara” WF
No changes were required in the wind farm, neither in the field location nor in the ar-
rangement of the wind turbines.
“Anatoli” WF
No changes were required in the wind farm, neither in the field location nor in the ar-
rangement of the wind turbines
“Spilia” WF
In this wind farm the initial planning concerned a field with 14 wind turbines, the arrange-
ment of which involved 5 wind turbines in the north-west side and 9 wind turbines in the
south-east side. However, taking in consideration the fact that the 2 eastmost wind tur-
bines were located on the borders of Zone A of the SEA but also since they were located
in an area which presented non typical elements of the habitat type 6220, those two wind
turbines were relocated with densification of the wind turbines (WTs) to the north-west
side. It is also clarified that the distances between the WTs have become the minimum
allowable and consequently a potential further densification is not possible since the wake
effect between the WTs would result in a significant burdening of their fatigue load. Addi-
tionally, this option is considerably favourable for the avifauna of the area.
“Milia” WF
In this wind farm the initial planning concerned a field with 9 wind turbines, the arrange-
ment of which involved 3 wind turbines in the west side of the field and 6 wind turbines in
its east side. However, taking in consideration the fact that 4 wind turbines were located
on the borders of Zone A of the SEA but also since they were located in an area which
presented non typical elements of the habitat type 6220, those wind turbines were relo-
cated within the Wind Farm. One of them was relocated outside Zone A of the SEA and
the remaining 3 were relocated on the border of Zone A creating a wide gap between
them and the other wind turbines. Additionally, this option is considerably favourable for
the avifauna of the area.
“Platanistos” WF
No changes were required in the wind farm, neither in the field location nor in the ar-
rangement of the wind turbines
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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“Paliopyrgos” WF
No changes were required in this wind farm, neither in the field location nor in the ar-
rangement of the wind turbines so that there would be improvement as regards the initially
set criteria. However it is noted that during the re-planning of the wind farm a densification
of the wind turbines which was carried out, increased the wind turbines from 6 (in the al-
ternative solution) to 8 (in the proposed solution), for economic-technical reasons; i.e. so
that the economic stability of the project would not be deranged because of the cutbacks
in the other wind farms which constitute the total project and considering that the addition
of 2 WTs in the particular area is environmentally neutral.
“Kerasia” WF
In this wind farm the initial planning concerned a field with 14 wind turbines. However
considering that the first WT of the wind farm (from west to east) was located on the bor-
ders of Zone A which was proposed in the Special Environmental Assessment, and that
the WTs 6-10 (from west to east) were located at high altitude on the peaks of the moun-
tain Kerasia, where increased activity of birds of prey has been observed, those wind tur-
bines were removed. Upon re-planning of the Wind Farm, the arrangement of the wind
turbines involved 6 WTs on the west side of the field and 6 WTs on its east side.
“Platanos” WF
This wind farm included two (2) fields with eleven (11) wind turbines, five (5) of which
were planned to be located in the northern field and six (6) in the southern. However con-
sidering that the northern field is located in an area where the impacts on birds of the area
might be significant and additionally the northern field was located very close to Zone A of
the Special Environmental Assessment, this field was removed. During the re-planning of
the Wind Farm the northern field was totally rejected and the southern was submitted to
re-planning bringing about the installation of 7 WTs.
A view of the abovementioned alternative solution is presented in the image below.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 78
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 79
II. ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION 2 – WIND FARM POLYGONS & WIND TURBINE POSI-TIONS (*This solution was the PROPOSED SOLUTION in the framework of the EN-VIRONMENTAL IMPACT PRE-ASSESSMENT. It is here examined as an alternative, since this solution was preferred -after cutbacks of WTs- by the Special Environ-mental Service of the Ministry for the Environment, Energy and Climate Change)
The solution, which was initially proposed for approval according to the Procedure of Pre-
liminary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation of the project, and which is now re-
viewed as an alternative solution, included eight (8) wind farms , with ten (10) fields and
ninety four (94) wind turbines which would generate a total power of 188 MW . Τhose
wind farms were the following:
“Kathara” WF: The planning which was proposed in the Procedure of Preliminary
Environmental Assessment & Evaluation of the project for this wind farm included
18 wind turbines, with total capacity 36 MW.
“Anatoli” WF: The planning which was proposed in the Procedure of Preliminary
Environmental Assessment & Evaluation of the project for this wind farm included
11 wind turbines, with total capacity 22 MW.
”Spilia” WF: The planning which was proposed in the Procedure of Preliminary En-
vironmental Assessment & Evaluation of the project for this wind farm included 14
wind turbines, with total capacity 28 MW.
“Milia” WF: The planning which was proposed in the Procedure of Preliminary En-
vironmental Assessment & Evaluation of the project for this wind farm included 9
wind turbines, with total capacity 18 MW.
“Platanistos” WF: The planning which was proposed in the Procedure of Prelimi-
nary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation of the project for this wind farm in-
cluded 13 wind turbines, with total capacity 26 MW.
“Paliopyrgos” WF: The planning which was proposed in the Procedure of Prelimi-
nary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation of the project for this wind farm in-
cluded 10 wind turbines, with total capacity 20 MW.
“Kerasia” WF: The planning which was proposed in the Procedure of Preliminary
Environmental Assessment & Evaluation of the project for this wind farm included
12 wind turbines, with total capacity 24 MW.
WF “Platanos”: The planning which was proposed in the Procedure of Preliminary
Environmental Assessment & Evaluation of the project for this wind farm included
7 wind turbines, with total capacity 14 MW.
A view of the abovementioned alternative solution is presented in the image below.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 80
The main reasons which led to the rejection of the above planning and to the need of a re-
design, are related with the “positions-opinions” of the Advisory Services (eg. Department
of Management of Natural Environment of the Natural Tourism Organization etc) during
the Procedure of Preliminary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation of this project. In
view of this it should be noted that the above solution –after the cutbacks made in the
number of wind turbines- received a positive opinion (Ministry for the Environment, Physi-
cal Planning and Public Works / General Directorate for Environment / Special Environ-
mental Service, Ref. 110580 / 15.12.2008).
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 81
II. ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION 3 – WIND FARM POLYGONS & WIND TURBINE POSI-TIONS (*This solution was the approved solution in the framework of the PRELIMI-NARY ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT & EVALUATION (see document of Special Environmental Service, Ref. 110580 / 15.12.2008 and the certified map for land use 8.A), which was examined in this EIA, and upon specific alterations the PROPOSED SOLUTION was created which is laid out in this issue)
The solution, which was initially proposed for approval according to the Procedure of Pre-
liminary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation of the project, and which is now re-
viewed as an alternative solution, included eight (8) wind farms , with ten (10) fields and
seventy nine (79) wind turbines which would generate a total power of 158 MW . Τhese
wind farms were the following:
“Kathara” WF: The licenced / approved solution in the Environmental Impact
Preassessment of the project included 14 wind turbines with total capacity 28 MW.
“Anatoli” WF: The licenced / approved solution in the Environmental Impact
Preassessment of the project included 7 wind turbines with total capacity 14 MW.
”Spilia” WF: The licenced / approved solution in the Environmental Impact
Preassessment of the project included 13 wind turbines with total capacity 26 MW.
“Milia” WF: The licenced / approved solution in the Environmental Impact
Preassessment of the project included 8 wind turbines with total capacity 16 MW.
“Platanistos” WF: The licenced / approved solution in the Environmental Impact
Preassessment of the project included 13 wind turbines with total capacity 26 MW.
“Paliopyrgos” WF: The licenced / approved solution in the Environmental Impact
Preassessment of the project included 6 wind turbines with total capacity 12 MW.
“Kerasia” WF: The licenced / approved solution in the Environmental Impact
Preassessment of the project included 12 wind turbines with total capacity 24 MW.
“Platanos” WF: The licenced / approved solution in the Environmental Impact
Preassessment of the project included 6 wind turbines with total capacity 12 MW.
A view of the abovementioned alternative solution is presented in the certified map
of land use 8.A of the Preliminary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation which is
attached to this EIA in the chapter “Supporting documents - Approvals”
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 82
It is important to mention here that upon specific alterations which were performed in the above alternative solution , and refer to the following:
- increase of capacity of the wind turbine type which will be used, from 2 MW to 2,3 MW.
This wind turbine of ENERCON has the exact same dimensions as the initially reviewed of
2MW, but due to its design based on the latest developments of technology, it has capaci-
ty increased approximately by 15%. This way the achieved environmental balance is posi-
tive, because more electricity is generated with WTs of the exactly same external fea-
tures. It should be added here that the required opinions of the Regulatory Authority for
Energy (RAE) were issued regarding the amendment of validity of the Generation Licenc-
es of the proposed Wind Power Stations for Electricity Generation.
- increase of the number of wind turbines in the WF “Paliopyrgos” from 6 which were ap-
proved in the Environmental Impact Pre-assessment of the project to 8, without change of
the installation field, resulting in the increase of capacity from 12 MW to 18,4 MW without
any additional environmental burdening. In this framework the respective positive opinion
by the Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) about the amendment of Generation Li-
cence (no ∆6 / Φ17.1391 / οικ.19515 / 02.10.2006 Generation Licence) of the above wind
farm was issued, and
- decrease in the number of wind turbines, from 13 to 8, so that the carrying capacity in
the wind farm “Platanistos”, would not be exceeded according to the decision of RAE
without change of the installation field and resulting in the decrease of capacity.
the PROPOSED SOLUTION was suggested in the framework of this Environmental Impact Assessment. This solution is presented in the maps and designs which accom-
pany this EIA.
The proposed solution of this EIA does not create any issues as regards the licenced so-
lution of the Preliminary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation and more specifically
the differences between them, since:
- The change of capacity of the WT without change of the WTs positions and without
change of the technical features does not raise any issue – specially of environmental or
spatial planning nature. Furthermore this change is accompanied by the required opinions
of the Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) about the amendment of Generation Licenc-
es of the proposed Wind Power Stations for Electricity Generation.
- The decrease in the number of wind turbines in the WF “Platanistos” does not raise any
issue of environmental or spatial planning nature. Furthermore it should be mentioned that
this decrease complies with the guidelines of the Special Land Use Plan for the RES and
specifically the provisions concerning the maximum allowable density of WTs in Local Au-
thorities.
- The increase of the number of wind turbines in the WF “Paliopyrgos” from 6 which were
approved in the Environmental Impact Pre-assessment of the project to 8, without change
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 83
of the installation field does not raise any issue of environmental or spatial planning na-
ture. Furthermore this alteration of capacity received the required positive opinion of the
Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) about the amendment of the respective Generation
Licence.
Consequently, the proposed solution which is presented in this EIA and which has very
few differences from the approved one of the Environmental Impact Pre-assessment does
not raise any special issue of environmental or/and spatial planning nature. The impacts
on the environment (natural / human) were examined in the framework of this EIA and are
considered acceptable, the spatial planning compatibility was fully examined in ISSUE C
(REVIEW OF TERMS/LIMITATIONS OF THE SPECIAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL
PLANNING & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES).
55..33 AAll tteerrnnaatt iivvee ssoolluutt iioonnss ((ffoorr tthhee rrooaadd nneettwwoorrkk ccoonnssttrruucctt iioonn ffoorr aacccceessss aanndd iinntteerrnnaall rrooaadd nneettwwoorrkk ccoonnssttrruucctt iioonn))
The alternative solutions for the road construction works for access and internal road net-
works were directly connected with the alternative solutions regarding the location of the
wind farms and the wind turbines. Hence, every alternative solution of the latter which was
reviewed and rejected led also to the rejection of the construction works of access and
internal road networks.
In any case the final access and internal road networks which are presented in the pro-
posed for licencing solution of this EIA have advantages compared to the plan of access
and internal road networks which was stipulated in the alternative solutions. Consequently
the proposed solution is environmentally and in terms of spatial planning preferable from
the road construction plan which was planned for all alternative scenarios which were ex-
amined and rejected.
It is worth to mention that the length of the road network which was designed for the
needs of the solution which was proposed in the Environmental Impact Pre-assessment
(already examined as an alternative which was rejected) was approximately 43,5 km,
while the length of the road network in the proposed solution, in the framework of this EIA,
is approximately 31,5 km. The reduction of the road network by approximately 12 km is an
important environmental benefit due to the minimization of interventions in the natu-
ral environment of the area.
55..44 AAll tteerrnnaatt iivvee ssoolluutt iioonnss ((ffoorr tthhee mmeeddiiuumm vvooll ttaaggee nneettwwoorrkk 2200 kkVV oorr 3333 kkVV))
Like in the issue of the access and internal road networks, the medium voltage network
was directly connected with the alternative solutions regarding the location of the wind
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 84
farms and wind turbines, but also with the plans of the road networks (internal and ac-
cess). Hence, every alternative solution of the latter which was reviewed and rejected led
also to the rejection of the alignment of the medium voltage network.
In any case the final alignment of the medium voltage network which is presented in the
solution of this EIA which is being proposed for licencing has advantages compared to the
plan of the alignment of the medium voltage network which was designed in the alterna-
tive solutions. Consequently the proposed solution is environmentally preferable than the
medium voltage network plan which was designed for all alternative scenarios which were
examined and rejected.:
In the Environmental Impact Pre-assessment of the project the planned medium voltage
network was underground within the fields and followed mainly the alignment of the inter-
nal road network. Outside of the fields the same network was overground except for spe-
cific reservation concerning the wind frams of the north-east part of the area, i.e. WF
“Kathara”, “Anatoli” and “Kerasia”.
In the EIA of the project, and specifically in the proposed solution which is being present-
ed, the medium voltage network is designed as underground in and out of the wind farm
fields. Consequently it is obvious why the alternative solution of the Environmental Impact
Pre-assessment “underground within the WF fields – overground outside of the WF fields”
is being dismissed. The proposed solution has significant environmental benefits not
for the protection of species of wild avifauna but also for the minimization of im-
pacts on the landscape (e.g. less cables and less pillars in the landscape).
55..55 AAll tteerrnnaatt iivvee ssoolluutt iioonnss ((ffoorr tthhee SStteepp--uupp SSuubbssttaatt iioonnss 2200//115500 kkVV))
An alternative solution which was examined for the positions of the step-up substations
20/150 kV is the solution which was presented in the Environmental Impact Pre-
assessment of the project. The solution was rejected and preferred was the solution which
is presented in this EIA. The reasons for choosing this solution are related to the owner-
ship of the land where the three substations will be installed as well as to their distance
from the closest settlements. Specifically, the SS 2 “Antia” is on a property (rural) and the
SS 1 “Amygdalea” and 3 “Platanistos” are located in public forested areas, however of low
forest interest (ecosystems with low xerophytic sub-shrubs and meadows).
A view of the proposed and alternative solution for the installation positions of the step-up
substations is presented in the image below.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 85
55..66 AAll tteerrnnaatt iivvee ssoolluutt iioonnss ((ffoorr tthhee hhiigghh vvooll ttaaggee nneettwwoorrkk 115500 kkVV))
For the interconnection of the proposed wind farms with the National Electricity Transmis-
sion System the construction of a new transmission line is being planned, which will con-
sist of three parts:
1. High Voltage Network 150 kV (Overhead - Underground). The line, approximately
22,658 km long, commences from the first substation “SS 1 Amygdalea”, close to the ho-
monymous municipal region, and ends up to the location Mpouros on the southmost edge
of the island, with a north-south direction. The line will be overhead except for one seg-
ment of approximately 700 m in its southest edge which will be underground.
2. High Voltage Network 150 kV (Submarine) (Karystos - Rafina). This line is in total
approximately 45 km long and will connect the first part of the line from the side of Evia at
a landing point on the rocky side of the location “Mpouros” with a landing point in Rafina,
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 86
of Attica.
3. High Voltage Network 150 kV (Underground) (Rafina – UHV Center of Pallini). The
high voltage transmission line between Rafina and the UHV Center of Pallini will be un-
derground during all its length – approximately 22 km – and will consist of two circuits.
In view of the above the alternative solutions which were reviewed refer to the follow-
ing:
For the first part, i.e. the overhead high voltage network 150 kV in Evia, three alternative
line routes were initially planned. Two of them were rejected, because they passed
through areas which have been qualified as Zone A in the Special Environmental As-
sessment.
For the first part the landing point was provided for and approved by the Preliminary Envi-
ronmental Assessment & Evaluation to be located in the remarkable sandy coast of the
area, in the eastmost edge of the bay of Karystos. However, after the residents’ protests,
as extensively described also in ISSUE B (INTERCONNECTION NETWORK ΚARYSTOS
– RAFINA) and specifically in Section 3.3.2 (Assessment and evaluation of the environ-
mental impacts of the landing point on the island of Evia), the relocation of the landing
point further east, on the rocky side east of cape Mpouros was decided. This solution, alt-
hough being considerably more expensive, because the High Voltage cable will have to
be buried in a rocky and not sandy ground, was nevertheless chosen as the optimum op-
tion responding also to the desire of the local community. Details are depicted in the im-
age below. Additionally three alternative solutions are being considered for the exact
alignment of the segment of the line in the area close to the cove of the landing point. The
main criterion upon which the selection of those three alternative scenarios was carried
out regarded the treatment of potential technical difficulties or property issues that might
arise.
Moreover, for the first part three alternatives solutions for terminals near the landing sta-
tion in the foreshore of Mpouros were considered. Details are depicted in the image be-
low.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 87
For the parts of the High Voltage Network 150 kV “Karystos – Rafina” and “Rafina – UHV
Center of Pallini” the proposed solution is one. Nonetheless in Attica and more specifically
in the wider area of Rafina, two alternative landing points have been selected. Τhe first
point is located in the inland port of Rafina, while the second point is located on the bor-
ders of the municipalities of Rafina and Artemida, and more specifically in the location
Agios Nikolaos on the cape Velani.
The choice of the two alternative locations was made upon thorough examination of all
critical environmental and socio-economic conditions of the wider area of Rafina. The se-
lection of the final position of the landing point will be the result of constant communication
and cooperation with local bodies and prominent people, as well as with the competent
environmental authorities to which this EIA will be submitted.
Regarding the route of the cables in the inland port of Rafina observed were the com-
ments of the Ministry of Mercantile Marine and of the Organismos Limena Rafinas as in-
cluded in document no. 8221.Τ12/10/07/17-09-2007 by Ministry of Mercantile Marine
/Directorate of Port Infrastructures/Dep. b STUDIES AND PROJECTS.
Finally it is noted here that in the Environmental Impact Preassessment of the project the
landing of the submarine cable on the coast of Lavrio (near the PPC station) was consid-
ered and rejected, due to incapability of power absorption because of its commitment to
OΡΜIΣΚOΣ ΠΡOΣAIΓIAΛΩΣΗΣ
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 88
the future interconnection of Cyclades pursuant to the Transmission System Development
Plan.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 89
66 CCOONNDDIITTIIOONN OOFF TTHHEE EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
66..11 SSttuuddyy aarreeaa
In this section the area under study is being defined, so that the final assessment of the
environmental impacts of the construction and the operation of the main project and the
accompanying supporting infrastructure on the natural and human environment of the
works area is feasible. For the determination of the surface of the area under study the
following was taken into consideration: a) the type and the size of the project in relation
with its zone of influence, and b) the environmental sensitivity of the area. Considering,
thus, that the main project and the accompanying supporting infrastructure are located to
a great extent within the borders of the protected areas of the Ecological Network Natura
2000, as study area is defined:
a. The area with code GR2420001 “Oros Ochi, Kampos Karystou, Potami, Akrotirio
Kafirefs, Paraktia thalassia zoni”, the borders of which are depicted in the following image.
b. The area with code GR2420012 “Oros Ochi, paraktia zoni kai nisides”, the borders of
which are depicted in the following image.
c. Part of the Municipalities of Marmari (municipal regions of Ag. Dimitrios, Kallianos) and
Karystos (municipal regions of Grampia, Kalyvia, Myloi, Aetos, Platanistos), as well as of
the Community of Kafireas (community regions of Amygdalea and Komito) which are lo-
cated within the borders of the protected area with code GR2420001 and in a distance of
at least 2 km from the wind farms under study. Τhe borders of the Municipalities of
Marmari and Karystos, and of the Community of Kafireas are shown in the image below.
Figure 1: View of the study area
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 90
66..22 AAbbiioott iicc ffeeaattuurreess
66..22..11 CCll iimmaattee aanndd bbiiooccll iimmaatt iicc ffeeaattuurreess
Eleven (11) Weather Stations and nine (9) Rain Gauge Stations operate in Evia, distribut-
ed on the island according to the body which has installed them:
- Five Weather Stations of the Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS) in
Chalkida, in Aidipsos, in Oreous, in Kymi and in Karystos measuring precipitation,
temperature, relative humidity and wind speed in Beaufort for the period 1974 - 1978.
The station in Kymi also has barometric pressure measurements for the same time pe-
riod.
- The Weather Station of the Forest Research Institute in Agriovouno, which besides the
above measurements also has evaporimeter measurements (time period 1961-1980).
- The Weather Station of PPC in Aliveri providing precipitation, relative humidity and
temperature data (time period 1977-1990).
- The Weather Stations of the National Observatory of Athens in Steni and in Zarakes
providing temperature, humidity, precipitation days, wind speed and direction data.
- The Weather Station in the Municipality of Styra and of the National Observatory of
Athens with temperature, humidity, precipitation days wind speed and direction meas-
urements.
- The Weather Station of Istiaia, which is property of Mr. Schretsanitis Kostas, which
provides temperature, humidity, precipitation days, wind speed and direction data.
- Τhree Rain Gauge Stations of the Ministry for Environment, energy and Climate
Change in Istiaia, Kato Steni and Almyropotamos (time period 1960 - 1990).
- Six Rain Gauge Stations of the Ministry of Agricultural Development & Food in
Zermpisia of Distos, Kato Magoula, Milies, Kastaniotissa, Simia and Makrykappa with
recent and not constant measurements (except for the station of Zermpisia).
Processing of data from the Weather Station in Karystos regarding the climate situation in
the area under study showed the following.
aa)) PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn iinn tthhee wwiiddeerr aarreeaa
Precipitations result directly from the topographical features of the island and the winds
which blow from the area of NE Aegean Sea. The highest precipitation amount is ob-
served in the NE region of the island and the lowest in the W region along the Evripos
Strait.
In the southern area which includes also the wider area of the Dimosari gorge, many small
catchment areas are formed. Pursuant to the Guide to Hydrometeorological Practices of
the World Meteorological Organization, the alignment of isohyetal contour lines is not pos-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 91
sible. According to the observations of the Weather Station in Karystos the annual precipi-
tation amount ranges between 600 and 700 mm. The average monthly and annual pre-
cipitation measurements of the same Weather Station are depicted in the table below.
Specifically:
Table 5: Average monthly and annual precipitation measurements (in mm) by the Weather
Station in Karystos.
Month W.S of Karystos January 134.30 February 123.10 Μarch 107.30 April 48.20 May 11.70 June 7.40 July 3.90
August 1.70 September 10.10
October 62.20 November 101.90 December 146.00
Total 757.80
bb)) AAnnaallyyssiiss ooff mmeetteeoorroollooggiiccaall ffaaccttoorrss iinn tthhee aarreeaa uunnddeerr ssttuuddyy
The closest Weather Station (WS) to the project under study (approx. 2,5 km), from which
we can draw data about the climate conditions prevailing in the wider study area, belongs
to the Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS) and is situated in Karystos, at an
altitude of 10 m. It provides measurements for precipitation, air temperature, relative hu-
midity and nebulosity. More representative, due to its geographical position and distance
from the study area, is the WS of Karystos according to the measurements of which the
average precipitation (according to fifteen years’ measurements) reaches 758 mm, while
the respective temperature amounts to 17.96 °C. On Mount Ochi with a peak altitude of
1.398 m considerably more precipitation is expected because the mountain acts as a bar-
rier to the northern and north-eastern saturated winds of the Aegean Sea, which become
rain as soon as they hit it.
Table 6: Average monthly and average annual temperatures .
Month W.S. of Karystos January 10.6 February 10.5 Μarch 12.3 April 15.5 Μay 19.8 June 24.2 July 26.8
August 26.3 September 23.6
October 19.1 Νovember 14.8
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 92
Month W.S. of Karystos December 12.0
Average annual temperature 17.96
Considering that there is no weather station on the peak of Ochi, an extension of the exist-
ing meteorological data of Karystos is necessary for the extraction of approximate conclu-
sions regarding the basins that are created around the peak. This means that although for
the plain of Karystos up to an altitude of 100 m we accept as such the meteorological data
of its station, as regards the basins around Ochi with average altitude 200, 400 and 600 m
empirical rules were applied for the calculations. A short description thereof follows:
• Change of precipitation in relation to altitude : Τhe annual average precipitation in a
catchment area increases depending on the altitude of the catchment area up to a limit
where the maximum precipitation is observed and then decreases. This key altitude is
met lower in their surroundings. For our country the increase of the average precipita-
tion every 100 m is:
West Crete 125 mm
West Thessaly 112 mm
Thrace 95 mm
Sterea Ellada (Evia) 65 mm
Macedonia 55 mm
Peloponnisos 50 mm
East Thrace 55 mm
• Change of precipitation due to distance from the sea : When the factors are similar
(eg. altitudes, wind exposures etc) it has been found that in the direction of the route of
the usual storm winds, the more the distance from the sea grows, the biggest is the
decrease of precipitation.
• Change of the precipitation due to rain shadow: A mountain range with an axis which
is vertical to the main direction of the winds, causes a decrease in the precipitation (to
the opposite side of the movement direction of the air) to much lower values than the
respective altitude would justify.
In the catchment areas of the wider study area with average altitude 200, 400 and 600 m,
the average precipitation is expected to be:
758 mm + (200/100) * 65 mm = 888 mm
758 mm + (400/100) * 65 mm = 1.018 mm
758 mm + (600/100) * 65 mm = 1.148 mm, respectively
Considering also that the air temperature decreases with the altitude increase by 0,5 °C to
1,0 oC/100 m, the following derives for the three altitudes accordingly:
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 93
18o C - (0,5*200/100/1,50) oC = 17,4 oC
18o C - (0,5*400/100/1,50) oC = 16,7 oC
18o C - (0,5*600/100/1,50) oC = 16,0 oC
Full meteorological data of the weather station in Karystos are depicted in the table below.
Specifically:
Table 7: Meteorological data from the weather station of Karystos (Table 1/2).
Month W.S. of Karystos Temperature AV.CLOUD Evapotranspiration
MEAN AV.MAX AV.MIN ABS MAΧ
ABS MIN
TOTAL ΜAΧ 24H
January 10.6 13.9 7.7 21.0 -3.0 4.2 134.30 85.0 February 10.5 13.7 7.6 21.5 -3.0 4.8 123.10 70.0 Μarch 12.8 15.7 8.8 23.0 -0.5 4.0 107.30 90.0 April 15.5 19.2 11.6 26.0 4.0 3.2 48.20 92.0 Μay 19.8 23.6 15.4 30.0 9.0 2.4 11.70 16.0 June 24.2 28.0 19.6 36.0 12.0 1.2 7.40 34.0 July 26.8 30.5 22.3 38.5 9.0 0.8 3.90 25.0 August 26.3 30.1 22.0 37.5 16.0 0.9 1.70 6.0 September 23.6 27.7 19.6 35.0 12.6 1.4 10.10 38.0 October 19.1 23.0 15.6 30.5 9.0 2.8 62.20 110.0 Νovember 14.8 18.1 11.9 26.0 3.4 4.0 101.90 92.0 December 12.0 15.2 8.2 22.4 1.0 4.1 146.00 62.0
Table 8: Meteorological data from the weather station of Karystos (Table 2/2).
Month W.S. of Karystos CLOUDINESS PREC RAIN SNOW FOG WIND 0-1.5 1.6-6.4 6.5-8.0 GE 6B GE 8B
January 5.5 19.5 6.0 10.6 10.4 0.2 0.0 5.6 1.0 February 3.5 16.4 8.3 12.1 11.3 0.9 0.0 5.9 0.6 Μarch 6.5 19.4 6.1 9.2 8..6 1.0 0.1 3.6 0.5 April 10.1 15.8 4.1 6.4 6.4 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.1 Μay 14.1 15.1 1.8 3.3 3.3 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.1 June 21.1 8.7 0.1 1.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.4 July 24.4 6.5 0.1 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.5 August 23.8 7.1 0.1 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.2 September 19.7 0.0 0.4 1.5 1.5 0.0 0.1 3.4 0.2 October 12.0 14.7 3.4 6.1 6.1 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.4 Νovember 5.8 18.9 5.3 8.8 8.8 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.4 December 6.2 18.2 6.6 10.9 10.9 0.1 0.0 4.6 0.6
cc)) PPlluuvviiootthheerrmmiicc iinnddeexx QQ22 ooff EEmmbbeerrggeerr –– BBiioocclliimmaattiicc ddiiaaggrraamm ((CClliimmaattooggrraamm)) EEmmbbeerrggeerr--
SSaauuvvaaggee
The method Emberger-Sauvage is one of the most commonly used in the Mediterranean
area for the classification of the bioclimate. With this method bioclimatic zones corre-
sponding to the bioclimatic succession can be defined based on the temperature and pre-
cipitation change either by altitude or by latitude. The altitudinal change of the above cli-
mate characteristics is expressed through the altitudinal succession of the vegetation or
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 94
the vegetation zones.
For each weather station, the pluviothermic quotient Q2 is calculated according to the
Emberger formula:
where: Q2 = pluviothermic quotient,
P = annual precipitation in mm,
Μ = average highest temperature of the hottest month, and
m = average lowest temperature of the coldest month.
Table 9: Pluviothermic quotient of Weather Station in Karystos .
Weather Station Pluviothermic quotient Q2
P (mm) M (oΚ) m (o
Κ) M+m/2 M-m Q2
ΚARYSTOS 757,8 299,5 283,7 291,6 15,8 164,48
Figure 2: Climatogram Emberger-Sauvage for the weather station in Karystos.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 95
The area is depicted in the Emberger-Sauvage climatogram according to the value of Q2
and of m in the weather station of Karystos. Karystos is belongs to the subhumid biocli-
matic zone with warm winter.
dd)) PPlluuvviiootthheerrmmiicc ddiiaaggrraamm ooff BBaaggnnoouullss && GGaauusssseenn
Upon observation of the chart below we note that that the arid or xerothermic period for
Karystos lasts from mid April until mid September.
Figure 3: Pluviothermic diagram for the weather station in Karystos.
66..22..22 MMoorrpphhoollooggiiccaall aanndd llaannddssccaappee cchhaarraacctteerr iisstt iiccss
66..22..22..11 IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
Despite the fact that the evaluation and management of the landscape in protected areas
is extremely important at global level, in Greece there is still ignorance or big confusion as
regards this issue.
Pursuant to the European Landscape Convention of the Council Of Europe, as landscape
is defined a heterogeneous area whose character is the result of the action and interaction
of natural and/or human factors (Neveh and Lieberman 1984, Council of Europe, 2000,
Turner et. al. 2001).
According to Forman and Gordon (1986) as “landscape” is defined a heterogeneous land
area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeated in similar form through-
out. The above definition differs from the definition of the ecosystem in that it focuses in
groups of ecosystems and their interactions. Nevertheless the definition of the landscape
may be different depending on the study or the managerial approach.
Useful are also the definitions which contain the subjective dimension of the character of a
land, such as the following definition: “landscape is a sum of the characteristic features
Οµβροθερµικό Διάγραµµα
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10
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80
Ι Φ Μ Α Μ Ι Ι Α Σ Ο Ν Δ
Μήνες
Θερ
µοκρ
ασία (
0C)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Ύψος
Βρο
χής
(mm)
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 96
which differentiate a specific area of the earth surface from other areas, as visible in an
optical field (Chatzistathis and Ispikoudis, 1995)”. Here the human factor defines the scale
– the optical field – and marks out a characteristic area as a landscape unit.
In Greek legislation the concept of the landscape is described in L.1650/1986 “About the
protection of the environment”, where the legislative formulation of landscape was formu-
lated as “every dynamic sum of biotic and abiotic factors and features of the environment
which individually or interacting in a specific area compose a visual experience.” It is worth
to mention here that Greece recently ratified the European Landscape Convention with L.
3827/2010 (Govt Gazette 30/A/25.02.2010). Pursuant to this Law the following definitions
apply:
““LLaannddssccaappee”” means an area as perceived by people whose character is the result of
the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors.
““LLaannddssccaappee pprrootteeccttiioonn”” means actions to conserve and maintain the significant or
characteristic features of a landscape, justified by its heritage value derived from its
natural configuration and/or from human activity.
""LLaannddssccaappee mmaannaaggeemmeenntt" means action, from a perspective of sustainable develop-
ment, to ensure the regular upkeep of a landscape, so as to guide and harmonise
changes which are brought about by social, economic and environmental processes;
The landscape is the most important unit for the management and conservation of the en-
vironment. It requires appropriate planning and actions for its protection, i.e. actions for
the expansion of the significant features and their forms as well as restoration of those
which have been degraded. It is also pointed out that the landscape is one of the levels of
the evaluation, monitoring and protection of the biodiversity. An hierarchical classification
has been now established distinguishing four levels of biodiversity: 1) genetic biodiversity,
2) species biodiversity, 3) ecosystems – habitats biodiversity and last 4) landscapes biodi-
versity.
The conservation evaluation of the landscape is a serious issue. The evaluation of con-
servation of the landscapes is mainly based on concepts which were elaborated in the
Red List or the Red Book about Threatened Landscapes suggested by Naveh and
Lieberman (1984) for the specification of areas of special cultural and ecological interest,
which are threatened by contemporary human pressures and are degraded or risk to be
degraded.
66..22..22..22 EEvvaalluuaattiioonn ooff tthhee llaannddssccaappee iinn tthhee ssttuuddyy aarreeaa
Four landscape sections with special features are recognized in the landscape of the
study area. These are the following:
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 97
The rocky, high peaks of Ochi (Profitis Ilias, Giouda, Neraida, Tsigathia, Mpoumplia),
characteristic rocky formations of amphibolite and serpentine visually prevail in all
southern Evia.
The forested northern side of Ochi which is extended from the gorge of Agios Dimitrios
to the cape of Kafireas, corrugated by deep gorges and covered with thick forests of
evergreen trees and bushes.
The naked eastern and southern sides of Ochi which are covered with low vegetation
of brushwood or maquis and are carved by small gorges.
The once cultivated plain of Karystos, nowadays pasture land with natural fences of
broad leaved trees and bushes.
Inside the above landscapes several landscape features, which might be of small surface
but significant aesthetic and ecological value, stand out:
Beds of streams and torrents, along with clusters of hygrophilous vegetation.
Rock formations, which are important for chasmophytes and birds of prey.
Steep coasts, which offer shelter to numerous sea animals and seabirds.
Individual clusters of trees/bushes.
The small wetland in the plain of Karystos.
Landscape parts which are visually independent and have great aesthetic value
(Dimosari gorge, Kastanologgos, Agios Dimitrios gorge, Rouklia valley, area of
Kastelo Rosso, Archampolis valley, mountains of Cavo d’oro, the ridge which connects
the peak Kerasia with the cape of Kafireas).
The following criteria were taken into consideration for the evaluation of the landscape in
the chapter of the in principio environmental assessment. Specifically:
- The aaeesstthheettiicc vvaalluuee of a landscape is related to the variety of natural terrain. The
presence of surface water and of benchmarks (characteristic peaks, capes, clusters of
forests etc) at various distances from the visitor give to a landscape bigger aesthetic
value. The rock formations and the water surfaces (except of the sea which is included
under the item “coasts”) make a landscape more attractive to visitors.
- The eeccoollooggiiccaall vvaalluuee of a landscape is connected to the species of flora and fauna,
which conventionally is represented by the vegetation diversity (it was not deemed
necessary to give more emphasis to threatened or protected species).
- The ccuullttuurraall vvaalluuee is represented by the existence of monuments from various time
periods (ancient times, Byzantine – post-Byzantine times, contemporary times). In-
cluded are only monuments recognizable to visitors and easy to visit (ancient
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 98
Drakospito – Kolones – Elliniko, post-Byzantine Kastelo Rosso, contemporary build-
ings – watermills – paved paths).
- The eeccoonnoommiicc vvaalluuee is related to the accessibility (for visitors but also for the transpor-
tation of materials for the improvement of infrastructures) but also the existence of at-
tractions for different visitors groups. Beaches and paths represent different kinds of
visitors groups, while “view sites with shadow and food” represent infrastructures in
settlements and key-positions of the area (with the exception of Karystos, the area
does not provide to visitors accommodation facilities).
- The vvuullnneerraabbiilliittyy is related with the protection status (part of the area has been sug-
gested to be included in the Community Network Natura 2000) and with the disturb-
ance due the existing or planned human activities.
The environmental impact assessment regarding the landscape and the landscape char-
acteristics of the area is being carried out (see chapter of environmental impact assess-
ment) upon having taken into consideration all the above.
66..22..22..33 EEvvaalluuaattiioonn ooff tthhee llaannddssccaappee ooff tthhee ssttuuddyy aarreeaa aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee SSppeecciiaall
FFrraammeewwoorrkk ffoorr SSppaattiiaall PPllaannnniinngg aanndd SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee DDeevveellooppmmeenntt ffoorr RReenneewwaabbllee
EEnneerrggyy SSoouurrcceess
For the impact assessment on the landscape of the wind farms to be licenced, the visual
intervention from the sites of special interest as defined in the Joint Ministerial Decision of
the Special Framework for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development for Renewable
Energy Sources.
The performed control is presented in detail in ISSUE C (REVIEW OF
TERMS/LIMITATIONS OF THE SPECIAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL PLANNING
AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES) which
accompanies this EIA, where a compatibility control was carried out of the investment with
the terms/limitations of the Special Framework for Spatial Planning and Sustainable De-
velopment for Renewable Energy Sources. According to the results of the review
which was performed in the framework of Annex IV of the Joint Ministerial Decision
of the Special Land Use Plan for the RES no impacts of the proposed investment
are observed on the landscape and on the existing landscape characteristics . Nev-
ertheless the following is mentioned here:
Regarding the examination of the criteria for the integration of the proposed wind farm in-
stallation in the landscape, applied are the rules concerning landscape as defined in An-
nex IV of the Joint Ministerial Decision 49828 (Govt. Gazette 2464/Β/03.12.2008). Hence,
upon examination of the Sites of Special Interest which are mentioned in this Annex, the
following derives:
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 99
1. Μonuments registered in the List of World Heritage and other important
monuments, archaeological sites and historic places of par. 5, subpar. bb) of
article 50 of L.3028/02 do not exist in a distance of 6 km from the proposed instal-
lation positions of the wind turbines.
2. Zones of absolute protection (Zones A) of other archaeological sites do not
exist in a distance of 6 km from the proposed installation positions of the wind tur-
bines.
3. Core zones of National Parks, Monuments of Nature, Aesthetic Forests of
par. 3. and 4. of article 19 of L.1650/86 do not exist in a distance of 0,8 km from
the proposed installation positions of the wind turbines.
4. Traditional villages do not exist in a distance of 6 km from the proposed installa-
tion positions of the wind turbines.
5. Statutory or configured touristic areas, tourist accommodations of medium
or large size, special tourist infrastructures and tourist ports do not exist in a
distance of 2 km from the proposed installation positions of the wind turbines.
Consequently, the criterion of integration of the wind farm installation in the landscape is
only examined from the Site of Special Interest “Borders of cities or villages”. Hence, and
keeping also in mind that the closest settlements are not considered as touristic or re-
markable, the radius of the zones (in km) within the Wind Capacity Priority Areas is A=0.5,
Β=1, C=2. This leads to the following calculations:
√ On the surface EΖONE A the location of wind turbines is not allowed.
√ On the surface EΖONE B the location of ~9 wind turbines is allowed.
√ On the surface EΖONE C the location of ~66 wind turbines is allowed.
The abovementioned densities conform to the rules regarding the settlements which are
located in a distance of at least 2 km from the proposed wind farms. However it should be
mentioned that in distance of 500 µ. from the village Schizali [Zone A (see above)] is lo-
cated the WT 7 of the WF ANATOLI (i.e. WT 7 is located exactly on the border of Zone A).
The above calculations lead to the conclusion that:
- The existing planning and the position of the WT does not exceed in any case the al-
lowed density per zone.
- The 2nd criterion does not need to be reviewed since terms about the density as stipu-
lated by the 1st criterion are fulfilled.
66..22..33 GGeeoollooggyy,, tteeccttoonniicc aanndd ssooii ll cchhaarraacctteerr iisstt iiccss
In the study area the following type of soil has been recognized according to the soil clas-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 100
sification system of FAO - UNESCO:
EEuurrii--LLiitthhiicc LLeeppttoossooll:: shallow soil over hard rock or sandy material Leptosols contain
sandy or highly calcareous material. They are usually found in mountain areas as well
as in areas where the soil has eroded up to the point that the hard rock comes to the
surface. Due to the limited soil growth, Leptosols do not show any particular structure.
The coverage percentage of this soil type in Europe reaches 9 %.
Evia is characterized by an intense terrain, multifarious, steep cliffs and a limited drainage
network. In the southest part of Evia prevail amphibolites and amphibolite, sericite or chlo-
rite with lenticular structures of marble. Up north from the schists are extended cipollin
formations. Moreover, we meet local marble formations or crystallic limestones in a con-
siderable surface. Finally, in locations of the coastal zone of Evia we meet youngest allu-
vial deposits and colluvium in a small area (IΓΜE, 1967 & IΓΜE, 1978).
Between the islands of Evia and Andros, on the western half part of the strait, is a fault
with NNE-SSW direction (IΓΜE, 1989). According to the bathymetric chart (Y.Y. 1989),
and the respective bathymetric sketches (Papatheodorou a.o., 1995):
a) steep pitch is observed along the coasts of the island of Evia, which ranges between 5-
8%,
b) the shelf break is situated to a depth of approximately 150 m,
c) the area forms two basins along the axis of the strait, which are separated by a subma-
rine ridge with E-W direction and average depth 250 m, and
d) the northest basin has a maximum depth of 540 m while the southest approx. 400 m.
Τhe soil of the area (even the soil which is found in depths deeper than the surface) con-
sists of sand in percentages which range between 24 -56%. A considerable percentage of
the sand is constituted by fragments of shells and sceletic elements of sea foraminifera
gastropods, pteropods etc, mainly in the area of the continental shelf of Evia. In deeper
areas the sludge and the clay are found increased to a percentage which ranges between
35-41%. Two sediment types prevail: sandy clay-sludge in the deeper areas (north-south
basin and submarine ridge) and clay-sludge sand in the other deep or shallow areas. The
most important minerals are: quartz, plagioclase, chlorite, mica, kaolinite, calcite, arago-
nite and K-feldspar (found not so frequently).
The tectonic blueschist cover in Evia consists of two series, the one below Styra and the
other over Ochi (Karikatsos 1991). The tectonic section of Styra (more than 1 km thick) is
a series of medium-thickness marbles and cipolins with intercalations of mica schists
which at times (gradually) become quartzites. Tectonically they lay below the section of
Ochi and above the metaflysch or the marbles of the indigenous section of
Almyropotamos. The tectonic section of Ochi ( > 1km thick) consists of muscovite,
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 101
epidote, chlorite, glaucophane and quartz schists with intercalations of marbles,
metabasites, metarhyolite-metagranite and intercalations of quartzites (Shaked et al.
2000). The tensile diaclases have a general NW-SE direction and are found in numerous
rocks of the Ochi section, like gneiss, amphibolites, quartz, meta-pegmatites, marbles,
chlorite schists etc. Diaclases which are found in gneiss (metarhyolite-metagranite) and
metabasites which are connected with the Permian-Triassic magmatism are particularly
mineral rich (Katzir et al. 2000, Pe-Piper & Piper 2002).
As regards the mineral composition of the area, quartz is not found in high percentages
and ranges between 5-16%, with the exception of a specimen in the SE coast of Evia
(33%). Τhe low percentage and the low range of quartz rates is not related with the ba-
thymetry of the area nor with the grading change. Most possible cause is the quartz poor
material offer from the rocks of the coastal areas.
Plagioclases are found in a small percentage 3-18% and relatively high concentration in
the sandier sediments of the west part along the coasts of Evia. The most important feed-
ing source with plagioclases are considered the amphibolites. Notable is the total absence
of K- feldspar in the area due to their reduced presence in the rocks of the area but also
due to their fast erosion. Mica are found in high percentages in the whole area (20-50%).
Kaolinite is found in increased percentages 7-29 % in the central and west part of the
strait, in deeper areas where fine separates (sludge and clay) prevail. The degradation of
mica, amphibolites and feldspathic rocks of Evia is deemed to be feeding the area with
kaolinite rich material.
The existence of chlorite in the area is scarce. The erosion of chlorite schists in the
coastal zone of Evia feeds, probably, the area with clastic material enriched with chlorite.
Calcite, unlike quartz and plagioclase, is found in higher percentages, 4-20 %, in the strait
of Kafireas. Additionally notable is a geographical differentiation, presenting higher per-
centages in the east part (because it id fed with cipolin from Andros).
Aragonite is found in very small concentrations in the majority of specimen. According to
studies regarding grain size and mineralogical parameters but based also on the hydrody-
namic status of the area, the allocation of grain size types and of minerals is defined by
the quality of the terrigenous material available in the area in combination with the direc-
tion and speed of the periodical currents. Τhe sediments which cover the area up to the
shelf break are residual, the shell fractures in combination with high percentage of coarse
grained material, small thickness of sediments and the intense circulation of sea massifs
confirm this opinion. On the contrary sediments in deeper areas have derived from the
transfer and deposit of terrigenous material or material of coastal erosion in these areas.
In the area of the continental shelf where currents are stronger the minerals of sludge or
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 102
clay phase show a decrease while relatively fine grain sized separates are increased in
deeper areas.
The presence of these middle grained-fine grained sediments (sandy sludge clay), with
high content in mica, kaolinite, plagioclase etc in deeper areas (>400m), indicates strong
currents even in the deeper basins and fast transfer of the material to these areas. Fur-
thermore the horizontal allocation of the minerals in the surface sediments, is directly con-
nected with the mineralogical composition of the stones, on both sides of the strait, which
erode and feed the area, but also with the prevailing strong periodical currents.
√√ CCaappee ooff KKaaffiirreeaass ((AAkkrroottiirriioo KKaaffiirreeaass))
The cape of Kafireas (Cavo ‘d oro) is characterized by longitudinal hill ranges with suc-
cessive peaks and slopes up to 45°. From the lowest peak close to the sea until Ochi we
find the peaks “Asprolofos” (approximately +300m), Vios (approximately +400m), Anatoli
(approximately +980 m), 6km from the sea and with NE-SW direction. The transverse
slopes into this direction 1000-1500m long from the axis of the aforementioned ridge till
the sea level.
Τhis rough and mountainous terrain is the result of tectonic activity, with fault lines mainly
NW-SE and N-S, which also form the small currents of the area. The hanging wall of the
faults (pursuant to literature data) is the NE or N.
In terms of lithology the cape area (considered as a wider zone) consists of schists and
amphibolites of the series of Kerasia, which constitutes the higher stratigraphic section of
south Evia. Τhe subjected system (cipolin marbles and schists) is found in the higher
peaks (from Profotis Ilias and upstream). This happens because of the anticlinical struc-
ture with an anticlinical axis NW-SE and peak appearance on the west of Anatoli (Mytikas
of Ochi). Hence the cape is practically one wing of the anticline with NE immersion.
The schist rocks which are found in the area are easily degraded and the failure to create
an extended soil mantle of clay material is attributed to the exposure of the rocks to strong
winds and frequent rainfalls which are observed in this edge of Evia. The leaching is fast
and the sea, which is characterized by strong currents in the north as much as in the east
(passage of Kafireas) becomes the final receptor.
The marble layers, arranged by zones, being formations which are more persistent to ero-
sion, arise in the schist environment like rocky outcrops. Where the marbles are ade-
quately extended, carstic erosion occurs in many forms.
√√ PPllaaiinn ooff KKaarryyssttooss ((KKaammppooss KKaarryyssttoouu))
The study area in the plain of Karystos is characterized by a mild, almost even, morpho-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 103
logical terrain of the alluvial deposits which have been accumulated on the plain. The soil
composition contains clay, as the product of degradation of the surrounding schist hills. In
the past the material was abstracted for brick-making.
The layers of sand and pebbles are spread in the clay massif of the deposits and form ad-
ditionally the ground water table with their multiple formation. The soils are rich in calcite
clay, kaolinite, mica and sandy at some places due to quartz accumulation.
The currents and the main stream of Rigia form several meanders in the low zone. In the
past this low region near the sea was covered by swamps which were drained. The thick-
ness of the clay layers in the area of interest is expected to be more than 10 m.
√√ DDiimmoossaarrii ggoorrggee ((FFaarraaggggii DDiimmoossaarrii))
Τhe gorge has been created in the lowest geological section of the island of Evia, i.e. in
the marble and cipolin schist system. Along the route of the main branch and the second-
ary branches one can find successive alternations of schist and cipolin-marbre layers. Τhe
gorge was created from tectonic activity. Its length running from the watershed till 3km af-
ter its output is the axis of the anticline. This means that its fragmentation took place on
the peak of the tectonic structure, it easily eroded and the gorgevalley was created. The
marbles, due to their bigger corrosion resistance than schists, project and form narrows
and waterfalls on the bed. The direction of the anticline is NE-SW. Τhe remaining part till
the output has fault origin (this is the reason why it turns to N instead of NE).
The majority of the individual streams which flow into the main stream correspond to fault
lines. Their directions range from NW-SE to E-W being 1-3 km long.
In the highest drainage basin (south-south west edge) an extend zone of land slides is
being observed in schists of the west side. It has a surface of approximately 1km2. It is
attributed to the pre-folding of schists and to a big fault with NE-SW direction and 6 km
length (from the settlement Kalyvia till the peak Tsifkathia). The land-slide occurs where
this “ends”, intersected by a cluster of other faults with various directions.
The cipolin marbles are found in layers 50-200 m thick and have suffered karstic erosion.
This is the reason of presence of numerous small sources in the drainage basin and in the
gorge bed which offer a continuous supply.
Despite the steep slopes, the schists keep an adequate part of the disintegrated mantle
resulting in the thick vegetation – forest cover of the area, with the exception naturally of
the mountainous zone on the higher parts.
Τhe slopes of the gorge in many parts are not close to the vertical line, while in other parts
range between 45ο - 70ο, the altitudinal differences from the bed till the slope crest reach
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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200 m, especially in the area of the settlement Lenosaioi and upstream.
66..33 NNaattuurraall EEnnvvii rroonnmmeenntt
66..33..11 GGeenneerraall ddaattaa
The present section provides summarized data for the study area. These data present the
natural and human environment in the works area. Τhe available data (urban areas, forest
surfaces, pastures etc) were obtained from the Ministry of Rural Development & Food and
the National Statistical Service of Greece. Specifically:
The borders of the study area, as stipulated in the relevant section, include the protected
area of the Ecological Network Natura 2000 with code GR2420001 “Oros Ochi, Kampos
Karystou, Potami, Akrotirio Kafirefs, Paraktia thalassia zoni”, parts of the Municipalities of
of Marmari (municipal districts of Giannitsi, Ag. Dimitrios, Kallianos, Melissonas,
Paradeisio, Katsaroni) and Karystos (municipal districts of Grampia, Kalyvia, Myloi, Aetos,
Platanistos), and the Community of Kafireas. Specifically:
√√ AAbboouutt tthhee MMuunniicciippaalliittyy ooff KKaarryyssttooss
Τhe MMuunniicciippaall DDiissttrriicctt ooff AAeettooss has semi-mountainous terrain. Out of totally 28.100 acres,
3.200 acres are cultivated land, while 24.600 acres are private pastures. According to the
data of the last national census of land use by the ELSTAT, areas which are covered by
forests or water do not exist. Last, 400 acres are covered by settlement areas (including
roads, squares etc).
Τhe MMuunniicciippaall DDiissttrriicctt ooff GGrraammppiiaa has mountainous terrain. Out of totally 15.200 acres,
700 acres are cultivated land and 13.900 acres are private pastures. The forested areas
cover 400 acres, while there are no surfaces covered by water. Last, 200 acres are cov-
ered by settlement areas (including roads, squares etc).
Τhe MMuunniicciippaall DDiissttrriicctt ooff KKaallyyvviiaa hhaass sseemmii--mmoouunnttaaiinnoouuss tteerrrraaiinn. Out of totally 19.800 acres
3.700 acres are cultivated land and 15.800 acres are private pastures. Forested areas or
surfaces covered by water do not exist in this municipal district. The settlements, including
roads, squares etc) cover an area of 400 acres.
Τhe MMuunniicciippaall DDiissttrriicctt ooff MMyyllooii has mountainous terrain. Out of totally 7.700 acres only
400 acres are cultivated land, while 6.900 acres are covered by settlements. 100 acres
are covered by forested areas. There are no surfaces covered with water while the set-
tlements cover just a surface of 300 acres.
Τhe MMuunniicciippaall DDiissttrriicctt ooff PPllaattaanniissttooss has mountainous terrain. Out of totally 61.800 acres
4.400 acres are cultivated land while 52.700 acres are pastures, out of which 4.000 acres
are community pastures and 48.700 acres are private pastures. Forested areas cover
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 105
3.900 acres out of the total surface. Last, 800 acres are covered by settlements, including
roads, squares etc.
√√ AAbboouutt tthhee MMuunniicciippaalliittyy ooff MMaarrmmaarrii
Τhe MMuunniicciippaall DDiissttrriicctt ooff AAgg.. DDiimmiittrriiooss has mountainous terrain. Out of totally 25.300 acres
1.100 acres are cultivated land while 22.800 acres are private pastures. Forested areas
cover 1.100 acres out of the total surface. There are no surfaces covered with water. Last,
300 acres are covered by settlements, including roads, squares etc.
Τhe MMuunniicciippaall DDiissttrriicctt ooff KKaalllliiaannooss has mountainous terrain. Out of totally 45.600 acres,
2.800 acres are cultivated land, while 39.000 acres are covered by private pastures. Ac-
cording to the data of the last national cencus of land use (1991) by ELSTAT, surfaces
covered with forests are 3.100 acres, while surfaces covered with water are 100 acres out
of the total surface of this municipal district. Last, 200 acres are covered by settlements,
including roads, squares etc.
√√ AAbboouutt tthhee CCoommmmuunniittyy ooff KKaaffiirreeaass
The Community District of Amygdalea has mountainous terrain. Out of 30.100 acres,
3.200 acres are cultivated land while 22.800 acres are pastures (private). The forested
areas cover 3.500 acres out of the total surface. There are surfaces covered with water.
Last, the settlements (including roads, squares etc) cover 600 acres.
The Community District of Komito has mountainous terrain. Out of 47.700 acres 2.500
acres are cultivated land while 43.400 acres are pastures (private). The forested areas
cover 1.200 acres out of the total surface. Last, the settlements (including roads, squares
etc) cover 600 acres.
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√√ SSuummmmaarriizzeedd eevvaalluuaattiioonn ooff tthhee aabboovvee ddaattaa ((llaanndd uussee aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo EELLSSTTAATT))
Municipality Terrain Main land use, accord-ing to ELSTAT
Main human economic a c-tivity, as indicated by the land use interpretation
MUNICIPALITY OF KARYSTOS MD of Aetos Η Pastures Livestock MD of Grampia O Pastures Livestock MD of Kalyvia Η Pastures Livestock MD of Myloi O Pastures Livestock MD of Platanistos O Pastures Livestock MUNICIPALITY OF MARMARI MD of Ag. Dimitrios O Pastures Livestock MD of Kallianos O Pastures Livestock COMMUNITY OF KAFIREAS CD of Amygdalea O Pastures Livestock CD of Komito O Pastures Livestock
√ Statutory protected areas in the study area
The installation area of the proposed wind farms is included in the Ecological Network
2000 and is characterized as a Site of Community Importance (SCI) pursuant to the Di-
rective 92/43/EEC and the Decision 2010/45/EE (GR2420001, Oros Ochi, Kampos
Karystou, Potami, Akrotirio Kafirefs, Paraktia thalassia zoni) and as a Special Protection
Area for Avifauna (SPA) pursuant to the Directives 79/409/EEC and 2009/147/EC
(GR2420012, Oros Ochi, paraktia zoni kai nisides).
The majority of the planned wind farms (except for WF PALIOPYRGOS and the southern
part of WF PLATANISTOS) is located within the borders of the above Site of Community
Importance (SCI). Furthermore, all planned wind farms are located within the borders of
the above Special Protection Area for Avifauna (SPA)
66..33..22 SSppeecciiaall aarreeaass
In the present section are recorded areas which fall into one of the following categories:
- Statutory protected areas pursuant to articles 18 and 19 of L.1650/86 “About the pro-
tection of the environment” (Absolute Protection Areas of Nature, Protected Areas of
Nature, National Parks, Protected Natural formations, Protected Landscapes and ele-
ments of landscape, Ecodevelopment areas).
- National Woodland Parks.
- Sites of Community Importance of the Network Natura 2000 (SCI - Directive
92/43/EEC and Decision 2010/45/EE) and Special Protection Area for Avifauna (SPA -
Directives 79/409/EEC and 2009/147/EC).
- Ramsar areas.
Specifically:
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√√ SSttaattuuttoorryy pprrootteecctteedd aarreeaass qquuaalliiffiieedd ppuurrdduuaanntt ttoo LL11665500//8866
There are no statutory (Absolute Protection Areas of Nature, Protected Areas of Nature,
National Parks, Protected Natural formations, Protected Landscapes and elements of
landscape, Ecodevelopment areas) protected areas pursuant to L.1650/86 “About the pro-
tection of the environment”.
Nevertheless a Special Environmental Assessment has been prepared for the installation
area of the wind farms [*see Special Environmental Assessment of the Dimosari gorge
area and the wider area (Oros Ochi, Kampos Karystou, Akrotirio Kafirefs)]. The Special
Environmental Assessment is in the phase of evaluation – however the data which are
presented in the issue of EIA were taken seriously into consideration by the consultants
herein.
According to the Draft Presidential Decree which is suggested in the above Special Envi-
ronmental Assessment, the area is divided in three zones as follows:
-- ZZoonnee AA:: PPrrootteecctteedd AArreeaass ooff NNaattuurree,, with the following sub-zones: A1: Dimosari
gorge (Faraggi Dimosari), A2: Peaks of Mount Ochi (Periochi Korfon Ochis), A3:
Kastanologgos area (Periochi Kastanologgou), A4: Archampolis area (Periochi
Archampolis).
-- ΖΖoonnee ΒΒ:: SSppeecciiaall RReegguullaattiioonnss AArreeaass, with the following subzones: Β1: Greater area
of Dimosari gorge (Evriteri periochi Faraggiou Dimosari), Β2: Greater area of
Kastanologgos and valley of Komito (Evriteri periochi Kastanologgou kai koilada
Komitou), Β3: Area of Rouklia (Periochi Rouklion), Β4: Valley and Potami of
Platanistos (Koilada kai Potami Platanistou), Β5: Southern feet of Ochi (Notioi
Propodes tis Ochis), Β6: Agios Dimitrios gorge (Faraggi tou Agiou Dimitriou), Β7:
Area of Archampolis (Periochi Archampolis), Β8: Cape Kafireas (Akrotirio Kafirefs),
Β9: Anemopyles of Cavo d’oro, Β10: Wetland of “Kampos Karystou” plain
(Ygrotopos of Kampos Karystou).
- ΖΖoonnee CC:: MMiilldd ggrroowwtthh aarreeaass.
None of the finally proposed to be licenced wind farms is located in Zone A: Pro-tected Areas of Nature.
Last, it is worth mentioning that recently (October, 2009) the Directorate for Environment
of the Prefecture of Evia invited tenders for a study under the title “Update – Supplemen-
tation of the Special Environmental Assessment (SEA) for the protection of the area of the
Dimosari gorge and the wider area (Oros Ochi – Kampos Karystou – Kafireas)”. Today
(July 2010, 2010) this study remains in the phase of evaluation of submitted tech-
nical/economical offers. It is mentioned that now its reintegration in the National Strategic
Reference Framework (NSRF, 2007 - 2013) for financing is being suggested.
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√√ NNaattiioonnaall WWooooddllaanndd PPaarrkkss
There is no area qualified as a National Woodland Park in the study area.
√√ AArreeaass ooff tthhee EEccoollooggiiccaall NNeettwwoorrkk NNaattuurraa 22000000:: SSiitteess ooff CCoommmmuunniittyy IImmppoorrttaannccee ((DDiirreeccttiivvee
9922//4433//EECC)) && SSppeecciiaall PPrrootteeccttiioonn AArreeaass ffoorr AAvviiffaauunnaa ((DDiirreeccttiivvee 7799//440099//EEEECC))
Sites of Community Importance
The Community Directive 92/43/EEC for the conservation of natural habitats, wild fauna
and flora provided for the creation of a European Network for Special Areas of Conserva-
tion, SAC, with the name Natura 2000. Pursuant to this Directive protected areas which
fulfil specific criteria are qualified as proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI). The
Directive 92/43/EEC has been transposed in the national legislation by the Joint Ministrial
Decision no. 33318/3028/1998 (Govt. Gazette 1289/Β/1998).
The installation area of the project, upon fulfilling the criteria of the Directive 92/43/EC,
has been included (SCI, Site of Community Importance, GR2420001, “Oros Ochi,
Kampos Karystou, Potami, Akrotirio Kafirefs, Paraktia thalassia zoni”) in the Ecological
Network Natura 2000. The area includes the Mount Ochi and the surrounding area, as
well as the cape of Kafireas and covers 15.948,13 hectars. Τhe latest borders of the area
do not include the plain of Karystos.
According to the database of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change the
following references are made for the study area:
• The area with code GR2420001 has a total surface of 15.948,13 ha, out of which
13.825,43 ha are land area and 2.122,7 ha are water area.
• For the management of the area responsible is the Forest Service of Aliveri (Kymi)
/Forest Department of Aliveri (Kymi).
• The main pressures noted in the area refer to the following: a) The plain of
Karystos (Kampos Karystou): Degradation of water receiver due to waste disposal
and illegal hunting, b) The Mount Ochi (Oros Ochi) and the surrounding area:
clearing of vegetation, grazing, road construction, quarries.
• The site was chosen to be included in the network Natura 2000 due to its specific
special natural features. The ecological significance and importance of the area is
deducted by the following elements (according to the standardized data form of
Network 2000):
o The diversity of habitat types which are found in the area in combination
with fauna and flora communities.
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o Τhe large number of birds of prey which have been mentioned as well as
other birds which pass through the area.
o Τhe rich herpetofauna.
o Τhe water ecosystems of posidonia (Posidonia oceanica) and of the reefs
which are in a very good condition.
o Τhe rare, endemic and protected species of flora and fauna of the area.
Special Protection Areas for Avifauna
The Community Directive 79/409/EEC for the conservation of wild birds, aims for the
member-states to take measures in order to protect the populations of wild species of avi-
fauna, as well as their habitats. Areas which fulfill the criteria of this Directive are qualified
as Protection Areas, (SPA).
Special Protection Areas were included in the network Natura 200 automatically pursuant
to the Directive of habitats. The Directive 79/409/EC was harmonized with the greek legis-
lation by the Joint Ministerial Decisions 414985/29.11.85 (Govt. Gazette 757/Β/18.12.85),
366599/16.12.96 (Govt. Gazette 1188/Β/31.12.96), 294283/23.12.97 (Govt. Gazette 68 /
Β / 04.02.98) (Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, 2005).
The installation area of the works was recently (March, 2010) characterized as a Special
Protection Area for Avifauna (SPA) according to the Directives 79/409/EEC and
2009/147/EC (SPA, Special Protection Area for Avifauna, GR2420012, Oros Ochi,
Paraktia zoni kai nisides).
All of the planned wind farms are located within the borders of the above Special Protec-
tion Area for Avifauna.
√√ RRaammssaarr aarreeaass
There is no Wetland of International Importance (Ramsar area) in the installation area of
the works.
66..33..33 OOtthheerr aarreeaass
This section records areas which fall in a category of the below:
- Monuments of Nature.
- Aesthetic forests.
- Landscapes of Special Natural Beauty (Statutory).
- Wildlife Refuges.
- Important Bird Areas (IBA).
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Summarized data referring to the features which establish its environmental importance
are set forth for each area falling in one of the above categories. Specifically:
√√ ΜΜoonnuummeennttss ooff NNaattuurree
These include individual forests or clusters of trees with special botanical, ecological, aes-
thetical, history or cultural value. In the same category fall also surfaces of significant eco-
logical, paleontological, geomorphological or other interest. Their establishment was car-
ried out pursuant to the forest code. The majority of these monuments cover only few
square meters.
In the wider study area and in a particularly large distance (>30 km) is situated the the
Monument of Nature ““OOlliivvee ttrreeeess ooff AAllmmyyrrooppoottaammooss,, EEvviiaa””.. The qualification refers to
three old olive trees, with significant morphological features and remarkable aesthetic
presence next to an old church in a village near the sea. Τhis Monument is found in the
village Almyropotamos of Karystia. It was established with decision no. 202305/3584/1977
(Govt. Gazette 590/ΤΒ/1977) (Source: Ministry of Rural Development & Food, Directorate
of Aesthetic Forests, Woodland Parks & Hunting, Department of Forest Environment, Na-
tional Woodland Parks & Forest Recreation).
Due to the large distance no issue is raised concerning the control of the statutory
possibility of the project implementation as regards the protection measures ap-
plied to the Monuments of Nature. Thus there is no issue regarding impacts of the pro-
posed project on the abovementioned Monument of Nature.
The distance of the project site from the Olive Trees of Almyropotamos is depicted on the
map below.
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√√ AAeesstthheettiicc FFoorreessttss
Aesthetic Forests have been established pursuant to the forest legislation (Law Decree
996/1971, Govt. Gazette 192 A’) and include forest landscapes of particular aesthetic and
ecological interest, aiming not only to the protection of nature but also to offer a chance to
the public to know and enjoy the natural environment with various recreational activities.
The measures which are taken and implemented for the protection, organization and im-
provement of the above areas are similar to those which are applicable to the peripheral
zones of National Woodland Parks, which as aforementioned are zones of limited protec-
tion (see Law Decree 996/1971, article 6, par. 3-4).
In the area of Evia is situated the Aesthetic Forest of Steni, with a total surface of 674 ha.
It was established with a Presidential Decree (Govt. Gazette 108/Τ∆/ 24.02.1977)
(Source: Ministry of Rural Development & Food, Directorate of Aesthetic Forests, Wood-
land Parks & Hunting, Department of Forest Environment, National Woodland Parks &
Forest Recreation).
This forest lays very close to the village Steni of Evia, on the southern slope of the moun-
tain Dirfys. This mountainous area is characterized by a variety of slopes, from small to
steep ones. Τhe bedrock consists of clay and crystallic schists with individual formations
of calcites of the Permian, the Upper Triassic and the Jurassic period. Remarkable is the
existence of numerous sources, small streamlets and gorges which cross the forested ar-
ea. Τhe prevailing tree species are Pinus halepensis, Castanea sativa, Abies cephalonica
(at higher altitudes) Quercus sp., and Platanus orientalis. Τhe other half of the area which
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is at a higher altitude and includes the peak Delfi, consists mainly of steep schist scree
(Source: Official webpage of the Ministry Of Environment, Energy & Climate Change).
It is clarified that the Aesthetic Forest of Steni in Evia is in a quite long distance from the
project site (~ 70 km). Consequently no issue is raised concerning the control of the statu-
tory possibility of the project implementation as regards the protection measures applied
to Aesthetic Forests. Thus there is no issue regarding impacts of the proposed project on
the abovementioned Aesthetic Forest.
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√√ LLaannddssccaappeess ooff SSppeecciiaall NNaattuurraall BBeeaauuttyy ((ssttaattuuttoorryy))
There are no statutory Landscapes of Special Natural Beauty (see L.5351/32 and L.
1469/50) in proximity with the installation area of the proposed project.
Nonetheless, according to a study of the National Technical University of Athens (*this
study does not have any statutory status), in the area of the Prefecture of Evia several
Landscapes of Special Natural Beauty have been recorded. Τhese landscapes are
presented in the following table.
Name of Landscap es Code Alrotirio Kafireas (Cape of Kafireas - Cavo d’oro) AT2011001 Dimosari and Kastanologgos on Ochi, Evia AT2011105 Valley of Rouklia, Karystia AT2011002 Islet of Sarakino, Skyros AT5011061 Islet of Stroggili, Evia AT2011042 Islets of Monolia and Lichades, Evia AT2011050 Mountaineous settlemets in the area of Kymi AT2011005 Bay of Kalogria, Atsitsa and Neighbouring Pine Forest AT2011032 Currents of Mourteri and Maniotiko in the area of Kymi AT2011004 Hora town, capital of Skyros AT5011062
Τhe Landscapes of Special Natural Beauty (study of NTUA) are areas which stand out
with their aesthetic value and stay natural, at a remarkable level, although they are
frequenty built (Source: National Technical University). Τheir size has been defined with
human measures and does not exceed one day hiking capability, apart from specific ex-
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ceptions. They often include traditional settlements, archaeological or historical sites.
The criteria for selection and evaluation of the Landscapes of Special Natural Beauty (ac-
cording to the study of NTUA) are related with natural and ecological features, such as the
terrain, the vegetation and flora, the existence of fauna, waters, meteorological conditions,
panoramic view with human features such the existence of monuments, the historic refer-
ences, the traditional character, land use. The possibilities to use a Landscape of Special
Natural Beauty (according to the study of NTUA) for recreation and education, the exist-
ence of paths etc influence positively the choice. As criteria can also be considered ele-
ments like the timelessness, the feeling of escape or isolation, the creation of emotions,
the contact with nature, the possibility to understand natural processes etc The develop-
ment of a methodology for the establishment of criteria was based on bibliographic re-
search, the experience of the collaborators of the program and the help of special scien-
tists.
Out of the Landscapes of Special Natural Beauty which are mentioned in the table above,
the following are located in the study area:
Landscape of Special Natural Beauty (AΤ2011001) “Akrotirio Kafireas (Cavo
d’oro)”.
Landscape of Special Natural Beauty (AΤ2011105) “Dimosari and Kastanologgos
on Ochi, Evia”
Landscape of Special Natural Beauty (AΤ2011002) “Valley of Rouklia, Karystia”.
General elements of the three Landscapes of Special Natural Beauty (according to the
study of NTUA) which are located in the study area are presented below. Specifically:
LLaannddssccaappee ooff
SSppeecciiaall NNaattuurraall BBeeaauuttyy “Akrotirio Kafireas (Cavo d’
Oro)”
LLaannddssccaappee ooff SSppee--cciiaall NNaattuurraall BBeeaauuttyy
“Dimosari and Kastanologgos on
Ochi, Evia”
LLaannddssccaappee ooff SSppee--cciiaall NNaattuurraall BBeeaauuttyy “Valley of Rouklia,
Karystia”.
Code: AΤ2011001 AΤ2011105 AΤ2011002 Date of first record: 15.09.1997 02.06.1997 09.10.1997
Main character: Habitat, Natural landscape Natural landscape Natural landscape
Municipality/Community: Amygdalea Κallianos, Ag. Dimitrios and others Rouklia
Land area (in ha): 2.839 5.827 1.760 Maximum altitude (in m): 966 1.399 641
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LLaannddssccaappee ooff SSppeecciiaall NNaattuurraall
BBeeaauuttyy “Akrotirio Kafireas (Cavo d’
Oro)”
LLaannddssccaappee ooff SSppee--cciiaall NNaattuurraall BBeeaauuttyy
“Dimosari and Kastanologgos on
Ochi, Evia”
LLaannddssccaappee ooff SSppee--cciiaall NNaattuurraall BBeeaauuttyy “Valley of Rouklia,
Karystia”.
Description of area:
Wild cape hit by the winds of the Aege-an Sea. The slopes fall steeply to the sea from a height of approx. 1.000 m. The northern side is mostly covered by ferns and olive groves, among which grow many plane trees. One can also see wild olive trees, Kermes oaks, Holm oaks.
It is mainly the north side of Mount Ochi which includes: the whole basin of the Dimosari gorge of the community Kallianos which starts from the high-est peaks of Ochi and reaches to the sea, the lowest part of the basin of stream Porfyra with the settlement of Ag. Dimitrios, Kastanologgos and the southern side of Ochi peak.
The valley lays on the East of Mount Ochi, starting from the set-tlement of Rouklia. The area has forests and clusters of old chestnut trees, over 300 years old, long lived yews and rare herbaceous plants like Paeonia mascula spp. hellenica.
Vulnerability:
Not under severe threat.
In the wider area exist quarries of schist (slabs of Karystos).
Not under severe threat.
The above Landscapes of Special Natural Beauty are depicted in the following image.
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√√ WWiillddlliiffee SShheelltteerrss
In the wider study area as a Wildlife Shelter has been qualified the area Krypti –
Lykoremma in the municipality of Karystos. Hunting of all animals is prohibited for indefi-
nite time in an area of 17.000 acres pursuant to Decision no. 171190 / 2530 / 3.6.1980 /
YπΓε / Γ∆∆&∆Π / ∆νση E΄ / ΤµII. The wider area has also a second Wildlife Shelter [Porto
Lafia – Kapsala (Styra)] in the location Trikorfo.
It is also pointed out that the proposed projects are outside the borders of the
aforementioned Wildlife Shelters. A view of the Shelters is depicted in the image below.
√√ IImmppoorrttaanntt BBoorrdd AArreeaass ((IIBBAA))
According to the BirdLife International “Important Bird Areas in Europe - Priority sites for
conservation”, Vol. 2: Southern Europe, (edited by: M.F.Heath & M.I. Evans), the following
Important Bird Areas (IBA) are found in the area of Evia:
Table 10: Important Bird Areas in the Prefecture of Evia.
Name of IBA Administrative region Coordinates Altitude Size of
area Identific ation
criteria Megalo and Mikro Livari la-goons Istieas (No 109)
Sterea Ellada
39°00’N 23°08’E
0-3 µ. 1.008
hectars B1i, C3
Kandili mountain (No 110)
Sterea Ellada
38°41’N 23°28’E
0-1.246 m 5.700
hectars Β3, C6
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Name of IBA Administrative region Coordinates Altitude Size of
area Identific ation
criteria Mount Ochi and surrounding ar-ea (No 113)
Sterea Ellada
38°03’N 24°27’E 0-1.398 m 18.000
hectars A4ii, B1ii, B2, B3,
C2, C3, C6
Dirfi, Xirovouni, Skotini, Mavrovouni, Alokteri and Ortari mountains and the vicinity of Kimi (No 111)
Sterea Ellada
38°38’N 23°45’E
0-1.743 m 45.000 hectars
Β3, C6
Lake Distos (No 112)
Sterea Ellada
38°21’N 24°08’E
16-590 m. 2.600
hectars A3, B2, C2, C6
MEMO Category Criteria A3: Biome-restricted spe-cies confined to one bi-ome.
The site is known or thought to hold a significant assemblage of the species whose breeding distributions are largely or wholly confined to one biome
A4: Congregations (ii) The site is known or thought to hold, on a regular basis, 1% of the global population of a congregatory seabird or terrestrial species.
Β1: Congregations
(i) The site is known or thought to hold 1% of a flyway or other distinct population of a waterbird species. (ii) The site is known or thought to hold 1% of a distinct population of a seabird species.
Β2: Species with an un-favourable conservation status in Europe
The site is one of the ‘n’ most important in the country for a species with an unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC 2, 3) and for which the site-protection approach is thought to be appropriate.
Β3: Species with an un-favourable conservation status in Europe
The site is one of the ‘n’ most important in the country for a species with a favourable conservation status in Europe but concentrated in Europe (SPEC 4) and for which the site-protection approach is thought to be appropriate.
C2: Concentrations of a species threatened at the European Union level
The site is known to regularly hold at least 1% of a flyway population or of the EU population of a species threatened at the EU level (listed on Annex I and referred to in Article 4.1 of the EC Birds Directive).
C3: Congregations of mi-gratory species not threatened at the EU lev-el
The site is known to regularly hold at least 1% of a flyway population of a migratory species not considered threatened at the EU level (as re-ferred to in Article 4.2 of the EC Birds Directive) (not listed on Annex I).
C6: Species threatened at the European Union level
The site is one of the five most important in the European region (NUTS region) in question for a species or subspecies considered threatened in the European Union (i.e. listed in Annex I of the EC Birds Directive).
Due to relevance with the study area the IBA “Mount Ochi and surrounding area (No 113)”
is further analyzed. The presented data was obtained by BirdLife International “Important
Bird Areas in Europe - Priority sites for conservation”, Vol. 2: Southern Europe, (edited by:
M.F.Heath & M.I. Evans). Specifically:
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Mount Ochi and surrounding area (N o 113)
Decsription of the area
A coastal mountain dominated by grazed scrub with numerous springs and streams. Live-
stock and farming are the main activities.
Habitats : Forest and forested area (21%, broadleaved deciduous woodland, alluvial/very
wet forests, broadleaved evergreen woodland), Shrubland (55%, scrub, sclerophyllous
scrub/garrigue/maquis), Grassland (5%, steppes, dry calcareous grassland, humid grass-
lands), Wetland (5%, rivers/streams, water fringe vegetation, fens/transition mires,
springs), Sea/marine area (5%, sea inlets, coastal features), Rocky areas (6%, sea cliffs/
rocky shores, scree and boulders, rock stacks /islets, inland cliffs), Artificial Landscapes
(13%, arable land, perennial crops, orchards, groves).
Land use : Agriculture (75%), Fisheries / Aquaculture (10%), Forestry (10%), Τourism /
Recreation (5%).
Birds
The site is particularly important for passage migrant species of global conservation inter-est that do not meet Important Bird Area (IBA) criteria: Audouin’s Gull (Larus audouinii) (non breeding species).
Species Season Year Population (min)
Population (max)
Accuracy of
population size
Criteria
Yelkouan Shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan)
Ν (non breeding)
1996 - 900
A (reliable) A4ii, B1ii, C3
Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo)
R (resident) 1989 5 -
C (little accuracy)
B2, C6
Western Rock Nuthatch (Sitta neumayer)
R (resident) 1996 200 - -
B3
Cretzschmar’s Bunting (Emberiza caesia)
B (breeding) 1996 150 - -
B3, C2, C6
Protection Status
None on national level.
None on international level.
Conservation issues
Threats : Abandonment/reduction of land management, Agricultural intensifica-
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tion/expansion, deforestation (commercial), extraction industry, Filling-in of wetlands, For-
est grazing, Industrialization/Urbanization, Infrastructures, Intensified forest management,
Recreation/Tourism, Unsustainable exploitation.
The extension of the road network and the future tourism development constitute serious
threats to the area. Other threats derive from the mining activities on the west and the
north side of the ara, the abandonment of the area, overgrazing, the use of poisonous
baits and the planned construction of wind farms in the area.
66..33..44 LLooccaatt iioonn ooff tthhee pprrooppoosseedd wwiinndd ffaarrmmss iinn rreelleevvaannccee ttoo tthhee ssttaattuuttoorryy pprrootteecctteedd
aarreeaass iinn oorr cclloossee ttoo tthhee ssttuuddyy aarreeaa
In the following table an aggregate evaluation of the proposed project in relation with the
“Special areas” and “Other areas” which were described in the previous sections, is being
carried out.
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NAME OF WF LOCATION ACCORDING TO PROPOSED ZONING OF THE EIA NAT.
PARKS
AREAS OF THE NETWORK NATURA 2000 RAMSAR
AREAS ΖONE A ΖONE Β ΖONE C SCI SPA
A1 A2 A3 A4 Β1 Β2 Β3 Β4 Β5 Β6 Β7 Β8 Β9 Β10 C
AAΝΝAAΤΤOOLLII - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tot
al n
umbe
r /C
C
- - - Within Total
number/CC
Within Total number
/CC -
ΚΚAATTHHAARRAA - - - - 3 - - - - - 8/CC - 3 - - - Within
Total number /CC
Within Total number
/CC -
ΚΚEERRAASSIIAA - - - - 5 7/CC - - - - - - - - - - Within
Total number /CC
Within Total number
/CC -
MMIILLIIAA - - - - -
Tot
al n
umbe
r /C
C
- - - - - - - - - - Within
Total number /CC
Within Total number
/CC -
SSPPIILLIIAA - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tot
al n
umbe
r/C
C
- Within
Total number /CC
Within Total number
/CC -
PPLLAATTAANNOOSS - - - - 3 - - - - - - - - - 3/CC - Within
Total number /CC
Within Total number
/CC -
PPAALLIIOOPPYYRRGGOOSS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Within
Total number Within
Total number -
II.. SSPPEECCIIAALL NNAATTUURRAALL AARREEAASS
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NAME OF WF LOCATION ACCORDING TO PROPOSED ZONING OF THE EIA NAT.
PARKS
AREAS OF THE NETWORK NATURA 2000 RAMSAR
AREAS ΖONE A ΖONE Β ΖONE C SCI SPA
A1 A2 A3 A4 Β1 Β2 Β3 Β4 Β5 Β6 Β7 Β8 Β9 Β10 C /CC /CC
PPLLAATTAANNIISSTTOOSS - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tot
al n
umbe
r/C
C
-
Within north side
Total number of WT of north
side/CC
Within north side
Total number of WT of south
side
Within Total number/CC
-
LEGEND
WF: Wind Farm - WT: Wind Turbine - CC: Control Cabin.
SEA: Special Environmental Assessment.
* Number (eg 4): The specific number of wind turbines which are located on the proposed zone.
* Number/CC (eg 8/CC): The specific number of wind turbines and the control cabin which are located in the proposed zone.
* Τotal number/CC: Τhe total number of wind turbines, and the control cabin of the proposed WFs which are located in the proposed zone.
Within
Total number/CC
Outside
Total number/CC
: Within limits of the Site of Community Importance (SCI, Directive 92/43/EC) / Τhe total number of wind turbines and the control cabin are
located within the limits of the Site of Community Importance (SCI, Directive 92/43/EC).
: Outside limits of Site of Community Importance (SCI, Directive 92/43/EC) / Τhe total number of the wind turbines and the control cabin are located outside
the limits of the Site of Community Importance (SCI, Directive 92/43/EC).
II.. SSPPEECCIIAALL NNAATTUURRAALL AARREEAASS
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LEGEND
WF: Wind Farm - WT: Wind Turbines - CC: Control Cabin - LSNB: Landscape of Special Natural Beauty (from study of NTUA).
* Total number/CC: Τhe total number of the wind turbines and the control cabin of the proposed WFs which are located within the LSNB (from study of NTUA).
* Number out of Number/CC: The number of wind turbines out of the total number of wind turbines of the proposed WFs and the control cabin which are located within the LSNB (from study of NTUA).
* Number out of Number: The number of wind turbines out of the total number of wind turbines of the proposed WFs which are located within the LSNB
(from study of NTUA) or within the limits of an Important Area for Birds (IBA). The control cabin is out of the limits of the LSNB (from study of NTUA) or the Important Area for Birds (IBA).
Within
Total number/CC
NAME OF WF ΜONUMENTS OF NATURE
AESTHETIC FORESTS
LANDSCAPES OF SPECIAL NATURAL
BEAUTY (STATUTORY)
LANDSCAPES OF SPECIAL NATURAL BEAUTY -LSNB -(FROM STUDY OF NTUA) IMPORTANT ARE-
AS FOR BIRDS (IBA)
WILDLIFE SHELTERS
AΤ2011001 AΤ2011105 AΤ2011002
AAΝΝAAΤΤOOLLII - - - TToottaall nnuummbbeerr //CC
- - Within
TToottaall nnuummbbeerr /CC -
ΚΚAATTHHAARRAA - - - 88 oouutt ooff 1144//CC
- - Within
TToottaall nnuummbbeerr /CC -
ΚΚEERRAASSIIAA - - - - 55 oouutt ooff 1122 - Within
TToottaall nnuummbbeerr /CC -
ΜΜIILLIIAA - - - - - - Within
TToottaall nnuummbbeerr /CC -
SSPPIILLIIAA - - - - TToottaall nnuummbbeerr //CC
- 1111 oouutt ooff 1133 -
PPLLAATTAANNOOSS - - - - TToottaall nnuummbbeerr //CC
- Within
TToottaall nnuummbbeerr /CC -
PPAALLIIOOPPYYRRGGOOSS - - - - - - Within
TToottaall nnuummbbeerr /CC -
PPLLAATTAANNIISSTTOOSS - - - - - - Outside
TToottaall nnuummbbeerr /CC -
: Within the limits of the Important Area for Birds / Τhe total number of the wind turbines, and the control cabin are located
within the limits of the Important Area for Birds.
IIII.. OOTTHHEERR NNAATTUURRAALL AARREEAASS
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66..33..55 FFlloorraa -- VVeeggeettaatt iioonn -- HHaabbii ttaattss
66..33..55..11 IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn -- MMeetthhooddoollooggyy
This report on the flora and the habitat types in the sites of proposed installation of the
wind farms, is based on the existing bibliographical sources and on the field study which
was carried out in spring and summer 2009 (3 and 5 days accordingly) for the mapping of
the actual vegetation and corresponding the habitat types, in a scale of 1:5.000. The
methodology approach included:
- Sampling of vegetation (flora composition) in representative positions of each wind
farm and in every habitat type and, where accessible, in every installation field of wind
turbines,
- Survey of the existing ecological conditions of development of each habitat, photo-
graphic documentation of every habitat type
This field survey refers to the wind farms which are partially or totally within the borders of the Site of Community Importance.
A bigger scale (use of GIS backgrounds 1:5.000 at mapping and display on maps at 1:10.000) against mapping scale 1:50.000 (at which the data about ecosystems types ar-ea available in the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works), was deemed necessary because it depicts with bigger accuracy the spatial distribution pattern of habitat types in relatively small surfaces (always in relation with the surface which is covered by the Site of Community Importance) of the proposed wind farm instal-lation. Maps with scale 1:50.000 depict only with relative accuracy the borders of the habi-tat types, especially ofr types which are inherently of small scale and are found in small surfaces of the studied field.
This was confirmed at the in situ field study during May and July 2009 and regarded es-pecially the mapping border (spatial arrangement) of habitat types which are found in small areas and are being altered with other habitat types.
For the collection of data about the flora which is found in the proposed installation posi-tions of wind turbines, with emphasis on the observation and survey of endemic species (Greek endemic species, endemic species of Evia), but also of the species mentioned in the Directive 92/43/EEC:
- the representatives locations of each wind farm were visited, flora data and construc-tion data (dominant, characteristic species, density of vegetation) were collected in all representative habitat types which compose the vegetation mosaic,
- the presence of endemic species was associated with specific habitat types, taking in consideration the existing bibliography.
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66..33..55..22 HHaabbiittaatt ttyyppeess iinn tthhee SSiittee ooff CCoommmmuunniittyy IImmppoorrttaannccee OOrrooss OOcchhii –– KKaammppooss
KKaarryyssttoouu –– AAkkrroottiirriioo KKaaffiirreeffss
In the following paragraphs are presented the habitat types in the SCI as they have been
recorded since 1998. The two main studies which have been prepared in the area are the
Special Environmental Assessment (SEA1998) and the report “Identification and descrip-
tion of the habitat types in sites of interest for the conservation of nature” (widely known as
“Mapping of Habitat Types”) (1999-2001). Between those two surveys there are differ-
ences which undergo constant interpretation. Moreover, pursuant to later scientific data,
there have been alterations in the Mapping of Habitat Types which are set forth and also
interpreted. Last, the survey and evaluation of habitat types in this study are performed
based on: a) the SEA, b) the recording of the “Mapping of Habitat Types”, c) the contem-
porary and updated scientific data (eg 3ο Mediterranean Biogeographical Convention) and
d) the field study in the framework of this study.
√ Habitat types according to the SEA (1998)
According to the data included in the Special Environmental Assessment of the area in the
Dimosari gorge and the wider area (Oros Ochi – Kampos Karystou – Akrotirio Kafirefs)
(1998), the vegetation of the area is characterized by big diversity in natural habitat types
of Annex I of the Directive 92/43/EEC.
According to the SEA (1998), as shown in the table below (Table 11), the vegetation con-
sists of 22 habitat types and vegetation mosaics of two or more habitats in the form of is-
lets and one (1) Greek habitat type: 72A0, with the indication h=hellenic) which corre-
spond to more than 22 syntaxa (associations, sub-associations or communities) integrat-
ed in the individual vegetation sections and zones.
√ Habitat types according to the Mapping of Habitat Types (1999-2001)
According to the survey which was performed in the framework of the “Identification and
description of the habitat types in sites of interest for the conservation of nature” (widely
known as “Mapping of Habitat Types”) (1999-2001) 17 habitat types were mapped in the
area (Table 11).
Table 11: Habitat Types in the SCI GR2420001 according to SEA (1998) and Mapping of Habitat Types (1999-2001).
Code of Habitat Type Name of Habitat Type (D i-rective 92/43/EE)
Ecological Description of Hab i-tat Type Name
SEA MAPPING 1020 Cultivations Cultivations 1050 Settlements Settlements
1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time
Seagrass with Cymodocea nodosa
*1120 Posidonia beds (Posidonion oceanicae) Seagrass (Posidonia beds)
1210 Annual vegetation of drift lines Ammonitrophilous vegetation
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Code of Habitat Type Name of Habitat Type (D i-rective 92/43/EE)
Ecological Description of Hab i-tat Type Name
SEA MAPPING
1240 1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Medi-terranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp.
Chasmophytic vegetation in steep calcareous rocks
1410 Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi)
Vegetation of wet meadows with Juncus spp.
2110 2110 Embryonic shifting dunes Ammophila vegetation on embry-onic dunes
3150 Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition
Aquatic vegetation with rooted or not on the bottom plants or float-ing flowers or leaves
*3170 Mediterranean temporary ponds Vegetation of spring seasonal ponds
3260
Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion
Aquatic vegetation with floating flowers or leaves
3290
Rivers of the Mediterranean with Intermittently flowing Mediterra-nean rivers of the Paspalo- Agrostidion
Riverain nitrophilous vegetation of streams and currents
4090 4090 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse
“Steppelike” rocky grasslands with thorny bushes in mountaineous and oro Mediter-ranean height
5340 Garrigues of the eastern Mediter-ranean
Thorny (shrubs with Crataegus laciniata, shrubs with Erica arborea)
5420 5420 Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas
Vegetation of phrygana with Eri-ca manipuliflora, E. arborea, Genista acanthoclada, Sarcopoterium spinosum, Eu-phorbia acanthothamnos and Centaurea spinosa
*6220 Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea
Meadows with the look of pseudosteppe and dominant var-ious species of grasses and therophytes
6310 Dehesas with evergreen Quercus spp. (high shrubs and forests with Quercus coccifera)
Degraded shrub vegetation with Quercus coccifera and three clusters with Quercus coccifera
72A0h 72A0h Reedbeds Wetland vegetation with wild reed (Phragmites australis)
8210 8217 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation
Rocky halophytic vegetation on steep cliffs
92C0 92C0 Platanus orientalis and Liquid-ambar orientalis woods (Platanion orientalis)
Riparian vegetation with east plane-tree
92D0 92D0 Southern riparian galleries and thickets (Nerio-Tamaricetea and Securinegion tinctoriae)
Riparian forests-galleries and tickets with oleander (Nerio-Tamaricetea)
9260 9260 Castanea sativa woods Forest vegetation with chestnut tree
924A Thermophilous oak-forest of E. Meditarranen and the Balcans
Forest vegetation with oak
9320 9320 Olea and Ceratonia forests Sparce formations with wild olive trees and locust trees
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Code of Habitat Type Name of Habitat Type (D i-rective 92/43/EE)
Ecological Description of Hab i-tat Type Name
SEA MAPPING
9340 9340 Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests Forest clusters of Quercus Ilex
9380 Forests of Ilex aquifolium Sparce clusters with holly 934A Quercus coccifera Greek forests Greek Briar woods
*9580 9580 Mediterranean Taxus baccata woods
Sparce clusters with yew
√ Differences between the two surveys – later update of data
Below follows the analysis of the current, actual distribution pattern of habitat types in the
study area and the justification of the occurring differences according to the youngest sci-
entific data in the surveys of the SEA (1998) and the Mapping (1999-2001):
a) change of the code for a habitat type and its alteration from a habitat type of the Di-
rective 92/43/EEC, to a Greek habitat type (the habitat type 6310 of the Directive was re-
placed by the Greek habitat type 934A).
The change took place in the framework of the work “Mapping of Habitat Types” (1999-
2001), based on the fact that specific habitat types like the habitat 6310 of Annex I of the
Directive 92/43/EEC are not found in Greece according also to the results of the II Medi-
terranean Biogeographical Seminar (1999). Habitat 6310 includes grazed forests of a
specific type which are found only in the Iberian peninsula. Therefore and in order to cover
the scrubby and low forest formations which are found in our area and elsewhere in Greek
section of the European Ecological Netwok Natura 2000, its replacement by the Greek
habitat type 934A (Quercus coccifera Greek forests) was decided (by the project teams of
1999-2001 in cooperation with the Greek Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning
and Public Works).
b) the habitat types *9580 and 9380 do not really occur on Mount Ochi , according to
our recent visit on the peaks of Profitis Ilias and Giouda. They are open rocky surfaces
with grasslands and thorny orbicular low shrubs and few individual and very scarce plants
of Taxus baccata and Ilex aquifolium. The visit took place with the scientific reservation of
the European Union Services regarding the habitat type *9580 (Mediterranean forests with
Taxus baccata) which is at the same time priority habitat type, as regards its existence in
Greece (Mediterranean Biogeographical Seminar III, Evaluation results 2004). Conse-
quently a proposal to the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public
Works has been submitted for the replacement of habitats *9580 and 9380 by 4090 in
both cases of areas in Greece where it seemed as existing (GR2420001, GR1110004),
the first one of which is this SCI, where the study area belongs to.
c) regarding habitat *6220, which is a priority habitat according to Annex I of the Di-
rective 92/43/EEC, the following must be mentioned:
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• The habitat is not described in the Standard Data Form of the SCI GR2420001.
• It is mentioned and mapped in mixture with the habitat types 5420 and 4090 not
only in the Special Environmental Assessment (SEA) but also in the mapping
schedule (1999-2001), i.e. it was never mapped as a separate vegetation unit-
habitat type. It is finally not included in the database with the habitat types for the
areas of the network Natura 2000 at European Level (results III of the Mediterra-
nean Biogeographical Seminar), according to the database with the habitat types
and species as delivered by Greece.
• The reasons why it is not mapped as a separate vegetation unit are the following:
- its presence was not documented on the basis of vegetation specimens
which are collected following a specific methodology which is widely ac-
cepted at European level
- it formed only small patches within other vegetation units-habitat types
which occupied very large surfaces in this area of the network Natura 2000
(5420: 39,7%, 4090: 6,8% of the total surface of the area (15.948 ha)
d) Finally, it should be taken into consideration that the borders of the study area were
different in both surveys. In the SEA (1998) the study area was bigger and covered also
sea areas while in the work of the Mapping of the Habitat Types (1999-2001) the study
area was smaller and was limited to land areas.
66..33..55..33 HHaabbiittaatt ttyyppeess iinn tthhee iinnssttaallllaattiioonn aarreeaass ooff tthhee wwiinndd ffaarrmmss
According to the field study which was carried out in the study area in order to depict the
current and actual situation of the vegetation and the respective habitat type, 8 habitat
types, pure or mosaics of two or three types (Table 12). The survey and mapping refers to
the direct project area (installation fields of WFs) and was executed at a scale of 1:5.000.
This scale is deemed to be more suitable to depict the actual distribution pattern of the
vegetation for works and activities which occupy a relatively small surface.
Table 12 : Habitat types in the proposed wind farms installation area.
Code Name Ecological description of name
4090 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse
Non typical “steppelike” rocky grasslands with thorny bushes in mountaineous and oro Mediter-ranean heights (domination of Genista acanthoclada with species of Daphno-Festucetalia and Thero-Brachypodietea)
5150 h Waste land with fern (Pteridium aquilinum) (pteriades)
Extensive, often close, plant communities with Pteridium aquilinum (fern). In the study area, es-pecially in the zone of oak and Quercus coccifera (500-900 m.).
5420 Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas
Vegetation of phrygana with Erica manipuliflora, Genista acanthoclada, Sarcopoterium spinosum, Euphorbia acanthothamnos
5340h Garrigues of the Eastern Medi-terranean
Thorny (shrubs with Crataegus laciniata, shrubs with Erica arborea)
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Code Name Ecological description of name
8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation
Chasmophytic vegetation on steep rocky for-mations in inside locations at an altitude >800 µ.
92C0 Platanus orientalis woods Riparian vegetation with Platanus orientalis 934Ah Greek briar woods Shrubs and low woodland with Quercus coccifera 9340 Quercus ilex forests Forest clusters of Quercus Ilex
In the area of interest, are found 5 habitat types of the Directive 92/43/EEC and 3 Greek
habitat types: 5150, 5340, 934A (with the indication h=hellenic).
The mapping of each wind farm includes not only the pure habitat types but also the mo-
saics of vegetation (habitat types) especially for cases where the chloristic composition
changes every dozen metres and vegetation/habitat types alternate so that an alternation
or transition from one habitat to the other which is impossible to be spatially depicted (due
to the fact that it is not abrupt but gradual whereby chloristic elements and structures from
various habitat types are mixed).
The following table records the mapping units of vegetation and habitat types per wind
farm which is located within the Site of Community Importance (area of network Natura
2000), in accordance with the Maps of Habitat types of each wind farm,
Table 13 : Habitat types per Wind Farm within the Site of Community Importance.
Wind Farm Habitat types D1 5150, 5340, 5420, 92C0, 9340 and mosaics of these habitat types D2 5340, 5420, 934A, D3 5420, 5340, 8210, 92C0, 9340 and mosaics of these habitat types D4 5150, 5420, 8210, 92C0 D5 5150, 5340, 5420, 92C0, 9340, D7 4090, 5150, 5340, 5420, 92C0 D8 4090, 5420, 5340, 9340
Next follows Table 14 with the habitat types and their distribution in the individual Wind
Farms of the study area.
Table 14: Distribution of habitat types per Wind Farm within the SCI.
Habitat types Distribution in the wind farms Directive 92/43/EEC (Annex I) 4090 D7, D8 5420 D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D7, D8 8210 D3, D4 92C0 D1, D3, D5, D7 9340 D1, D3, D5, D8 Greek (not included in Annex I of the Directive 92/43/EEC) 5150 D1, D4, D5, D7 5340 D1, D2, D3, D5, D7, D8 934A D2
A reduction of the habitats in the installation area of the WFs is observed compared to the
SCI, which is explained on the one hand due to the considerably smaller of the installation
polygons of the WFs in relation with the total surface of the SCI and on the other hand due
to the ecological requirements of each habitat. In the total area of the SCI are found
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coastal and halophytic habitat types (1110, 1120, 1410), coastal and inland dunes (2110),
freshwater habitats (3150, 3170, 3260, 3290), habitats of high and low peatlands and fens
(72A0), which are limited to coastal and wetland areas of low altitude and thus are not
found in the mountainous areas under examination.
Regarding the priority habitat *6220 , according to the surveys of the study team in the
area a point presence of chloristic elements of this type is observed in specific locations.
They are species which participate in the clearings (open areas which are not cov-
ered with bushy or semi-bushy vegetation) of other habitat types (5420, 4090) . This
means that it is not a typical vegetable composition and structure of the habitat, as docu-
mented on the basis of the presence of a small number of differential species of the
phytosociological community to which it belongs. Consequently the spatial representation
of this habitat type, which in this case does not constitute a different structure (compared
to 5420 and 4090) is not possible, as we are based only on few species which are differ-
ential species of Thero-Brachypodietea (*6220).
66..33..55..44 FFlloorraa eelleemmeennttss iinn tthhee ssttuuddyy aarreeaa
The field survey showed that in the study area is not found any phytical taxon (species or
subspecies) included in Annexes II and IV of the Directive 92/43/EEC. However one can
find endemics as well as other species which are included either in the IUCN red list or in
the Red Data Book of Greece (Phitos et al., 1995).
The geographical location of the area, its geological composition and its complex paleo-
geography contributed to the isolation of certain species and the creation of new. The
presence in the Dimosari gorge and the wider area of 11 endemic taxa of Evia (five out of
which are local endemics of the area: Armeria johnsenii, Campanula celsii subsp.
carystea, Inula subfloccosa, Limonium runemarkii, Stachys euboica), and 28 endemix
taxa with broader expansion the Greek region, qualify the area as an important center of
endemism in the country. Below are presented some of the endemic taxa of the area
which are of interest or under pressure from human activities:
Stachys euboica
It is a particularly rare species, known from the rocky formations of Cavo d’oro, while a
small population was found in the area of Agios Dimitrios. The intense mining activities as
well as the alignment of new roads threaten the populations of this rare and endemic plant
species.
Inula subfloccosa
Τhis local endemic species grows in steep rocky areas with high altitudes on the Moun
Ochi. Important areas for this species are the rocky formations of Stefania Lalas as well
as other slopes on the northern foot of Mount Ochi. The intense mining activities in the
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wider area may threaten the populations of this rare species.
Armeria johnsenii
Particularly rare local endemic species which is found only in the cape of Kafirefs and in
specific other locations on the coastline of Cavo d’oro (eg. river, Schizali beach). The total
population of this species counts only a few dozens. Its presence in the littoral zone
makes it vulnerable to potential human interventions. The construction of a new road in
1997 on the cape of Kafireas destructed certain plant species and threatens the biggest
known population of the species.
Cerastium runemarkii
Rare endemic species of the Aegean. Only two populations on Naxos island and on the
peak of Mount Ochi are known currently. The populations of these species are under
pressure due to intense overgrazing of the sheep in the surroundings of Mount Ochi.
Paeonia mascula subsp. hellenica
Until recently this taxon was considered as a Greek endemic, but a small population was
also found on the western coast of Turkey. The biggest known population of the species is
found in Mount Ochi, above the village of Rouklia. The road which was constructed in the
area the recent years divided the population in two while several individuals were re-
moved.
Two plant taxa (Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium) could be added to the endemic, threat-
ened, rare and protected species which, despite not constituting forested formations which
would allow the identification of the habitat types 9580 and 9380 respectively, are record-
ed in the area. In the study area only a few individuals are found on the preak of Mount
Ochi which are residual elements of older geological periods.
The total number of endemic and other plant species which are qualified as Important for
the study area, based on their integration and protection in National Lists (P.D. 67/81), as
well as in Risk Categories (Rare: R, Threatened: V, I: species "Endangered”, "Rare" or
"Threatened" for which there are not enough classification information) pursuant to Euro-
pean and International Lists (WCMC, UNEP, IUCN, Directive 92/43/EEC) amounts to 28
taxa (Table 15).
16 out these aforementioned endemic species on the Mount Ochi, in the Dimosari gorge
and the cape of Kafireas, are protected pursuant to Presidential Decree 67/81. As regards
their integration on protection categories according to international lists 16 are included in
one of the Red List categories as stipulated by the IUCN and are included in the afore-
mentioned Lists. Detailed results about the number of taxa for each Risk Category are
presented in the table below:
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- 11 taxa belong to the Rare (R),
- 1 taxon is qualified as Threatened (Τ)
- 2 taxa belong to the locally rare species,
- 1 taxon belongs to the species of Indeterminate risk category (I)
- 1 taxon probably belongs to a risk category but the its population status is un-
known.
Table 15 : Endemic plant taxa of the study area and their protection status (P.D. 67/81, IUCN/WCMC and UNEP)
A/A Plant taxon P.D. 67/81 IUCN /WCMC UNEP
1 Cirsium heldreichii subsp. euboicum * - - 2 Inula subfloccosa * R/R R 3 Leontodon graecus * - - 4 Brassica cretica subsp. aegea - / (localy rare) - 5 Thlaspi bulbosum R/R R 6 Cerastium runemarkii * T/I I 7 Silene pentelica * R/R R 8 Ebenus sibthorpii * R/R R 9 Vicia pinetorum * ? - 10 Hypericum delphicum * R R 11 Sideritis euboea * - - 12 Stachys euboica * R R 13 Paeonia mascula subsp. hellenica -/(locally rare) I 14 Armeria johnsenii - - 15 Goniolimon sartorii * R R 16 Limonium palmare - - 17 Limonium runemarkii - - 18 Ranunculus subhomophylus * R R 19 Asperula lutea subsp. euboea 3 * ? - 20 Asperula rigidula - - 21 Verbascum delphicum * R R 22 Viola euboea - - 23 Crocus sieberi subsp. atticus - - 24 Fritillaria ehrhartii - - 25 Orchis boryi * - - 26 Sesleria vaginalis * - - 27 Hesperis laciniata subsp. secundiflora - R - 28 Aristolochia microstoma - R -
R = Rare, T= Threatened, V= Threatened or Vulnerable
66..33..66 SSppeecciieess ooff FFaauunnaa
Hereinafter follows a description of the study area based on the existing bibliographic
sources as well as the data collected by the study team during the field visits.
3 The report of the species from the gorge of Agios Dimitrios in S. Evia was not confirmed (according to Trigka
2003) and its existence is only documented in Mount Dirfy.
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66..33..66..11 GGeenneerraall
The majority of the publications in the international bibliography regarding the impacts of
WFs on fauna refers only to birds and the recent years to bats (National Research Council
2007). In the guide of the European Union (Draft guidelines on Wind energy development
and EU Nature conservation requirements 2008) which is under publication and refers to
the relation between the development of wing energy with the Community protection re-
quirements, no mention is made to other species of fauna (except for birds, bats as
well as marine mammals and fish for offshore WFs). While studying small mammals in
WF location areas (with measurements before and after the construction and operation)
de Lucas et al. (2005) do not mention impacts on their populations.
Any impacts on the fauna (except for avifauna) refer to the construction phase of the WFs
(loss of habitat and disturbance during the construction of the installation fields and the
access roads) except for bats for which any impacts refer mainly to the operation phase.
66..33..66..22 PPrreesseennccee
A fundamental and important source regarding the fauna of the wider area and the works
area is the Special Environmental Assessment on the Dimosari gorge and the wider area
(Dimopoulos et al. 1998) which a covers to a great extent the study area. For a more
complete presentation of vertebrate fauna, the data of the SEA were combined with the
following bibliographic sources:
- Amphibians and Reptiles: Gasc et al. (1997), Arnold & Burton (2002), Dimitropoulos &
Ioannidis (2002), Valakos et al. (2008).
- Mammals: Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999).
Furthermore, during the field studies in the study area during the period 2006-2009, an
evaluation of the habitats in association with the species of fauna that they might support,
was also carried out.
Below we refer to and evaluate the species of fauna which, based on their ecology, may
be observed in the wider study area of the project and specifically in its terrestrial part.
Hence we will not refer further to species mentioned in the bibliography regarding
the wider study area but live and are observed only in the marine area (Turtle Caretta
caretta, Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus), or in freshwater systems and
habitats directly related with them (Europen Otter Lutra lutra, Balkan Terrapin
Mauremys rivulata and European pond turtle Emys orbicularis, Water snake Natrix natrix
and Dice snake Natrix tessellata, and amphibian species: Fire salamander Salamandra
salamandra, Yellow-Bellied Toad Bombina variegata, Common toad Bufo bufo, Green
toad Pseudepidalea viridis, Tree frog Hyla arborea and Marsh frog Pelophylax
ridibundus).
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Table 16: Species of land mammals in the area of SE Evia (Dimopoulos et al. 1998, Greek names
by Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999).
S/N English name Scientific name Pr. 92/43/EEC IUCN RΒ Insectivora
1. Eastern European Hedgehog
Erinaceus concolor + LC NE
2. Mediterranean Mole Talpa caeca + LC DD Chiroptera
3. Common Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus + IV LC DD 4. Kuhl's Pipistrelle P. kuhlii/nathusii + IV LC LC 5. Savi's Pipistrelle Hypsugo savii + IV LC LC 6. Long-tailed Bat Tadarida teniotis + IV LC LC 7. Myotis spp. 8. Plecotus spp.
9. Greater horseshoe bat
R. ferrumequinum + II/IV LC LC
Lagomorph a 10. European Hare Lepus europaeus + LC NE
Rodents 11. Edible Dormouse Glis glis + LC NE 12. Pitymys thomasi Pitymys thomasi + LC NE
13. Broad-toothed field Mouse
Apodemus mystacinus + LC NE
14. Wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus + LC NE
15. Yellow-necked Mouse
Apodemus flavicollis + LC NE
16. House Rat Rattus rattus = NE 17. Brown rat Rattus norvegicus = NE 18. House Mouse Mus domesticus = NE
Carnivorans 19. Red Fox Vulpes vulpes + LC NE 20. Least Weasel Mustela nivalis + LC NE 21. Stone Marten Martes foina + LC NE
Table 17: Species of land reptiles in the area of SE Evia (Dimopoulos et al. 1998, Greek names
by Valakos et al. 2008).
A/a English name Scientific name Pr. 92/43 IUCN RB2009 Turtles
1. Hermann's tortoise Eurotestudo hermanni + II-IV LR/NT VU 2. Marginated Tortoise Testudo marginata + II-IV LC LC
Lizards 3. Kotschy's Gecko Cyrtopodion kotschyi = IV LC LC
4. Mediterranean House Gecko
Hemidactylus turcicus = LC LC
5. European Legless Lizard
Pseudopus apodus + IV LC LC
6. Snake-eyed skink Ablepharus kitaibelii + IV LC LC 7. Ocellated Skink Chalcides ocellatus + IV NT LC 8. Slow worm Anguis fragilis + LC 9. Three-lined lizard Lacerta trilineata + IV LC LC 10. Green lizard Lacerta viridis + IV LC LC 11. Erhard's wall lizard Podarcis erhardii + IV LC LC 12. Common wall lizard Podarcis muralis + IV LC LC
Snakes 13. European blind Typhlops vermicularis + LC
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A/a English name Scientific name Pr. 92/43 IUCN RB2009 snake
14. Javelin sand boa Eryx jaculus + IV LC 15. Caspian whip snake Dolichophis caspius + IV LC LC 16. Balkan whip snake Hierophis gemonensis + LC LC 17. Dahl's Whip Snake Platyceps najadum + IV LC LC 18. Leopard snake Zamenis situlus + II/IV LC LC 19. Four-lined snake Elaphe quatuorlineata + II/V NT LC 20. Montpellier snake Malpolon monspessulanus + LC LC 21. European Cat Snake Telescopus fallax + IV LC LC 22. Nose-horned viper Vipera ammodytes + IV LC LC
MEMO of TABLES Presence: (+) Potential presence in the locations of the WFs or accompanying supporting infrastructure (=) simple presence in the wider area, according to their ecology (e.g. Valakos et al. 2008, IUCN 2009). 92/43: Directive 92/43/EEC for the conservation of the natural habitats and the wild fauna and flora - Annexes - (II) Species which requires the designation of special areas of conservation, (IV) Species in need of strict protection, (V) Species the exploitation of which can be regulated with management measures, (*) Priority species. IUCN: Red list of threatened species - (CR) Critically Endangered species, (EN) Endangered species, (VU) Vulnerable species, (NT) Near Threatened (LR/nt) Lower Risk/near threatened, (LR/lc) Lowest Risk/least concern, (LC) Least Concern, (DD) Data Deficient species (IUCN 2001, 2007, 2009). R.Β. 2009: Τhe Red Data Book of the Threatened Animals of Greece, Legakis, A. & P. Maragkou (ed.). 2009. Hellenic Zoological Society. (EX) Extinct species, (EW) Extinct in the wild, (RE) Locally extinct, (CR) Critically Endangered, (EN) Endangered, (VU) Vulnerable, (NT) Near Threatened (LC) Least Concern, (DD) Data Deficient, (NE) Not evaluated.
In the wider study area there have been observed 22 species of reptiles and 19 species of
mammals (and 2 species of chiroptera). The table above refers also to the species that
might be observed in the installation positions of the WT or in sites were the attached
works will be located based on the ecology of the species (eg. Valakos et al. 2008, IUCN
2009) and the habitats in the study area (see also chapter with analysis of habitat in the
installation positions). We will mention summarily that in the installation positions of the
WTs (WTs and accompanying supporting infrastructure, study area) are mainly found
opens spaces with low or none vegetation, and secondarily in specific spots clusters with
plane-trees, quercus ilex or higher bushes.
Most of the 22 species of reptiles of the wider area are common in the mainland of
Greece. As far as turtles are concerned the presence of two terrestrial species in the area
is interesting. This is attributed to the diversity of habitats and the relatively high altitudinal
width. At higher levels is observed the species Testudo marginata (Marginated Tortoise).
While both species (Eurotestudo hermanni and Testudo marginata) seem to prefer areas
with bushes, Testudo marginata is also found in more rocky areas. Summarily, potential
presence in the installation sites of the WFs or the location sites of the attached works
may occur for both aforementioned terrestrial species of turtles.
Eight species of lizards have been recorded in the wider study area, while the presence
of two more species, which are mentioned in bibliography from Evia (Anguis fragilis and
Chalcides ocellatus) is probable but not confirmed. Most species prefer areas with thin
vegetation and clearings, but they avoid the exposed ridges . Τhe species Hemidactylus
turcicus (Mediterranean House Gecko ) is almost always found in human buildings. Τhe
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most common species in the area are Podarcis erhardii (Erhard's wall lizard) and
Ablepharus kitaibelii (Snake-eyed skink) which is found even in areas with low vegetation
(phrygana, low-degraded maquis). The presence of the species Lacerta trilineata (Three-
lined lizard) is related with the presence of shrubs to which it usually resorts to. At higher
altitudes its place takes the species Lacerta viridis (Green lizard). At even higher altitudes
and specially in the surroundings of Kastanologgos the Podarcis muralis (Common wall
lizard) is abundant. Τhe species Pseudopus apodus is also quite common and can be
even found in cultivated areas. Summarily, thus, the majority of the wider area may be al-
so found in the study area (WTs and locations of accompanying supporting infrastructure).
There are confirmed observations of eights species of snakes in the wider study area.
Older bibliographic records from Evia mention 2 more species (Hierophis gemonensis and
Telescopus fallax). Very few are the observations of the species Typhlops vermicularis
(European blind snake, due to its cryptic habits). Τhe two species of the genera Elaphe
and Zamenis are common in the area, especially in areas with low altitude. Τhe species
Zamenis situlus (Leopard snake) has been observed at altitudes up to 660m in the valley
of Rouklia, while the species Elaphe quatuorlineata (Four-lined snake) is found in areas up
to 950m high in Kastanologgos. Τhe species Eryx jaculus has been observed three times
but only in the plain of Karystos. The same area (plain of Karystos, area of Lala) offers the
most observations of the species Dolichophis caspius which prefers open and dry areas,
like cultivations, pastures and areas with thin maquis. Τhe species Platyceps najadum is
very common even in rocky areas, although usually it is found in habitats with thick vege-
tation. Τhe species Malpolon monspessulanus is very common in cultivated areas, as well
as in rocky areas until Cavo d’oro. Last, the Nose-horned viper (Vipera ammodytes) seems
to be a common and widespread species in areas with altitude up to 1000µ. Summarily,
thus, all of the species of the wider area may be observed also in the study area (WTs
and locations of the accompanying supporting infrastructure).
In the wider mountainous study area 19 species of mammals (and 2 genera of chiroptera)
are found.
From the insectivora , quite common in the area is the hedgedog. In certain locations of
the study area, the characteristic hills made by the moles have been observed. Although
the species has not been yet identified it probably is the Talpa caeca. Both species might
be observed also in the study area. (installation area of WTs and locations of accompany-
ing supporting infrastructure)).
The presence of four at least genera of chiroptera (based on older observations in the
area) is important since almost all species are included in International Conventions. One
or more species of the genus Rhinolophus prefer the cave of Agia Triada as well as other
small caves in the area of the same valley. Individuals which belong to genus Plecotus
have been observed in a house in the village Lalas and in warehouses of the mine in
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“Platanogasos” near the village Kallianos.
It derives from the field studies about chiroptera which were carried out in the study ar-
ea in the framework of this assessment (Νovember 2008, with linear routes at the hours of
maximum activity of bats, use of bat-detector and analysis of the sound recordings with a
special software package), it seems that most of the bats resort to the numerous ravines,
gullies and gorges in order to hunt considering the abundance of insects in these areas
and the existence of water during the whole year in many of them. Recorded were 5 spe-
cies: Pipistrellus pipistrellus, P. kuhlii/nathusii, Hypsugo savii, Tadarida teniotis, R.
ferrumequinum, Plecotus spp.
The European Hare (Lepus europaeus) is found in relatively small numbers in the study
area. It prefers open spaces which offer more food possibilities, but uses also areas which
are covered with maquis mainly as shelters.
As regards rodents , the species Glis glis (Edible Dormouse) is mainly found in areas with
trees and mostly at altitudes more than 400µ. It is particularly abundant in Kastanologgos.
Out of three species of the genus Apodemus, Apodemus mystacinus is usually found in
open rocky areas, Apodemus flavicollis in areas at higher levels with relatively rich vegeta-
tion bushy or forested and Apodemus sylvaticus is widely spread in all habitat types, even
in areas with low vegetation and small percentage of ground coverage. Τhe above spe-
cies may be also observed in the study area (installation area of WT and locations of ac-
companying supporting infrastructure).
As regards anthropophilic species , Rattus norvegicus (Brown rat) has been observed
only in the region of Karystos and in the plain of Garystos contrary to Rattus rattus (House
Rat) which is found in most areas with human presence. Τhe species Mus musculus
(House mouse) is also found near human residences but has also been found far from
them, usually in areas with some kind of human activity. Τhese species are not expected
to be observed in the study area (installation area of WT and locations of accompanying
supporting infrastructure).
Three species of carnivorous mammals have been observed in the area. The Red Fox
(Vulpes vulpes) is found in relatively big populations in the area while weasels and mar-
tens are common and widely spread. Summarily, the 3 carnivorous mammals may be ob-
served in the study area (installation locations of WT and locations of accompanying sup-
porting infrastructure).
66..33..66..33 RRaarriittyy aanndd PPrrootteeccttiioonn
We focus mainly on the special protection status of the species in the European Union
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(Directive 92/43/EEC) for the conservation of natural habitats as well as of wild fauna and
flora), i.e. the species of Annexes II (species which require the designation of special are-
as of conservation) and IV (species in need of strict protection). As far as the threat status
is concerned, we focus on the IUCN lists about threatened species at a global level (2009)
and the Red Book of Threatened Animals of Greece (Legakis & Μaragkou 2009) for spe-
cies at national level.
As far as serpents are concerned, and specifically turtles : Both species are included in
Annexes II and IV of the Directive 92/43/EEC. The Mediterranean turtle is referred to as a
species of Low risk which might soon be qualified as threatened (LR/nt, IUCN 2009) and
as Vulnerable species in the Red Book (2009).
Regarding lizards: The majority of the species in the wider study area (with the exception
of the Kotschy's Gecko and the Mediterranean House Gecko) may be observed also in
the study area (installation positions and locations of accompanying supporting infrastruc-
ture). Furthermore, most species are included in Annex IV of the Directive 92/43/EEC (8
out of 10 species). All species are referred to as being out on danger by the IUCN except
for the Ocellated Skink (Chalcides ocellatus) which referred to as Threatened in the near
future. No species is considered threatened at national level (Legakis & Μaragkou 2009).
Summarily, 7 out of 8 species which may be observed in the study area are included in
Annex IV of the Directive 92/43/EEC while 1 of them (Ocellated Skink) is deemed to be
threatened in the near future (IUCN 2009).
Regarding snakes : All of the species of the wider study area may be observed also in the
study area. Moreover, most of the species are included in II or/and IV of the Directive
92/43/EEC (7 out of 10 species), and only one species (Four-lined snake) is deemed to be
threatened in the near future (IUCN 2009).
As regards mammals and specifically the insectivora : both species of the wider area (the
Eastern European Hedgehog and the Mediterranean Mole) might be observed in the study
area, but are not included in the Annexes of the Directive 92/43/EEC and are considered
to be out of danger at global level (IUCN 2009) while the Mediterranean Mole is referred
to as insufficiently known in the Red Book (Legakis & Μaragkou 2009).
As regards chiroptera : All 5 species which were observed during the field surveys are
included in the Annexes of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Τhese species are considered to be
out of danger at a global level (IUCN 2009). In the Red Book (Legakis & Μaragkou 2009)
all 5 species are referred to as of Low Concern (LC) except for the Common Pipistrelle
(DD, Defficient Data).
Out of 8 species of rodents of the wider area, 5 might be observed in the study area while
none is protected by the Directive 92/43/EEC. Additionally, all species are considered to
be out of danger at global (IUCN) and national level. (Red Book).
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Regarding carnivora : all 3 species of the wider area, might be observed in the installation
site and the locations of the accompanying supporting infrastructure. No species is includ-
ed in the Annex of the Directive 92/43/EEC and they are not threatened on a global and
national level (IUCN, Legakis & Μaragkou 2009).
66..33..77 AAvvii ffaauunnaa ooff tthhee aarreeaa
66..33..77..11 AAiimm ooff tthhee SSttuuddyy
In this study (Volume E - Special Ornithological Assessment) data recordings of avifauna,
which were collected in the study area as well as in the wider area during extensive orni-
thological field research between 2006 and 2010 (the data collected under the Preliminary
Environmental Impact Assessment is incorporated), are presented, analyzed and evaluat-
ed in this study in conjunction with existing literature data. The aim of the study is to as-
sess the potential impacts of the project on the avifauna of the region based on the con-
temporary field data and existing bibliographical data.
66..33..77..22 SSttuuddyy AArreeaa
This study concerns the potential impacts of the eight (8) wind farms on local bird popula-
tions; however, due to the birds’ mobility and capacity of flight, it is appropriate to examine
the situation in the wider region of the wind farms.
Thus, we consider the wider study area (in which existing bird populations may be associ-
ated with the wind farm installation area) to be the entire area consisting of the Special
Protection Area GR2420012 - Mount Ochi, coastline and islets (see Map 1 Annex II).
Respectively, we consider the study area (in which bird populations exist that are directly
associated with the installation area of wind farms, taking into account the wind farms of
the 2 groups) to be the area defined by the union of polygons centered on wind turbines
with a 2km radius length (in this range the movements of birds are recorded in the field
maps). In the study area, accompanying projects (SNH 2005) are included.
66..33..77..33 PPrrootteeccttiioonn ssttaattuuss ooff tthhee aarreeaa
Recently (March 2010), the study area was included in the Natura 2000 network as a
Special Protection Area (GR2420012 - Mount Ochi, coastal zone and islets ,
79/409/EEC Council Directive of 2 April 1979 "on the conservation of wild birds" EE L
103/25.4.1979). The region has an area of 33.385 ha (altitude 0-1.386m) and includes
Mount Ochi with the coastal areas of Kafireas River and Potamos as well as the rocky is-
let of Mandilou. The significance of the SPA is that it maintains important populations of
birds of prey species (such as Bonelli's Eagles and Short-toed Eagles) and a significant
population of (Eurasian) Eagle Owls. Also, the area is important for nesting passerine
species of European Community Importance (Woodlark, Tawny Pipit, Cretzschmar’s Bunt-
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ing) and important species which nest on the rocky Mandilou islet (Eleonora’s Falcon,
Audouin’s Gull). The total number of the wind farms which are the subject of this study are
inside the SPA.
66..33..77..44 MMeetthhooddoollooggyy ooff rreeccoorrddiinnggss
To assess any possible impacts of wind farms on avifauna, it is necessary to record the
local bird population, which should be central:
• identify species using the airspace within a vertical elevation up to 250m from the
base of the wind turbine and in the terrestrial area of the wind farm site up to a
2km radius from the base of the wind turbine, and
• observe the behaviour of species in relation to the cumulative and synergistic ef-
fects which may exist from existing and future land use changes.
The area which is covered by the methodology for this study mainly concerns the
space designated "Study Area" in Chapter 3 (i.e. the area within a 2km radius of the de-
velopment points). In this study, we focus mainly on the time periods of breeding
and migration. Less weight was given to the winter observations because the period
of overwintering is especially important for areas with wetlands which accumulate large
populations of waterfowl to overwinter.
For avifauna recording, a combination of methods was used, “Vantage Point Counts” (VP,
“Observation from Vantage Points”: based on the region and the species, some locations
are selected where flight observations are made from a distance), “Point Counts” (“Point
Counts”: landscape points are selected from which observations are made from close
proximity), and “Playback Calls” (“Play recordings of nocturnal raptors’ territorial calls at
the right time of day and year and listen for a response”). These methods are classified as
the most important in the specifications of the SNH (Scottish National Heritage) and the
instructions of the Hellenic Ornithological Society (HOS) (Estimation of the Impact from
the Construction and Operation of Wind farms on the Avifauna, January 2009).
Moreover at regular intervals during the spring, points in the vicinity of the study area that
were potentially suitable locations for nesting (e.g. rocky outcrops, etc.) were investigated.
Cases in which there was evidence of nesting (presence of birds in the nest, "recent nest
droppings beneath or around the nest”) were recorded in the protocols and field maps
(Fuller & Mosher 1981, Hardey et al. 2009).
In summary , the selected methodology adequately covers the needs of recording, focus-
ing on the effects of wind farm location on the species of the wider area. With the Vantage
Point (VP) method, the movements and flights of large size breeding species as well as
the large migratory birds flying over the study area are mainly recorded, while the Point
Counts (PC) method reflects the composition of the avifauna at specific points (mainly
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breeding passerines and species which have stopped over during migration). In line with
the effects discussed in the previous chapter, the Vantage Point Counts (VP) method fo-
cuses on possible effects due to collisions and the creation of obstacles to the movement
of birds (barrier effect), while the Point Counts (PC) method focuses on the disturbance
effects and displacement (European Commission 2008).
The VP selection at each wind farm and the recording of the necessary data are ac-
complished in accordance with specific protocols under conditions set by the interna-
tional bibliography. As a result, points with a wide field view are selected, and from the-
se points the horizon is scanned slowly and repeatedly for birds of prey in flight, with
particular emphasis on the position of the wind farm (and a band of approximately 2km
around it). The points are chosen in such a way (location, distance, number of points) so
that the wind turbine development positions are at least visually covered, while the dis-
tance from the field which they cover should not exceed 2km.
A total of 12 basic VPs were designated and sporadically distributed in the study area
where bird counts were recorded by the Vantage Point method in the area under con-
sideration for wind farms, while 1-2 additional points were regularly checked to locate
potential Bonelli's Eagle nests. In every position, birds which passed through proposed
wind farm development sites or close to the sites were counted.
The date which was taken and recorded in protocols in accordance with the VP method
concern the general characteristics of the species (the species, the number of individuals
etc.), information related to their flying behaviour (flight altitude, flight behaviour & direc-
tion) and information on the time of bird presence within the proximity zones. The move-
ments of recorded species are reflected in maps to scale, 1:25.000 or 1:35.000, for the
area of interest.
With a point of reference being the polygon of each wind farm installation, three proximi-
ty zones which relate to the project were defined.
Zone A covers a distance of 250 meters from each side of the project’s development
boundary line as well as a height of 250 meters above the project. These limits are de-
rived from the bibliography and empirical knowledge of the project’s “direct influence” on
the avifauna. It is postulated that birds within this area could be negatively affected by
the project because the potential for disturbance and collision are increased.
Zone B covers a distance between 250 and 1.000 meters from each side and 250 me-
ters in height. This area is the zone of wider influence (often described as the buffer
zone in the bibliography). Once again, the rationale is that there is a gradation. Here the
birds will be less affected than in Zone A.
Zone C is a wider area from 1.000 to 2.000 meters . This zone is included when we re-
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fer to large size birds or raptors which have large territories and could be affected by the
project.
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Fig- ure
4: The
hier-
archical succession of three virtual "proximity zones" that were used in counting (VP Counts). Zone
A includes the area of "direct influence" of the project on the avifauna
As for the point counts (PC), they are done concurrently with the Vantage Point Count.
The counts obtained with the PC method are made per observation point of birds within
and beyond an estimated 50m radius. Specifically, the species, number, sex and age are
recorded.
For the completion of field work, visits to the proposed wind farm areas were performed by
expert ornithologists for the period from April 2006 to May 2010 (see Appendix). The ob-
servers moved by car along the roads that are adjacent to the wind farms, making stops at
selected vantage points and using binoculars 10x50 and a telescope 20-60x65 for observ-
ing birds.
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Table 18: The Vantage Points selected to cover the 8 wind farms
Id Vantage Point
Hours Days
Total Spring Autumn Total Spring Autumn
12 26.6 23.6 3.0 22 18 4
13 23.4 21.9 1.5 19 16 3
14 26.3 24.3 2.0 19 15 4
18 24.0 22.5 1.5 17 14 3
19 24.1 23.1 1.0 18 16 2
20 21.3 20.3 1.0 15 13 2
23 20.9 19.9 1.0 17 15 2
24 21.0 20.5 0.5 13 12 1
25 26.3 24.3 2.0 20 16 4
30 24.3 22.3 2.0 20 16 4
32 23.3 21.8 1.5 20 17 3
34 31.5 27.5 4.0 13 10 3
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66..33..77..55 EEvvaalluuaattiioonn ooff iimmppaacctt aasssseessssmmeenntt
To assess the potential impacts of the proposed wind farms on important bird species, the
framework method described by Percival (2007) was used for similar assessments/studies
in the framework of Environmental Impact Studies.
Essentially, based on the specific context for each important species at each wind farm,
the significance of each type of impact is evaluated in accordance with the following steps:
- Collection of primary data on the avifauna in the proposed installation area (field
work)
- Determination of the ecological vulnerability of these species (based on their
protection status)
- Estimation of the magnitude of the potential impacts on these populations (to
what extent the local population will be affected)
- Assessment of the risk (probability of occurrence) of impact (risk of collisions,
habitat loss, disturbance), based on the bibliography
- Overall assessment of the significance of the impacts based on the ecological
vulnerability, the magnitude of the impacts and the risks of occurrence
- Conclusions about the impacts based on the overall assessment
The assessment method is discussed in detail at the Special Ornithological Assessment.
66..33..77..66 RReessuullttss
The wider area can be characterized as a mountainous peninsula, the avifaunal composi-
tion of which is subject to the pressures of island bio-geography (e.g. the geographical
barrier of the sea, the relationship between the species and area habitats, isolation from
population sources, etc.). Thus, the southern tip of Evia combines ornithological elements
of continental Greece as well as characteristic elements of the community composition of
Aegean Sea islands.
According to the bibliography (Tables 9-11), of the 210 species recorded in the wider
study area, 64 species are included in Annex I of 79/409/EEC Birds Directive. One hun-
dred thirty of the species can also potentially occur in the project development areas
based on their ecology. Of these 130, only 31 are included in Annex I of the Birds Di-
rective. During the period 2006-2010, 85 bird species were recorded in the study area ,
out of which 23 are included in Annex I (79/409/EEC Directive).
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Table 19: Data summary of the wider regional avifauna in the study area and specific categories of bird species.
Species Category Number of
Species
Total of recorded species in the wider study area (bibliographically) 210
Annex I of 79/409/EEC Directive protected species in the wider study area 64
Total of recorded species in the wider study area with potential presence in the wind farm zone 130
Annex I of 79/409/EEC Directive protected species with potential presence in the wind farm zone
31
Total of species recorded in the study area during the period 2006-2010 85
Annex I of 79/409/EEC Directive protected species recorded in the study area during the period 2006-2010
23
Table 20: The avian species of the wider area based on bibliographical review (Kanellis et al. 1969, Zogaris 1985, Corine Biotopes 1987, Special Environmental Assessment 1998, Hellenic Ornithological Society 1989, Gaetlich 1992, Zogaris 1999) which were not ob-served during the field observations (2006-2010) in the study area (English names from Mullarney & Svensson 2007).
Scientific name English name Presence
Status SPEC KB 2009 79/409
Potential presence
in the wind farm zone
Observation in the wider
area
Acrocephalus melanopogon
Moustached Warbler ΜΧ VU I
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
Sedge Warbler Μ 4 NE
Acrocephalus scirpaceus
(European) Reed Warbler Μ 4 NE
Alauda arvensis (Common) Skylark ΜΧ 3 NT II2 +
Alcedo atthis (Common) Kingfisher ΜΧ 3 DD I
Alectoris chukar Chukar Partridge EA 3 NE II2 +
Alectoris graeca Rock Partridge EA 2 VU +
Anas acuta (Northern) Pintail ΜΧ 3 NE II1/III2
Anas clypeata (Northern) Shoveler ΜΧ 3 NE II1/III2
Anas crecca (Common) Teal ΜΧ NE II1/III2
Anas penelope (Eurasian) Wigeon ΜΧ NE II1/III2
Anas platyrhynchos
Mallard ΜΧ NE
Anas querquedula
Garganey Μ VU II1
Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit Μ NE
Anthus Meadow Pipit ΜΧ 4 NE +
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Scientific name English name Presence
Status SPEC KB 2009 79/409
Potential presence
in the wind farm zone
Observation in the wider
area
pratensis
Anthus spinoletta
Water Pipit ΜΧ NE +
Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit Μ NE +
Aquila chrysaetos
Golden Eagle Π; 3 EN I +
Ardea cinerea Grey Heron ΜΧ NE
Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Μ 3 EΝ I
Ardeola ralloides
Squacco Heron Μ 3 VU I
Arenaria interpres
(Ruddy) Turnstone Μ NE
Asio otus Long-eared Owl Χ(A) NE +
Aythya ferina (Common) Pochard ΜΧ 2 LC 111
/II12
Aythya nyroca Ferruginous Duck Μ 1 VU I
Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzzard ΜΧ (A) 3 VU I +
Calandrella brachydactyla
(Greater) Short-toed Lark Μ 3 NE I +
Calidris alba Sanderling Μ NE
Calidris alpina Dunlin Μ 3 NE
Calidris ferruginea
Curlew Sandpiper Μ NE
Calidris minuta Little Stint Μ NE
Calidris temminckii
Temminck’s Stint Μ NE
Calonectris diomedea
Cory’s Shearwater Π 2 LC I
Carduelis spinus
(Eurasian) Siskin ΜΧ 4 NE
Cercotrichas galactotes
Rufous Bush Robin A 3 NE
Charadrius alexandrinus
Kentish Plover Μ 3 LC I
Charadrius dubius
Little Ringed Plover ΜΦ NE
Charadrius hiaticula
(Common) Ringed Plover Μ 4 NE
Chlidonias hybridus
Whiskered Tern Μ 3 EN I
Chlidonias leucopterus
White-winged Tern Μ NE
Chlidonias niger Black Tern Μ 3 EN I
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Scientific name English name Presence
Status SPEC KB 2009 79/409
Potential presence
in the wind farm zone
Observation in the wider
area
Ciconia ciconia White Stork Π 2 VU I +
Cinclus cinclus (White-throated) Dipper EA NE
Cisticola juncidis
Zitting Cisticola EA NE
Coccothraustes coccothraustes
Hawfinch Χ NE
Columba palumbus
(Common) Wood Pigeon ΜΧ 4 NE +
Coracias garrulus
(European) Roller Μ 2 VU I +
Corvus monedula
(Western) Jackdaw Μ 4 NE II2 +
Coturnix coturnix
(Common) Quail Μ (A) 3 NE II2 +
Cygnus olor Mute Swan Χ 4 LC
Egretta garzetta Little Egret Μ LC I
Emberiza cia Rock Bunting ΜΧ (A) 3 NE +
Emberiza hortulana
Ortolan Bunting Μ 2 LC I +
Emberiza schoeniclus
(Common) Reed Bunting
Χ NE +
Eremophila alpestris
Horned Lark (Shore Lark) Γ; NE +
Ficedula albicollis
Collared Flycatcher Μ 4 NE I +
Ficedula hypoleuca
(European) Pied Flycatcher Μ 4 NE +
Fringilla montifringilla
Brambling Χ NE +
Fulica atra (Eurasian) Coot Μ NE II1/III2
Gallinago gallinago
(Common) Snipe ΜΧ 3 NE II1/III2
Gallinula chloropus
(Common) Moorhen Μ EA NE
Glareola pratincola
Collared Pratincole Μ 3 VU
Gyps fulvus (Eurasian) Griffon Vulture ΜΧ VU +
Hieraaetus pennatus
Booted Eagle Μ 3 EN +
Himantopus himantopus
Black-winged Stilt Μ LC
Hippolais icterina
Icterine Warbler Μ 4 NE +
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Scientific name English name Presence
Status SPEC KB 2009 79/409
Potential presence
in the wind farm zone
Observation in the wider
area
Hydrobates pelagicus
(European) Storm Petrel Γ 4 DD I
Ixobrychus minutus
Little Bittern Μ(A) 3 LC I
Jynx torquilla (Eurasian) Wryneck Μ 3 NE +
Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull Π 4 NE
Larus melanocephalus
Mediterranean Gull ΜΧ 4 EN I
Larus minutus Little Gull ΜΧ 3 NE I
Larus ridibundus
Black-headed Gull ΜΧ 4 NE +
Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit Μ 2 NE
Lymnocryptes minimus
Jack Snipe Μ 3 NE II1/III2
Milvus migrans Black Kite Μ 3 CR I +
Monticola saxatilis
(Rufous-tailed) Rock Thrush ΜA 3 NE +
Motacilla cinerea
Grey Wagtail ΜEA NE +
Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail Μ (A) NE +
Numenius arquata
(Eurasian) Curlew Μ 2 LC
Nycticorax nycticorax
(Black-crowned) Night Heron Μ 3 NT I
Otus scops (Eurasian) Scops Owl A 2 NE +
Parus ater Coal Tit ΜΧ NE
Passer hispaniolensis
Spanish Sparrow ΜA NE +
Pelecanus onocrotalus
White Pelican Γ 3 VU
Phalacrocorax pygmeus
Pygmy Cormorant Γ 1 LC
Philomachus pugnax
Ruff Μ 2 NE
Phoenicurus phoenicurus
(Common) Redstart Μ 2 NE +
Plegadis falcinellus
Glossy Ibis Μ 3 CR I
Pluvialis apricaria
(European) Golden Plover Μ 4 NE I/II2/III2
Pluvialis squatarola
Grey Plover Μ NE
Podiceps Great Crested ΜΧ NE
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Scientific name English name Presence
Status SPEC KB 2009 79/409
Potential presence
in the wind farm zone
Observation in the wider
area
cristatus Grebe
Podiceps grisegena
Red-necked Grebe Χ NE
Podiceps nigricollis
Black-necked Grebe ΜΧ NE
Porzana parva Little Crake Μ 4 DD I
Porzana porzana
Spotted Crake Μ 4 DD I
Porzana pusilla Baillon’s Crake Μ 3 NE I
Rallus aquaticus
Water Rail ΜΧ (E)(A) NE
Regulus ignicapillus
Firecrest ΜΧ 4 NE
Remiz pendulinus
(Eurasian) Penduline Tit ΜΧA NE
Scolopax rusticola
(Eurasian) Woodcock ΜΧ 3 NE II1/III2
Serinus serinus (European) Serin EA 4 NE
Sterna albifrons Little Tern Μ 3 NT I
Sterna hirundo Common Tern Μ LC I
Sterna nilotica Gull-billed Tern Μ 3 VU I
Sterna sandvicensis
Sandwich Tern ΠΧ 2 VU I
Streptopelia decaocto
(Eurasian) Collared Dove EA NE +
Streptopelia turtur
(European) Turtle Dove ΜA 3 NE +
Sturnus roseus Rose-colored Starling Π NE
Sylvia borin Garden Warbler Μ 4 NE +
Sylvia communis
(Common) Whitethroat ΜA 4 NE +
Sylvia crassirostris
Eastern Orphean Warbler Μ 3 NE +
Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat Μ NE +
Tringa erythropus
Spotted Redshank Μ 3 NE
Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Μ 3 LC I
Tringa nebularia (Common) Greenshank Μ NE
Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper Μ NE
Tringa stagnatilis
Marsh Sandpiper Μ NE
Tringa totanus (Common) Μ 2 NE
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Scientific name English name Presence
Status SPEC KB 2009 79/409
Potential presence
in the wind farm zone
Observation in the wider
area
Redshank
Turdus iliacus Redwing ΜΧ 4w NE 112 +
Turdus philomelos
Song Thrush ΜΧ 4 NE 112 +
Turdus pilaris Fieldfare ΜΧ 4w NE II2 +
Turdus viscivorus
Mistle Thrush ΜΧ 4 NE 112 +
Vanellus vanellus
(Northern) Lapwing ΜΧ 2 VU 112
Tachybaptus ruficollis
Little Grebe ΜΧA NE
TABLE LEGEND
Presence Status: Appearance status of the species in the wider area: (E) resident breeding species in the area (resident population); (A) Breeding visitor; ((A)) Possibly breeding; (Μ) Passing visitor (appears in the area for relatively short periods) during migration, is a regular visitor; (Χ) winter visitor; (Π) Non-breeding visitor (found periodically or irregularly, not a regular migratory species); (Γ) presence status unknown.
SPEC: European Species of Conservation Interest: (SPEC1) European species of global conservation interest, (SPEC2) species population is concentrated in Europe and is under unfavorable conservation status in Europe, (SPEC3) species population is not concentrated in Europe and is under unfavorable conservation status in Europe, (Non-SPECE) species population is concentrated in Europe and is under favorable conservation status in Europe, (Non-SPEC) species population is not concentrated in Europe and is under favorable conservation status in Europe (BirdLife International 2004).
Κ.Β. 2009: The Red Book of Threatened Species in Greece. Legakis, A. & P. Maragou (eds.). 2009. Hellenic Zoological Society. (EX) Extinct species, (EW) Species extinct in their natural environment, (RE) Locally extinct, (CR) Critically endangered, (EN) Endangered, (VU) Vulnerable, (NT) Almost threatened, (LC) Least Concern, (DD) Poorly known, (NE) Not assessed.
79/409: Species included in the 79/409/EEC Directive for the Birds.
Possible presence: assessment of the species in the zone <100m altitude from the ground in the development
locations, based on their ecology (e.g. Handrinos & Akriotis 1997).
Table 21: Bird species observed during field recordings (2006-2010) (English names from Mullarney & Svensson 2007).
Scientific Name English Name Presence
Status SPEC KB 2009 79/409
Potential presence in
the wndfarm
zone
Observation in the wider
area
Accipiter brevipes
Levant Sparrowhawk Μ 2 NE I + +
Accipiter nisus (Eurasian) Sparrowhawk ΜΧEA NE + +
Acrocephalus arundinaceus
Great Reed Warbler Μ NE +
Actitis hypoleucos
Common Sandpiper ΜΧ 3 NE +
Anthus campestris
Tawny Pipit ΜA 3 LC I + +
Apus apus (Common) Swift ΜA NE + +
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Scientific Name English Name Presence
Status SPEC KB 2009 79/409
Potential presence in
the wndfarm
zone
Observation in the wider
area
Apus melba Alpine Swift ΜA NE + +
Apus pallidus Pallid Swift ΜA NE + +
Athene noctua Little Owl EA 3 NE + +
Bubo bubo (Eurasian) Eagle Owl EA 3 LC I + +
Buteo buteo Common Buzzard ΜΧEA NE + +
Caprimulgus europaeus
(European) Nightjar ΜA 2 LC I + +
Carduelis cannabina
(Common) Linnet ΜΧEA 2 NE + +
Carduelis carduelis
(European) Goldfinch ΜΧEA NE + +
Carduelis chloris
(European) Greenfinch ΜΧEA 4 NE + +
Cettia cetti Cetti’s Warbler EA NE + +
Circaetus gallicus
Short-toed Eagle ΜA 3 NT I + +
Circus aeruginosus
Marsh Harrier Μ VU I + +
Circus cyaneus
Hen Harrier Μ 3 NE I + +
Circus macrourus
Pallid Harrier Μ 1 DD I + +
Circus pygargus
Montagu’s Harrier Μ 4 CR I + +
Columba livia Rock Dove EA NE II1 + +
Corvus corax (Common) Raven EA NE + +
Corvus corone Hooded Crow EA NE II2 + +
Cuculus canorus
(Common) Cuckoo Μ NE + +
Delichon urbica
(Common) House Martin ΜA 3 NE + +
Emberiza caesia
Cretzschmar’s Bunting ΜA 4 LC I + +
Emberiza calandra
Corn Bunting EA 2 NE + +
Emberiza cirlus
Cirl Bunting EA 4 NE + +
Emberiza melanocephala
Black-headed Bunting ΜA 2 NE + +
Erithacus rubecula
(European) Robin ΜΧEA 4 NE + +
Falco eleonorae
Eleonora’s Falcon ΜΠ(A) 2 LC I + +
Falco Lesser Kestrel Μ; 1 VU I + +
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Scientific Name English Name Presence
Status SPEC KB 2009 79/409
Potential presence in
the wndfarm
zone
Observation in the wider
area
naumanni
Falco peregrinus
Peregrine Falcon EA LC I + +
Falco subbuteo
(Eurasian) Hobby Μ NE + +
Falco tinnunculus
(Common) Kestrel E 3 NE + +
Falco vespertinus
Red-footed Falcon Μ 3 DD I + +
Fringilla coelebs
(Common) Chaffinch ΜΧEA 4 NE + +
Galerida cristata
Crested Lark E 3 NE + +
Garrulus glandarius
(Eurasian) Jay EA NE + +
Hieraaetus fasciatus
Bonelli’s Eagle EA 3 VU I + +
Hippolais pallida
Olivaceous Warbler ΜA 3 NE + +
Hirundo daurica
Red-rumped Swallow ΜA ΝE + +
Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow ΜA 3 NE + +
Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike Μ 3 NE I + +
Lanius minor Lesser Grey Shrike Μ 2 NT I + +
Lanius senator Woodchat Shrike ΜA 2 NE + +
Larus audouinii Audouin’s Gull Π 1 VU I +
Larus michahelis
Yellow-legged Gull EA 4 NE II2 + +
Lullula arborea Woodlark E 2 LC I + +
Luscinia megarhynchos
(Common) Nightingale ΜEΣ 4 NE + +
Merops apiaster
(European) Bee-eater Μ 3 NE + +
Monticola solitarius
Blue Rock Thrush EA 3 NE + +
Motacilla alba White/Pied Wagtail ΜΧ (A) NE + +
Muscicapa striata
Spotted Flycatcher ΜA 3 NE + +
Oenanthe hispanica
Black-eared Wheatear ΜA 2 NE + +
Oenanthe oenanthe
Northern Wheatear ΜA 3 NE + +
Oriolus oriolus (Eurasian) Golden Oriole
Μ NE + +
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Scientific Name English Name Presence
Status SPEC KB 2009 79/409
Potential presence in
the wndfarm
zone
Observation in the wider
area
Pandion haliaetus
Osprey MX 3 LC I + +
Parus caeruleus
Blue Tit EA 4 ΝE + +
Parus lugubris Sombre Tit EA 4 ΝE +
Parus major Great Tit EA NE + +
Passer domesticus
House Sparrow EA 3 NE + +
Pernis apivorus
(European) Honey Buzzard
Μ(A) 4 LC I + +
Phalacrocorax aristotelis
(European) Shag Π(A) 4 NT I +
Phoenicurus ochruros
Black Redstart ΜΧEA NE + +
Phylloscopus collybita
Chiffchaff Μ NE + +
Phylloscopus sibilatrix
Wood Warbler Μ 2 NE + +
Phylloscopus trochilus
Willow Warbler ΜΧ NE + +
Pica pica (Common) Magpie Π (A) NE II2 + +
Prunella modularis
Dunnock ΜΧ 4 NE + +
Ptyonoprogne rupestris
(Eurasian) Crag Martin ΜA NE + +
Puffinus yelkouan
Mediterranean Shearwater Π 4 NT I +
Riparia riparia Sand Martin Μ 3 NE + +
Saxicola rubetra
Whinchat Μ 4 NE + +
Saxicola torquata
(Common) Stonechat EA NE + +
Sitta neumayer (Western) Rock Nuthatch EA 4 NE + +
Strix aluco Tawny Owl EA 4 NE II2 + +
Sturnus vulgaris
(Common) Starling ΜΧ 3 NE II2 + +
Sylvia atricapilla
Blackcap ΧΜA 4 NE + +
Sylvia cantillans
Subalpine Warbler ΜA 4 NE + +
Sylvia melanocephala
Sardinian Warbler EA 4 NE + +
Troglodytes troglodytes
(Winter) Wren EA NE + +
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Scientific Name English Name Presence
Status SPEC KB 2009 79/409
Potential presence in
the wndfarm
zone
Observation in the wider
area
Turdus merula (Common) Blackbird ΜΧA 4 NE II2 + +
Upupa epops (Eurasian) Hoopoe Μ (A) 3 NE + +
TABLE LEGEND
Presence Status: Appearance status of the species in the wider area: (E) resident breeding species in the area (resident population); (A) Breeding visitor; ((A)) Possibly breeding; (Μ) Passing visitor (appears in the area for relatively short periods) during migration, is a regular visitor; (Χ) winter visitor; (Π) Non-breeding visitor (found periodically or irregularly, not a regular migratory species); (Γ) presence status unknown.
SPEC: European Species of Conservation Interest: (SPEC1) European species of global conservation concern, (SPEC2) species population is concentrated in Europe and is under unfavorable conservation status in Europe, (SPEC3) species population is not concentrated in Europe and is under unfavorable conservation status in Europe, (Non-SPECE) species population is concentrated in Europe and is under favorable conservation status in Europe, (Non-SPEC) species population is not concentrated in Europe and is under favorable conservation status in Europe (BirdLife International 2004).
Κ.Β. 2009: The Red Book of Threatened Species in Greece. Legakis, A. & P. Maragou (eds.). 2009. Hellenic Zoological Society. (EX) Extinct species, (EW) Species extinct in their natural environment, (RE) Locally extinct, (CR) Critically endangered, (EN) Endangered, (VU) Vulnerable, (NT) Almost threatened, (LC) Least Concern, (DD) Poorly known, (NE) Not assessed.
79/409: Species included in the 79/409/EEC Directive for the Birds.
Possible presence: assessment of the species in the zone <100m altitude from the ground in the develop-ment locations, based on their ecology (e.g. Handrinos & Akriotis 1997).
From all the above species, the selection of the important avifauna species is performed
by isolating the species which are included in Annex I of the 79/409/EEC Directive and/or
which are considered as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or near threatened
in the Red Book (categories CR, EN, VU, NT, Legakis & Maragou 2009) or which are
known to appear in significant numbers at the regional level (>1% of the national popula-
tion) AND which which may appear in the wind farm zones based on their ecology (SNH
2005).
The species that meet the above criteria and additionally were recorded at the study area
(2006-2010) are as follows (species in which assessment is focused):
From the raptor species: Short-toed Eagle ( Circaetus gallicus ), Marsh Harrier ( Cir-
cus aeruginosus ), Hen Harrier ( Circus cyaneus ), Pallid Harrier ( Circus macrourus ),
Montagu’s Harrier ( Circus pygargus ), Eleonora’s Falcon ( Falco eleonorae ), Lesser
Kestrel ( Falco naumanni ), Peregrine Falcon ( Falco peregrinus ), Red-footed Falcon
(Falco vespertinus ), Osprey ( Pandion haliaetus ), Bonelli’s Eagle ( Hieraaetus
fasciatus ), (European) Honey Buzzard ( Pernis apivorus ) and Levant Sparrowhawk
(Accipiter brevipes ).
Also: the (Eurasian) Eagle Owl ( Bubo bubo ) and (European) Nightjar ( Caprimulgus
europaeus ) from the nocturnal species; and Cretzschmar’s Bunting ( Emberiza
caesia ), Tawny Pipit ( Anthus campestris ), Red-backed Shrike ( Lanius collurio ),
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Lesser Grey Shrike ( Lanius minor ) and Woodlark ( Lullula arborea ) from the passer-
ines.
The following is summarized data on the presence and ecology of important species (see
also Annex I of the Special Ornithological Assessment for the distribution of each species
per wind farm). Population data is from BirdLife International (2004) while any possible
vulnerability to impacts from wind farms based on the international bibliography (Euro-
pean Commission 2010) is also mentioned. It should be noted at this point that any refer-
ence to any vulnerability to impacts from wind farms is based only on the international
bibliography in order to ascertain whether any recorded, potential or negligible risks exist
for each relevant species (which may be related to recorded incidents or associated with
characteristics of their ecology). Chapter 9 of the Special Ornithological Assessment re-
fers to any consequences which are ALSO based on the analysis of records/observations.
Short-toed Eagle ( Circaetus gallicus )
The Short-toed Eagle arrives in the area from Africa usually during the middle of March
and departs from the area usually in October. It is a prevalent species, possibly with a
stable population. In the study area, the existence of 3-4 pairs has been recorded (3 ac-
cording to SPA data). The nests are difficult to locate and usually the species builds a
new nest every year. In the spring of 1991, a chick was found to have fallen from a nest
in a wild bushy area with wild olive trees in the area of Antion (250m altitude). In 2006, it
appears that three pairs nested in characteristic locations in the area, such as the wider
Valley area of Komito, the Dimosari-Stefides-Laka Boukoura area and the Cavo d’oro
mountains. The observation points in 2008, 2009 and 2010 confirm the aforementioned
information. The species nests in trees. The Greek population is comprised of 300-350
pairs while the species is potentially vulnerable to wind farm effects (potential risks and
impacts must be considered in the evaluation, European Commission 2010).
Marsh Harrier ( Circus aeruginosus )
The Marsh Harrier is one of the most common migratory raptor species during the
spring and autumn migration. It is observed throughout the study area from the peaks of
Ochi to the shores of Kafireas. Although its most important habitat is the wetland of the
Karystos plain, it frequently occurs in areas far from flat or wet locations during migra-
tion. It is certain that relatively large numbers of Marsh Harriers pass through the region,
especially in the north part during the spring migration. The SPA data (standard data
forms) states that at least 100 individuals use the area as a stop-over during migration
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 156
During the spring migration, individuals have been observed many times along an axis
from east to west (i.e. from Kafireas to Agios Dimitrios) often passing low over the
mountain tops of Cavo d’oro. During the period of 2006-2009, they were observed in the
area of Kafireas and Platanistos, while in 2010 they were recorded in additional loca-
tions (Komito, Aidoni, Amygdalea, etc.). The evidence to date from the bibliography indi-
cates that the species is at medium, low or negligible risk of impact from wind farms.
Hen Harrier ( Circus cyaneus )
The Hen Harrier is relatively common. It migrates in spring and in autumn. It is possible
that some individuals cross the area in winter as well. During the period 2006-2010, it
was observed in the area of Kafireas and in the valley of Komito while the species is po-
tentially sensitive to impacts from wind farms. The SPA data (standard data forms) indi-
cates that at least 10 individuals use the area as a stop-over during migration.
Pallid Harrier ( Circus macrourus )
The Pallid Harrier is probably rare in the area. First reported in the area in spring of
2006, the species usually passes alone or in very small flocks (2-4 individuals). In 2006,
it was observed in Milia. The species is potentially vulnerable to the impacts from wind
farms. In the SPA data (standard data forms), it is reported that at least 10 individuals
use the area as a stop-over during migration.
Montagu’s Harrier ( Circus pygargus )
This species is probably rare in the area. It was observed a few times mainly in the area
of Platanistos but also in the areas of Komito and Milia (2010). The species is potentially
vulnerable to the impacts from wind farms. In the SPA data (standard data forms), it is
reported that at least 10 individuals use the area as a stop-over during migration.
Eleonora’s Falcon ( Falco eleonorae )
The nesting of Eleonora’s Falcons on the Mandila Islet (just outside the borders of the
Natura 2000 site) has been confirmed, but it is also possible that it reproduces on
Megalonisos of Petalia (the species has been observed in the area during the reproduc-
tion period). When the species arrives in the area in spring, it feeds on large insects in
the northern parts (more individuals are observed in the southern mountain base of Ochi
as well as near land cultivated with cereal crops in the Cavo d’oro area, often between
Komito and Amygdalea). From April until June, it is frequently found in flocks which are
sometimes large. The largest concentration recorded in the area indicated 50 individuals
over the village of Lala, Kalyvia (at the end of the 1980s). During the period of 2006-
2010, Eleonora’s Falcons were recorded in many scattered locations within the study
area. The Greek population consists of 4.500 pairs while the species is vulnerable to
impacts from wind farms (barrier effect).
Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni )
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 157
The Lesser Kestrel is a relatively rare migrant which was observed in 2006, 2009 and
2010 during spring migration in the area of Komito. Usually, it is found sporadically in
small flocks. In the SPA data (standard data forms), it is reported that at least 40 indi-
viduals use the area as a stop-over during migration.
Peregrine Falcon ( Falco peregrinus )
It is estimated that at least 4 pairs nest in the Natura 2000 area, possibly in the wider
Agios Dimitrios area and along the Cavo d’oro coast as well as outside the study area
(another two pairs were recorded in the Paximada Cape and north of Marmari during the
1990s). During the period of 2006-2010, it was observed primarily in the area of Kafireas
but also in Kerasia. The Greek population consists of approximately 200-500 pairs while
the species is vulnerable to impacts from wind farms.
Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus )
This is a migrant species that is relatively common in spring (especially in highlands and
coastal plains), appearing in small flocks (3-15 individuals). Its appearance is much
more rare in autumn. During the period of 2006-2009, it was observed west of
Platanistos outside the wind farm zones (>2km distance), while in 2010 some individuals
were observed north of Amygdalea and in Andia. According to the bibliography, there
are impacts associated with the species (barrier effect). In the SPA data (standard data
forms), it is reported that at least 30 individuals use the area as a stop-over during mi-
gration.
Osprey ( Pandion haliaetus )
The Osprey no longer nests in Greece; however, it passes through during migration. Its
populations in Europe are stable. There was only one species observation in April 2009
in the area north of Aidoni. It usually flies at a low altitude over mountain tops where
strong thermals exist. In the SPA data (standard data forms), it is reported that at least 2
individuals use the area as a stop-over during migration.
Bonelli’s Eagle ( Hieraaetus fasciatus )
Bonelli’s Eagle is a rare and endangered species with a fixed local population. In 1989
in one of the known nesting positions (in the Cavo d’oro area), there was a very suc-
cessful reproduction with two fledglings that left the nest. The study helped to clarify the
species’ status in the Ochi area. Two active breeding sites were found (active nests in
2006, 2008), while there is possibly another pair within the wider study area (3 pairs are
mentioned in the SPA data). The pairs of this species are found in the north, northwest
and northeast part of the Ochi area.
It is estimated that the Greek population is comprised of 85 to 105 pairs according to
BirdLife International 2004, while Greece is estimated to have 100-140 pairs according
to the Red Book 2009. Although very agile, the species is potentially sensitive to the ef-
fects of wind farms as well as to the alterations of natural areas in which it feeds and
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 158
reproduces (disturbance, collision) (Langston and Pullan, 2004).
(European) Honey Buzzard ( Pernis apivorus )
This is a common species in the mountainous woodlands of northern Greece (1.000-2.000
pairs reproduce in Greece). It forages on the ground, and it usually flies at an altitude of a
few dozen meters. It was observed in 2008 and 2010 passing through the areas of
Kafireas and Komito. In the SPA data (standard data forms), it is reported that at least 10
individuals use the area as a stop-over during migration.
Levant Sparrowhawk ( Accipiter brevipes )
The Levant Sparrowhawk passes through the area during migration. It was observed a
few times in the area of Kafireas and west of Andia. In the SPA data (standard data
forms), it is reported that at least 40 individuals use the area as a stop-over during migra-
tion
(Eurasian) Eagle Owl ( Bubo bubo )
According to older data which is presented in Map 7, it is reported that 13 pairs existed
in the area within the SPA limits, and of these 13 pairs, 7 pairs were reported to have
existed inside the study area. At least 5 pairs are mentioned in the Important Bird Areas
of Greece data (Heath & Evans 2000) and 13 pairs are identified according to the SPA
data – throughout its territory.
The species has been documented in the international bibliography as being vulnerable
to collisions with overhead cables. (Fabrizio, et al. 2006). It is noted that the entire pro-
ject’s medium voltage cable network with a total length of over 100km and part of the
high voltage network will be underground. The Greek population of the species is esti-
mated to be 200-500 pairs (Birdlife International 2004).
The species was recorded at two location points in 2006 (Aeropetres and Limniaria),
and during the 2010 recordings, it was documented at two location points (Limniaria and
the Karkalas stream, see Map 7 Annex II).
(European) Nightjar ( Caprimulgus europaeus )
The (European) Nightjar is relatively common in a very large part of the area except at
the very high parts of the mountain. It should surpass the number of 40 pairs at the
southern base and eastern base of Ochi (according to the SPA data), while the Greek
population numbers between 10.000-30.000 pairs. The species is potentially sensitive to
wind farm impacts.
Cretzschmar’s Bunting (Emberiza caesia)
The Cretzschmar’s Bunting is a species which exists primarily in the southern and
southeast sides of Ochi, in brushwood areas from sea level to the mountain tops of Ochi
(up to 1.200 meters). The species was recorded in almost the entire study area. The ar-
ea population surpasses 140 pairs (based on the SPA data). The species is potentially
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 159
sensitive to wind farm impacts while the Greek population is estimated to be between
5.000-20.000 pairs.
Tawny Pipit (Anthus campestris)
This is a relatively common passerine in the mountainous and semi-mountainous parts of
the area. It is a more specialized species than the Woodlark. At least 100 pairs nest in the
study area (5.000-20.000 pairs in Greece). It is usually found at an elevation of over 300m
but it has been found at sea level during the reproduction season (in the area of Paximada
Cape and the hills of Cape Kafireas). It prefers open brushwood, mountainous meadows
with low grasses (such as mountain steppes) and also the periphery of heather areas. It is
very often found near plateaus and ridges. The species is potentially sensitive to wind
farm impacts.
Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio )
This species was not found to nest in Ochi. It is common and found in large numbers
during the autumn migration, and it is potentially sensitive to wind farm impacts.
Lesser Grey Shrike ( Lanius minor )
The Lesser Grey Shrike was only observed in the area of Platanistos-Aidoni while pass-
ing. The species is potentially sensitive to wind farm impacts.
Woodlark (Lullula arborea )
The Woodlark is a more common species among the protected species of Annex I
(79/409/EEC Directive), and it was recorded on many occasions. It is possible that the
entire population in the area exceeds 200 pairs according to the SPA data. It is usually
found at elevations exceeding 250m up to the mountain tops often near rock formations.
The Greek population is estimated at 5.000-20.000 pairs, while the species is potentially
vulnerable to wind farm impacts.
66..44 HHuummaann eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt
66..44..11 PPhhyyssiiccaall PPllaannnniinngg –– LLaanndd UUssee
66..44..11..11 RReeggiioonnaall FFrraammeewwoorrkk ffoorr SSppaattiiaall && SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee DDeevveellooppmmeenntt
The development framework of the Framework of Regional Planning & Sustainable De-
velopment suggests the organized spatial development of the Wind Energy Potential in
Southern Evia, which will also address issues of landscape protection in touristic and resi-
dential areas, requiring at the same time the preparation of a special relevant study (Deci-
sion no. 26298 (Govt. Gazette 1469/09.10.2003) “Approval of Framework of Regional
Planning & Sustainable Development in Sterea Ellada”). The Framework of Regional
Planning & Sustainable Development mentions, amongst others, the following:
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 160
The high wind energy potential of Southern Evia in combination with the installations in
Aliveri (part of the National Energy System), constitute an important perspective for the
region especially in relation with the general possibilities of Renewable Energy Sources.
Besides the hydrodynamic and geothermic potential, the wind energy potential is one of
the highest in Greece, so that it can play a significant role in the energy supply in the area.
The table below presents the advantages, the opportunities and the deficiencies of the
Prefecture of Evia in general related with the energy sector and its development:
Advantages Opportunities Deficiencies - Wind Energy Field of Evia in combination with the energy expertise and tradition of Aliveri. - Existence of large po-tential in Renewable En-ergy Sources
- Promotion of renewable energy sources - Possibilities of co-generation of energy in big energy intensive industries.
- Lack of interregional net-working beyond the axis Ath-ens-Thessaloniki (isolation of Evia). - Deficient exploitation of the important potentialities of the ports.
Suggestions of the Framework of Regional Planning & Sustainable Development
Τhe selected pattern of spatial development of the Framework of Regional Planning &
Sustainable Development in the region of Sterea Ellada intervenes in the contemporary
trends in favour of a development in the coming 15 years which will gradually result in an
increased regional autonomy and external competitiveness. At the same time it promotes
the intrusiveness in the management of environmental values and eminently in the land
use.
The long-term development objective of the Framework of Regional Planning & Sustaina-
ble Development is the utilization of the positive response of the region to the exercise of
national and EU policies in the sectors of energy, natural heritage, environmental im-
provement and prevention, as specified at national and regional level.
- According to its development framework, the secondary sector has to be dynamic.
The activation of the Wind Energy Field of southern Evia must constitute a signifi-
cant new sector of productive specialization and expansion of the activation to oth-
er renewable energy sources, besides the continuation of energy production in
Aliveri. An Energy Center is promoted in Evia (Chalkida, Aliveri) which will activate
and coordinate the important investments in the energy sector.
- The area of Karystos is being proposed to be developed as an urban center of
larger capacity, in combination with the protected by NATURA area of Ochi.
- The organized spatial development of the Wind Energy Potential of southern Evia
is being proposed which will also address issues regarding the protection of land-
scapes in touristic and residential areas, requiring at the same time the preparation
of a special relevant study.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 161
- Areas with environmental sensitivity which include the big landscape systems
which are not protected while their conservation is deemed to be necessary have
been found in the Region of Sterea Ellada. For this reason a special survey on the
landscapes of the Evian Coast on the side of the Aegean Sea is being proposed.
It is suggested that the management proposals regarding areas of the network NATURA
are grouped according to the main uses which characterize them. The study area belongs
to the NATURA area “Oros Ochi, Kampos Karystou, Potami, Akrotirio Kafirefs” which falls
according to the Framework of Regional Planning & Sustainable Development into the
category “Residential development pressure area”. The principles ruling the management
of land use in cases where the protection of the NATURA area and of a specific land use
have to co-exist, can be the following:
- (a) examination of the possibility of the biggest possible limitation of the use in rela-
tion with all socio-economic impacts resulting therefrom, and not any impacts on
the natural environment,
- (b) designation of protection zones in the protection area so that zones of absolute
protection (more limited) are distinguished from those where specific uses are al-
lowed,
- (c) adoption of specific ways of production procedure for the necessary land use
(eg industry), so that minimal or no adverse impacts are created,
- (d) reduction of pollution created by the agricultural activity and enhancement of
organic farming.
As regards the οrganization of energy infrastructures, the objectives of sustainable devel-
opment are:
- the reduction of energy dependence of certain areas with potential of development
of renewable energy sources through installation zones and ways which do not ob-
struct the objectives of this framework as regards issues of natural and cultural
sources,
- the energy saving at all levels and in all sectors,
- the improvement of energy efficiency,
- the enhancement of the energy status of the region.
As regards the management of special rural sites and more specifically of the coastal site,
this includes:
- Τhe coasts of northern Evia on the side of the Aegean Sea, areas with a special
nature which require protection.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 162
- Τhe islands of southern Evia. The exploitation of the wind energy potential of the
area is a positive source. The required survey of serious issues regarding land-
scape protection has to be a priority issue for the implementation programme of
the Special Framework of the Coastal Area.
- Τhe areas within NATURA with special environmental value.
66..44..11..22 SSppeecciiaall FFrraammeewwoorrkk ffoorr SSppaattiiaall PPllaannnniinngg && SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee DDeevveellooppmmeenntt ffoorr
RReenneewwaabbllee EEnneerrggyy SSoouurrcceess
This Environmental Impact Assessment examines the terms and constraints set with the
Joint Ministerial Decision 4499882288 ((GGoovvtt.. GGaazzeettttee 22446644//ΒΒ//0033..1122..22000088)) ““AApppprroovvaall ooff SSppeecciiaall
FFrraammeewwoorrkk ooff SSppaattiiaall PPllaannnniinngg && SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee DDeevveellooppmmeenntt ffoorr tthhee RReenneewwaabbllee EEnneerrggyy
SSoouurrcceess aanndd tthhee ssttrraatteeggiicc ssttuuddyy ooff iittss eennvviirroonnmmeennttaall iimmppaaccttss””.. TThhee examination of the cri-
teria set for the location of wind energy installations is performed in the framework of the
environmental licencing of the eight (8) wind farms of the company Damco Energy &
Diethnis Construction AΤΤΝE.
The following were examined:
Review of the project under study in relation with excluded areas and incompatibility
zones (article 6 of the Special Framework for Spatial Planning & Sustainable Devel-
opment for RES).
Review of the project under study in relation with the maximum allowed density of
wind farm installations at the level of first grade local authorities.
Review of the project under study in relation with the distances of the wind farm instal-
lations from neighbouring land use and technical infrastructure networks (Annex II of
the Special Framework for Spatial Planning & Sustainable Development for RES).
Review of the project under study in relation with the criteria of integration of the wind
farm installations in the landscape (Annex IV Special Framework for Spatial Planning
& Sustainable Development for RES).
Τhe results of the review are set forth in ISSUE C [REVIEW OF TERMS/LIMITATIONS
OF THE SPECIAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DE-
VELOPMENT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] which accompanies this Envi-
ronmental Impact Assessment. Τhis issue presents in parallel a new and more detailed
study –based on the previous one– which was competently submitted and where all spe-
cial terms and limitations of the SPECIAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES are examined
and approved pursuant to the Preliminary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation deci-
sion no. 110580 of the Special Environmental Service which was issued on 15/12/2008. It
is herein briefly mentioned that the proposed project fulfils as a whole all the condi-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 163
tions (terms / limitations) which are set by the Special Framework of Spatial Plan-
ning & Sustainable Energy for Renewable Energy Sources .
Nevertheless the following is briefly mentioned:
The investment under study fulfils all the terms and limitations set by the SPECIAL
FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES regarding the maximum allowed density of
wind farms at the level of first grade local authorities where they will be installed.
The investment under study fulfils all the terms and limitations set by the SPECIAL
FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES regarding the excluded areas and incompat-
ibility zones.
The investment under study fulfils all the terms and limitations set by the SPECIAL
FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES regarding the observation of the minimum
distances between the wind farm installations and any neighbouring land use and
technical infrastructure networks.
The investment under study fulfils all the terms and limitations set by the SPECIAL
FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES regarding the rules of integration of the wind
farm installations in the landscape.
66..44..11..33 LLaanndd uussee ((EELLSSTTAATT DDaattaa))
All possible and updated sources were utilized in order to record the land use. Below are
presented the land use in the study area as depicted from the data of the last national
census about land use . However in order to achieve the complete display of land use,
additionally the land use near the wind farm fields are analyzed with the help of the Geo-
graphic Information System (GIS, ArcView 3.2a), (see next section). More specifically:
Data about land use (source: ELSTAT) in the Municipalities of Karystos, Marmari and the
Community of Kafireas are presented in the tables below. Specifically:
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 164
Table 22: Land use in the municipality of Karystos (areas in thousands of acres).
Municipality/ Community
Ter
rain
form
P
:Pla
in,
S: S
emi-m
ount
aino
us,
M: M
ount
aino
us
Tot
al a
rea
Cul
tivat
ed a
reas
Pastures
Sur
face
s co
vere
d w
ith
fore
sts
Sur
face
s co
vere
d w
ith w
ater
Oth
er s
urfa
ces
cove
red
by
the
settl
emen
ts (
road
s,
squa
rese
tc
com
mun
ity o
r m
unic
ipal
priv
ate
M. of KARYSTOS P 34.3 8.6 0.0 24.2 0.0 0.0 1.5 C. of AEΤOS S 28.1 3.2 0.0 24.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 C. of GRAMPIAS M 15.2 0.7 0.0 13.9 0.4 0.0 0.2 C. of ΚALYVIA S 19.8 3.7 0.0 15.8 0.0 0.0 0.4 C. of ΜYLOI M 7.7 0.4 0.0 6.9 0.1 0.0 0.3 C. of PLATANISTOS
M 61.8 4.4 4.0 48.7 3.9 0.0 0.8
Table 23: Land use in the Municipality of Marmari (areas in thousands of acres).
Municipality/ Community
Ter
rain
form
P
:Pla
in,
S: S
emi-m
ount
aino
us
M: M
ount
aino
us
Tot
al a
rea
Cul
tivat
ed a
reas
Pastures
Sur
face
s co
vere
d w
ith
fore
sts
Sur
face
s co
vere
d w
ith
wat
er
Oth
er s
urfa
ces
cove
red
by th
e se
ttlem
ents
(r
oads
, squ
ares
etc
com
mun
ity o
r m
unic
ipal
priv
ate
C. of ΜARMARI S 45.0 6.7 2.0 28.6 7.3 0.1 0.4 C. of AG. DIMITRIOS M 25.3 1.1 0.0 22.8 1.1 0.0 0.3 C. of GIANNITSI M 21.9 1.8 0.0 18.0 1.9 0.0 0.2 C. of KATSARONI S 10.2 3.6 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 C. of ΜELLISONAS M 12.7 0.6 0.0 11.3 0.5 0.0 0.3 C. of PARADEISIO M 20.9 5.7 0.0 13.5 0.4 0.2 0.7
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 165
Table 24: Land use in the Community of Kafireas ( areas in thousands of acres).
Municipality/ Community
Ter
rain
form
P
: Pla
in,
S: S
emi-m
ount
aino
us
M: M
ount
aino
us
Tot
al a
rea
Cul
tivat
ed a
reas
Pastures
Sur
face
s co
vere
d w
ith
fore
sts
Sur
face
s co
vere
d w
ith
wat
er
Oth
er s
urfa
ces
cov-
ered
by
the
settl
e-m
ents
(ro
ads,
sq
uare
s et
c.)
com
mun
ity o
r m
unic
ipal
priv
ate
C. of AΜYGDALEA
M 30.1 3.2 0.0 22.8 3.5 0.0 0.6
C. of ΚOΜIΤOS M 47.7 2.5 0.0 43.4 1.2 0.0 0.6
66..44..11..44 LLaanndd uussee ((DDaattaa ooff EEuurrooppeeaann PPrrooggrraammmmee CCoorriinnee LLaanndd CCoovveerr--22000000))
For the depiction of the land use with the help of the software programme GIS ArcView
3.2a the following steps were taken: 1) Georeference of basemaps (scale:1:50.000) of the
Hellenic Military Geographical Service, 2) Addition of the “polygons” of land use (from the
programme Corine Land Cover (2000) – Programme of the European Environmental
Agency), 3) Empirical interpretation of the data.
As regards the project per se and specifically for the proposed solution which is presented
in this EIA, land use are as follows:
DD11 ““KKAATTHHAARRAA”” WWiinndd ffaarrmm
- 311: Broad-leaved forest.
- 313: Mixed forest.
- 321: Natural pastures.
- 323: Sclerophyllous vegetation.
- 324: Transitional woodland-shrub.
-- 333: Sparsely vegetated areas.
DD22 ““AANNAATTOOLLII”” WWiinndd ffaarrmm
- 312: Coniferous forest.
- 313: Mixed forest.
- 323: Sclerophyllous vegetation.
- 324: Transitional woodland-shrub.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 166
-- 333: Sparsely vegetated areas
DD33 ””SSPPIILLIIAA”” WWiinndd ffaarrmm
- 311: Broad-leaved forest.
- 323: Sclerophyllous vegetation.
- 324: Transitional woodland-shrub.
-- 333: Sparsely vegetated areas.
DD44 ““MMIILLIIAA”” WWiinndd ffaarrmm
- 313: Mixed forest.
- 321: Natural pastures.
- 323: Sclerophyllous vegetation.
-- 324: Transitional woodland-shrub.
DD55 WWiinndd ffaarrmm””PPLLAATTAANNIISSTTOOSS””
- 311: Broad-leaved forest.
-- 323: Sclerophyllous vegetation
DD66 ““PPAALLIIOOPPYYRRGGOOSS”” WWiinndd ffaarrmm
- 243: Land principally occupied by agriculture with significant areas of natural vege-tation
-- 323: Sclerophyllous vegetation.
DD77 ““KKEERRAASSIIAA”” WWiinndd ffaarrmm
- 321: Natural pastures.
- 323: Sclerophyllous vegetation.
-- 324: Transitional woodland-shrub.
DD88 ““PPLLAATTAANNOOSS”” WWiinndd ffaarrmm
- 313: Mixed forest.
- 324: Transitional woodland-shrub.
-- 333: Sparsely vegetated areas.
HHiigghh VVoollttaaggee NNeettwwoorrkk
- 243: Land principally occupied by agriculture with significant areas of natural vege-tation.
- 311: Broad-leaved forest.
- 313: Mixed forest.
- 321: Natural pastures.
- 323: Sclerophyllous vegetation.
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-- 324: Transitional woodland-shrub.
IInntteerrccoonnnneeccttiioonn NNeettwwoorrkk
- 133: Construction sites.
- 231: Grasslands.
- 242: Complex cultivation patterns.
- 243: Land principally occupied by agriculture with significant areas of natural vege-tation.
- 311: Broad-leaved forest.
- 313: Mixed forest.
- 321: Natural pastures.
- 323: Sclerophyllous vegetation.
- 324: Transitional woodland-shrub.
-- 333: Sparsely vegetated areas.
AAcccceessss rrooaadd ccoonnssttrruuccttiioonn aanndd iinntteerrnnaall rrooaadd ccoonnssttrruuccttiioonn
- 243: Land principally occupied by agriculture with significant areas of natural vege-tation.
- 313: Mixed forest.
- 321: Natural pastures.
- 323: Sclerophyllous vegetation.
- 324: Transitional woodland-shrub.
- 333: Sparsely vegetated areas.
66..44..22 BBuuii ll tt eennvviirroonnmmeenntt
The direct project area does not include elements of built environment. The wind turbines
positions regards mainly ridges of mountainous surfaces. However there are settlements
in the wider area of the works. As regards the Approved Urban Plans they have not been
found . Therefore no further mention is made referring to possible conditions and limita-
tions of buildings, any other more specific limitations etc. It is pointed out that the con-
struction and operation of the project will not modify in any way elements of the
built environment.
66..44..33 HHiissttoorr iicc aanndd ccuull ttuurraall eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt
In the wider study area are the ancient quarries of Karystian marble, the dragon houses
("Drakospita”) of Ochi, the mines and caves of Kafireas, the settlement and sanctuary of
Archampoli and the sanctuary of Geraistios Poseidon.
Below is presented a table which includes the qualified archaeological sites and historic
monuments which are found in the study area as well as their statutory framework which
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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rules their protection status. Specifically:
Table 25: Locations of archaeological sites.
S/N Location Μonument Time period Protection status
1 Agios Georgios of Karystos
Shells and tools Foundations of Church
Early Helladic Byzantine
CL 5351/32
2 Agia Eirini (Mpouros)
Findings Middle Helladic – Byzantine
CL 5351/32
3 Agios Ioannis (Lykorrema)
Shells Neolithic CL 5351/32
5 Agia Triada Cave –
Shells Neolithic CL 5351/32
6 Aetos Quarries Roman CL 5351/32
7 Cape Rozos (Paksimada)
Pottery Wall
Neolithic CL 5351/32
8 Akrotiri (Mpouros) Camp Furnace
Settlement Classical Classical Roman– Byzantine
CL 5351/32
9 Alamaneika Furnace
Farmhouse Tomb
Roman CL 5351/32
10 Archampoli Walled settlement Sanctuary
Geometric CL 5351/32
11 Vigla Findings Neolithic CL 5351/32
12 Κazari Findings Neolithic Govt Gazette 621/Β/22-
8-72
13
Κastri – ancientGeraistos
Findings Settlement Sanctuary of Geraistios Posei-don
Neolithic Archaic – Roman– Hellenistic – Roman
Govt Gazette 621/Β/22-8-72: estates inherit. by V. Papageorgiou or Papamastrigianni. Protection area 500 m.
15 Kafireas (Cavo d’oro)
Slags – galleries Caves Agios Grigorios
Prehistoric Geometric Classical
CL 5351/32
16
Kampos Agios Theodoros To Pigadi tou Pasa Agios Georgios Agios Georgios Mountain
Settlement Grape mill Settlement Farmhouse Sanctuary -furnace
Byzantine - Early Helladic Roman- Byzantine Archaic-Roman
CL 5351/32
17
Katsaroni Patitiri Agios Isidoros
Shells tools Shells, tools Buildings Old grape mill Shells, tools
Early Helladic Prehistoric Prehistoric
CL 5351/32
18 Κatsouli Findings
Shaft Farmhouse
Neolithic Classical- Byzantine
Govt Gazette 275/Β/20-3-80
20 Κarampampa Two buildings
Castle Sanctuary
Classical CL 5351/32
23 Κilosi Cave with shells
and human bones Neolithic CL 5351/32
24 Κokkinokastro Findings Classical CL 5351/32
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S/N Location Μonument Time period Protection status
25 Κounoupi- Agios Athanasios
Two Farmhouses Oratory
Byzantine CL 5351/32
26 Κylindri Quarries Roman CL 5351/32 27 Lala-Panagia Farmhouse Roman CL 5351/32
28
Livadaki Askoulithi
Sanctuary Walls Carvings Castle Farmhouses
Classical CL 5351/32
29
Μiloi Νtrouvalo Agios Nikolaos Fideleia
Buildings Findings Walls Smelter Oratory of Ag. Nikolaos Walls
Μiddle Helladic Classical
Govt Gazette 275/Β/20-3-80
30 Μpouros Obsidian Shells, Neolithic CL 5351/32 31 Νikasi Tomb Classical CL 5351/32
32 Islet of Karystos (Agia Pelagia)
Shells Neolithic Early Helladic
CL 5351/32
33
Mount Ochi (Community of Platanistos)
“Dragon House” Church of Profitis Ilias
Geometric Govt Gazette 175/26-3-66 Govt Gazette 126/Β/11-2-72
34 Cape of Agia Pelagia
Findings Castle
Early Helladic Μiddle Ages
Govt Gazette 275/Β/20-3-80
35
Paksimada Agia Paraskevi Stavros-Paliopithara Glifada Saravanou Μnima
Farmhouse Settlement Buildings- Shells Buildings-pottery Farmhouse Camp-Quarry Settlement
Hellenistic Neolithic Neolithic Classical Classical Classical-Venetian
Govt Gazette 275/Β/20-3-80 CL 5351/32 Govt Gazette 275/Β/20-3-80
36
Plakari hill Palaistra
Settlement Building relics Findings
Neolithic Early Helladic Geometric Archaic Neolithic Modern
Govt Gazette 275 /B/20-3-80
Govt Gazette 558/Β/30-8-90
37
Platanistos Elliniko
Two castles Church of Konstantinos - Eleni
Classical
CL 5351/32
38 Platanistos Potami
Settlement Prehistoric CL 5351/32
39 Rigia Settlement Farmhouse
Geometric Classical-Roman
CL 5351/32
40
Rouklia Vrachos Kousoukou
Cave “Drakospito”
Neolithic Geometric
Govt Gazette 175/26-3-66
41 Skouasi (Aktaion) Settlement CL 5351/32
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S/N Location Μonument Time period Protection status
43 Filagra Settlement
walled Classical Μiddle Ages
CL 5351/32
44 Chartzani Castle Μiddle Ages CL 5351/32
45
ΚARYSTOS Palaiochora (Estate of Mariori Mousikou) Ksanemo Κokkaloi Agios Nikolaos Agios Nikolaos Drimonia Agios Ioannis Κotsika road Mpourtzi Limanaki (Skouries) Town hall
Various building relics of the old town Archaelogical site Cemetary Retaining wall Wall Mosaic Church Settlement Μοnastery Cemetery Farmhouse Findings Mausoleum Findings – architectonic parts Κamini Neoclassical
Hellenistic Classical Roman Byzantine Roman Hellenistic Byzantine Μiddle Helladic Modern (?) Greco-Roman Classical Roman Various times Modern
Govt Gazette 130/13-4-62 CL 5351/32 Govt Gazette 275/Β/20-3-80 CL 5351/32 Govt Gazette 555/Β/15-6-79
46 Agia Sofia of Grampia
Church Mosque CL 5351/32
47 Agios Dimitrios Church of Agios
Dimitrios Byzantine CL 5351/32
48 Agios Georgios of Aetos
Church Byzantine Govt Gazette 126/Β/11-2-72
49
Kalyvia Church of Taksiarches Bridges Water mill Primary school
Byzantine Modern Νeoclassical
Govt Gazette 175/26-3-66 CL 5351/32
50 Barka Rema Stone Bridge Modern CL 5351/32 51 Platanistos Bridge Watermill Modern CL 5351/32 52 Platanistos Bridge Modern CL 5351/32
53 Lenosaioi of Kalliano
Church of Dormition
Byzantine CL 5351/32
55 Κouki Well Ottoman Rule CL 5351/32 57 Karystos Mpourzti Μiddle Ages CL 5351/32
58 Zacharia Watermill
Church of Ypapanti
Modern CL 5351/32
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It is worth mentioning here that in the framework of the procedure of the Preliminary Envi-
ronmental Assessment & Evaluation no comments were made by the competent
ephorates of antiquities (those which submitted their opinions) about the historic/cultural
elements of the project area. Specifically the Ephorate of Contemporary and Modern
Monuments of Attica mentions: ““……iinn tthhee ppaarrttiiccuullaarr llooccaattiioonnss wwhhiicchh aarree pprrooppoosseedd ffoorr eennvvii--
rroonnmmeennttaall lliicceenncciinngg ffoorr tthhee iinnssttaallllaattiioonn aanndd ooppeerraattiioonn ooff WWiinndd FFaarrmmss iinn ssoouutthh--eeaasstteerrnn EEvviiaa
aanndd wwhhiicchh aarree ddeeppiicctteedd iinn tthhee mmaappss tthhaatt yyoouu ssuubbmmiitttteedd ttoo uuss tthheerree aarree nnoo mmoonnuummeennttss bbee--
lloonnggiinngg ttoo tthhee jjuurriissddiiccttiioonn ooff oouurr eepphhoorraattee””, while the Department of Archaelogical Sites,
Monuments and Archaeognostic Research of the Ministry of Culture mentions: ““NNoonneetthhee--
lleessss ssiinnccee tthhee iinnssttaallllaattiioonn ooff eeiigghhtt wwiinndd ffaarrmmss ffoorr eelleeccttrriicc ppoowweerr ggeenneerraattiioonn iinn llooccaattiioonnss ooff
tthhee MMuunniicciippaalliittiieess ooff MMaarrmmaarrii,, KKaarryyssttooss aanndd tthhee CCoommmmuunniittyy ooff KKaaffiirreeaass ooff tthhee PPrreeffeeccttuurree
ooff EEvviiaa,, aanndd ooff tthhee iinntteerrccoonnnneeccttiinngg ttrraannssmmiissssiioonn lliinnee 115500 kkVV ooff tthhee WWiinndd FFaarrmmss wwiitthh tthhee
UUHHVV CCeenntteerr iinn PPaalllliinnii ooff tthhee PPrreeff.. ooff AAttttiiccaa,, ddooeess nnoott hhaarrmm tthhee aaffoorreemmeennttiioonneedd aannttiiqquuiittiieess
aanndd ccoonnssiiddeerriinngg tthhaatt aallll ooff tthhee uunnddeerrggrroouunndd lliinneess wwiitthhiinn tthhee PPrreeff.. OOff AAttttiiccaa wwiillll bbee ccoonn--
ssttrruucctteedd aalloonngg tthhee eexxiissttiinngg ppaavveedd rrooaaddss,, wwee aapppprroovvee ooff tthhee EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall IImmppaacctt PPrree--
aasssseessssmmeenntt ……””..
Finally, due to the special cultural significance a sperate mention is made below to ancient
quarries of Karystos and the Dragon Houses of Ochi. Specifically:
√√ AAnncciieenntt qquuaarrrriieess ooff KKaarryyssttooss MMaarrbbllee
The Karystian marble or Evian marble or Karystia lithos, i.e. the rock that was extracted
from the area of Karystos but also from other areas in southern Evia, was quite known in
the ancient years and is mainly represented by a variation of cipolin (Cipollino).
The intensive extraction of the Karystian Marble must have been carried out mostly at
Caesar’s time (60-44 B.C.) until the end of the reign of the emperor Antoninus Pius (161
A.D.).
The Karystian Marble was used in ancient times mainly for the construction of pillars. The
quarrying activity during Roman times in the area of southern Evia was so intensive that in
Marmari existed the temple for the cult of Apollo Marmarinos, which must have been the
protector of quarrier men and technicians of marble. The use of Karystian marble was
very intensive during the years of the emperor Andrianos and mainly during the four years
132-135 A.D. During the Byzantine period it was used to a much smaller extent than in the
Roman period.
Τhe ancient quarries which are saved until today are extended in a zone which commenc-
es from the north of Karystos, in the location Kylindroi, until Styra, in the location Kryo Ne-
ro. The ancient quarries were mostly dug in groups and each group was a separate quar-
rying center. There are four different areas of quarries, each of which belonged to one of
the three ancient cities: Karystos, Marmari and Styra. The fourth area was probably sub-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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ject to Styra.
Table 26: Ancient quarries of Ochi and Styra.
Settlement Location Protection status ΚARYSTOS Κylindroi CL 5351/32
Μyloi (Chalikia) CL 5351/32 Aetos (Κοlones) CL 5351/32 Μpouros CL 5351/32
ΜARMARI Ompores CL 5351/32 Βatisi CL 5351/32 Aleksi CL 5351/32 Κalogeri CL 5351/32
Stoupaioi Κionia CL 5351/32 Κaratza CL 5351/32
STYRA Paliokalyveza CL 5351/32 Ag. Nikolaos: W. & E. slope CL 5351/32 Κliosi (Armenon) CL 5351/32
AΝIMPORIO Pyrgari CL 5351/32
√√ ΤΤhhee DDrraaggoonn HHoouusseess ooff OOcchhii
In the area of Karystos, in southern Evia, one can find until today certain buildings which
draw the attention of many visitors and scientists. They are the famous “Drakospita” in
Styra and on Mount Ochi.
The term "drakospito", meaning "dragon house", is found in many regions of the Mediter-
ranean and the Balkans and refers to buildings with large dimensions which are found in
remote, inaccessible places. They are built with huge boulders and give the impression
that they were constructed by beings of supernatural size exciting, thus, people’s imagina-
tion.
Within the study area are situated the “Drakospita” of Ochi. They are found in a mountain-
ous and inaccessible area, on locations without any strategic meaning, so that they in-
spect the surrounding area. Some of them are built so close to the rock that they have no
view of the whole area around. They, usually, occupy a large surface and some measure
5x10 m. They are dry stone walls, i.e. constructions made of local stones without mortar
with thick walls consisting of one or two rows of stone in width. Τheir shape is curved or
rectangular. The lower row of stones project and support the roof, which is built with the
technique of corbelling: the stones of the roof penetrate in each other on the interior and
form a structure which reminds of a trough turned upside down. In the end remains an ob-
long opening with length approximately 5,50 m. and width 0,50-0,60 m, which was initially
covered with horizontal slabs many of which have nowadays fallen in the interior of the
buildings.
Τhese buildings have one single entrance and a trapezoid opening above the lintel, to re-
lieve the pillars from the overlaying weight. Τhe floor is stone paved. It is possible that
several “Drakospita” had also a second floor.
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The finding of ancient remains and inscriptions on the inside and outside space of these
constructions, the old age of their architectural type and the type of masonry reinforces
the opinion that they area ancient constructions. The oldest evidence is an archaic inscrip-
tion written with the Chalkidian alphabet carved onto a shell which was found in an ancient
layer outside a “Drakospita”. Numerous skyphoi (vessels with two handles) made locally,
which were excavated by Moutsopoulos, are dated to the late 4th and early 3rd century BC.
Attic-style vessels, such as vials and skyphoi, a bronze ear tag, glass beads, fragments of
bronze vessels, findings dated to the early 5th and the 4th century, refer to the time when
S. Evia had close relations with Athens. Hence, the findings support the view that the con-
struction of the “Drakospita” has to be estimated between the 6th and 4th century BC and
their usage lasted until the early Christian period..
The usage of the “Drakospita” has not been ascertained yet. Judging from the findings,it
cannot be argued that they were temples, places of worship. Nevertheless the kind of
worship, the exact date of their establishment and who built them have not yet been de-
termined.
Τhe “Drakospita” are found:
- On the summit of Ochi, on a small plateau (south of the altitude at 1398 m), where
the big “Drakospito” of Ochi is found
- In the village Rouklia, on the location "Vrachos tou Koutsoukou", where the small
“Drakospito” of Ochi is found, half demolished
- In Styra: three “Drakospita” are situated in the same location, two similar with the big
“Drakospito” of Ochi and the third one with a square facade.
The archaeological sites in the study area are shown on the maps which accompany this
Environmental Impact Assessment.
66..44..44 SSoocciioo--eeccoonnoommiicc eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt
66..44..44..11 AAddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee jjuurriissddiiccttiioonn
The study area and the wider area are administratively subject to the Region of Sterea
Ellada based in Lamia. Along with Skyros, Karystia is the most remote section from the
center of the Region. At prefectural level it belongs to the Prefecture of Evia seated in
Chalkida.
For the study area the following applies:
- Region: Sterea Ellada (seat: Lamia)
- Prefecture: Evia (seat: Chalkida)
- Municipalities/Communities: M. of Karystos, M. of Marmari, C. of Kafireas.
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66..44..44..22 DDeemmooggrraapphhyy ooff ssttuuddyy aarreeaa
In order to analyse the demography of the study area the data of the last (2001) and the
penultimate (1991) national census executed by the Hellenic Statistical Authority
(ELSTAT) were utilized. Data were also obtained from the database of the ELSTAT
“ATHENS: Results of census”. Specifically:
The interprefectural inequities regarding economic activities and technical infrastructure
lead to the concentration of populations in certain residential centres and especially
Chalkida. Nonetheless the prefecture has a semi-urban character with many small semi-
urban and rural residential centers.
At prefectural level, as shown by the table below, the evolution of the population seems
positive.
Table 27: Evolution of population in the prefecture of Evia (ELSTAT, 1991-2001).
Permane nt Actual Prefecture / Region 2001 1991 2001 1991 Prefecture of Evia 207.305 202.131 215.136 208.408 Region of Sterea Ellada 505.480 537.984 578.876 605.329
(Source: ELSTAT, 1991-2001)
As regards the demography of the study area the following data apply. Specifically:
Table 28: Evolution of population in the Municipality of Karystos (ELSTAT, 1991-2001).
Permanent Actual 2001 1991 2001 1991 MUNICIPALITY OF KARYSTOS 6.854 6.770 7.144 7.016
MD of Karystos 4.942 4.674 5.011 4.663 Karystos 4.902 4.674 4.960 4.663 Zarmpoutaika 38 0 49 0 Sfiridoupoli 2 0 2 0 MD of Aetos 437 492 518 522 Aetos 331 409 377 426 Akrotiri 8 0 15 0 Μetochio 79 72 82 72 Μpouros 19 11 44 24 MD of Grampia 293 235 352 421 Grampia 180 147 204 269 Μekounida 92 83 115 135 Rouklia 21 5 33 17 MD of Kalyvia 697 775 716 768 Κalyvia 697 775 716 768 MD.of Myloi 150 168 166 168 Μyloi 150 168 166 168 MD.of Platanistos 335 426 381 474 Platanistos 153 225 165 237
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Permanent Actual 2001 1991 2001 1991 Agioi 7 0 14 0 Elaion 35 35 35 35 Epanochorio 29 45 35 45 Κastri 29 25 39 44 Μandilos (islet) 0 0 0 0 Pidoulaika 25 28 27 30 Potamion 57 68 66 83
(Source: ELSTAT, 1991-2001)
According to the abobe table it is evident that the permanent as well as the actual popula-
tion is increasing in the municipality of Karystos. This is mainly attributed to the large pop-
ulation growth, permanent and actual, in the municipal district of Karystos. On the contra-
ry, the remaining municipal districts of the municipality have the opposite evolution as re-
gards the permanent and actual population. Main cause seems to be the abandonment of
the small municipal districts by the population and its transfer to bigger centers for the
search of job opportunities.
Below is presented, like in table above, the evolution of the population according to the
last two censuses in the Municipality of Marmari. Specifically
Table 29: Evolution of population in the Municipality of Marmari (ELSTAT, 1991-2001).
Permanent Actual 2001 1991 2001 1991 MUNICIPALITY OF MARMARI 2.895 2.750 3.152 2.846 MD of Marmari 1.247 1.026 1.367 1.116 Marmari 963 935 1.006 996 Agia Marina 15 6 44 12 Agios Konstantinos 65 0 75 0 Diastavrosi 44 18 47 25 Κokkinis 5 0 14 0 Κrya Vrysi 17 0 21 0 Lykorema 20 11 28 13 Μegalonisos Petalion (islet) 0 0 0 0 Panagia 50 0 51 0 Paralia Figia 47 31 60 44 Τragonisio (islet) 0 1 0 1 Figia 21 20 21 21 Chersonisio (islet) 0 4 0 4 MD of Agios Dimitrios 298 293 301 292 Agios Dimitrios 298 293 301 292 MD of Aktaio 85 107 86 107 Aktaion 77 91 78 90 Ekali 8 16 8 17 MD of Giannitsio 223 221 274 235 Giannitsio 72 75 100 75 Κato Giannitsi 53 35 53 45 Pothion 98 111 121 115 MD of Κallianos 327 344 357 331
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Permanent Actual 2001 1991 2001 1991 Κalliano 178 203 204 194 Agathon 59 65 60 65 Vrachos 9 13 9 13 Κallergon 38 15 42 15 Lenosaioi 27 22 27 22 Soteira 16 26 15 22 MD of. Katsaroniou 155 169 151 169 Κatsaronion 124 169 120 169 Choni 31 0 31 0 MD of Μelissonas 20 35 36 37 Μelisson 20 35 36 37 MD of Paradeisio 224 227 253 232 Paradeision 119 131 144 130 Aleksis 55 62 55 68 Chania 50 34 54 34 MD of.Stouppaioi 316 328 327 327 Stouppaioi 152 161 151 156 Varelaioi 32 20 32 21 Vatision 52 84 53 86 Κalogeri 26 0 27 0 Rizovounion 54 63 64 64
(Source: ELSTAT, 1991-2001)
From the analysis of the above table derives an increase of the permanent and the actual
population in the area of the municipality of Marmari. Τhe biggest percentage of the in-
crease seems to be attributable to the big increase which is observed in the population of
the municipal district of Marmari. Like in the case of the municipal district of Karystos, the
increase is here also seems to be due to the mobility of the population to bigger centers.
Regarding the Community of Kafireas the evolution of the population is depicted through
the data of the table below. Specifically:
Table 30: Evolution of population in the Community of Κafireas (ELSTAT, 1991-2001).
Permanent Actual 2001 1991 2001 1991 COMMUNITY OF KAFIREAS 1.013 709 1.003 667
CD of Amygdalea 558 379 552 357 Amygdalea 183 158 179 142 Drymonario 33 22 32 21 Ζacharia 48 25 48 24 Thymion 82 64 81 64 Kapsourion 57 22 57 19 Prinia 80 43 80 43 Schizali 75 45 75 44 CD of Κοmito 455 330 451 310 Κomito 143 122 142 104 Antias 172 132 170 130 Evaggelismos 140 76 139 76
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(Source: ELSTAT, 1991-2001)
The permanent and actual population in the community of Kafireas shows an increase like
the municipalities of Marmari and Karystos. This increase in to its biggest part attributed to
the big increase of population in the two Community Districts – Κοmito and Amygdalea.
66..44..44..33 SSoocciiaall cchhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss ooff tthhee ppooppuullaattiioonn
In this unit the education level of the residents of the study area is being analyzed. Τhe
data which are presented were obtained by the database of ELSTAT: “ATHENS: Results
of census”. Specifically:
Table 31: Education level in the Municipality of Karystos (Pref. of Evia).
Education level 11999911 AAccttuuaall ppooppuullaatt iioonn
22000011 AAccttuuaall ppooppuullaatt iioonn
Total Male Female Total Male Female Post graduate diploma holders (doctor-ate or master's degree) 5 4 1 13 9 4
University degree holders 184 104 80 283 150 133 Received a third-level technical-vocational institution degree 48 29 19 126 68 58
Graduates of Higher Schools 36 29 7 196 111 85 Secondary level education 942 469 473 1.418 695 723 Completed the third stage of 6-year secondary education 769 424 345 941 549 392
Completed primary education 2.849 1.424 1.425 2.443 1.232 1.211 Not completed primary school but have writing and reading skills 745 325 420 710 300 410
Illiterate (no writing and reading skills) 598 241 357 243 89 154
(Source: ELSTAT, 1991-2001)
Table 32: Education level in the Municipality of Μarmari (Pref. of Evia).
Education level 11999911 AAccttuuaall ppooppuullaatt iioonn
22000011 AAccttuuaall ppooppuullaatt iioonn
Total Male Female Total Male Female Post graduate diploma holders (doctor-ate or master's degree) 2 2 0 1 1 0
University degree holders 37 21 16 81 43 38 Received a third-level technical-vocational institution degree 10 7 3 31 17 14
Graduates of Higher Schools 9 7 2 55 37 18 Secondary level education 203 123 80 420 231 189 Completed the third stage of 6-year secondary education 227 147 80 366 224 142
Completed primary education 1.280 695 585 1.402 745 657 Not completed primary school but have writing and reading skills 466 238 228 345 182 163
Illiterate (no writing and reading skills) 315 96 219 179 64 115
(Source: ELSTAT, 1991-2001)
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Table 33: Educational level in the Community of Κafireas (Pref. of Evia).
Education level 11999911 AAccttuuaall ppooppuullaatt iioonn
22000011 AAccttuuaall ppooppuullaatt iioonn
Total Male Female Total Male Female Post graduate diploma holders (doctor-ate or master's degree) 0 0 0 9 7 2
University degree holders 1 1 0 3 1 2 Received a third-level technical-vocational institution degree 1 1 0 4 2 2
Graduates of Higher Schools 0 0 0 3 3 0 Secondary level education 5 3 2 61 31 30 Completed the third stage of 6-year secondary education 5 4 1 24 16 8
Completed primary education 394 225 169 526 293 233 Not completed primary school but have writing and reading skills 88 45 43 173 103 70
Illiterate (no writing and reading knowledge) 95 25 70 136 28 108
(Source: ELSTAT, 1991-2001)
From the data of the above tables derives that, as regards the whole study area, the edu-
cational level of the majority of people reaches completed primary education. The per-
centage of illiterate people (not having writing and reading skills) and the percentage of
people who have not completed primary school but have writing and reading skills, is also
quite high.
The percentage of people who have reached the higher levels of education (graduates of
third level institution degrees and of universities, holders of postgraduate doctorate and
master’s degrees) is very low. Remarkable is the situation in the Community of Kafireas
where very few people (only 19 persons) are holders of a university degree, third-level
technical-vocational institution degree or postgraduate doctorate and master’s degree.
66..44..44..44 PPrroodduuccttiivvee sseeccttoorrss
√√ PPrriimmaarryy sseeccttoorr
Employment in the primary sector has significantly decreased. The primary sector has
played in the previous decades (and will continue to play in the future) an important role in
the growth procedure.
The selection of an integrated development pattern and the implementation of programs
for the local development necessitate the exploitation of the local advantages of the spa-
tial units of the prefecture in individual branches of the primary sector i.e. agriculture, live-
stock, fishery, forestry and apiculture. These activities and their parallel connection with
the processing of their products are essential on the one hand for the promotion of a bal-
anced development and on the other hand for the completion of the production network.
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Furthermore, the wider area is covered by registered private forest plots with small sur-
faces (30 - 100 acres) which are being exploited by their owners for the extraction of fire-
wood, the quantity of which is designated on Logging Charts. There are also coal furnaces
which produce charcoal in small, as estimated, quantities (100 - 300 tons/year).
Mining exploitations, usually on the surface, are scattered in the wider study area where
the famous Karystian slabs are being extracted. In spite of the fact that the area is not a
statutory mining zone and the majority of interventions is being carried out without an an
assessment of the environmental impacts and the restoration of the landscape, the exploi-
tation keeps on considering the fact that it provides employment to the workforce in the
region.
√√ SSeeccoonnddaarryy sseeccttoorr
The study of the industry specialization results to the following:
- There is a strong turn to branches processing products of the primary sector, food,
timber, non metallic minerals.
- The main orientation of Evia is related with the branch of non metallic minerals.
This is directly connected with the occurrence of structural regression which affects
strongly the prefecture and is accompanied by economic, sectoral and social prob-
lems.
Τhe main problems of the secondary sector are:
- The direct dependence of many activities from the region of the capital city.
- The declining trends of certain medium technology industry sectors (non metallic
minerals, products made of plastic – rubber etc).
-- The technological downgrading of traditional industrial sectors (clothing - footwear,
metal products).
√√ ΤΤeerrttiiaarryy sseeccttoorr
As regards the tertiary sector, Evia is characterized by a very dynamic trend as it presents
a considerable increase of participation in the tertiary sector during the recent years.
The prefecture of Evia has a touristic development potential which is attributed to:
- The existence of archaeological sites.
- Its natural beauty.
- Its central position in the Greek Region and its neighbourhood with the region of
Attica.
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Subsequently the study of the existing situation and the necessity of the promotion of tour-
ism require:
- Design of touristic zones.
- Enhancement of the infrastructure of the non-touristically developed areas.
- Modern – dynamic marketing and management.
- Training and specialization of the personnel.
- Development of special forms of tourism.
The promotion of the integrated development of the region requires a balanced touristic
development and subsequently the intensification of the efforts for the reinforcement of
the sector.
The available data of the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) show that in the study
area the majority of the residents is occupied with economic activities of the secondary but
also primary sector, which has played in the previous decades (and will continue to play in
the future) an important role in the growth procedure. We also observe that a considerable
percentage of the residents is occupied with the tertiary sector (eg. hotels and restau-
rants), with the exception of the Community of Kafireas which abstains from this activity.
The occupation of the residents with the supply services of electric power, natural gas and
water shows the lowest values.
Τhe data which were described regarding the occupation of the population per sector of
economic activity, are depicted in detail in the table below as regards the study area (Mu-
nicipality of Karystos, Municipality of Marmari, Community of Kafireas). Specifically:
Table 34: Occupation per sector of economic activity.
Sector of economic activity per occupa-tion
2001 Actual population 2001 Permanent population
M. of Κarystos
M. of Μarmari
C. of Kafireas
M. of Κarystos
M. of Μarmari
C. of Κafireas
Total 2.554 1.224 456 2.416 1.104 458 Agriculture, livestock, hunting and forestry, fishing
347 551 337 349 546 339
Mines and quarries 71 42 - 70 42 - Manufacturing industries 191 49 8 170 29 8
Electricity, gas and water supply 29 4 - 27 6 -
Constructions 374 102 2 348 91 2 Wholesale and retail trade,repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles and personal and household goods
385 92 - 355 69 -
Hotels and restaurants 139 49 - 138 48 -
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Sector of economic activity per occupa-tion
2001 Actual population 2001 Permanent population
M. of Κarystos
M. of Μarmari
C. of Kafireas
M. of Κarystos
M. of Μarmari
C. of Κafireas
Transport, storage and communication 183 53 58 203 43 58
Social and personal service activities 80 19 - 72 12 -
Public administration and defence. Com-pulsory social security
111 38 2 110 34 2
Education 115 11 - 94 8 - Health and social work 83 14 - 77 10 -
Other service activities 144 44 1 124 27 1
Young people, Not submittable in any sector
302 156 48 279 139 48
66..44..44..55 LLaanndd vvaalluueess
Due to missing bibliographical data about land values only some quality references can be
made. Depending on the development and the demand, the differentiation among land
values is large in the various zones of the study area.
The biggest values are found inside the town planning zone in Karystos and Marmari. The
second category comprises areas within settlements and in direct neighbourhood with
Karystos. The rest of the settlements follow with decreasing values depending on their
distance from Karystos and from the sea.
Very high values which might even exceed the second category refer to buildable plots
outside the town planning zone with good infrastructure in the wider area of Karystos and
Marmari. High prices are requested also for all buildable plots outside the town planning
zone in the peri-urban zone of Karystos and Marmari, especially when they also have a
nice view. Next come the rest of the coastal areas depending on their infrastructure and
the natural beauty of the area. The following categories refer to agricultural irrigated land,
simple agricultural land and finally pastures.
66..44..44..66 AAddmmiinniissttrraattiivvee aanndd ssoocciiaall iinnffrraassttrruuccttuurreess
The present unit refers to the important social infrastructures which are available in the
study area. The given data concerns health infrastructures, education infrastructures, cul-
tural infrastructures, services etc. Specifically:
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Table 35: Administrative and social infrastructures in the Municipality of Karystos.
Municipality of Karystos Services Town Hall Education infrastructures
4th Office of Primary Education of Karystos, Τechnical Vocational Educational school of Karystos, 1st Unified Lyceum of Karystos, Gymnasium of Karystos, Τechnical Vocational Gymnasium of Karystos, (1) 2/seated primary schools of Karystos (2), 2/seated Primary school of Kalyvia, Kindergardens of Karystos (3), Kindergarden of Kalyvia, nursery classes of Karystos
Health infrastructures Veterinary station of Karystos, Karystos General Hospital – Health Center “Diokleio”,Karystos Health Center
Other services Karystos Library,Karystos Office of Agricultural Development, Karystos Forest police station, Karystos Customs, Karystos Port au-thority Karystos Port Funding, Karystos Town planning funding, Karystos District Civil Court, Karystos Tax Office, Karystos Port sta-tion, Karystos Police Department, Karystos Post Office, Social Secu-rity Institute, PPC, OΤE, Center of Adult Education, Agricultural Bank of Greece, National Bank of Greece, Iοnian Bank, Ecclesiastical Old People’s Home, Karystos Archaeological Museum - Cultural Center, Karystos Castle, Karystos Cinematographic Club
Table 36: Administrative and social infrastructures in the Municipality of Μarmari.
Municipality of Μarmari Services Town Hall Education infrastructures
1st Gymnasium of Marmari, Primary schools, Kindergardens
Health infrastructures Rural medical center of Marmari, Rural medical center of Kalliano Rural medical center of Paradeisio
Other services Cultural Center of the municipality of Marmari “Fylagra”, Develop-ment Corportion of the M. of Marmari, Marmari Town hall Marmari Citizens Service Center, Marmari Port Authority, Marmari Port station, Marmari Police station, Marmari Pharmacy, Marmari Post Office, Marmari Fire Brigade
66..44..55 ΤΤeecchhnniiccaall IInnff rraassttrruuccttuurreess
There are no projects of nationwide importance executed in the wider study area which
would have a decisive influence on its future development. However, there is a number of
projects at prefectural and local level (completed, under execution and scheduled) which
will bring about spatial and economic rearrangements to the area and will affect its devel-
opment.
The improvement of the central axis connecting the area with Aliveri, Chalkida and the
rest of the prefecture as well as the improvement of Karystos Port belong to projects at
prefectural level. Projects at local level include mainly road construction works (Agios
Dimitrios – Kallianos, Κarystos – Amygdalea, Karystos) and water supply projects (of
Karystos, Amygdalea, Kallianos, Kato Antia, Platanistos). Finally there are irrigation pro-
jects (Karystos, Platanistos) and environmental projects (Landfill Site) in Karystos.
These projects will contribute to a better access to the study area and will considerably
reduce the relative isolation mainly from the center of the prefecture (Chalkida), the center
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of the region (Lamia) and the central national motorway PATHE. Τhe road construction
works and water supply projects will improve the basic technical infrastructures, mostly in
the small and isolated settlements of the study area and will bring them to a level which is
considered elementary for a permanent or periodic residence. Τhe rest of the projects will
improve the equipment of Karystos. Especially the road construction and water supply
projects are considered as necessary conditions for the development of special forms of
tourism and holiday in the isolated areas and mostly those of the cape of Kafireas. All of
the local projects will significantly improve the level of everyday services in the whole
study area and will contribute to its attractiveness.
In the '80s many small roads were constructed in the mountainous area, one of which was
a forest road opened in the Dimosari gorge.
Decision no. 3352/6.9.84 of the Pref. of Evia approved the opening of forest road c’ cate-
gory in the public forest of Kallianos of Karystos with a length of 7 + 481 km in the loca-
tions Mavrantoni – Dimosari – Ferthi.
The road connection of Amygdalea with Kallianos is achieved through the connection
Κomito – Stavros – Kallianos. The main road connection of Kallianos is made through
Agios Dimitrios.
All aforementioned settlements of the study area are served by the networks of PPC and
OTE. Due to the fact that the settlements are scattered in the area, there is a particular
difficulty in serving all residences with the infrastructure networks. The sewage of all set-
tlements is achieved with absorbent cesspools (SEA Dimosari).
Other technical infrastructures are displayed in the table below.
Table 37: Τechnical Infrastructures.
Municipality of Μarmari
Municipality of Karystos
Marmari Port Marmari Port Landfill Site of Karystos Waste Water Treatment Plant of Karystos Irrigation Networks (Κarystos, Platanistos)
66..44..66 AAnntthhrrooppooggeenniicc pprreessssuurreess oonn tthhee eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt
Livestock, fires and mining are the most important pressures exerted on the environment
in the study area. The need of areas for pasture leads stock breeders to the transfer of
their animals to the burnt areas which have been declared as areas for reforestation after
the fire. Moreover, the frequent occurrence of forest fires has dramatically burdened the
area. Mining is limited to specific areas and stays usually on the surface, but still burdens
the landscape and the ecosystem and constitutes in general a disturbance for the area.
Analytically:
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√√ GGrraazziinngg -- OOvveerrggrraazziinngg
Despite the gradual abandonment of the small villages of Cavo d’oro and Ochi which is
being observed, the unrestrained exercise of livestock, continues to be an important local
burden to many of the areas.
The grazing pressure on the forests of the study area continues to be intense although the
grazing capacity of the forested vegetation is small compared to other plant communities.
Grazing influences directly the composition but also the structure of forested vegetation.
Furthermore, the animals which graze in the forest, trample the young seedlings, eat or
break the distal and side shoots of seedlings and saplings, damage the bark and the roots
of saplings and trees, cause the compression of the upper soil layers resulting into the in-
crease of the surface runoff, the interruption of the water economy of the soil and the soil
erosion.
Heavy or intensive grazing or overgrazing in the forests of the area leads to the disap-
pearance of regeneration, overaging of clusters, soil degradation and last to their gradual
disappearance. The regressive succession which takes place in the case of overgrazing,
transforms gradually forests into wooded pasture, into pastures and finally into barren land
surfaces which sometimes are not suitable even for grazing.
Goats cause the biggest damage to forests. Specifically, in the chestnut clusters on Mount
Ochi, despite the fact that adequate grass grows for their food, goats devour leaves and
shoots of young neophytes and saplings ruining completely the regeneration of clusters.
Sheep are not less harmful as they devour the endemic and rare flora of the study area
and cause localized heavy erosion.
√√ BBaacckkffiillll aanndd ddrraaiinnaaggee ooff ssmmaallll wweettllaannddss
The wetland on the plain of Karystos (Kampos Karystou) is being arbitrarily and systemat-
ically backfilled and only a few acres of wet meadows, seasonal ponds, reedbeds and
other remarkable habitat types are still remaining. The intense anthropogenic pressures
have as a result that several species of flora, a quite important isolated population of otter
as well as most rare and protected birds, amphibians and reptiles of the study area are
threatened with local extinction (eg. Iris pseudacorus). Similar pressures are being exert-
ed on the small wetland at the river of Platanistos.
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√√ FFiirreess
Burning for the improvement of the nutritional value of the grassland plants is a way to im-
prove pastures and is an integral part of sheep grazing. The past two decades the fre-
quency of fires seems to have increased. Repeated fires destroy the tree vegetation in
certain quite important habitats like the chestnut forest, the Quercus ilex forests etc. In
addition intensive grazing which takes place immediately afterwards results into the de-
crease of many plant species and the alteration of the composition of the plant communi-
ties in the area.
√√ RRooaadd ccoonnssttrruuccttiioonn iinn nnaattuurraall aarreeaass
It is widely acceptable that road constructions are important works which meet important
needs of communication and transport. Nevertheless the construction of new roads is one
of the most important problems in the area of Ochi since it is being performed without any
control or programme. The construction of new roads is mostly aimed to facilitate the per-
formance of activities like: mining, “research” of resources for Karystian slabs, loggings,
husbandry, creation of allotments, touristic development, access to properties etc
These roads have technical problems due to lack of proper studies . Many roads are left
incomplete and cause heavy erosion, alteration of the landscape, destruction of rare flora,
disturbance to fauna and fragmentation of habitats. It is deemed that road constructions
are one of the most important environmental problems in the area of Ochi and the nega-
tive impacts that they can induce are the following: a) loss and transformation of habitats,
b) isolation of fauna and flora populations, c) direct killing of fauna, d) creation of artificial
habitats and artificial communication routes, e) emission of substances and thermal ener-
gy from vehicles f) expansion of modern activities in sensitive areas of nature.
√√ SSooiill eerroossiioonn
Soil erosion is a severe problem which directly and indirectly influences the natural eco-
systems of the area and the capability of their restoration. In the mountainous area of Ochi
prevail weathering rocks (like quartz schists). Due to the intense terrain and the long de-
forestation the risk of occurrence of serious erosion effects exists. The intensive grazing
and the non meticulous road constructions on inclined slopes have caused heavy erosion
in many locations of the mountain.
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√√ NNoonn--ppooiinntt ppoolllluuttiioonn ffrroomm aaggrriiccuullttuurraall ccrrooppss
The use of fertilizers and pesticides (parasiticides) is not always rational, so that large
quantities of those chemicals end up in draining trenches and other parts of the wetland in
the plain of Karystos. The impacts of pesticides have not been studied in the plain of
Karystos but the agronomists of the area claim that the burdening of crops is not signifi-
cantly big. Due to the small surface of the plots, the local climate (regular winds which
sanitize the wineyard from pest), as well as the gradual abandonment of the grain cultiva-
tions in the area of the plain, no special burden from pesticides is being recorded. The
abandonment of crops is even more extended on the semi-mountainous areas and they
are not found any more at altitudes more than 500 m on Ochi.
√√ PPooiinntt ppoolllluuttiioonn ffoorrmmss
Poit pollution from areas with unrestrained waste disposal: The most important and bur-
dening place with unrestrained waste disposal of those found in the study area, is situated
in the artificial lake of Douvala in the plain of Karystos, resulting in the uncontrolled back-
filling of the lake. This lake area communicates with the ground water table and thus the
possibility of pollution of the underground waters of the plain exists. In addition, the crea-
tion of an uncontrolled waste disposal site in one of the most important habitats of the avi-
fauna of the area, degrades the ecological value of the plain of Karystos.
The regular disposal of waste water into the official waste disposal site of Karystos on the
location of Agioi Theodoroi causes also destruction to the environment. Urban waste
(mostly untreated sewage) ends up since the mid ‘80s into the stream of Rigia through
draining trenches. Τhe most evident result is the bleariness of the waters of Rigia and the
increase of eutrophication in certain parts of the stream during the summer months. An-
other source of pollution is the regular disposal of urban waste into the ravines of the area.
Concentrations of urban waste have been observed in the ravine of Lala, Myloi,
Platanistos, Komito and other ravines of the area.
Processing units of the primary sector products: In the study area operate two oil mills
which seem to be throwing their waste into the stream of Lala during the whole autumn
and the early winter. These burden the water ecosystem and are a source of aesthetic
pollution.
Waste from livestock activities: On the bank of the stream of Lala on the plain of Karystos
(near the location Pigadi tou Pasa) operates a slaughterhouse which seems to be loading
the bottom part of the river with waste.
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√√ CClleeaarraanncceess
Τhe particular problem is mostly observed in the plain of Karystos where habitats with
very limited area are found. Τhe problem of the clearances is especially intense also on
stream banks where the natural vegetation is being cleared for the creation of works, plots
or the expansion of farmlands.
The reinstatement of the forested riparian vegetation on crops which have been aban-
doned the past 30 years raises an important issue for the area. In many locations plane-
tree forests and oak forests are the result of the regeneration of natural vegetation in old
crops (eg. valley of Platanistos, Stefides In Kallianos, “Plane-tree forest” in Kallianos,
Lenosaioi in Kallianos, Valley of Lala in Kalyvia etc).
√√ LLooggggiinngg
Logging is being carried out for the acquirement of charcoal and firewood for trade. During
the last decades the logging activities have degraded areas with quercus ilex. Logging
activities have been observed in old oak trees in Rouklia, on the south feet of Ochi (in the
surrounding of the villages Lala and Grampia) and in Agios Dimitrios. Logging of plane-
trees on roadside locations have also been carried out in the valley of Rouklia while doz-
ens of plane-trees were cut in the summer of 1997 in the “Plane-tree forest” of Kallianos.
Cut chestnut trees were also found on roadside locations in the valley of Rouklia. Illegal
logging seemes to be increasing in the area. The loss of those old trees has impacts on
the fauna especially in an area where seminatural brushes prevail and forest clusters are
rare.
√√ BBuuiillddiinngg
Controlling and planning the building outside the borders of the settlements are important
issues which do not only refer to the protection of the natural but also the cultural envi-
ronment, the attractivity of the area as a tourist pole and also the quality of life of the resi-
dents.
The area on the south feet of Ochi in the villages of “Gourna of Karystos” develops quickly
and the urban sprawl causes the aesthetic degradation of the landscape. Cottages close
to ravines cause the densification of the road network and severe disturbance to the fauna
and flora, and additionally pollution of the water networks. Behind the beaches of Potami,
Kallianos and Skinodavlia former farmlands and pastures are sold as plots. Moreover, in
the plain of Karystos the extended backfilling, the development of the road network and
the rest infrastuctures lead to the change of the area’s character.
Below are presented particularly sensitive areas for which special regulations are required
but also motives have to be given for their rational development:
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a. Τhe villages of the "Gourna of Karystos" (Kalyvia, Grampias, Myloi)
Sensitive areas as regards building are the following:
- Τhe upper part of the valley of Myloi in the valley “Platanitses” where the Ancient
Quarries (including the location “Kylindroi”), ravines, rocky formations, habitats of
threatened birds of prey etc.) are located.
- The gully of Agia Triada where the homonymous cave, other smaller caves, the ra-
vine and the riparian forest (former community of Kalyvia) are located.
- The valley of Lala where a riparian forest, residues of oak-tree forests, two ravines
with constant flow, small seasonal waterfalls, many small springs and two gorges
(community of Kalyvia) are located.
- Τhe castle of Karystos and its surrounding area as well as the valley “Platy” with
the Medieval aqueduct. This area is a remarkable “Historic Landscape” (former
community if Grampia and Myloi), with important natural flower gardens where en-
demic and local rare plants grow.
b. Valley of Platanistos (Platanistos, Epanochori, Pidoulaika, Elionas)
Sensitive areas as far as building is regarded are the following:
- The Panochori Gorge which is characterized by an impressive gorge with a ripari-
an forest where many endemic plant species, rare birds of prey, historic monu-
ments (bridges, drinking fountains, cobbled pavements) etc are found.
- Potami Beach. The area is characterized by a variety of natural habitats, one of
which is a priority habitat and is found in the small wetland which concentrates rare
and threatened birds. This area is of great ecological and tourist interest and the
random building of tourist and resort buildings has already started.
c. Area of Kallianos
The Kallianos beach and the Dimosari estuary (community of Kallianos) which partially
lays within the protected area of nature, belong to sensitive areas as regards building.
d. Area of Agios Dimitrios Gorge
Skinodavlia beach and former settlement of Skinodavlia in the gorge of Agios Dimitrios.
An abandoned settlement is found here, while recently some houses began to be inhabit-
ed and at least one new house has been built inside the gorge. The area is of great aes-
thetic, ecological and touristic value.
√√ MMiinniinngg
Only three locations with intense and dense concentration of quarries are located in the
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study areas causing the degradation of the natural environment. These areas are the
following:
- Wider area of Dimosari gorge.
- Stefani / Plakota (Mount Ochi).
-- Agios Dimitrios Gorge.
√√ WWaatteerr ssuuppppllyy pprroojjeeccttss
In the early ’90s the project for the water supply of Karystos from the springs of Dimosari
was completed having heavy environmental impacts during its construction phase (cutting
of dozens of old plane-trees, backfillings, road construction, erosion, disturbance), but al-
so during its operation phase (reduction of the river supply during the summer months
etc).
√√ UUssaaggee ooff ppooiissoonneedd bbaaiittss
Poisoned baits which aim to the decrease of the fox populations have been used in the
area of Ochi in the recent past. Threatened species of birds of prey such as the griffon
vulture and the golden eagle are vulnerable to this illegal action.
√√ UUssee ooff ppeessttiicciiddeess
Pesticides are an important source of environmental pollution. Τhe biggest parts in the
area of Ochi are not intensively cultivated and the use of pesticides is limited compared to
other areas.
√√ HHuunnttiinngg
Hunting does not cause severe burdening within the biggest part of the protected area.
Nevertheless hunting represents a serious threat to species of avifauna and fauna and to
habitats in the locations mentioned below.
- Lowland area of the Plain of Karystos (Kampos Karystou).
- Protected area of nature (Zone A) Dimosari Gorge – Kastanologgos – Peaks of
Ochi.
- Archampoli Gorge.
-- Prohibition of hunting of the rock partridge in an extended area around Ochi.
√√ PPooaacchhiinngg
Poaching exerts extreme pressure to the natural environment because it acts selectively
with disproportional destructive impacts compared to legal hunting. There are indications
that poaching is usual in the area as various protected species of avifauna, even otters,
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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have been found shot on the plain of Karystos. Furthermore killings of rare birds of prey
and wading birds have occurred.
√√ TToouurriissmm ddeevveellooppmmeenntt
The tourism development of natural habitats and the disturbance – degradation of the im-
portant shelters of fauna and of the locations where remarkable species of flora are con-
centrated by the traffic, the recreation and the stay of a big number of tourists in sensitive
parts of the area are expected to be the results deriving from the increase of the tourist
traffic in the future.
Several coastal areas, such as the gorge of Archampoli, are very sensitive. At the same
time certain mountainous habitats are particularly sensitive to intense human interven-
tions, specially because of their small surface (eg. the collection of wild flowers in such
bog numbers that specific plant populations of Ochi have decreased dramatically).
Other human activities which are exercised in the study area and which burden the natural
environment are the pollution from solid waste, the intensive use of pesticides and the de-
velopment of tourism activities.
66..44..77 AAttmmoosspphheerriicc EEnnvvii rroonnmmeenntt
There are no statutory limits regarding the quality of the atmospheric environment in the
study area. However according to an initial Assessment of the quality condition of the at-
mosphere in the study area, the atmospheric environment is in a quite good condition.
The study area does not concentrate intense industrial areas or areas where considerably
important interventions can be made.
On the other hand it is important to point out that in the study area several anthropogenic
economic activities (eg. quarries) are being carried out or other anthropogenic pressures
are being exerted which occasionally burden the atmospheric environment. Some of them
are the uncontrolled waste disposal (waste disposal sites), the excessive use of pesticides
or even the fires which break out at times. These nuisances are related with the emission
of unpleasant odours or even the emission of large quantities of carbon dioxide.
In any case it has to be pointed out that the project under study and its operation will con-
tribute decisively to the improvement of the quality features of the atmosphere not only at
local level but also in a national and global scale.
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66..44..88 AAccoouusstt iicc eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt,, vviibbrraatt iioonnss,, rraaddiiaatt iioonn
In this unit the acoustic environment, the vibrations and the radiation in the direct zone of
the projects is being assessed. The assessment of the levels of noise, vibrations and ra-
diations refers to the existing situation as well as to the situation which will be created dur-
ing the construction and the operation of the project. Specifically:
As regards the existing situation it is mentioned that in the project area there are no activi-
ties related with the emission of noise and vibrations. The only activities which are per-
formed in the direct area of the projects and which have been mentioned also in other
sections are grazing and hunting, i.e. activities which are not related with the subject dealt
with in this section (noise, vibrations, radiation).
Regarding the construction and operation of the project the following has to be mentioned:
NNooiissee: During the construction phase of the project the existing noise level might be in-
creased due to the noise of machinery. The increase will be low, similar to the increase
which is observed at small-scale technical works of specific duration. In order to deal with
any impacts, the noise emission limits will be observed as they have been established and
are applicable.
During the operation phase of the project the created noise will regard only the operation
of the wind turbines. More details about the noise levels are presented in the noise con-
tours study which accompanies this Environmental Impact Assessment (see Annex II of
the present EIA). Nonetheless, further below are presented data and specific references.
Specifically:
Pursuant to the executed calculations and the noise contour studies regarding the pro-
posed wind farms there does not seem to arise any important problem or problem worth
mentioning for the anthropogenic environment and the residents. The 45 dΒ noise contour
does not include any settlement or presence of residents which could be influenced by the
produced noise. Health problems of the residents or other disturbances are not to be ex-
pected in any way. In any case the project under study conforms to the noise emission
limits. Τhe noise levels for each settlement are depicted in the following table.
Settlement Noise level (db)
SCHIZALI 37.16
PRINIA 30.91
AΜYGDALEA 33.58
ΖACHARIA 37.10
THYMION 34.88
ΚAPSOURION 35.85
EVAGGELISMOS 28.82
ΚOΜIΤOΝ 33.00
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Settlement Noise level (db)
AΝΤIAS 30.94
EPANOCHORION 36.69
PLATANISTOS 31.45
ROUKLIA 32.88
AGIOS DIMITRIOS 35.43
ΜASTROGIANNAIOI 30.64
In the framework of the above it should be mentioned at this point that the WT type which
is planned to be used, serves also this direction, i.e. the minimization of noise levels.
Hence the decrease of noise produced at the increase of distance in one of the technical
features of the WT in question.
VViibbrraattiioonnss: During the construction phase of the works (main project and accompanying
supporting infrastructure) all vibration emission limits will be observed as they have been
established and are applicable. The operation of the project is not related with the emis-
sion of vibrations.
RRaaddiiaattiioonn: The concern about the emission of radiation usually refers on the one hand to
problems which are created by the wind turbines because of their position related with al-
ready existing television or radio stations or even army installations and on the other hand
to potential electromagnetic emissions by the same. Τhis problem was more intense with
the first generation wind turbines which were equipped with metallic blades. Τhe blades of
the modern wind turbines are constructed with exclusively synthetic materials which have
minimal share in the transmission of electromagnetic radiation.
Regarding the compatibility and the interferences to telecommunications it should be men-
tioned that in many European countries the towers of the wind turbines are already being
used for the installation of antennas for the facilitation of communication services. Regard-
ing the emission of radiation from the wind turbine itself it must be mentioned that subsys-
tems which might emit radiation are the electric generator and the transformer. Τhe elec-
tromagnetic field of the electric generator is particularly weak and is limited to a very small
distance. Additionally many of the transformers are surrounded by security fencing or en-
closed in a metallic shed. The fence is placed is such a distance that the level of electro-
magnetic radiation is negligible.
Regarding the impacts to the environment of electromagnetic radiation from the transmis-
sion lines, data were obtained from the study of the Medical College of Wisconsin un-
der the title: “Electromagnetic fields and human health” . The translation to the Greek
language was done by the Committee on Hygiene and Safety at Work/Transmission/PPC.
It is worth mentioning here that the impact assessment which is carried out focuses mainly
on the impacts of the produced electromagnetic radiation on human health. Until now
there is no convincing evidence proving that the exposure to electric and magnetic fields
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cause health problems to animals. In addition to the above there is no evidence establish-
ing negative results in animal reproduction or growth, especially mammals, attributable to
the exposure to electric and magnetic fields. There is convincing evidence regarding be-
havioural reactions to electric and magnetic fields which are considerably higher than
those which are met in the residential environment; however negative results regarding
neural behaviour have not been revealed.
The study of the Medical College of Wisconsin was presented in the form of questions and
answers on the connection between power lines, electrical occupations and cancer. It in-
cludes discussion on the biophysics of interactions, summaries of the laboratory and hu-
man studies, information on standards and a bibliography.
The basic results of the study are summarized as follows:
- Many researches have not presented any relation between residence near transmis-
sion lines and onsets of dangerous diseases.
- All –except for one– researches about transmission lines and either child diseases or
other adult diseases, failed to show relative correlations.
- Even the studies which show a relevant relation between adult diseases and transmis-
sion lines do not provide any consistent instructions as regards the exposure distance
or level that should be related with the increased occurrence of adult diseases.
- Statements of higher officers in Sweden and Denmark do not announce any that any
regulation about the line fields was decided nor was any order about the removal of
lines from special uses buildings, like schools, issued. Nonetheless the Swedish gov-
ernment announced in 1996 a “precautionary principle” L14 where the following is
mentioned: "The Research results, which are currently available, do not justify and
there is no data to justify any limits or other obligatory limits on electric and magnetic
fields of low frequency..." and "The national authorities recommend the following pre-
ventive principle: If measures, which generally reduce the exposure, can be taken with
rational expenses and rational results from all other point of views, efforts should be
made to reduce the fields which deviate radically from the one which could be consid-
ered as normal in the respective environment. As regards new electrical installations
and buildings, efforts should be made even from the planning phase so that they are
designed and placed in a way that the exposure is limited... ".
- Undergrounding the power lines can basically reduce the strength of the magnetic
fields. The reduction of the magnetic fields occurs because underground cables use
as insulation rubber, plastic or oil despite the air; this allows the installation of the ca-
bles very closely and a bigger neutralization of phases. The reduction of the magnetic
fields of underground cables is not attributable to the protective mantle and reaches
the highest value at a distance from the line.
- Undergrounding of high voltage lines is costly; the repair of underground cables in
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case of damages (which are quite frequent!) is also very difficult, time-consuming and
costly.
In the framework of all abovementioned data but also of the public controversy on elec-
tromagnetic radiation and its impacts on human health, the precautionary measures which
were taken during the planning phase of the project regarding the electricity transmission
network should be mentioned. These are the following:
a) undergrounding of the medium voltage network,
b) location of the 20/150 kV step-up substations to positions considerably remote from
settlements and residents,
c) alignment of the high voltage network in areas considerably remote from settlements
and residents,
d) alignment of the high voltage network in areas where no special sensitive uses and
buildings of sensitive uses (eg schools, hospitals, old peoples homes) are situated.
66..44..99 SSuurr ffaaccee wwaatteerr aanndd ggrroouunnddwwaatteerr
In the wider study area the status of the ground and surface waters, besides deriving from
weather conditions, is also the result of the geological construction, the tectonic structure
and the vegetation. Almost the whole surface, with the exception of the backfilling in the
plain of Karystos, is occupied by mica schists alternating with cipolin marbles. Τhese mar-
bles are slightly karstified only on the surface and cannot be considered as extended free
aquifers.
The hydrolithological classification of these rocks is presented in the table below. Accord-
ing to this classification we can point out that due to the nature of the rocks, the surface
runoff prevails against the percolation.
Table 38: Hydrolithological classification of rocks.
HYDROGEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION LITHOLOGY "Continuous" Fault gouge rocks, porous or even fractured
(sand, sandstone, gravel deposits, conglom-erates)
"Discontinuous" Carbonate rocks, crushed and karstified. Crystallic crushed rocks (granites, migmatites, gneisses). Volcanic and similar rocks.
Middle permeability Sandclay rocks, molasse, morainoc for-mations, silts, calcareous mud, some con-glomerates, marlstones.
Impermeable Argillaceous rocks, calcareous clay. Schists, crystallic schists, flysch, some consolidated volcanic rocks.
Regarding hydrogeological conditions which result to small spring outlets, these can be
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classified in two types depending on the hydrolithological and geotectonic features in the
wider area of the Dimosari river and the Kafireas cape:
a) Descending seepage springs with weathered mantle and underground drainage
water which follow courses defined by tectonic or morphological synclines and
b) Ascending fracture springs which form fronts along the faults.
Regarding other hydrological and hydrogeological features of the study area the following
applies:
√√ HHyyddrroollooggyy ooff tthhee ppllaaiinn ooff KKaarryyssttooss aarreeaa ((KKaammppooss KKaarryyssttoouu aarreeaa))
The plain of Karystos has a basin with a surface of approximately 22 km2, which is charac-
terized on the one hand by very mild morphological gradients and on the other hand by
the presence exclusively of schists or other rocks of similar composition. This results in
the creation of an extended and thick alluvial mantle at the slopes and deposits with clay
composition on the flat.
In the area of the Rigia stream mouth laid a marshy area which nowadays is dried out in
its biggest part. The phreatic horizon is high and underground aquifers are not expected in
the area except probably for certain waterway zones of faults or local aquifers on sandy –
brittle horizons of the schists.
Due to the quite small morphological pitch the torrents of the area do not flood. According
to the hydrological study of the Ministry of Agriculture which had been carried out in 1992
for the reservoir of Karystos, a surface run-off from torrents amounting to 1.500.000 m3
which correspond to approximately 1/3 of the surface of the plain’s catchment basin is
presumable. For the remaining 2/3 of the surface a similar or less run-off is estimated due
to the particularly smooth terrain.
The phreatic horizon on the upstream of the coastal zone maintain a good quality of water
while salinizations occur in the coastal zone due to over-exploitation. Τhe spring waters
have the quality influenced by the composition of the hydrolithologic formations and some
are used for water supply.
√√ HHyyddrroollooggyy ooff tthhee ccaappee ooff KKaaffiirreeaass aarreeaa
The cape has a mountainous terrain with torrents of small length which transverse purely
schist areas. The drainage of rainwater is quick so that percolation never takes place. Any
spring discharges drain the surface weathered mantle of the schists.
√√ HHyyddrrooggeeoollooggyy ooff tthhee ccaappee ooff KKaaffiirreeaass aarreeaa
Due to the prevalence of schist horizons the hydrogeological conditions are expressed
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only through small seasonal seepage springs of the weathered mantle with the healthy
schist. Due to the zonal distribution and the occurrences of small thickness the marbles
create springs of the above type on the lower spots of the contact with the schists.
The water potential in this area is not expected to be remarkable. A cultivation of small
springs for recreation locations is considered advisable. The most suitable springs will oc-
cur upon a systematic recording of the spring discharges and their capabilities (hydrogeo-
logical study).
√√ HHyyddrrooggeeoollooggyy ooff tthhee ppllaaiinn ooff KKaarryyssttooss aarreeaa
Only the phreatic horizon is developed in the plain, and this even only in the places with
sandy layers. Clay areas are sterile in ground waters.
The wetlands of the plain are fed by surface and ground waters. The biggest part of the
run-off is channelled to the sea.
√√ HHyyddrrooggeeoollooggyy ooff tthhee DDiimmoossaarrii ggoorrggee aarreeaa
There are numerous spring outlets in many locations of the catchment basin of the gorge.
Their functioning mechanism is the same almost in all of them and they appear at the
point where cipolin marbles meet schist layers. Cipolin marbles, when they have a large
surface expansion, evolve into (as permeable formations due to fissures) large karstic aq-
uifer systems. Many springs have run-off during the whole year, on the high slopes as well
as within the gorge.
The development of certain springs requires the recording of all which occur in the particu-
lar areas, and the study of their capacity, the surface of their feeding zone (necessary also
for the protection against contamination) as well as their chemism. Τhe latter is enforced
because of the mineralization of the area by mixed sulphide and copper ores which prob-
ably affect the water quality.
66..55 EEvvoolluutt iioonn ttrreennddss ooff tthhee eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt −− ZZeerroo ssoolluutt iioonn
The wider area of the project undergoes tourism development which is mostly related with
visitors from the neighbouring area of Attica. The number of visitors in the coastal zone is
expected to increase in the future with the following results:
o Increase of construction-building,
o Increase of the traffic load,
o Decrease of livestock and of semi-mountainous cultivations,
o Increase of fire protection.
The construction of the project is expected to accelerate tourism development because:
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It will improve and develop the existing forest road network,
It will construct an information center (future plan) for the renewable energy
sources,
It will supply the municipalities with compensatory benefits which can be allocated
to the improvement of tourism and other infrastructures.
Without the construction of the project, the evolution of the environment during the next 20
years is estimated based on the presumption that:
o Without the project, tourism development will be slower,
o Without the project, access to the area will be more difficult,
o Without the project, grazing and fires will stay at current levels.
Subsequently, the development of the natural environment will have the following charac-
teristics:
- The brushes will keep their current shape, as influenced by grazing, with limited
growth of bushes and many small clearings.
- Habitats will continue to display intense image of mosaics as a result of frequent
(but usually small) fires.
- The populations of preys (migratory birds, hare) will remain relatively abundant as
the area is a passage of migratory birds and has relatively few forest roads.
- The populations of birds of prey are maintained at satisfactory levels, because they
are not confronted with loss of living space neither due the projects nor to the in-
tensity of hunting (along the new roads).
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Features of environment Evolutionary trends WITHOUT the pr oject
Habitats: frequency of fires It remains high due to intense human presence (shepherds, hunters) and low protection level (due to limited construc-tion)
Habitats: size of fires It remains small because frequent fires prevent the concen-tration of dead organic matter on the ground and create burnt zones which function as natural fire belts.
Habitats: intensity of grazing It is not influenced as no alternative employment opportuni-ties are created for stock breeders.
Habitats: forest layers It remains stable, because frequent fires prevent the evolu-tion to multi-floor clusters
Habitats: mosaics It remains high, because frequent fires create always new clearings in tall vegetation
Habitats: continuity It remains high, because the road network of the project is not constructed
Flora: diversity of species It is not influenced, because the project has only local im-pact to habitats
Fauna: birds of prey They remain relatively abundant because the available for-age space is not reduced and the number of hunters does not increase
Fauna: migratory birds They remain at the same levels because they are not con-fronted with obstacles during their movement
Fauna: preys They remain relatively abundant because the road network for the project is not constructed and the access of hunters is not improved.
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77 EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL IIMMPPAACCTT AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT && EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN
This chapter deals with the assessment and evaluation of the projects’s environmental
impacts during its construction phase as well as during its operation phase. Detailed
presentation follows in the following sections.
The impact assessment refers to the main project as well as to its accompanying, support-
ing infrastructure. In addition to the assessment regarding the construction and operation
phases, the assessment will also regard the cumulative impacts of all the wind farms un-
der study as well as of all the wind farms under study and the other wind farms of the
same technology which exist or will be constructed in the area. Τhe wind farms of other
investors which are taken into consideration are presented in section 3.6 “Association of
the project with other projects or activities”.
It is crucial to mention at this point that because of the size and the national im-
portance of the interconnection works [Medium Voltage Network 20 kV or 33 kV
(underground) , Step-up Substations 20/150 kV , High Voltage Network 150 kV (Over-
head - Underground) , High Voltage Network 150 kV (Submarine) ( Κarystos - Rafina) ,
High Voltage Network 150 kV (Underground) (Rafina – UHV Center of Pallini) ] with
the electric power system, the assessment and evaluation of the impacts of their
construction and operation is performed not only in the following sections but also
extensively in ISSUE B ((IINNTTEERRCCOONNNNEECCTTIIOONN NNEETTWWOORRKK KKAARRYYSSTTOOSS -- RRAAFFIINNAA))..
77..11 AAbbiioott iicc ffeeaattuurreess
77..11..11 CCll iimmaattee aanndd bbiiooccll iimmaatt iicc ffeeaattuurreess
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn && ooppeerraattiioonn pphhaassee
The climate and bioclimatic conditions which prevail in the study area and the wider area
differ and depend on the geomorphology and the terrain. The climate condition is different
for the lowland and highland areas where the installation fields of the wind turbines are
located.
As regards the project (main and accompanying supporting infrastructure) and the relation
it might have with the climate and bioclimatic features of the area, it has to be mentioned
that impacts during its construction phase are in no case expected . The installation
of the wind turbines, the construction, wherever necessary, of new roads, the improve-
ment of the existing road network and the connection with the electricity network are not
expected to alter parameters like temperature, rain-fall, hail-storm, snow-fall or humidity in
any way.
Likewise no significant or worth mentioning impacts are observed in the climate or
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bioclimate of the study area in any of the two phases under study (construction and opera-
tion).
ΒΒ.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc eeffffeeccttss
Thereafter follows the examination of the cumulative impacts on the climate and the
bioclimate in the study area only of the total number of the wind farms under study and
secondarily of the total number of the wind farms under study and other similar projects
which are installed or will be installed in the area. Specifically:
The construction and operation of the wind farms under study (overall project) are not ex-
pected to create any worth mentioning impacts on the climate and the bioclimate of the
area. If it was assumed that the size of the project was smaller eg. 7 wind farms, it is as-
sessed that the effects on the climate and the bioclimatic features of the study area would
not be significantly lower compared with those of the project for which environmental li-
cencing is being applied for. Nonetheless the impacts of a project with fewer wind farms
would clearly be smaller as regards the levels of the produced dust and particulates,
something, however, which does not influence the climate and bioclimatic features of an
area. Considering that these are occasional and not permanent the project to be licenced
could not be compared with a hypothetical scenario regarding a smaller project.
As regards the cumulative impacts of the project under study in relation with other wind
farms in the area the following should be mentioned: in the study area and the wider area
several wind farms have been located in the south, south-east and west of the study area.
Some of the wind farms are found in big distance from the study area and from the wind
farms under study and therefore any assessment of the cumulative impacts would be im-
proper. It is also pointed out that the located wind farms are in a different stage of the li-
cencing procedure.
In the framework of the above and upon evaluation of the cumulative impacts issues re-
garding the climate and bioclimatic parameters of the study area and the wider area do
not arise. Significant cumulative impacts on the climate and the bioclimate of the area are
not noted. Parameters like temperature, rain-fall, hail-storm etc are not in any way ex-
pected to be influenced by the total number of the projects (proposed WFs and WFs of
other investors). Therefore no further reference is made.
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77..11..22 MMoorrpphhoollooggiiccaall aanndd llaannddssccaappee ffeeaattuurreess
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn pphhaassee
√√ AAss ttoo tthhee mmoorrpphhoollooggyy
During the construction phase of the project (main progect and accompanying supporting
infrastructure) and the execution of the necessary technical works there are no alterations
expected about the existing morphological features of the sydy area or/and the wider ar-
ea. Impacts, significant or worth mentioning, on the morphology and the morphological
features are not expected.
√√ AAss ttoo tthhee llaannddssccaappee
As regards the landscape it should be mentioned that the foundation of the wind turbines
of the wind farm under study, the improvement/construction of a road network and also
the connection of the project with the the electricity network will require the execution of
technical works for a specific time period (construction phase).
Considering the nature of these construction works it is estimated that that there will be
point (eg. installation positions of the wind turbines), but also linear (eg. zone for construc-
tion of access and internal road network, electric power network etc) local interventions in
the existing landscape features of the area. These interventions are unavoidable some-
thing which is usual at every technical work which is constructed in an area and they are
mainly related with the excavations, the clearing of vegetation, wherever it is deemed
necessary, the temporary disposal of aggregate materials, the presence of machinery etc
Taking, thus, in consideration the above it becomes clear that during the construction
phase a small-scale impact on the landscape is anticipated, which, however, will range
within acceptable limits. This visual temporary effect mostly during the construction phase
of the project does not cause any significant or irreversible impacts. Clearings or defor-
estation of vegetation will be carried out locally mainly for the access roads construction.
In any case it is deemed useful in this phase that specific protection measures are taken
(see in detail chapter “Observation and treatment of environmental impacts”), which will
minimize, according to the Assessment of the consultants herein, any impacts on the pro-
ject site and on the construction zones of the works (eg. road construction, electric power
connection network etc).
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ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonn pphhaassee
√√ AAss ttoo tthhee mmoorrpphhoollooggyy
The operation of the proposed wind farms is not related with impacts on the morphological
features of the study area and the wider area.
√√ AAss ttoo tthhee llaannddssccaappee
During the operation phase of the project under study the impacts are different from those
which occurred during the construction phase and are directly related with the installation
of the wind turbines and the visual contact with specific parts of theirs, like the tower and
the blades. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that in this case issues regarding the
landscape aesthetics occur, a matter about which many and various opinions have been
expressed occasionally. Nowadays while some express their concerns about the impact
of the wind turbines on the landscape, there are others who consider them as being ele-
gant and aesthetic human constructions, the sight of which symbolizes the evolution of
technology towards a better, less polluted planet. Even the comparison between a petro-
leum or lignite power station and a wind farm would in any case end in favour of the latter
since it prevails also from an aesthetic point of view.
Although a commonly accepted scientific method does not exist (*except the one which is
designated in the Special Framework of Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development
for RES, which was applied to all wind farms under study so that the terms/limitations set
are fulfilled) for the evaluation of visual impacts deriving from the installation of wind farms
in an area, effort is being made below for the assessment of any impacts of the proposed
wind farms on the landscape with the evaluation and use of objective criteria [eg. pres-
ence of residences on or near the project site, evaluation of any much-frequented plac-
es/locations in the installation site of the project, visual contact from selected locations
(eg. locations where traffic of visitors is observed, see beaches of Platanistos / Amygdalea
/ Kallianos / Dimitrios, Dimosari gorge etc), etc.]. Hence, the set criteria which in view of
the consultants are satisfactory and assure the full and complete approach regarding the
impacts on the landscape, result to the following:
Τhe intense terrain of the area reduces drastically the visual field of many wind
farms locations.
The sparse arrangement of the WT in the majority of the wind farms under study
contributes significantly to the decrease of any visual impacts. Moreover the small
size of some has the same result.
In the locations of the proposed wind farms there have not been found any resi-
dences and hence human presence who could come in touch with the project un-
der study from a very close position.
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In the locations of the proposed wind farms there have not been found much-
frequented places like squares, parks etc or other areas attracting the pres-
ence/concentration of residents/visitors, a fact which minimizes any chances of
visual contact with this project from a very close position.
In the locations of the proposed wind farms there have not been found any historic
or/and cultural elements which lead to traffic and hence to visual contact.
As regards the beaches of the area, which are situated in good distance from the
project under study it is mentioned that the visual impact from these locations is
not expected to be significant. Certain WTs might be visible without this meaning
an aesthetic alteration. The traffic in these locations is not expected to be be con-
siderably affected nor are changes in the number of visitors expected.
In conclusion, the project under study:
• will smoothly comply with the visual absorption capacity limits of the landscape,
thus the existing visual character and the integrity of the existing quality of the view
will be maintained,
• does not obstruct view locations in its immediate zone of influence during its oper-
ation
• is not related with occurrences of alteration of the existing aesthetics during its op-
eration,
• does not insult the residents aesthetics due to its distance from inhabited areas,
• will not influence the traffic in archaeological sites / monuments and beaches of
the wider area due to its distance from the aforementioned cultural elements,
• it is not available for visual contact from close distance locations due to limited
neighbouring land use.
Finally, as regards the evaluation of the project under study in relation with Annex IV “Cri-
teria for the integration of wind farm installations in the landscape” of the Special Frame-
work for Renewable Energy Sources, no issue arises. The terms and the limitations set
in the Special Land Planning for landscapes are fulfilled by the proposed planning
of the project . Details are presented in ISSUE C (REVIEW OF TERMS/LIMITATIONS
OF THE SPECIAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL PLANNING & SUSTAINABLE DEVEL-
OPMENT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES) which accompanies this Environ-
mental Impact Assessment. Summarily however the following can be mentioned:
In order to control whether the proposed wind farm installation complies with the criteria
set for its integration in the landscape, the rules about landscape which are stipulated in
Annex IV of the Joint Ministerial Decision 49828 (Govt Gazette 2464/Β/03.12.2008) are
applied. Upon examination of the Sites of Special Interest which are mentioned in this An-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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nex the following the following applies:
Monuments registered in the World Heritage List and other important monuments, ar-
chaeological sites and historic places of par. 5 subpar. bb) of article 50 L.3028/02 are not
found in a distance of 6 km from the proposed installation positions of the wind turbines.
Absolute Protection Zones (Zones A) of other archaeological sites are not found in a dis-
tance of 6 km from the proposed installation positions of the wind turbines.
Cores of National Woodland Parks, Monuments of Nature, Aesthetic Forests of par. 3 and
4 of article L. 1650/86 are not found in a distance of 0,8 km from the proposed installation
positions of the wind turbines.
Traditional settlements are not found in a distance of 6 km from the proposed installation
positions of the wind turbines.
Statutory or configured touristic areas, medium and large tourism accommodation facili-
ties, special tourism infrastructures and touristic ports are not found in a distance of 2 km
from the proposed installation positions of the wind turbines.
Hence, the criterion of integration of the proposed wind farms in the landscape is exam-
ined from the Site of Special Interest “City or settlement borders”. Therefore and consider-
ing that the closest settlements are not qualified as touristic or notable, the radiuses of the
zones (in km) within the Wind Capacity Priority Areas are A=0.5, Β=1, C=2. Subsequently
the results are the following:
√ On surface EΖONE A the location of wind turbines is not allowed.
√ On surface EΖONE Β the location of ~9 wind turbines is allowed.
√ On surface EΖONE Γ the location of ~66 wind turbines is allowed.
The abovementioned densities conform with the rules regarding the villages which are lo-
cated in a distance of at least 2 km from the proposed wind farms. However it should be
mentioned that in a distance of 500 m from the settlement of Schizali [Ζone A (see
above)] is located WT 7 of the WF ANATOLI (i.e. WT 7 is exactly on the borders of Zone
A).
Consequently the following derives from all the above calculations:
The existing planning and the positions of the WTs does not in any way exceed the al-
lowed density per zone.
The 2nd criterion does not need to be reviewed since the terms about density as stipulated
by the 1st criterion are fulfilled.
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CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc eeffffeeccttss
√√ AAss ttoo tthhee mmoorrpphhoollooggyy
There are no cumulative impacts on the morphological features and elements of the study
area.
√√ AAss ttoo tthhee llaannddssccaappee
During the construction phase any small cumulative effect is estimated to occur only in
case the time period of execution of the technical works for the construction of the pro-
posed wind farms coincides with construction time of the wind farms of other investors as
located in the area and described in section 3.6 “Association of the project with other pro-
jects and activities ”.
Even if this is the case, any cumulative impacts will stay within acceptable limits since
they will be timed (construction phase) and spatially localized (works construction sites). It
is clarified that any measures against the impacts, stipulated by the licencing authority and
the consulting services during the environmental licencing of the projects (proposed wind
farms and wind farms of other investors) will contribute even more to the minimization of
the cumulative impacts on the landscape.
As regards the operation phase, the conclusive evaluation leads to following results:
South-eastern Evia has been qualified as a Wind Capacity Priority Area due to its high
wind energy potential and it has concentrated a considerable number of wind farms or ap-
plications for the installation of wind farms. The number of the wind farms which have
been installed have evidently altered the landscape of the area, without this entailing nec-
essarily the alteration of the landscape features. The addition of the proposed wind farms
and hence of the projects’s wind turbines will not burden the already differentiated land-
scape of the study area since the Group of Companies has taken into consideration all the
criteria and the opinions of the competent authorities regarding the morphological features
if the wider study area.
It should certainly be mentioned at this point that if the terms and limitations stipulated by
the Special Framework for Spatial Planning & Sustainable Development for RES (* the
proposed investment is compatible with the criteria of landscapes which are stipulated by
the Joint Ministerial Decision of the Special Framework for Spatial Planning & Sustainable
Development for RES) are taken into consideration (* this applies to the proposed project
and all other wind farms), the cumulative effect of all wind farms (proposed and rest of
wind farms) will remain at the minimum possible level.
77..11..33 GGeeoollooggiiccaall ,, tteeccttoonniicc aanndd ssooii ll ffeeaattuurreess
The project under study will need the configuration works of wind turbines’ assembly and
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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installation sites. Τhe specific installation fields of the wind turbines will be flat, smooth
surfaces with small pitch. Additionally the construction and operation of the wind farms
under study will require road construction works (mostly improvement of the existing road
network and construction of new road parts), as well as works for the connection with
electric power network. Therefore for the assessment and evaluation of the environmental
impacts on the soil, geological and tectonic features all works which have to be executed
in the area were taken into consideration (foundation of wind turbines, construction works
for access and internal roads, works for connection with the electric power network) for
the implementation of the investment. Specifically:
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn pphhaassee
Small alterations may be visible during the construction phase since certain parts of the
soil will be excavated but soon they will be reversible in their biggest part. The localized, in
most cases necessary, clearing of the vegetation is not expected to create erosion of the
soil as it will be quickly reparable. Moreover, the necessary technical works are not ex-
pected to cause geological or tectonic changes.
Supplementary to the above it is pointed out that during the construction phase of the pro-
ject and the execution of the necessary works care will be taken that all necessary inter-
ventions are reduced to the minimum possible level. Especially regarding the road con-
struction works it should be mentioned that the choice of alignments was based on the
one hand in their part on the existing, rural, farm and forest road network for the designa-
tion of the entrances to the wind farm installation polygon and on the other hand on the
soil morphology in order to avoid large interventions in the soil.
As regards the mass haul balance it is important to be mentioned that upon selection of
the proper combinations of horizontal and vertical alignment section the absolute earth
mass balance was achieved at study level so that in all wind farms, all roads (main access
and internal roads) are autonomous as regards earth masses.
As is also shown in the produced mass haul diagrams the minimization of earthmoving
was aimed and achieved so that the roads are constructed, in their biggest part, with
composite profile and transportation of excavation material for the construction of em-
bankments is almost mitigated. An exception to the above are areas with very steep gra-
dients, where the road is constructed with section in full trench for obvious reasons of sta-
bility; again the minimization of transfers was aimed for.
In case of failure of the earth mass balance during the construction because of the soil
condition, any remaining excavation material will either, if suitable, be crushed for the pro-
duction of gravel to meet the needs of road structure works, or deposited in the site of the
wind turbines or other suitable places at the discretion of the supervising engineer.
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Finally, the required, based on the premeasurements, total quantity of approximately
32.000 m3 rocky material suitable to be crushed for the needs of road pavement (layers of
sub-base and base), will be saved from remaining suitable excavation material either from
the roads or the wind turbines assembly fields and will be used after process with mobile
crushing plants.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonn pphhaassee
During the operation phase of the project there are not expected any worth mentioning
impacts on the soil and subsoil, the geological rock arrangement and the topography of
the area, nor on the existing tectonic features. The operation of the project does not hide
any hazards for the soil, the tectonic or the geology of the study area and the wider area.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc eeffffeeccttss
Any small cumulative effect –mostly on soil features– is estimated to occur only in case
the time period of execution of the technical works for the construction of the proposed
wind farms coincides with construction time of the wind farms of other inves-
tors/companies. Even if this is the case, any cumulative impacts on the soil will stay within
acceptable limits since they will be timed (construction phase) and spatially localized
(works construction sites). The cumulative impact on soil features from all proposed wind
farms will be small and within the acceptable limits. However important issues are not ex-
pected to occur.
It is clarified that the measures addressing the impacts, which will be stipulated by the li-
cencing authority and the consulting services during the environmental licencing of the
projects regarding all wind farms will contribute even more to the minimization of the cu-
mulative impacts.
77..22 NNaattuurraall EEnnvvii rroonnmmeenntt
77..22..11 FFlloorraa,, vveeggeettaatt iioonn,, hhaabbii ttaattss
√√ HHaabbiittaattss -- VVeeggeettaattiioonn
As regards the habitats of the area it can be mentioned that the impact of the project is not
significant according to the existing bibliographic references, the performed survey in the
framework of this Environmental Impact Assessment and the subsequent processing of
the data which derived therefrom. The only impact of the works on habitats is noted gen-
erally in the loss of area due to clearings for the project construction needs. There do not
arise, thus, any other impacts which might occur at projects of another type (alteration of
abiotic environment, alteration of ecosystemic structure and dynamic, alteration of
ecosystemic functions, etc).
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The impacts are limited to the construction phase of the project and according to the cal-
culations (see section about the impact assessment based on art. 6 of the Directive
92/43/EEC) the loss of area is not significant. The loss of area as regards SCI ranges
from very low levels of 0% for certain types to a reduction of 0,88% and 0,49% for the
types 4090 (Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse) and 5420 (Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas) respectively, which are the habitats with the biggest losses as re-
gards SCI. The rest of the habitats in the area have smaller to zero losses.
It should be mentioned, furthermore, that the losses in forest habitats of the area are neg-
ligible and are the following
- 92C0: Platanus orientalis and Liquidambar orientalis (Platanion orientalis) forests.
Loss 2,24 ha / 0,09% of the habitat area in the SCI.
- 934A: Quercus coccifera forests. Loss 0,17 ha / 0,01% of the habitat area in the SCI.
- 9340: Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests. Loss 1,83 ha / 0,28% of the habi-
tat area in the SCI.
The aforementioned losses do not constitute an important impact on the forest vegetation.
Hence they do not require special compensating measures.
Upon completion of the construction of the project and during its operation phase no fur-
ther impacts are expected. According to the total loss of area which was calculated for all
wind farms, there will be no synergistic effects.
As regards habitat *6220 which is qualified as a priority habitat pursuant to the Directive
92/43/EEC, as established by the programme of the “Mapping of Habitat types” of the
Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works (already Ministry of En-
vironment, Energy and Climate Change), as well as by the field survey of the present EIA
and as described in section 6.3.5 “Flora-Fauna-Habitats”, it is not found in the study area.
Consequently impacts thereon will not be dealt with.
According to the above it is assessed that in general the impact of the project on the
habitats of the area is not considered significant .
√√ FFlloorraa
The impacts of the project on the flora of the area occur during the construction phase and
refer to the necessary localized clearings for the installation of the project (main project,
accompanying supporting infrastructure).
Below follows in table-form the assessment of the impact level of the project on important
species of flora which were recorded in the installation sites of the proposed Wind Farms.
The table was based on: a) the existing bibliographic data, b) the executed extensive field
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study.
The assessment of the impact level is based on the one hand on the population status of
the various species in the study area and on the other hand on their wider distribution in
Greece. In general they are species with big populations and relatively wide distribution in
land of Greece.
The assessment categories of the impact level which are used and depicted for each spe-
cies in relation with the installation of each wind farm in the study area are the following:
a) no impact (-), b) small impact (+) and c) medium impact (++), d) significant impact
(+++).
Table 39: Impact probability of the proposed project.
Wind Farm Interesting plant species Impact probability
D1
Cirsium hypopsilum Leontodon graecus
Cerastium candidissimum Thlaspi bulbosum Euphorbia deflexa Ebenus sibthorpii
Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta Crepis hellenica subsp. hellenica
Silene pentelica Fritillaria ehrhartii
Orchis boryi
+ - + + +
++ + - + + +
D2 Viola euboea
Scorzonera crocifolia Crocus sieberi subsp. atticus
+ + +
D3
Viola euboea Scorzonera crocifolia
Crocus sieberi subsp. atticus Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta Crepis hellenica subsp. hellenica
Leontodon graecus Cerastium candidissimum
Asperula rigidula Stachys euboica
+ + - - - - - + +
D4
Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta Crepis hellenica subsp. hellenica
Scorzonera crocifolia Crocus sieberi subsp. atticus
- - - +
D5 Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta Crepis hellenica subsp. hellenica
- -
D6 Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta Crepis hellenica subsp. hellenica
- -
D7
Leontodon graecus Cerastium candidissimum
Vicia pinetorum Sideritis euboea Asperula rigidula Stachys euboica
Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta Crepis hellenica subsp. hellenica
Orchis boryi
- - + + + + - - +
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Wind Farm Interesting plant species Impact probability
D8 Scorzonera crocifolia
Crocus sieberi subsp. atticus + +
The next table shows the number of species and the respective impact level per wind
farm.
Table 40: Number of flora species with different impact levels per Wind Farm.
Wind Farm Number of
species without impact
Number of species with small impact
Number of species with
medium impact
Number of species with
significant im-pact
D1 2 8 1 - D2 - 3 - - D3 5 4 - - D4 3 1 - - D5 2 - - - D6 2 - - - D7 6 5 - - D8 2 2 - -
It derives from the above that for the majority of species zero or small impact is ex-
pected, while significant impacts are not expected for any species .
The medium impact which is mentioned for Ebenus sibthorpii refers to its rarity and to its
limited geographical distribution (endemic of south-eastern Greece). Nevertheless, the
species is mainly related with the habitat type 4090, which was not recorded on the field of
D1. Consequently the planned interventions may affect individuals of the species in D1
Wind Farm; despite this the total population in the SCI is not expected to face any further
problems.
There are no further impacts expected upon completion of the construction of the project
and during its operation phase.
Finally, based on the existing data there are no synergistic impacts on the flora in the
intervention locations of the project under study.
77..22..22 FFaauunnaa
In the analyzing chapter we focused on the species which may be observed in the Wind
Farm installations sites based on their ecology and their potential presence in the area of
southern Evia.
Regarding, thus, some of the important species of fauna of the area (qualified species of
the specific SCI) which are found only in the sea (eg. Μediterranean monk seal Monachus
monachus, Turtle Caretta caretta) or in freshwater systems and habitats directly related to
those (eg. European Otter Lutra lutra, Balkan Terrapin Mauremys rivulata and European
pond turtle Emys orbicularis) it is estimated that they will not suffer from the particular lo-
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cation because they are not observed in the study area. Τhe same applies also for other
species of the study area (besides the qualified species of the SCI) like the Water snake
Natrix natrix and Dice snake Natrix tessellata, the Fire salamander Salamandra
salamandra, Common toad Bufo bufo, Tree frog Hyla arborea etc.
Beyond these, the majority of mammals and reptiles of the study area might (or can based
on their ecology) be observed also in the works area. Hence, regarding the probable im-
pacts on those during the construction and the operation phase:
During the construction phase of the project there have been planned interventions on
the soil mainly for the construction of new access roads and the foundation of wind tur-
bines.
Subsequently we do not expect significant impacts during the construction phase for the 2
most important species of the area (qualified species of SCI) which may be observed in
the works area based on their ecology (Hermann’s tortoise Eurotestudo hermanni and
Four-lined snake Elaphe quatuorlineata) since the loss of their habitats due to the project
construction (fields and roads) as a percentage of the total area in the borders of the par-
ticular Site of Community Importance is very small (smaller than 1%) .
Τhe same applies for the rest of the mammals and reptiles which might be observed in the
works area. The clearance of the vegetation is not expected, thus, to cause significant im-
pacts on any species of fauna. Moreover, the impacts that might be caused from the dis-
turbance due to increased human presence in the area from the new roads which are
constructed and which offer access to a bigger number of visitors.
As regards the operation phase of the project: impacts are not expected on any species
of fauna due to the disturbance (caused by the operation) since no similar results are re-
ferred to in the international bibliography (eg. European Commission 2010, de Lucas et al.
2005). As regards the impacts of collisions and generally killings of bats during the opera-
tion phase, very small impacts are expected since most bats seem to “resort” for hunting
to the numerous ravines, gullies and gorges considering the abundance of insects in such
areas and the maintenance of the water during the whole year in many of them.
Consequently, the operation of the project is not hazardous for the species of fauna
in the study area.
Cumulative impacts of the project under study with the existing wind farms on the species
of fauna are not found.
77..22..33 AAvvii ffaauunnaa
The impacts from collisions refer to the operation phase of the project, impacts from dis-
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turbances/barriers refer to the construction and operation phase while impacts from the
loss of habitats refer only to the construction phase. The analysis of the censuses and the
impacts on the important bird species of the area are laid out in detail in chapter 9 of the
Issue of the Special Ornithological Assessment. In this issue are presented the analysis
and evaluation based on the extended field censuses during the period 2006-2010. More
specifically, the censuses included 63 days of field censuses during which totally 411 cen-
sus hours were completed. The particular hours refer to censuses from the selected view
locations while additional field hours were covered for the census of nocturnal species.
A summary of the particular evaluation is presented below.
The high peaks around the summit of Ochi and the area near Kafireas seem to be quite
remarkable for important bird species of the area while the presence of important species
is less intense in the southern and the eastern parts of the proposed project.
In Table 41, the significance of the impacts per species and WF is depicted. As expected,
since the project is not located next to a wetland system (where probably big concentra-
tions in relatively small spaces would be found), the significance of the impacts is low
or very low for the majority of species in the area . The ecology, the density and the
frequency of censuses of the most species (Passeriformes and passing birds of prey)
support the above conclusion. Species considerably sensitive to the impacts of WFs
were not observed (eg. Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus or
species of the genus Milvus spp.).
Additionally, a review of the international bibliography shows that the majority of birds
movements takes place outside the “risk zone”, while birds perceive and avoid ener-
getically the WTs. Moreover the mortality from collisions with WTs is relatively low, not
only as an absolute value but also in relation with other anthropogenic mortality sources.
Any disturbance and displacement, up to date, has been better documented in aquatic
species at wintering or stop-overs during migration, while impacts from barrier effects refer
to large WFs (dozens of kilometres long) which cause important deviations in the flyways
of the birds, something which is not the case in the project under study .
This means, (considering that the probability of significant impacts is in general very low),
that the environmental assessment and evaluation should focus on these cases where
this probability is important to be reviewed:
1. as regards rare or threatened species with small populations , especially birds of
prey which are more sensitive due to their biology (k strategy: few offspring are pro-
duced, low mortality, long life expectancy). In these cases even a small additional
mortality can be crucial. Hence, while for other species (eg Passeriformes) the loss
of a couple has practically negligible impacts on the local population, for birds of
prey (and especially for species with small populations) the same loss might be cru-
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cial for the local population (especially if these individuals are reproductively ma-
ture). Τhe above (bigger sensitivity because of biology) is the case for 3 species in
this study: the Bonelli's Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus), the Short-toed Snake Eagle
(Circaetus gallicus) and the Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) (see also below). For
all 3 species the significance of impacts (based on the analysis in some cases from
collisions or disturbances was considered medium .
2. when this probability increases either due to the high density of the involved
bird populations (eg. Wetlands or very important migratory passages), or due to
the big size of the project (eg. WFs which cover large surfaces like in Altamont).
Τhe above do not apply in the project under study (medium or small size since the
WT are spread in “groups”, Canadian Wildlife Service 2006). Migration in the area
(according to censuses during the period 2006-2010) was quite important as regards
the number of species but less important as regards numbers (according to the fre-
quency of censuses). Additionally, the species which migrate at night generally fly in
bigger hights than those developed in WFs.
The construction of the new road network, is not expected to have several impacts, while
it is positive that the interconnection of the WTs with the medium voltage network is
planned as an underground construction. Furthermore WFs can be qualified as medium or
small sized (Canadian Wildlife Service 2006, since the WTs and the WFs are scattered in
a large surface) and the significant decrease of the number of WTs (according to the Pre-
liminary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation) compared to the initial planning (by 20
WTs for both groups of companies) and the fact the medium voltage network will be con-
structed as an underground network, “extenuates” to a great extent any impacts of the
project especially on WFs where increased activity of important species is found (D1-D2-
D7).
This decrease (and the following spacing) was big for D1 WF and D2 WF (Kathara-
Anatoli, decrease by 8 WTs), which is very important since in this area frequent flights of
the most important species (the Bonelli's Eagle, the Short-toed Snake Eagle) are ob-
served. It is worth mentioning that the cutbacks on WTs, contribute to a great extent to the
decrease of the impacts on the avifauna since they were removed from crucial for the avi-
fauna (birds of prey) locations on the ridges. This way the probability of collision is signifi-
cantly reduced for important species which use the ridges, and at the same time a re-
markable reduction of the impacts of disturbance and habitat loss (for species which may
nest in the close area) is observed.
The importance of the impacts from the direct loss of habitats was evaluated in all cases
as low or very low because the loss of habitats for the sum of the species (due to the
construction of the fields and the new road network) does not cover a large area (com-
pared to the total area occupied by the habitats in the SCI) and a clearing of important surfaces and areas for the conservation of the populations of the species has not been
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ascertained. Furthermore regarding the impacts of disturbance there were not found any
nests for the most important species (Bonelli's Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus, Short-toed
Snake Eagle Circaetus gallicus and Eurasian Eagle Owl Bubo bubo) within the displace-
ment radius (approximately 300-600m according to bibliography). As regards the impacts
from collisions, the census frequency of the species in the area is usually low and there-
fore the significance of the impacts was considered as low or medium.
In some cases the medium significance of impacts for 3 species occurs: The Eurasian
Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), the Bonelli's Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) and the Short-toed
Snake Eagle (Circaetus gallicus).
As regards the significance of the impacts on the Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) it
should be noted that:
• The area was included in the SPAs, with qualification species the Eurasian Eagle
Owl and according to older data 13 couples are mentioned for the specific SPA (7
couples within the study area – in the census zone of the 16 WFs of both groups of
companies).
• According to the censuses during the period 2006-2010, the species was found in
3 areas which are remote from each other and so it is deemed that there are 3
couples.
• The significance of the impacts was considered as medium for the WMs for which
a recent (2006-2010) report regarding the presence of the Eurasian Eagle Owl ex-
ists (D2 Anatoli, D3 Spilia, D5 Platanistos).
• Additionally, based on the above (SPA qualification type, census difficulties of spe-
cies) and on the principle of prevention, the significance of the impacts was con-
sidered as potentially medium also for the WFs for which an older report regarding
the presence of the Eurasian Eagle Owl (D1 Kathara, D4 Μilia, D7 Κerasia) exists.
As regards the Bonelli's Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus): the species is characterized by
high ecological sensitivity while the Greek population counts 85-105 couples (Birdlife In-
ternational 2004). It is mentioned that that 2-3 couples nest in the wider study area (2
nesting places were recorded). Τhe 2 couples were observed in a large distance from the
planned WFs. It was recorded that the 3rd couple nests north from the location Kathara-
Anatoli while the area where it moves coincides to a great extent with the part of the D1
WF and D2 WF, where the arrangement is sparse (after the reduction of the installed WTs
according to the Preliminary Environmental Assessment & Evaluation). For this reason the
significance of the impacts of collisions and disturbance/barrier is assessed as medium
for these 2 WFs.
As regards the Short-toed Snake Eagle (Circaetus gallicus): this species is characterized
by high ecological sensitivity while the Greek population counts 300-500 couples (Birdlife
International 2004). In the wider study area nest 3-4 couples. Τhe 2 couples were ob-
served in a medium frequency close to the planned D1-D2 WFs and D7 WF and therefore
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the significance of the impacts (collisions and disturbance) was assessed as medium for
these 3 WFs.
Regarding these 3 species, it is assessed that the particular impacts are adequately ad-
dressed to with the proposed countermeasures which are mentioned in the next chapter.
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Table 41: Summary of the significance of each examined impact on important species, for the examined WF
(VL: Very low, L: Low, Μ: Μedium, H: High).
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
Dis
turb
/bar
rier
Col
lisio
n
Hab
itat
Dis
turb
/bar
rier
Col
lisio
n
Hab
itat
Dis
turb
/bar
rier
Col
lisio
n
Hab
itat
Dis
turb
/bar
rier
Col
lisio
n
Hab
ita
Dis
turb
/bar
rier
Col
lisio
n
Hab
itat
Dis
turb
/bar
rier
Col
lisio
n
Hab
itat
Dis
turb
/bar
rier
Col
lisio
n
Hab
itat
Dis
turb
/bar
rier
Col
lisio
n
Hab
itat
Accipiter brevipes L L VL L L VL L L VL
Anthus campestris VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL
Bubo bubo Μ Μ L Μ Μ L Μ Μ L Μ Μ L Μ Μ L Μ Μ L
Caprimulgus europaeus
L L VL L L VL
Circaetus gallicus Μ Μ VL Μ Μ VL L L VL L L VL L L VL L L VL Μ Μ VL L L VL
Circus aeruginosus L VL VL L VL VL L VL VL L VL VL L VL VL L VL VL
Circus cyaneus L L VL L L VL L L VL
Circus macrourus L L VL L L VL
Circus pygargus L L VL L L VL L L VL L L VL
Emberiza caesia L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
Falco eleonorae L L VL L L VL L L VL L L VL L L VL L L VL L L VL L L VL
Falco naumanni L VL VL L VL VL
Falco peregrinus L L VL L L VL
Falco vespertinus L L VL L L VL L L VL
Hieraaetus fasciatus
Μ Μ VL Μ Μ VL L L VL
Lanius collurio VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL
Lanius minor VL VL VL
Lullula arborea VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL
Pandion haliaetus L L VL L L VL L L VL
Pernis apivorus L L VL L L VL
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Finally as regards the synergistic effects the following applies:
Considered were the populations of the important birds in the wider study area while it
was deemed that any cumulative impacts may originate from the planned WFs which are
being examined in this study, the WFs in the wider study area with generation licence or
installation licence, as they are presented in Table 8 (of the issue of the Special Ornitho-
logical Assessment). In addition the accompanying supporting infrastructure of the WFs
under study (new road network and medium voltage network) were taken inot considera-
tion). The analysis of the synergistic effects is laid out in chapter 9.3 of the issue of the
Special Ornithological Assessment. The synergistic effects were assessed as low or very
low for the majority of species with the exception of the Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo),
the Bonelli's Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) and the Short-toed Snake Eagle (Circaetus
gallicus) (synergistic impacts of medium significance attributable to collisions or disturb-
ance/barriers). It is assessed that the particular impacts are adequately addressed to by
the proposed countermeasures which are mentioned in the next chapter.
77..33 IImmppaacctt aasssseessssmmeenntt ppuurrssuuaanntt ttoo aarrtt iicc llee 66 ooff tthhee DDiirreecctt iivvee 9922//4433//EEEECC
77..33..11 IInntt rroodduucctt iioonn
This paragraph presents an analysis of the methodology which is required for the as-
sessment of impacts on projects or plans which are not directly connected with the man-
agement of a site which belongs to the network Natura 2000, pursuant to article 6 of the
Directive 92/43/EEC.
The Directive of Habitats 92/43/EEC supplementing the Directive of Birds 79/409/EEC
(codified with 2009/147/EC) are the two most important Directives which has been trans-
posed to the National Legislation and which refer to the protection of areas belonging to
the Network Natura 2000 and to the protection of the species and their habitats. According
to the aforementioned European Directives specific areas which are characterized by re-
markable natural features are designated for protection on the basis of specific criteria.
These areas are either Special Protection Areas [(SPA) –referring to birds] or suggested
Sites of Community Importance [(SCI) – referring to habitats], which upon completion of
their assessment by the European Committee will be designated by the Member-States
as Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
The importance of interpretation of article 6 lays in the fact that it is the only part of the di-
rective which defines the relation of the conservation of nature with land use. Article 6 in-
cludes three basic group provisions. Paragraph 1 provides for the designation of the nec-
essary conservation measures (regulatory, administrative or contractual) and focuses on
proactive interventions. Paragraph 2 focuses on the precautionary principle and includes
provisions to avoid the degradation of habitats and the significant disturbance of the spe-
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cies. Finally paragraphs 3 and 4 present several safeguarding measures which refer to
projects or plans which might affect significantly the areas of Natura 2000.
Definitions
“Natural habitat types of Community importance”: habitats which on the Euro-
pean territory of the member states of the Directive:
- are in danger of disappearance in their natural range or
- have a small natural range following their regression or by reason of their intrinsi-
cally restricted area or
- present outstanding examples of typical characteristics of one or more of the nine
following biogeographical regions: Alpine, Atlantic, Black Sea, Boreal, Continen-
tal, Macaronesian, Mediterranean, Pannonian and Steppic.
“Priority natural habitat types”: natural habitat types in danger of disappearance,
from the European territory of the member states of the Directive and for the conser-
vation of which the Community has particular responsibility in view of the proportion of
their natural range which falls within the territory referred to in Article 2; these priority
natural habitat types are indicated by an asterisk (*) in Annex I of the Directive
“Conservation status of a natural habitat”: means the sum of the influences act-
ing on a natural habitat and its typical species that may affect its long-term natural
distribution, structure and functions as well as the long-term survival of its typical spe-
cies within the European territory of the Member States of the Directive. The “conser-
vation status” of a natural habitat is considered “favourable” when:
- its natural range and areas it covers within that range are stable or increasing
and
- the specific structure and functions which are necessary for its long-term mainte-
nance exist and are likely to continue to exist for the foreseeable future, and
- the conservation status of its typical species is considered favourable.
“Species of Community importance”: species which, within the European territory
of the member States of the Directive are:
- endangered, except those species whose natural range is marginal in that terri-
tory and which are not endangered or vulnerable in the western palearctic region;
or
- vulnerable, i.e. believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near
future if the causal factors continue operating; or
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- rare, i.e. with small populations that are not at present endangered or vulnerable,
but are at risk. The species are located within restricted geographical areas or
are thinly scattered over a more extensive range; or
- endemic and requiring particular attention by reason of the specific nature of their
habitat and/or the potential impact of their exploitation on their habitat and/or the
potential impact of their exploitation on their conservation status.
Such species are listed or may be listed in Annex II and/or Annex IV or V;
“Priority species”: species referred to the first sub-case of the paragraph above for
the conservation of which the Community has particular responsibility in view of the
proportion of their natural range which falls within the territory referred to in Article 2;
these priority species are indicated by an asterisk (*) in Annex II;
“Conservation status of a species”: the sum of the influences acting on the spe-
cies concerned that may affect the long-term distribution and abundance of its popu-
lations within the European territory of the Member State of the Directive;
The conservation status will be taken as ‘favourable’ when
- population dynamics data on the species concerned indicate that it is maintaining
itself on a long-term basis as a viable component of its natural habitats, and
- the natural range of the species is neither being reduced nor is likely to be re-
duced for the foreseeable future, and
- there is, and will probably continue to be, a sufficiently large habitat to maintain
its populations on a long-term basis;
77..33..22 AAnnaallyyssiiss ooff aarr tt iiccllee 66 ooff tthhee DDiirreecctt iivvee
Paragraph 1 of article 6 mentions that “For special areas of conservation, Member States
shall establish the necessary conservation measures involving, if need be, appropriate
management plans specifically designed for the sites or integrated into other development
plans, and appropriate statutory, administrative or contractual measures which correspond
to the ecological requirements of the natural habitat types in Annex I and the species in
Annex II present on the sites”.
Paragraph 2 of article 6 mentions that “Member States shall take appropriate steps to
avoid, in the special areas of conservation, the deterioration of natural habitats and the
habitats of species as well as disturbance of the species for which the areas have been
designated, in so far as such disturbance could be significant in relation to the objectives
of this Directive”.
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The disturbances of the species (in order to be significant) have impacts on the conserva-
tion status of the species. Any disturbance or/and degradation must be evaluated on the
basis of the conservation concept and keeping at all times in mind that according to article
3 par. 1 the network comprises regions and allows the conservation of the relevant natural
habitats and the habitat species at a satisfactory conservation status in the whole range of
their natural distribution.
Paragraph 3 of article 6 mentions: “Any plan or project not directly connected with or nec-
essary to the management of the site but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either
individually or in combination with other plans or projects, shall be subject to appropriate
assessment of its implications for the site in view of the site's conservation objectives. In
the light of the conclusions of the assessment of the implications for the site and subject to
the provisions of paragraph 4, the competent national authorities shall agree to the plan or
project only after having ascertained that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the site
concerned and, if appropriate, after having obtained the opinion of the general public.”
Paragraph 4 of article 6 mentions: “If, in spite of a negative assessment of the implica-
tions for the site and in the absence of alternative solutions, a plan or project must never-
theless be carried out for imperative reasons of overriding public interest, including those
of a social or economic nature, the Member State shall take all compensatory measures
necessary to ensure that the overall coherence of Natura 2000 is protected. It shall inform
the Commission of the compensatory measures adopted.
Where the site concerned hosts a priority natural habitat type and/or a priority species, the
only considerations which may be raised are those relating to human health or public
safety, to beneficial consequences of primary importance for the environment or, further to
an opinion from the Commission, to other imperative reasons of overriding public interest.”
Paragraphs 3 (and 4) of article 6 designate the conditions under which the implementation
of plans or projects may be allowed. The preliminary assessment of the implications of the
plan or project on the area, which is referred in paragraph 3 of article 6 helps the compe-
tent national authorities to reach conclusions regarding the planned incentives as to the
integrity of the particular area. If these conclusions are positive, in the sense that there is
a certainty at considerable level that this incentive will not influence the area, the compe-
tent authorities can give their consent for the plan or project.
If the conclusions are negative and only then, the precautionary principle must be imple-
mented and the procedure under paragraph 4 of article 6 must be followed.
77..33..33 GGeenneerraall ddii rreecctt iioonnss ffoorr tthhee ccoonnff iigguurraatt iioonn ooff mmeetthhooddoollooggyy
Upon summarizing the above and according to the interpretative guidance of the Directive
[Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura 200 sites: Methodological
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guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC
(2001) & Management of the areas of the Network Natura 2000: Provisions of article 6 of
the directive 92/43/EEC for habitats (2000)] the impact assessment must follow 4 stages.
- Stage 1 - Screening : Identifies the likely impacts upon a Natura 200 site of a project
or plan, either alone or in combination with other projects or plans, and considers
whether these impacts are likely to be significant;
- Stage 2 - Appropriate Assessment : Consideration of the impact on the integrity of
the Natura 2000 site of the project or plan, either alone or in combination with other
projects or plans, with respect to the site’s structure and function and its conservation
objectives. Additionally, where there are adverse impacts, an assessment of the po-
tential mitigation of those impacts;
- Stage 3 – Assessment of alternative solutions : examines alternative ways of
achieving the objectives of the project or plan that avoid adverse impacts on the in-
tegrity of the Natura 2000 site;
- Stage 4 – Assessment where no alternative solutions exist and where adverse impacts remain : assessment of compensatory measures where, in the light of an
assessment of imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI), it is deemed
that the project or plan should proceed (it is important to note that this guidance does
not deal with the assessment of imperative reasons of overriding public interest).
According to article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC, the assessment procedures of plans or
projects which might influence Natura 2000 sites (SCI) have to guarantee full review of all
elements which contribute to the integrity of the area and to the overall consistency of
the network , not only in the designation framework of the starting conditions but also dur-
ing identification stages of the potential impacts, the mitigation measures and impacts
which remain during the operation of the project.
The “integrity of an area” refers to its conservation objectives , according to article 6,
par. 3 of the Directive 92/43/EEC, the basis for the designation of which (the conservation
objectives) are all habitat types and habitat species which are included in Annexes I and II
respectively, while they can be designated through a management plan. It should also be
mentioned that the rest of habitat types and other important species of flora and fauna
(beyond the Annexes of the Directive 92/43/EEC) have to be recorded but these elements
do not play any role in the designation of the conservation objectives of SCI (a Natura
2000 site) (article 6, paragraph 3 of the Directive 92/43/EEC).
77..33..44 MMeetthhooddoollooggyy ccoonnff iigguurraatt iioonn ffoorr tthhee ssttuuddyy aarreeaa
For the qualification of the biological integrity and the impact assessment the best possi-
ble indicators have to be used. As evaluation indicator in the project under study, due to
its nature and extent of proposed interventions, is used the loss of area in the form of a
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percentual loss. Since the particular choice is done for the proposed project (main project,
accompanying supporting infrastructure) there are no bibliographical indications that other
changes arise in the biotic and abiotic features of an area, like the structure and the dy-
namics of the habitats, the ecosystemic changes of the site, the restoration possibility of a
habitat in the SCI, the water quality, the soil quality etc.
For the quantitative impact assessment as regards the parameter of the area threshold
reference values are used. These values are defined upon a basic research for each
habitat type or species. The Directive 92/43/EEC, and its interpretative documents, do not
mention specific threshold values for each element or specific calculation methods of the-
se values. It is therefore deemed useful to compare the results of the calculation of this
study with the results of research studies of the international bibliography and to use as a
crucial limit the percentual reduction of 2% in the area of each habitat and the range of
each species under study.
It should be noted that in the explanatory guidance of the European Committee for the
Assessment of the Conservation Status, the component “Area” is used as a limit for the
change of the Conservation Status from “Favourable” to “Unfavourable” in a percentage of
10% at the level of a Member State. It is, thus, evident that proportionally for the SCI, the
limit set in this study gives excessively safe results.
A Special Environmental Assessment (1998) has been prepared for the study area; there-
fore as conservation objectives are considered the elements of the SCI that have to
be protected as they have been described in Annexes I (habitats) and II (species) of
the Standard Data Form and are included in the Special Environmental Assess-
ment. As updated data are considered the data of the Ministry for the Environment,
Physical Planning and Public Works (Study for “Mapping of habitat Types” which
was prepared after the completion of the Special Environmental Study preparation)
and the data which derived from the field survey in the framework of this Environ-
mental Impact Assessment.
In the SCI GR2420001, which is a study area of this EIA, 9 habitat types are found (Annex
I of the 92/43/EEC and Greek types), no species of flora of Annex II and 8 species of
fauna of Annex II of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Hence the survey of this chapter refers only
to the habitat types and the fauna.
Τhe digital data of the spatial expansion of the habitat types, were entered in the mapping
software ArcMap 9.3 along with the mapping data of the project for the execution of the
quantitative calculation if the loss of area. The loss of area in the installation fields of the
Wind Farms was calculated on the basis of the mapping by the study group herein, while
the calculation of the loss outside the fields but within the SCI (accompanying supporting
infrastructure) was performed with the use of data from the Mapping of Habitat Types of
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the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works. The loss caused
eventually by the project is the sum of the loss from the construction of each wind turbine
and the loss from the new road construction works.
77..33..55 IImmppaacctt AAsssseessssmmeenntt
77..33..55..11 AAsssseessssmmeenntt ooff iinnddiiccaattoorr ffoorr lloossss ooff aarreeaa
According to the technical data of the project, the loss around each wind turbine will be a
square area of 50 m x 50 m, i.e. 2.500 sqm. For our assessment to be more safe it was
decided that the clearance area will be a circle with a radius of 35,36 m. around the instal-
lation position of the WTs. The circle with a radius of 35,36 m has a diameter of ~ 70 m
(equal with the diagonal of the square 50 m x 50 m). The calculated area leaves a margin
for potential small-scale accompanying works (stations etc). Eventually the loss of area in
this study will be approximately 4.000 sqm per WT (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Loss of area according to the technical specifications and the assessment model which was eventually used in this study.
Next and upon isolation of the cyclical areas which will be cleared, the area which will be
lost per WT was calculated.
Moreover the loss of area caused by the alignment of a new road network was calculated.
Based on the data, the roads to be constructed will be 5 m wide. For the quantitative cal-
culation of the losses of vegetation, the digital data were calculated with the addition of a
zone of 2,5 m on each side of the road (i.e. 10 m total width for calculation purposes)
which corresponds to the losses caused by clearings or which is not actually burdened (it
will not be cleared or it will be restored in the future), but it will be degraded during the
construction phase and therefore it is included in the total losses. Consequently the cal-
Actual clearing area
Area determined in this study
Windturbine coordinates
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culated area is quite bigger than the actual area so that the safest possible results
are produced .
77..33..55..22 HHaabbiittaattss
The following table presents the losses of area of the habitat types on the borders of the
SCI GR2420001.
Table 42: Losses of habitat type areas from the planned project. (Areas in sqm, Mapping of Study Group).
DOMINANT TYPE PER UNIT WF
LOS
S F
RO
M
WT
(ha
)
LOS
S F
RO
M
RO
AD
C
ON
ST
R. (
ha)
TO
TA
L LO
SS
(h
a)
Area in the SCI (ha)
Per
cent
age
%
4090 4090 SCI 0,00 1,06 9,43 1.074,42 0,88
4090x5420 D7 3,55 1,44
D8 2,18 1,19
5150 5150x5420 D5 0,09 0,00 0,09 318,96 0,03
5340 5340 SCI 0,00 1,86 4,36 1.287,09 0,34
D4 0,12 0,03
5340x5150x5420 D1 0,90 0,87
5340x5420 D5 0,23 0,07
5340x9340 D8 0,00 0,00
D1 0,12 0,17
5340x9340x92C0 D5 0,00 0,00
5420 5420 SCI 0,00 3,54 30,79 6.238,19 0,49
D2 0,90 0,93
D3 0,64 0,10
D1 0,00 0,00
D4 2,24 0,35
D5 2,03 0,00
5420x5150 D7 1,10 0,93
D4 0,78 0,21
5420x5340 D2 1,68 0,86
D3 4,42 3,16
D8 0,17 0,20
D1 2,20 4,37
5420x5340x5150 D7 0,00 0,00
8210 8210 D3 0,00 0,00 negligible losses
8210x5420 D4 0,00 0,00
92C0 92C0 SCI 0,00 2,20 2,24 2.424,80 0,09
D7 0,04 0,00
D4 0,00 0,00
924A 924A SCI 0,00 0,13 0,13 42,59 0,31
9340 9340 SCI 0,00 0,90 1,83 646,35 0,28
D2 0,15 0,13
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DOMINANT TYPE PER UNIT WF
LOS
S F
RO
M
WT
(ha
)
LOS
S F
RO
M
RO
AD
C
ON
ST
R. (
ha)
TO
TA
L LO
SS
(h
a)
Area in the SCI (ha)
Per
cent
age
%
D3 0,02 0,00
9340x5340 D1 0,10 0,00
D5 0,00 0,00
9340x5420 D4 0,00 0,04
9340x92C0 D3 0,01 0,25
D1 0,18 0,07
9340x934A D2 0,00 0,00
934A 934A SCI 0,00 0,17 0,17 1.274,25 0,01
Note: At the location of the loss of area (WF column), the reference SCI refers to losses of areas due to the construction of the project outside the Wind Farm fields, but within the Site of Community Importance.
Note: SCI = Site of Community Importance
As shown in the above table the loss at SCI level ranges from very low values of 0% for
certain types to a reduction amounting to 0,88% and 0,49% for the types 4090 and 5420
respectively, which are the habitats with the biggest losses as SCI level. The rest of the
habitats in the area have smaller to zero losses.
Taking into consideration the above, it is deemed that the indicator “Loss of area” which
is used in this study for the assessment of the impact on the SCI elements that have to be
protected, as well as the fact that the two habitat types with the biggest losses are 2 of the
most common habitat types in Greece, indicate a non important impact.
It is worth mentioning again that at the review of the indicator for the loss of area
the maximum loss values which arise from the construction of a project of a similar
scale with the proposed project were used, without however the examined ultimate
values to indicate the actual magnitude of the impacts from the construction of the
project which (impacts) are comparatively much smaller than the calculated im-
pacts. In consequence no further research of the habitats in the area is required
pursuant to article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC
77..33..55..33 FFlloorraa
Species of flora of the Annex II are not described in the study area. Nothing further is
mentioned about the flora.
77..33..55..44 FFaauunnaa
For the species of Fauna of the SCI which are to be protected and are included in Annex
II of the Directive 92/43/EEC used were the observation data of the study group, the data
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from the standard data forms and their association with the habitats were because of the
lack of maps with analytical range and population information. Τheir habitats and the loss
of area thereof constitute an indicator for the preliminary assessment based on article 6 of
the Directive.
In the area are found 8 species of Annex II of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Τhese species are
the following:
Table 43: Species of fauna of Annex II in the SCI GR2420001.
Scientific name Population size Taxon Eurotestudo hermanni Hermann's tortoise R Emys orbicularis European Pond Turtle R Mauremys rivulata Balkan pond turtle R Elaphe quatuorlineata Four-lined snake R Lutra lutra European Otter M Monachus monachus Mediterranean Monk Seal M Lycaena dispar Large Copper (order Lycaenidae) I Lucanus cervus Stag beetle I
Taxon: (A) Amphibian (R) Reptile (M) Mammal (I) Invertebrate.
The conservation status of the above species for the particular area, according to the Natura
inventory sheets (Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works – March
2010), is mentioned as medium-degraded. Based on the sub-criteria for the evaluation
according to article 17 (methodology used for the evaluation in a biogeographical area
scale within the territory of a Member State), the conservation status is also evaluated as
non satisfactory at a scale of Site of Community Importance.
Despite all this, considering the habitats of the 6 out of 8 species of fauna of Annex II in
the SCI GR2420001 and in the same time the loss of habitats caused by the project con-
struction (the percentage of which is very small), we believe that the particular project
does not obstruct the achievement of the objective of a satisfactory conservation
status for the specific species (it does not affect significantly the populations or the
habitats or the conservation prospects) . The total number (eight) of the fauna species
of Annex II is being examined, although the habitats of 2 of them – European Monk Seal
(Monachus monachus) and the European Otter (Lutra lutra) – are not in any way affected
by the project. The following are the detailed results for the species of Annex II:
The Hermann's tortoise ( Eurotestudo hermanni ), is found in areas with low vegetation,
open forests, meadows but also cultivated surfaces. In southern Greece the species is found
according to bibliography almost exclusively on cultivated surfaces (Valakos et al. 2008). The
conservation status in the particular SCI is considered as medium or degraded according to
the standard data forms while according to the 6-year reports (2001-2006) where the con-
servation status of species which are covered by the Directive 92/43/EEC (article 17) is
evaluated, the conservation status of the species at national level (Mediterranean bio-
geographical area) was considered as non satisfactory - inadequate. As non satisfactory –
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 227
inadequate is assessed the conservation status of the species also in the study area, on the
basis of an assessment for this study. Τhe species is considered threatened in the near fu-
ture (IUCN 2009) and vulnerable (VU) in the Red Book (2009).Τhe planned WFs and the ac-
companying, supporting infrastructure will result to the loss of a small area of the habitats of
the particular species (compared with the total area of the SCI); consequently the project is
not expected to have any significant impact on the conservation status of the species in
the total area.
The Four-lined snake (Elaphe quatuorlineata ) is a quite common species in the area and
is found in dry, bushy, rocky areas as well as in mountain lopes, coastal meadows, pastures
and wet areas (Dimitropoulos & Ioannidis 2002). The conservation status in the particular
SCI is considered as medium while according to the 6-year reports where the conservation
status of species which are covered by the Directive 92/43/EEC (article 17) is evaluated, the
conservation status of the species at national level (Mediterranean biogeographical area)
was considered as unknown, while the species is considered as threatened in the near future
(IUCN 2009). As non satisfactory – inadequate is assessed the conservation status of the
species also in the study area, on the basis of an assessment for this study. The above in-
formation show that the species is found in a wide range of habitats, and almost the whole
Natura site offers suitable habitats for the species. Consequently the impacts from the
construction of the project cannot be significant for the conservation status of the species.
Regarding the 2 terrapin species: The Balkan pond turtle (Mauremys rivulata ) and the
European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis ) are generally found in wetlands. The Balkan
pond turtle is found in irrigation channels, lakes, ponds, lagoons, swamps, rivers, torrents
etc while the European pond turtle is found in wetlands with thick vegetation (river and
lake banks, swamps, marshes etc). In the wider study area the European Pond turtle has
been observed only in the plain of Karystos while the Balkan pond turtle also in the rivers
Platanistos and Dimosaris. The conservation status in the particular SCI is considered as
medium for both species while according to the 6-year reports where the conservation
status of species which are covered by the Directive 92/43/EEC (article 17) is evaluated, the
conservation status of the European pond turtle at national level (Mediterranean bio-
geographical area) was considered as non satisfactory – inadequate and of the Balkan pond
turtle as unknown. As non satisfactory – inadequate is assessed the conservation status of
the species also in the study area, on the basis of an assessment for this study. Furthermore
the European pond turtle is considered as threatened in the near future (IUCN 2009). The
project under study is not expected to affect the habitats of neither of the 2 species, conse-
quently the impacts will not be significant for their conservation status.
The Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus ) is observed only in the sea,
therefore we do not expect any impacts from the location and the operation of the project
in any way.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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As regards the European Otter ( Lutra lutra ), it is generally observed near the water, in
rivers, torrents with riparian vegetation etc. The only known population of the European
Otter today is found in the area of Karystos plain, without excluding any presence of it also
in other locations of the wider study area. Τhe species is mentioned as being threatened
in the near future by IUCN. As non satisfactory –inadequate is assessed the conservation
status of the species also in the study area, on the basis of an assessment for this study. Τhe
project under study is not expected to affect the habitats of the species, consequently the
impacts will not be significant for its conservations status.
Τhe species Stag Beetle Lucanus cervus (Stag beetle, Coleoptera, its presence is not
confirmed according to the SEA – Dimopoulos et al. 1998) is observed in holes in old
trees and dead trunks. It is included in Annex II of the Directive 92/43/EEC but also in An-
nex III of the Bern Convention while the conservation status in the particular SCI is char-
acterized as medium. According to the 6-year reports where the conservation status of
species which are covered by the Directive 92/43/EEC (article 17) is evaluated, the conser-
vation status of the species at national level (Mediterranean biogeographical area) was con-
sidered as unknown. As non satisfactory – inadequate is assessed the conservation status of
the species also in the study area, on the basis of an assessment for this study. The project
under study is not expected to affect the habitat of the species, consequently the impacts will
not be significant for its conservations status.
Τhe species Lycaena dispar (Lepidoptera) is considered as threatened in the near future
(IUCN 2009) and vulnerable (VU) in the Red Book while its populations are reduced with
the drainage of small freshwater wetlands. Even small-scale projects (roads, sand extrac-
tions, drainages) near permanent flow streams and freshwater marshes where the hydro-
philic plants Rumex spp. grow, can cause significant impacts on the species. It is included
in Annex II and IV of the Directive 92/43/EEC but also in Annex II of the Bern Convention
while the conservation status in the particular SCI is characterized as medium. According
to the 6-year reports where the conservation status of species which are covered by the Di-
rective 92/43/EEC (article 17) is evaluated, the conservation status of the species at national
level (Mediterranean biogeographical area) was considered as unknown. As non satisfactory
– inadequate is assessed the conservation status of the species also in the study area, on
the basis of an assessment for this study. Τhe project under study is not expected to affect
the habitat of the species, consequently the impacts will not be significant for its conserva-
tions status.
Consequently there are not any adverse impacts for the particular species expected
and thus no further research is required pursuant to article 6 of the Directive
92/43/EEC.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 229
77..33..66 CCoonncclluussiioonnss –– AAddddrreessssiinngg ooff IImmppaaccttss
Summarizing we can say that the impacts of the project:
Are negligible at SCI level and at biogeographical level.
No significant impacts on the habitats of Annex I of the Community Directive 92/43/EEC nor on the Greek habitats are noted.
No adverse impacts on the species of fauna are noted.
The integrity of the SCI and the total coherence of the network Natura 2000 are not disturbed.
Consequently, it is assessed that the overall impacts of the project on the flora and
the habitat types of the area, as well as in the overall area are not significant/worth
mentioning.
Based on these results, it is assessed that no further research is required pursuant
to article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC .
77..44 AAnntthhrrooppooggeenniicc eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt
77..44..11 LLaanndd uussee
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn pphhaassee
Based on the digital data of the land cover census included in Corine Land Cover (2000),
the main land use which are found in the project (main project and accompanying support-
ing infrastructure), and specifically the proposed solution which is presented in this EIA,
are those which have been analytically recorded in the land use map which accompanies
this EIA.
As it has already been mentioned, the total number of the works is located on mountain-
ous areas of south-eastern Evia. In these locations land use are limited, also because of
the soil condition which is not suitable for any utilization. As regards the road construction
works and the works for the connection with electric power, it should be mentioned that
these have been planned in a way that they occupy the smallest possible zone of the ex-
isting land use. Therefore, there are not any significant changes on the existing or planned
in the future land use expected.
Any localized impacts consist, mainly, in the alteration of land use in the foundation loca-
tions of the WTs, in the road construction and improvement zone and in the zone where
the connection with the electric power network will be carried out. These impacts, bal-
anced against the benefits, at local but also supralocal level (development and even more
environmental benefits), are within acceptable limits. There are no additional measures
required to be taken.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 230
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonn pphhaassee
The operation of the project is not related with impacts or changes on land use. Therefore
no further analysis is necessary.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc eeffffeeccttss
There does not seem to arise any issue regarding significant synergistic effects of the the
sum of the proposed wind farms. Τhe same applies for the accumulation of the proposed
wind farms with the wind farms of other investors/companies. Significant changes or
changes worth mentioning do not arise. The land use which are found in the wind farms
sites are widely found in the study area and the wider area.
77..44..22 BBuuii ll tt EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn pphhaassee
The direct zone of the works does not contain any built environment elements. The posi-
tions of the wind turbines are mostly located on mountainous surfaces. There are however
several small settlements situated in the wider area of the works. During this phase im-
pacts on the built environment of the area and specifically the neighbouring settlements
are not expected. Works will be executed at distance from the settlements and therefore
changes on them are not expected.
It is important to mention here that according to the performed control of the criteria set by
Special Framework for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development for Renewable En-
ergy Sources (Issue C), the required distances form the settlement are being observed.
Additionally the requirement for a minimum noise level less than 45 db within the limits of
the above residential activities is ensured (see attached noise contour study).
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonn pphhaassee
The operation of the project is not related with any kind of impacts on the built environ-
ment of the study area. There are is no probability of degradation of the built environment
during this phase.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc eeffffeeccttss
Next are examined the cumulative impacts on the built environment of the study area only
caused by the sum of the wind farms under study and secondarily by the sum of the wind
farms under study and the rest of the wind farms of the other investors/companies. Specif-
ically:
The construction and operation of the proposed wind farms is not expected to cause syn-
ergistic effects on the built environment. Significant impacts of cumulative noise are not
created. Regarding, furthermore, the cumulative impacts on the landscape no special is-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 231
sues arise. As already mentioned in the relative section (Morphological and landscape
features) and considering the results of several controls which were performed, there are
no issues regarding the landscape which would have further impacts on the settlements of
the area.
Τhe above do not change even in the case that the planned wind farms of other inves-
tors/companies are counted in the cumulative impacts.
77..44..33 HHiissttoorr iicc aanndd ccuull ttuurraall eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn pphhaassee
Τhe project does not have adverse impacts on the cultural and historic environment be-
cause such elements do not exist within the direct works zone; nor is it expected to affect
the cultural and historic elements of the wider area. The works execution takes place in
locations and positions where visible historic/cultural elements are not found. Consequent-
ly impacts of the project on the cultural/historic environment of the study area will not be
discussed.
It is important to be mentioned here that according to the performed control of the criteria
set by the Special Framework for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development for RES,
the required distances from areas and elements of cultural interest are being observed.
Details are presented in ISSUE C (REVIEW OF TERMS/LIMITATIONS OF THE SPECIAL
FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL PLANNING & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR RE-
NEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES)) which accompanies this Environmental Impact As-
sessment.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonn pphhaassee
The operation of the proposed wind energy stations is not in any way related with impacts
on the cultural and historic environment of the area.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc eeffffeeccttss
The cumulative impacts on the historic and cultural environment of the study area of all
the wind farms under study and secondarily all the wind farms under study and the other
planned wind farm stations will be reviewed thereafter. Specifically:
The construction and operation of the wind farms under study are not expected to create
impacts on the history and the culture of the area. Impacts of the technical works which
will be executed during the construction phase or of the project operation are not ex-
pected. It is clarified that visible historic/cultural elements are not found in field locations.
Cumulative impacts of the project under study with the planned wind farm stations of other
investors/companies do equally not arise. Nevertheless, the competent consultative au-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 232
thorities (Ephorates of Antiquities) have to give the necessary directions for preventive
measures which will aim to the protection and conservation of the cultural and historic el-
ements of the wider area.
77..44..44 77..44..44 SSoocciioo--eeccoonnoommiicc eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt –– ΤΤeecchhnniiccaall iinnff rraasstt rruuccttuurree
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn && ooppeerraattiioonn pphhaassee
Population: A change of the human population of the area due to the presence or opera-
tion of the proposed wind farms is not expected. It is pointed out here that the construction
and the operation of the proposed wind farms will offer new jobs in the area and it will
support the local income. One or two technicians will probably be employed at the WFs
from time to time while 2-3 persons with various specialties will be occupied outside the
wind farms.
Productive sectors: Neither during the project construction phase nor during its opera-
tion phase are expected any impacts on the anthropogenic economic activities of the pri-
mary, the secondary and the tertiary sector. Τhe overall project will not cause any signifi-
cant or worth mentioning impacts on the productive sectors of the area.
Residence: The proposed wind farms will require only a small number of people for their
operation. The existing residential conditions are hence not affected.
Transports/traffic: The project does not cause any burdening of the transports or signifi-
cant changes in the vehicular traffic. It will cause a small increase of traffic in the area only
during the period of execution of the constructional works. During the operation phase, the
vehicular traffic will be minimal since the site will be visited only by one or two technicians.
Energy: The project generates and consumes energy. Therefore any use of significant
quantities of fuel or energy is excluded.
Public utility: The project does not require modifications to public utilities services except
for its connection with the electric power network. At this point it is worth mentioning that
the whole project is based on the solution of the interconnection problem given the fact
that the only existing High Voltage Line 150 kV of the PPC in the area (Line Aliveri-
Karystos) is saturated sine the early 2000’s, so that the rich wind energy potential of the
wider area of Kafireas remains unexploited. Therefore the total High Voltage transmission
line of 150 kV and with length approximately 90 km will constitute a pioneering work for
our country, and one of the most important for the interconnection of Wind Farms at inter-
national level.
As is understandable, the project will not cause the need for significant modifications to
services of public utilities sectors such as communication systems, water supply systems,
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 233
sewers or septic cesspools, rainwater sewage, solid waste and its disposal, but it will
moreover upgrade the existing electrical interconnection infrastructure between the island
of Evia with the mainland of Greece.
Human health: Human health is not any way affected by the project. It is pointed out that
during the construction phase all necessary regulations for the protection of the personnel
from work accidents will be observed.
Recreation: Τhe project will not cause any impacts on recreation since the Wind turbine
installation sites are not easily accessible but also because they do not have any remark-
able elements which would attract tourists and thus they are not used for recreational pur-
poses.
To the extent that the wind farms are related with the protection of the environment and
the nature, the contribution of the wind energy to the protection of nature and the eco-
development of the wider area can be highlighted. This can offer an attraction to visitors
who would like to be informed about the wind energy and the protection of nature through
information signs at various points.
Τechnical infrastructures: The existing technical infrastructures in the sectors of tele-
communication, water supply, sewerage-drainage and waste collection-disposal are not
expected to be affected from the construction and operation of the project.
ΒΒ.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc eeffffeeccttss
The construction and operation of the proposed WFs is not expected to cause any ad-
verse impacts on the social and economic features of the area. Τhe same applies also in
the case where to the synergies are also counted the other planned wind farms.
On the other hand it is important to mention that positive synergistic effects on the socio-
economic environment are noted and summarized as follows:
- Significant positive results will occur for employment. The necessary construction
works will be based to a big extent on local personnel while a considerable direct
capital inflow will take place in the area.
- Immediate employment growth on a permanent basis will take place. Every wind
farm station employs at local level approximately 4 workers which mostly come
from the local labor market as in general they do not need to have specialties
which do not exist in the area.
Furthermore there will occur quantitatively bigger indirect results to the economy, through
the knock-on effects and the interbranch relations:
- the operation of RES projects results to the creation of demand due to needs for re-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 234
pairs or/and alterations. The needs which are of constructional character (eg. build-
ings, roads etc) will be almost exclusively addressed by local undertakings and the
same will be the case for a part of the other technical needs (eg. Certain electrical re-
pairs, repairs concerning computers etc).
- The operation of RES projects create on an annual basis a flow of visitors for various
reasons (external maintenance works, supervisions, briefing etc). The visitors will de
facto boost local undertakings (accommodation, restaurants, recreation etc). Addition-
ally the flow of people will lead to the dissemination of information having as medium-
term result that the area becomes known to a broader circle which will offer additional
flows.
The local authorities of the RES projects location areas will also have direct reve-
nues from the operation of the wind energy stations, because of the collection of a
percentage of the revenues. It will be a very considerable amount of money which will
clearly contribute to the improvement of the local financial data and can be used for the
financing of projects and interventions which will enhance the growth and the competitive-
ness level of the area as well as the quality of life of the inhabitants. There will be, thus,
significant compensatory benefits from the utilization of the wind energy potential of the
area.
Henceforth, pursuant to article 7: “Special tax and incentive provisions for house-
hold consumers in areas near RES installations” of the recent law for the accelera-
tion of RES projects (L.3851/2010), direct benefits will also enjoy the household
consumers within the administrative borders of the municipal district in which the
RES stations are going to be installed. This articles mentions: “… An amount up to
1% on the, before the V.A.T. selling price of the electrical energy from RES is passed on
to the holders of a supply license who supply electrical energy to the household consum-
ers of the first degree local authorities in which the RES are installed, with the aim to cred-
it up to the whole of that amount the bills for electrical energy consumption of the house-
hold consumers. Beneficiaries for this credit, are by priority the household consumers
within the administrative borders of the municipal or community district in which the RES
stations are installed, and in turn the household consumers of the remaining municipal or
town districts. The credit is applied to the settlement invoice of every beneficiary, in pro-
portion to the energy he consumed, under the condition that in total the above amount is
not exceeded (…)”.
Finally, two very important elements which are positively assessed for the outcome of the
project and which do not occur only during its construction phase but refer also to its op-
eration phase are the following:
- It is deemed that the project will be accepted by the members of the local society. Alt-
hough this assessment is only an assumption, the nature of the project and the fact that
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 235
the project per se does not conflict with any anthropogenic or other economic activity
does not allow an assumption of non acceptability to be probable.
- It has to be pointed out that the contribution of the project is not limited only to local or
regional scale but that its benefits extend also to national level. Moreover projects of
similar nature which are implemented by our country doubtlessly contribute to the crea-
tion of a profile of a country which has special environmental and energy priorities.
77..44..55 AAttmmoosspphheerriicc eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn pphhaassee
The construction of the project is not in any way associated with impacts on the atmos-
pheric environment. Any impacts will be of small scale and will occur only during the con-
struction phase of the project and specifically at the technical works which will be execut-
ed:
Periodically there will be increase of dust and particulates during the construction phase of
the project, but it will not be high nor will it cause any problems to the residents of neigh-
bouring areas due to the winds blowing in the area and the distance of the project from
the existing settlements. Subsequently the impacts of the works on the qualitative features
of the atmospheric environment will be occasional and fully reversible.
Emissions of smoke, aerosol and toxic gases will not be created neither during the con-
struction phase nor during the operation phase of the proposed wind stations.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonn pphhaassee
Τhe project under study does not create in any way emissions of air pollutants into the
atmosphere. On the contrary, the project will contribute to the reduction of emissions due
to the substitution of a part of the electric power which is generated with conventional en-
ergy forms (wind power which is a renewable energy source). Τhe project does not cause
changes to the overall climate of the area since it does not depend or affect other climate
features (temperature, humidity etc).
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc eeffffeeccttss
Τhe sum of the projects (wind farms under study and wind farms of other inves-
tors/companies) is not expected to have worth mentioning impacts on the qualitative fea-
tures of the atmosphere. Any impacts occur only during the construction phase of the
works and refer to technical works to be executed. In this case the impacts will be within
acceptable limits and are associated with the temporary emission of dust and particulates.
These impacts are timed and will be mitigated with appropriate measures. They will not
exist any more upon completion of the constructional works.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 236
As regards the operation phase of the projects (wind farms under study and wind farms of
other investors/companies) any impacts will be positive. The operation of the all the pro-
jects (wind farms) and generally the generation of electric power from renewable energy
sources (wind power potential) contributes to the substitution of conventional fuel (eg.
coal, oil etc.) and addresses the global environmental problems such as the greenhouse
effect and hence the temperature increase of the planet.
77..44..66 AAccoouusstt iicc eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt,, vviibbrraatt iioonnss,, rraaddiiaatt iioonn
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn pphhaassee
Acoustic environment: During the construction phase of the project a small increase of the
noise level caused by the works to be executed is expected. This increase is observed in
zones where the necessary technical/constructional works will be executed (fields for the
erection of wind turbines, access and internal road construction works, connection with
the electric power network). Upon completion of the works the produced noise from the
worksites and movement of vehicles will stop.
Vibrations: Significant vibrations or vibrations worth mentioning are not expected in the
works area. Therefore no further mention is made.
Radiation: The construction of the project is not at all related with the emission of any ra-
diation.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonn pphhaassee
Acoustic environment: According to the calculations carried out and the noise contour
study for the proposed wind farms a significant or worth mentioning problem for the hu-
man environment and the inhabitants does not seem to occur. The noise contour 45 dΒ
does not include any settlement or presence of residents which could be affected by the
produced noise. Problems to the health of the residents or other disturbances are not ex-
pected. In any case the project under study conforms to the noise emission limits.
Supplementary it is mentioned that even as regards other settlements which are located in
the wider area of the project location the noise levels are considerably lower than 45 db.
Specifically:
Settlement Noise level (db)
SCHIZALI 37.16
PRINIA 30.91
AΜYGDALEA 33.58
ΖACHARIA 37.10
THYMION 34.88
ΚAPSOURION 35.85
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 237
Settlement Noise level (db)
EVAGGELISMOS 28.82
ΚOΜIΤOΝ 33.00
AΝΤIAS 30.94
EPANOCHORION 36.69
PLATANISTOS 31.45
ROUKLIA 32.88
AGIOS DIMITRIOS 35.43
ΜASTROGIANNAIOI 30.64
In the framework of the above it is useful to be mentioned here that the WT type which is
to be used has been chosen with the objective of mitigation of noise levels. Among the
technical features, thus, of the WT in question is mentioned the reduction of the produced
noise with the increase of distance.
Vibrations: Emission of vibrations is not related with the operation of the project. Therefore
no further mention is made.
Radiation: An extensive analysis of the issue has been presented in section 6.4.8 Acous-
tic environment, vibrations, radiation. Nonetheless a summary follows:
Up to date there is public controversy about the electromagnetic radiation and its impacts
on human health. Nevertheless the preventive measures which were taken during the
planning phase of the project which refer to the electricity transmission network should be
mentioned. These are the following:
a) undergrounding of the medium voltage network,
b) location of the 20/150 kV step-up substations to positions considerably remote from
settlements and residents,
c) alignment of the high voltage network in areas considerably remote from settlements
and residents,
d) alignment of the high voltage network in areas where no special sensitive uses and
buildings of sensitive uses (eg. schools, hospitals, old peoples homes) are situated.
Specifically, as regards the impacts of the electrical and magnetic field on the environment
of the step-up substations, extensive reference is made in Issue B of this EIA as well as in
the attached study in Annex III thereof by Mr. D. Tsanakas and E. Mimos of the Depart-
ment of Electrical and Computer Engineering of The University of Patra with subject “Elec-
trical and magnetic field in the environment of outdoor type substations 150 kV/MT as en-
vironmental factors”. This study was prepared by the Laboratory of Generation, Transmis-
sion, Distribution and Utilization of Electrical Energy in November 2003, under the general
supervision of the Laboratory Director Mr. D. Tsanakas. This study proves the safety of
the adopted solutions as regards electromagnetic radiation.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 238
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc eeffffeeccttss
Small cumulative impact – mainly at noise levels – is estimated to occur due to the overall
number of the proposed wind farms. This increase, which is attributable to the technical
works which are going to be executed, will be limited because of the generally linear-serial
way of the execution of the construction works. In any way the produced noise will be
timely defined and not permanent, while noise levels are not expected to be worth men-
tioning.
Synergistic effects do not occur as regards noise from the wind farms under study and
wind farms of the other investors/companies. Main reason is the distance between them.
Any synergy at noise levels would occur in the case that the construction works of the
wind farms coincided in term of time with the construction works of the proposed wind sta-
tions. This probability, however, is quite low considering that the wind farms (planned and
under construction) are in different licencing stages.
Synergistic impacts as regards vibrations and radiation are not expected and therefore no
further mention is made.
77..44..77 SSuurr ffaaccee wwaatteerr aanndd ggrroouunnddwwaatteerr
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn pphhaassee
During the construction phase of the project there will not be any interventions on surface
or groundwater resources. Alterations in the qualitative and quantitative condition of sur-
face water or groundwater resources are not planned. The construction works that will be
executed for the needs of the project do not have anything to do with interventions in the
water resources of the area and the wider area. Especially regarding the road construction
works it should be mentioned that interventions in the surface water or groundwater re-
sources. At this point it is pointed out that during this phase particular attention will be paid
to the protection of surface water, eg. the temporary disposal of the material will not take
place in surface water resources; the materials will be left in places remote from any sur-
face water resources so that the possibility of them being swept away by rainfalls and de-
grade the quality of waters etc. is excluded.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonn pphhaassee
Τhe project does not create any liquid waste. Τhe liquids which are necessary of the
maintenance of the wind turbines will be collected in barrels and will be transferred out-
side the wind farms by specialized personnel that will perform the maintenance.
The existence of wind turbines in an area does not hinder the free movement of water in
the area nor does it cause the reduction of its quantity since the operation (and the con-
struction) of the wind farms does not require any water (surface water or groundwater).
Moreover the terrain of the area is not being altered and the water flow is not being hin-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 239
dered. In general, the operation of the proposed WFs is not expected to have any impacts
on surface water and groundwater.
Finally it is mentioned that due to the large distance the project is not expected to affect
the existing qualitative and quantitative condition of the coastal waters of the wider area.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc eeffffeeccttss
Τhe project under study does not cause any cumulative impacts with other projects of sim-
ilar nature to the surface water and groundwater resources of the study area.
77..55 SSuummmmaarr iizzeedd pprreesseennttaatt iioonn ooff tthhee eennvvii rroonnmmeennttaall iimmppaaccttss iinn aa mmaattrr iixx
For the presentation of the impacts of the project under study on the natural, socio-economic and cultural environment of the study area in a matrix, research was carried out in the Greek and international bibliography, so that a full and scientific presentation of all information data would be possible. It is pointed out that the most and the most complete presentation examples of environmental impacts were found in the international bibliog-raphy, wherefrom also data for the design of the following charts – tables were obtained. Specifically:
A) Parameters of impacts assessment
Initially a table was drawn with all possible parameters which could be influenced by the project under study. For the selection of parameters the nature of the project under stdy, the character and nature of the study area, the existing statutory framework as well as bib-liographical data-information were taken into consideration. It is mentioned that the pa-rameters which are going to be examined refer to the natural, socio-economic and cultural environment.
Β) Categories of impacts
For the classification of the impacts into categories bibliographic research was carried out as well as research in official websites of the internet (eg. Europa, Environmental Protec-tion Agency (Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service), Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia, etc). The data of the research confirmed the fact that in many cases-studies a five-point scale was used for the classification of the impacts of a project (Big - Medium - Small - Negligible - Beneficial). However taking into consideration that the five-point scale causes problems in certain cases and makes the impact assessment more difficult, since the limits between the categories “Small - Μedium” or “Negligible - Small” are indiscernible and particularly sensitive, the adoption of the classification of impacts which is mentioned in the Guide “Guidelines for the Assessment of Indirect and Cumula-tive Impacts as well as Impact Interactions” which was issued by the European Committee for the impact assessment of public or/and private works was preferred. Hence for the project under study the scale: High – Μoderate – Low – Beneficial will be applied.
C) Phase of impact occurence
The impacts of a project occur mainly during two phases: a) the construction phase of the project during which all technical works are executed, and b) the operation phase of the
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 240
project, during which the project operates normally and works refer to its maintenance or potential repairs – replacements of equipment.
D) Matrix designing
Based on the presentation forms which are internationally used (simple matrices, polyvaricon matrices, scalar matrices, sophisticated network matrices) for the needs of the particular study a combination was chosen which was assessed to better display the im-pacts of the specific project.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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A) Parameters of impact assessment of a project
HISTORIC & CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
Cultural elements of the area (traditional villages, archaeological sites, historic sites, monuments, monuments of significant importance, etc.)
Folklore of the area (customs, traditions, etc.)
History of the area
NA
TU
RA
L E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
T
CLIMATE
Rainfall Temperature Air Quality Wind Moisture Micro-climate
POSSIBLE IM-PACT OF THE
PROJECT
Natural areas (e.g. forests, grasslands, water harvesting, etc.) Anthropogenic land (e.g. settlements, agricultural crops, grasslands, aquacul-ture, etc.)
LAND USE
SO
CIO
-EC
ON
OM
IC E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
T
SOIL
Geology Geomorphology Tectonics Soil characteristics (productivity, biodiversity, organic matter, etc.) Special issues of soil (erosion, desertification, sealing, compaction, salinization)
Infrastructure (roads - railways, ports, air-ports, energy trans-mission, water and sanitation, etc.) settlements Industries, Commer-cial zones Sport and leisure facilities
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
WATER RESSOURCE
Surface water Groundwater Quality (heavy metals, oils, halo-genated compounds, eutrophica-tion, thermal pollution) and quantity of water
Population Productive sectors Income Residence Public utility Human Health Recreational activities Education and wel-fare
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
PROJECT AREA
PR
OT
EC
TE
D A
RE
AS
Areas of Article 18 of L.1650/86 (OGG 160A) Areas of the Natura 2000 Network: Sites of Community Importance and Special Protection Areas for birds, National Parks, Ramsar Sites, Aesthetic Forests, Monuments, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Wildlife Sanctuar-ies
TO THE NATU-RAL, SOCIO-
ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVI-
RONMENT
Economic activities in the primary, second-ary and tertiary sec-tors
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
FLORA VEGETATION
HABITAT
Flora and vegetation of the area Endemic, rare and endangered species habitats Priority Habitats of the 92/43/EC Directive
Landscape elements (line, shape, color) Optical vulnerability of the landscape Optical absorption Coverage of the horizon
LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS
FAUNA
Fauna (birds, mammals, fish fauna, reptiles, etc.) Endemic, endangered and rare species (e.g. Directive 79/409/EU, Red List of Threatened Species, etc.) Migration routes Foraging, nesting, breeding areas
NATURAL
DISASTERS
Floods Earthquakes Fires Erosion Landslides
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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Impact presentation in form of a matrix
Category Subcategory
Impa
ct tr
acki
ng Impact category
Syn
ergi
stic
Effe
cts Impact
tracking phase
Impact tracking point Comments
Hig
h
Med
ium
Low
Pos
itive
Con
stru
ctio
n P
hase
Ope
ratio
n P
hase
CLIMATIC AND BIOCLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
Rainfall No - - - - - - - - - Temperature No - - - - - - - - - Wind No - - - - - - - - - Moisture No - - - - - - - - - Bioclimate No - - - - - - - - -
MORPHOLOGICAL AND TOPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Morphology of soil
No - - - - - - - - No work capable of changing the morphology of the study area is carried.
Landscape characteristics
Yes - - - 1. On location of WT 2. On location of development of ancillary works (access roads, internal roads, connectivity, etc.)
Slight alteration of landscape characteristics is expected during the construction phase of the wind farm and the new road. This defect will be transient and within acceptable limits. Synergistic effects of low significance are to be expected if the construction of the sug-gested project coincides with other investors WF. Compliance with the proposed mitigation measures determined by the licensing au-thority and the advisory services will help minimize the impact.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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Category Subcategory
Impa
ct tr
acki
ng Impact category
Syn
ergi
stic
Effe
cts Impact
tracking phase
Impact tracking point
Comments
Hig
h
Med
ium
Low
Pos
itive
Con
stru
ctio
n P
hase
Ope
ratio
n P
hase
GEOLOGY, TEC-TONICS AND SOIL CHARACTERIS-TICS
Geology No - - - - - - - - - Tectonics No - - - - - - - - - Soil Characteris-tics (productivity, organic matter, biodiversity, etc.)
Yes - - - - 1. On location of
WT 2. On location of development of ancillary works (access roads, internal roads, connectivity, etc.)
The scale of the project and the planned interventions are not ex-pected to have significant impacts on the soil characteristics of the area. Upon completion of the works, changes on the ground are expected to return but not to affect the construction phase. Syner-gistic effects are expected only if the construction of the proposed project coincides with the construction of other investors’ works. Given the scale and the nature of the project, the synergistic ef-fects are limited to the construction phase and to the locations of the execution of the project. During the operation phase no impact of great significance is expected.
Significant in-crease in the volume of Earth-work
No - - - - - - - - Increase of the volume of Earthwork is not expected. In case of failure regarding the balance of Earthwork during the construction due to soil conditions, any excess excavations would be deposited in areas of the squares of the turbines or in appropriate places.
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Flora, Vegetation, Habitats
Yes - - - - - 1. On location of WT 2. On location of development of ancillary works (access roads, internal roads, connectivity, etc.)
Point interventions are of a very small scale e.g. reduced to spaces required for building the foundations of wind turbines. Additional interventions in flora-vegetation are expected during the construc-tion of the ancillary works. Calculations show that the maximum extent of losses in habitat types 4090 and 5420 are of 0.88% and 0.49% respectively. This figure shows a low impact on the vegeta-tion. Species listed in Annex II of Directive 92/43/EU are not affect-ed and no significant impact on other important species is ex-pected.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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Category Subcategory
Impa
ct tr
acki
ng Impact category
Syn
ergi
stic
Effe
cts Impact
tracking phase
Impact tracking point
Comments
Hig
h
Med
ium
Low
Pos
itive
Con
stru
ctio
n P
hase
Ope
ratio
n P
hase
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Fauna Yes - - - - - 1. On location of WT 2. On location of development of ancillary works (access roads, internal roads, connectivity, etc.)
No major impacts or noteworthy impacts on fauna in the study ar-ea. Small disturbance may be observed during the construction phase of the project. However, by the end of the engineering works the species will return to their normal pace. The operation of the project is not expected to have an impact on the fauna. The spe-cies are expected to quickly adapt and continue their daily and seasonal rhythms. No synergistic effects are expected on fauna.
Avifauna Yes - - - - 1. On location of WT
The construction and operation of the project is expected to have effects on populations of bird species of the area, but they are es-timated to be of low significance. The detailed results of field ob-servations and their evaluation are presented in the Issue of the Special Ornithological Assessment which accompanies this EIA.
Natural resources No - - - - - - - - The construction and completion of the projects is not expected to have an impact on the region’s natural resources. The only natural resource exploited is the wind which is renewable.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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Category Subcategory
Impa
ct tr
acki
ng Impact category
Syn
ergi
stic
Effe
cts Impact
tracking phase
Impact tracking point
Comments
Hig
h
Med
ium
Low
Pos
itive
Con
stru
ctio
n P
hase
Ope
ratio
n P
hase
SURFACE WATERS AND GROUNDWATER
Qualitative and quantitative sta-tus of surface waters
No - - - - - - - - The project is not associated with impacts on surface waters. The project is not expected to prevent the movement of water or alter the existing flow. Any disposal of materials during the construction phase will be done in areas away from aqueous deposits.
Qualitative and quantitative sta-tus of groundwa-ter
No - - - - - - - - The project under study and the technical work performed for the construction is not expected to create impacts on groundwater in the area. Possible liquids used for maintenance of the turbines will be collected in special barrels and will be deposited in special are-as.
PROTECTED AREAS
Statutory protect-ed areas desig-nated under Arti-cles 18 and 19 of Law 1650/86
Yes - - - - Throughout the study area
A Special Environmental Study which established protection zones has been developed in the area. The impact of the project lies in the construction phase and to a small extent in the disturbance of the protected elements of the area. However the disturbance is restricted to the construction phase of the project and is temporary. Finally, it is important to mention that in ZONE A "PROTECTION AREAS OF NATURE" no wind turbines are situated. For all these reasons, the impact in the area is not considered to be important.
National parks No - - - - - - - - No national parks are identified in the area of works or the wider region.Therefore impact is not expected on them.
Sites of Commu-nity Importance Of The 2000 Natura Network (SCI – OGG 92/43/E.U.)
Yes - - - - - 1. On location of WT 2. On location of development of ancillary works (access roads, internal roads, connectivity, etc.)
According to the analysis of this EIA no significant impacts are identified from the construction and operation of the project in the SCI GR2420001 and its protected elements. The integrity of SCI is not disturbed.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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Category Subcategory
Impa
ct tr
acki
ng Impact category
Syn
ergi
stic
Effe
cts Impact
tracking phase
Impact tracking point
Comments
Hig
h
Med
ium
Low
Pos
itive
Con
stru
ctio
n P
hase
Ope
ratio
n P
hase
Special Protec-tion Areas for birds (SPA - Di-rective 2009/147/EC)
No - - - - - - - - According to the research of this EIA no significant impacts are identified from the construction and operation of the project in the SPA GR2420012 and the fauna (birds) that exists
Ramsar Sites No - - - - - - - - There are no Ramsar sites in the study area. Effects are not identified.
PROTECTED AREAS
Natural Monuments
No - - - - - - - - There are no statutory natural monuments in proximity to the study area. The nearest is located ~ 30 km from the proposed project. No effects are identified.
Aesthetic forests No - - - - - - - - There are no statutory Aesthetic Forests in proximity to the study area The nearest is located ~ 70 km from the proposed project. No effects are identified.
Landscapes of Outstanding Nat-ural Beauty (stat-utory)
No - - - - - - - - There are no statutory Landscapes of Outstanding Natural Beauty (LONB) in proximity to the study area. In the region and at a great distance from the project there are three statutory LONB where no impact is expected.
Wildlife Sanctuaries
No - - - - - - - - In the region 2 WS are identified. The first (Crypti - Lykoremma of the W. Karystos area and K. Kalyvia - Katsaroni - Marmari) is lo-cated within the study area. However, the main work and the ancil-laries are located outside the WS. The second area of WS (posi-tion Trikorfo) is outside the study area. Therefore no impact is expected in any case.
Habitats Of Eu-ropean Union’s Corine Pro-gramme
No - - - - - - - - The 2 Corine program areas identified in the project area are not expected to be affected by the construction and operation of the main and ancillary works. Significant impacts are not identified for Mount Ochi and the surrounding area (AG0010225) - while the second - Campos Karystos (AG0030021) – is totally not affected.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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Category Subcategory
Impa
ct tr
acki
ng Impact category
Syn
ergi
stic
Effe
cts Impact
tracking phase
Impact tracking point
Comments
Hig
h
Med
ium
Low
Pos
itive
Con
stru
ctio
n P
hase
Ope
ratio
n P
hase
NATURAL DISASTERS
Floods No - - - - - - - - The project and its design (sparse arrangement of turbines, dis-tance between WF) is not going to create floods. As mentioned in the relevant section of the table (above), the project will not prevent any water flow neither in the construction phase nor the operation phase.
Earthquakes No - - - - - - - - The project is not associated with such natural disasters. Fires No - - - - - - - - The project is not associated with such natural disasters. In any
case all necessary fire protection measures will take place in order to prevent any abnormal conditions.
Erosion No - - - - - - - - The project and technical work for its construction is not associated with soil erosion phenomena.
Landslides No - - - - - - - - Landslides are not expected either during the construction phase or the operation phase of the main and ancillary works.
LAND USE Natural areas (e.g. forests, grasslands, water collection, natural pastures, etc.)
Yes - - - - - 1. On location of WT 2. On location of development of ancillary works (access roads, internal roads, connectivity, etc.)
Any effects consist mainly of the change in land use in the location where the WT will be founded, the road construction zone and the connection zone with the electric energy network. The effects are spatially and temporally limited and are not expected to have a lasting impact on the region.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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Category Subcategory
Impa
ct tr
acki
ng Impact category
Syn
ergi
stic
Effe
cts Impact
tracking phase
Impact tracking point
Comments
Hig
h
Med
ium
Low
Pos
itive
Con
stru
ctio
n P
hase
Ope
ratio
n P
hase
Anthropogenic land (e.g. settle-ments, agricul-tural crops, aq-uaculture, etc.)
Yes - - - - - 1. On location of WT 2. On location of development of ancillary works (access roads, internal roads, connectivity, etc.)
Anthropogenic areas, such as settlements, are not located in the immediate area of the project. However farming land is identified. In the wider area settlements are identified but no major changes are going to take place. None of the settlements in the study area are expected to be adversely affected by the project according to the research of criteria of the Special Land Use for RES In addition the demand for minimum noise level is assured (see Study of Noise Contours attached in Annex II of this EIA).
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Infrastructure (e.g. roads - rail-ways, ports, air-ports, energy transmission network, water and sanitation network, etc.)
No - - - - - - - - The project is not associated with changes in the existing infra-structure of the study area and the wider region. It should be noted that the project does not cause change in transport or significant changes in traffic. It will cause an increase in traffic in the area dur-ing the construction phase only. During the operational phase the traffic will be minimal, as the site will be visited by one or two tech-nicians.
Industries, commercial zones
No - - - - - - - - No industrial and commercial zones were identified in the project area. In any case, the construction and operation of the project is not expected to have any impact on industrial and commercial zones in the region.
Sport and leisure facilities
No - - - - - - - - The project will not have negative impacts on recreation due to the fact that the places of installation of the WF are not easily accessi-ble and are not attractive for visiting since they are not used for recreation.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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Category Subcategory
Impa
ct tr
acki
ng Impact category
Syn
ergi
stic
Effe
cts Impact
tracking phase
Impact tracking point
Comments
Hig
h
Med
ium
Low
Pos
itive
Con
stru
ctio
n P
hase
Ope
ratio
n P
hase
HISTORIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
Cultural elements of the area (Archaeological sites, historic sites, declared monuments, ma-jor monuments, etc.)
No - - - - - - - - There are no cultural and historic elements in the study area there-fore any impacts from the construction and the operation of the main and ancillary works are not detected.
History and folk-lore of the area
No - - - - - - - - No changes or anticipated impacts expected on historic and folklor-ic elements of the study area.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Population No - - - - - - - - Change or population movement due to the construction and oper-ation of the project is not expected in any case. Impact on the current population is not identified.
Income Yes - - - - Study Area, wider area.
The construction and operation of the project is expected to have a positive impact on the income of the residents of the local commu-nity. The creation of wind farms will provide new jobs for the region and support the local income. During the operational phase three persons will be employed for every WF
Residence No - - - - - - - - The project under study is not associated with effects on residen-cies.
Public utility No
- - - - - - - - The project does not require any changes in public utilities apart from its connection to the power network. Therefore it will not con-tribute to the need for significant changes in areas of common in-terest such as communication systems, waterworks, sewers or septic tanks, rainwater drainage, solid waste and disposal of it.
Human health No - - - - - - - - Human health is not affected by the project. In parallel, the opera-tional mode of the WF is not expected to expose people to danger. However, during the construction phase of the project all neces-sary safety regulations should be kept in order to protect the staff from accidents.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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Category Subcategory
Impa
ct tr
acki
ng Impact category
Syn
ergi
stic
Effe
cts Impact
tracking phase
Impact tracking point
Comments
Hig
h
Med
ium
Low
Pos
itive
Con
stru
ctio
n P
hase
Ope
ratio
n P
hase
Recreational activities
No - - - - - - - - Negative effects are not expected on the recreational activities of the region. The hiking and walking trails as identified and mapped are not expected to be affected by the project.
Education and welfare
No - - - - - - - - No impacts identified in the educational and welfare sectors of the study area.
Economic activi-ties in the prima-ry, secondary and tertiary sec-tors
No - - - - - - - - No impacts identified in the productive sectors (primary, second-ary, tertiary) of the study area.
ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT VIBRATIONS, RADIATION
Acoustic environment
No - - - - - - - - No significant effects on the acoustic environment of the study area are expected. During the construction phase of the project there will be a slight increase in the noise levels, but all the required noise emission limits from technical work are going to be held. Based on the calculations performed and the study of Noise Con-tours for proposed wind farms, no significant problem or a problem worth mentioning for the human environment and the residents is identified. In the 45 DB Noise Contour, settlement or presence of residents who could be affected by the noise is not included. Health problems of residents or other disturbances on species are not expected in any case. In each case the project under study adheres the noise emission limits
Vibrations No - - - - - - - - Significant vibrations are not expected at the work site. Radiation No - - - - - - - - During the operation of the project emissions that could expose the
public to risk are not expected. During the construction phase, electromagnetic radiation is not emitted.
LEGEND
Category – Subcategory: Categories – Subcategories, for which the impact of the project assessment is made
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174,8 MW IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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Impact tracking: YES - NO
Impact category: HIGH – MEDIUM – LOW - POSITIVE. It is mentioned that when no impact is found, the dash symbol is used (-).
Cumulative effects: YES – NO. It is mentioned that when no cumulative effect is found, the dash symbol is used (-).
Impact tracking phase: CONSTRUCTION PHASE – OPERATION PHASE.
Impact tracking phase: It is mentioned in the point - area where the effects of the main project and the ancillaries are expected.
Commentary: There is a brief review of the effect. With this column the choice of effect (high, medium, low, positive, none) is presumed.
88 MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT AANNDD MMOONNIITTOORRIINNGG OOFF EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL IIMMPPAACCTT
88..11 AAbbiioott iicc ffeeaattuurreess
88..11..11 CCll iimmaatt iicc aanndd bbiiooccll iimmaatt iicc cchhaarraacctteerr iisstt iiccss
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn PPhhaassee
- Compliance with fuel quality limits to be used by the machines, as defined in the
existing provisions.
- Frequent wetting of properties (e.g. road construction zone, building sites, wind tur-
bine building squares, etc.) to reduce the emitted dust and particulate matter coming
from the execution of the technical work.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonn PPhhaassee
No additional protection measures on climate and bioclimatic characteristics of the
study area and the immediate area of the project required. The project (main and an-
cillary) does not cause significant changes in both the climate and bioclimate of the
area during the operation phase.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc EEffffeeccttss
No corrective measures required. No significant cumulative impacts detected.
88..11..22 MMoorrpphhoollooggiiccaall aanndd llaannddssccaappee ffeeaattuurreess
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn PPhhaassee
Special attention to prevent deterioration phenomena observed in existing aesthetics.
To this end any point interventions in natural vegetation are proposed to be taken
seriously.
- Any possible significant vegetation damage should be limited to minimum, accord-
ing to the instructions of the competent forestry department. In the beginning of
course there is some local damage expected given that the bandwidth occupancy of
the project is limited to what is necessary for its construction.
- Remove idle and possible excavation rocky tracks.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonnaall PPhhaassee
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 253
No additional protective measures proposed on morphological and topological char-
acteristics of the study area and the immediate area of the project. The project (main
and ancillary) at this stage does not cause significant changes in the morphology and
in existing landscape features.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc EEffffeeccttss
Additional remedial measures not recommended.
88..11..33 GGeeoollooggiiccaall ,, tteeccttoonniicc aanndd ssooii ll cchhaarraacctteerr iisstt iiccss
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn PPhhaassee
- Interventions on the ground should occupy the smallest possible surface area.
Excavations must be limited to mandatory in order to construct the projects under
study (e.g. wind turbine construction, construction of access roads).
- For the temporary depositing of the excavated materials, areas of natural vegeta-
tion should be avoided whenever possible.
- To ensure the use of the excavated materials for the required embankments dur-
ing the construction of roads and squares of the WT, sufficient mobile stone pro-
cessing plant will be installed for processing the excavated materials and turn
them suitable for the embankments.
- At the end of the work stone processing plants and any bases will be removed
while any resulting waste will be deposited in legal disposal sites.
- In case of failure of Earthwork balance and redundancy, the appropriate local
agency should be consulted in order to determine the areas of deposition and the
way of disposal of the excavated material.
- Deep and extensive excavations should be avoided where possible and the width
of the access roads should be limited to the necessary extent. The internal roads
should be coated gravel. (3A).
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonnaall PPhhaassee
No additional protective measures proposed during this phase.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc EEffffeeccttss
Not recommended corrective measures. No significant cumulative impacts detected.
88..22 NNaattuurraall EEnnvvii rroonnmmeenntt
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 254
88..22..11 FFlloorraa,, vveeggeettaatt iioonn,, hhaabbii ttaatt
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn PPhhaassee
Small-scale environmental impacts mentioned in the previous section will not affect
the natural vegetation, flora and habitats, so it is not necessary to take special meas-
ures to address them.
Regarding the forest formations of the study area it is estimated that no specific or
other compensatory measures are required. As presented in the chapter concerning
the assessment of the impacts, losses of forest vegetation from the proposed project
involve the following forest habitats:
- 92C0: Forests of Platanus orientalis and Liquidambar orientalis (Platanion orien-
talis). Loss of 2,24 ha / 0,09% of the area of habitat in SCI).
- 934A: Greek holm forests. Loss of 0,17 ha / 0,01% of the area of habitat in SCI).
- 9340: Forests with Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia. Loss of 1,83 ha / 0,28%
of the area of habitat in SCI).
The above losses have no significant impact on forest vegetation. No specific com-
pensation measures are therefore required.
Compliance with the conditions and restrictions that will be placed by the licensing
authority and advisory services to all projects is considered to preserve the flora /
vegetation and habitats found in the area.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonnaall PPhhaassee
Impacts on flora, vegetation and habitats are not found during the operational phase.
Compensatory measures are not proposed.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 255
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc EEffffeeccttss
Corrective measures are not required. No significant cumulative impacts are identi-
fied in the study project compared to other projects of similar nature that exist in the
study area.
88..22..22 FFaauunnaa
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn PPhhaassee
No additional measures of protection are recommended during this phase. The sides
of the roads, in some spots, should be constructed with the minimum amount of bro-
ken stones needed and should also be normalized in order to ensure the circulation
of fauna (turtles, invertebrates, etc.).
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonnaall PPhhaassee
No additional protective measures proposed during this phase.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc EEffffeeccttss
No corrective measure required. No significant cumulative impacts identified in the
study project with other projects of similar nature that exist in the study area.
88..22..33 AAvvii ffuuaauunnaa
It is believed that through proper planning of work for the construction of the project
the impact on the species will be moderated significantly. Conducting surveillance
(monitoring) of the impacts during the operational phase of the project is necessary
for at least a year (for specific WFs). Based on the results of scientific monitoring,
e.g. if problems concerning wild birds are observed, the operation of the projects will
be adjusted accordingly.
For WFs D4, D6, D8 it is estimated that the overall impact on bird populations is of
low significance , therefore no corrective interventions or other measures are re-
quired.
For WFs D3, D4, D5, where the significance of the impact on the Eagle Owl was
evaluated as potentially moderate (D4, based on past records of the species in the
area), or moderate (D3 and D5, based on the surveys of 2006 and 2010), the imple-
mentation of systematic monitoring is not proposed because:
- WF D4 is located at a sufficient distance (> 1km) from the locations of the older
records concerning the species
- The recording of Eagle Owl in WF D3 took place at the boundaries of the zones B
and C (1km)
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 256
- In WF D5 sufficient mitigation has already occurred
For WFs D1, D2, D7 the implementation of systematic monitoring is proposed
during the operating phase for at least a year. Based on the results of the scientific
monitoring, e.g. in case of observed problems on the wild birds, the operation of the
wind farms will be adjusted accordingly. These WFs are either in close proximity
(<1km) with observation points of Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo, D1, D7), or are associated
with the fairly strong presence of Short-toed (Snake) Eagle (Circaetus gallicus)
(D1,D2,D7) and Bonelli’s Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) (D1, D2) .
Regarding the cumulative effects (moderate for the above 3 species), it is estimated
that the impact would be mitigated significantly with the proposed measures (low
significance).
88..33 HHuummaann eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt
88..33..11 LLaanndd UUssee
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn PPhhaassee
Significant changes in land use are not detected by the construction of the proposed
project. The installation of wind turbines has mainly to do with locations in mountain-
ous areas of south Evia. At these locations the use of land is limited mainly due to
the condition of the soil which is not suitable for any use. Regarding the roadwork
mentioned, this is designed with the basic view to occupy the smallest area possible,
therefore no major changes are going to take place in the existing or future land use.
The impacts consist mainly of change of land use at the locations of construction of
the WT, the road construction zone and the connecting zone of the electric power
network. Compared to the benefits, these impacts are both at a local and ultra-local
level (developing and environmental) within acceptable limits.
Additional protection measures not required.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonnaall PPhhaassee
The operation of the project is not associated with changes in existing or planned
land use of the study area. Therefore, it seems not appropriate to take remedial
measures.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc EEffffeeccttss
No remedial action is recommended, since there seems not to be an issue of syner-
gistic impacts on land use. In any case, all interventions should be kept to a minimum
level.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 257
88..33..22 BBuuii ll tt EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn PPhhaassee
No impact is expected on the built environment of the study area, therefore no reme-
dial measures are suggested. It is important to mention that according to the test cri-
teria of the Spatial Planning for the RES, the required distances from settlements etc.
are held. In addition the demand for required minimum noise level is preserved at the
boundaries of the above residential activities, e.g. less than 45 db.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonnaall PPhhaassee
The operation of the project is not associated with changes in the built environment
of the study area. Therefore, it seems not appropriate to take remedial measures.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc EEffffeeccttss
No corrective measures recommended. No significant cumulative impacts identified
in the built environment of the study area.
88..33..33 HHiissttoorr iiccaall aanndd CCuull ttuurraall EEnnvvii rroonnmmeenntt
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn PPhhaassee
No remedial measures are recommended to protect the historic and cultural envi-
ronment of the region. At this stage, no impact is expected on the cultural elements
of interest.
Furthermore it is important to mention that according to the test criteria of the Spatial
Planning for RES, the required distances from places and items of cultural interest
are held.
It has to be noted that in the course of technical work, if any places or objects of his-
torical / cultural interest are revealed, the responsible departments should be warned.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonnaall PPhhaassee
The operation of the project is not associated with effects on the cultural environment
of the region. Therefore, it is not necessary to take protective measures.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc EEffffeeccttss
No corrective measures required. Cumulative impacts on historic and cultural ele-
ments of the study area are not identified.
88..33..44 SSoocciioo--eeccoonnoommiicc eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt -- TTeecchhnniiccaall IInnff rraasstt rruuccttuurree
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn PPhhaassee
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 258
This phase of the project is not associated with significant effects or changes in so-
cial and / or economic environment of the area in the study. Changes in lifestyle, the
customs, and the historical tradition of the region are not expected. Need for new
housing is not expected, moreover there are no expected changes in the current
model of economic development in the region.
It should also be noted that the project under consideration does not come into con-
flict or contradicting with any current or planned projects and economic development
programs carried out or performed by public services or private sector.
Therefore, there is no need to take protective measures.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonnaall PPhhaassee
No significant impact on the socio-economic environment of the area. Changes in the
existing technical infrastructure are not expected at this phase.
On the contrary, the operation of the project involves the following:
- Employment increase in permanent basis.
- Demand because of the need for repairs and / or modifications of the stations.
The needs in construction (e.g., roads, etc.) will be covered almost entirely by lo-
cal businesses, and the same will happen for a part of the other technical needs
(e.g. some electrical repairs, the ones regarding the PCs etc.).
- An annual flow of visitors for different reasons will be created (exterior mainte-
nance, inspections, reporting etc). Guests will, in fact, support local businesses
(accommodation, food, recreation, etc.). It is important that this demand will not
focus on high season but will be distributed throughout the year. Moreover, the
flow of people results in advertising, with medium effect that the region will be-
come known to a wider circle, which will supply additional flows of visitors.
- Creation of fire safety infrastructure for the protection of the wider area of the pro-
ject. South Evia has been, indeed, tested repeatedly by intense forest fires. Main
reason for their wide spread is the late notification of the relevant services about
the start of the fire along with the inability to reach the fire by land (fire trucks,
land troops of firefighters). By installing the eight (8) under study wind farms in
conjunction with the other eight (8) of the same text project, property of TERNA
group, a system of forest roads is created which greatly increases the accessibil-
ity of the area to assist in the fire fighting extinguishing. That in conjunction with
the immediate information of the start of a fire from the security guards and the
workers in the wind farms greatly increases the immediate response, containment
and extinguishing of forest fires, with maximum benefit for the natural environ-
ment and the protected species and habitats in the wider area under study.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 259
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc EEffffeeccttss
No recommended corrective measures. No significant cumulative impacts identified
in the socio-economic environment of the area in the study and the existing technical
infrastructure.
88..33..55 AAttmmoosspphheerriicc eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn PPhhaassee
The project is not associated with serious impact on the atmospheric environment.
Any impact would be of small scale and located only in the construction phase of the
project, and specifically in the technical work to be performed. Specifically:
Increase in dust and suspended particles during the construction phase of the project
will occur, however by pouring water at the construction zones, which is suggested
as an environmental term above, it will not be too much and will not bring problems to
the people living in the surrounding areas.
It will not create smoke emissions of aerosols and toxic gases, either during the con-
struction phase or during the operational phase of the WFs.
Frequent wetting of all areas is suggested (e.g. road construction zones, worksites,
wind farm construction sites, etc) to reduce dust and suspended particles from the
ongoing technical work.
It is suggested to keep the existing limits, as set and applied for the proper condition
of the atmospheric quality.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonnaall PPhhaassee
The project under study does not emit pollutants in the atmosphere. On the contrary,
the project will contribute to the reduction of pollutant emissions by substituting the
production of electricity from conventional forms (with wind which is a mild form of
energy). The project does not cause change in the broader climate of the region
since it does not depend on or does not affect other climatic data (temperature, hu-
midity, etc.).
Therefore, protective measures are not required at this stage.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc EEffffeeccttss
Corrective measures are not required. No Significant cumulative impact on the at-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 260
mospheric environment of the region under study found. In any case, it could be stat-
ed that, any cumulative effects are positive, since the operation of all the wind parks
will contribute jointly to the improvement of the atmosphere and the reduction of
greenhouse gases.
88..33..66 AAccoouusstt iicc eennvvii rroonnmmeenntt,, vviibbrraatt iioonnss,, rraaddiiaatt iioonn
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn PPhhaassee
While in the construction phase of the project a slight increase in the amount of noise
from the work to be done is expected. This increase is focused on the technical work
zones, which means that it is identified in place and time. By the time the project
ends the produced noise from the construction sites and the movement of vehicles
will stop. In any case, because the project installation area is uninhabited, this matter
is of low importance from an environmental point of view.
Significant levels of noise or radiation are not produced during this phase. Protective
measures proposed are as follows:
√ Acoustic environment
Keeping the existing provisions for noise emission limits.
√ Vibrations
Keeping the existing provisions for vibration emission limits
√ Radiation
Keeping the existing provisions on limits of exposure to electromagnetic radiation.
There is no need for other protective or preventive measures during this phase.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonnaall PPhhaassee
√ Acoustic environment
Based on the calculations performed and the study of noise contours for the pro-
posed WFs does not seem to indicate a major problem or a problem worth mention-
ing for the human environment and its inhabitants. The noise contour curve of 45 dB
does not include the presence of residents or settlements which could be affected by
the noise. Health problems of residents or other nuisance for species are not ex-
pected in any way. In any case the project under study appears to meet noise emis-
sion limits.
In addition, regarding the other settlements located in the greater area of the project
it is mentioned that the noise levels are far less than 45 db
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 261
Considering all of the above no additional measures are suggested.
√ Vibrations
This phase of the project does not involve vibration emissions. Therefore there are
no particular protective measures suggested.
√ Radiation
This phase of the project does not involve radiation emissions. Therefore there are
no particular protective measures suggested, besides those taken during the plan-
ning phase regarding the following:
a) undergrounding the medium voltage network,
b) installing the step up substations 20/150 kV in places considerably far from settle-
ments and residents,
c) plotting the overhead high voltage network in parts where possible, considerably
far from settlements and residents,
d) plotting the elevated high voltage network in parts where there are no delicate us-
es and buildings for delicate uses (e.g. schools, hospitals, homes for the elderly) and
in great distance from such places.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc EEffffeeccttss
Not recommended taking corrective measures, since there are no major synergistic
effects identified.
88..33..77 SSuurr ffaaccee wwaatteerrss aanndd ggrroouunnddwwaatteerr
AA.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn PPhhaassee
The foundation of the WT is not associated with interventions on the water resources
of the region. Regarding road construction and connection to the electricity network it
is indicated that any operations on surface and groundwater resources will not be
conducted. Therefore, no special protective measures suggested.
ΒΒ.. OOppeerraattiioonnaall PPhhaassee
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 262
There is no hazard for water resources (surface and groundwater) in the area during
the operation of the project. Any fluids used for maintenance of the wind turbines it is
suggested to be collected in barrels and transported in special locations for further
processing.
CC.. SSyynneerrggiissttiicc EEffffeeccttss
It is not recommended to take corrective measures.
88..44 AAddddii tt iioonnaall ssppeeccii ff iicc pprrootteecctt iivvee mmeeaassuurreess
Specific protective measures proposed in addition to those enumerated in the pre-
ceding sections are as follows:
Potential risk for abnormal situations
To address potential risks of abnormal situations throughout the course of construc-
tion works it is suggested that the strictest safety standards should be met in order to
exclude any possibility of an accident. It is also proposed to take all measures for fire
protection in case of fire and to minimize the risk of spreading to adjacent areas.
Concerning dealing with the risk of potential oil or other chemicals leak, and in partic-
ular lubricants, the following are suggested in that order:
- Any equipment or vehicle washing in the immediate area of the project is prohib-
ited.
- Any disposal of non-biodegradable substances on the ground or in water receiv-
ers, must be prohibited.
- To deal with any accidents with leakage effects of non-biodegradable substances
and soil and water pollution the necessary measures to confine water contami-
nants, like sawdust, oil confiners, various special biodegradation substances etc.
should be taken.
- Throughout the construction of the project it is proposed the used oils from the
machines to be managed and disposed in special places. The storage and the
transfusion of fuels and oils should be conducted in a way that does not allow
leaks.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 263
For the fields of public benefit
In the context of preventive and precautionary principles it is mentioned that in order
to handle potential downgrade and alteration by garbage, waste material, old ma-
chine parts etc there are the following suggestions:
- In the case of solid waste produced, a system for collecting and sorting should
exist.
- Waste should be transported to certified places for disposal. Temporary deposi-
tion at the main site of the project must be prohibited.
- Burning of any material including garbage should be prohibited at the site of the
project.
For public health
The following measures about public health are suggested:
- The rules for protection against accidents at work should apply for every type of
work to be conducted.
For aesthetics
- By the end of the project any aesthetic interventions must be restored, by gather-
ing and removing any remaining aggregate or other material.
- Any potential damage in vegetation should be contained to the minimum possible
and always in accordance with the suggestions of the relevant forestry depart-
ment. If local restoration is required this must be done solely with local speci-
mens. No other reformations or planting is suggested.
- In case the relevant forestry department finds that the landscape should be re-
stored, this will be conducted according to landscaping designs made after the
suggestions of the forestry departments and approved by them.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 264
99 PPRROOPPOOSSEEDD EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNSS
A) Concised description of the project – activity
11.. TTyyppee ooff aaccttiivviittyy aanndd ggeeooggrraapphhiicc llooccaattiioonn
The project involves the installation and operation of eight (8) wind farms (WF
"Kathara", WF “Anatoli”, WF “Spilia”, WF “Milia”, WF "Platanistos" WF "Paliopyrgos"
WF "Kerasia "WF" Platanos ") with a total installed capacity of 174,8 MW. Administra-
tively the project falls under the Municipalities of Karystos and Marmari, and the
Community of Kafireas.
In summary the project includes:
“Kathara” WF with 14 wind turbines, of 2,3 MW power each and 32,2 MW to-
tal power.
“Anatoli” WF with 7 wind turbines, of 2,3 MW power each and 16,1 MW total
power.
“Spilia” WF with 13 wind turbines of 2,3 MW power each and 28,9 MW total
power.
“Milia” WF with 8 wind turbines of 2,3 MW power each and 18,4 MW total
power.
“Platanistos” WF with 8 wind turbines of 2,3 MW power each and 18,4 MW to-
tal power.
“Paliopyrgos” WF with 8 wind turbines of 2,3 MW power each and 18,4 MW
total power.
“Kerasia” WF with 12 wind turbines of 2,3 MW power each and 27,6 MW total
power.
“Platanos” WF with 6 wind turbines of 2,3 MW power each ande 13,8 MW to-
tal power.
The project includes, among others, the following associated works:
Access roads and internal roads. The total road length is 31,5 km and is divided as
follows: for WF "Platanistos” 2,25 km, for WF "Paliopyrgos” 3,09 km, for W/ F
Kerasia 4,43 km, for WF "Spilia” 4,27 km, for W/ F "Platanos” 3,96 km, for W/ F
Kathara” 8,81 km, for W/ F “Milia” 655 m, for W/ F “Anatoli” 4,07 km. The roads
have been studied with a speed of 20 km / h and satisfy the requirements of the
Ministry of Rural Development and Food for the opening of C Class forest roads.
During the design the specifications - technical requirements for the safe movement
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 265
of vehicles transporting features of wind turbines and pillars to their instalment area
were taken into account. The road width is 5,00 m, the maximum longitudinal slope
is 12%, the minimum curvature radius is 25 m with corresponding road surface
widening.
Medium Voltage 20 kV or 33 kV (Underground) Network between control cabins
and the three step-up substations. The medium voltage network follows the existing
forest roads and new drilled roads as planned. The total route length of under-
ground cable on existing roads is estimated at about 99,7 km and the total length of
the route for the proposed new road is estimated at about 9,8 km. Additionally, the
same channel of the planned route is provided for the installation of optic fibers..
Control cabins within the installation area of any WF, of 72 m2. From this place the
control and protection of the WF layout is performed. The CC hosts the installation
of the central electrical connection equipment of the WF with the PPC network and
remote monitoring, control and security system. Additionally, it has the necessary
micro repair and storage spaces of the necessary tools, consumables, spare parts,
etc., and changing room and WC for hygiene reasons of the maintenance staff. The
building will be designed appropriately to meet the regulations and operational re-
quirements of the WF while the exterior design will follow the possible architecture
of buildings in the region.
Three step up substations 20/150 kV (S/S 1 "Amygdalea", S/S 2 "Antia" S/S 3
"Plataistos" In Substation 1 "Amygdalea" the wind farms “Kathara” and “Anatoli” will
be connected, in substation 2 "Antia” the wind farm “Kerasia” will be connected and
in substation 3 “Platanistos” the wind farms “Spilia”, “Milia”, “Platanistos”,
”Palaiopyrgos” and “Platanos” will be connected.
-High voltage 150 kV (Overhead - Underground). The line, length of about 22,658
km, starts from the first substation, S/S1 “Amygdalea” and ends at position
Mpouros at the southernmost tip of the island, with a north – south direction. The
line is overhead, apart from a section approximately 700 m at the southern end,
where it goes underground. This is the first part of the project of the new high volt-
age transmission line 150 kV.
- High voltage 150 kV (Underwater) (Karystos - Rafina). This line is the second part
of the overall project of new 150 kV transmission line which consists of three sub-
sections. The underwater link Evia - Attica is the second part of the high Voltage
line (H.V.L.) 150 kV which will be immersed in the seabed of the wider area of
Peralion Bay in South Evia. It has a total length of approximately 45 km and will
connect the first section of the line from the side of Evia (landing point in the rocky
side of the site "Mpouros") with the landing point in Attca, Rafina.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 266
- High voltage 150 kV (Underground) (Rafina – Pallini Substation). The high voltage
transmission line between Rafina and Pallini substation (the third part of the new
transmission line) will be underground throughout its length, around 22 km, and will
consist of two circuits. The landing point will be on the east coast of Attica and spe-
cifically in the area of Rafina.
22.. MMaaiinn tteecchhnniiccaall ffeeaattuurreess ooff tthhee pprroojjeecctt
22..11 ““KKaatthhaarraa”” WWiinndd FFaarrmm
The “Kathara” wind farm is located to Kathara position (Municipality of Marmari,
Community of Kafirea) in the region of south Evia, as shown in the drawings and
maps of the Environmental Impact Study submitted to the Special Environmental
Service (SES) of Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. This wind
farm consists of 14 wind turbines, power 2, 3 MW each, with a rotor diameter of 71 m
and pillar height 62,85 m. The total installed power in "Kathara" WF is 32, 2 MW.
The geographic coordinates (Hellenic Geodetic Reference System '87) that define
the installation area of wind turbines and wind turbine position are listed in the follow-
ing table (K= Polygon Vertex, A/Γ = WT, O.E. = CC):
V/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation field vertices)
Χ Y
K1 545.049 4.218.810
K2 545.310 4.218.668
K3 545.543 4.218.105
K4 545.686 4.217.979
K5 546.320 4.218.390
K6 546.563 4.218.735
K7 546.859 4.218.892
K8 546.961 4.218.660
K9 546.734 4.218.544
K10 546.577 4.218.321
K11 546.722 4.218.141
K12 546.856 4.217.898
K13 546.998 4.217.663
K14 547.189 4.217.546
K15 547.433 4.217.451
K16 547.701 4.217.235
K17 547.863 4.216.994
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 267
V/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation field vertices)
Χ Y
K18 548.013 4.216.814
K19 548.326 4.216.663
K20 548.217 4.216.438
K21 547.856 4.216.612
K22 547.662 4.216.844
K23 547.514 4.217.065
K24 547.307 4.217.232
K25 547.078 4.217.321
K26 546.815 4.217.482
K27 546.639 4.217.773
K28 546.513 4.218.001
K29 546.399 4.218.144
K30 545.662 4.217.673
K31 545.340 4.217.951
K32 545.110 4.218.489
K33 544.867 4.218.635
S/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation positions)
Χ Y
AΓ1 545.018 4.218.670
AΓ2 545.210 4.218.578
AΓ3 545.320 4.218.288
AΓ4 545.442 4.218.028
AΓ5 545.675 4.217.827
AΓ6 545.858 4.217.938
AΓ7 546.543 4.218.466
AΓ8 546.850 4.218.749
AΓ9 547.134 4.217.433
AΓ10 547.370 4.217.341
AΓ11 547.607 4.217.150
AΓ12 547.762 4.216.919
AΓ13 547.934 4.216.713
AΓ14 548.159 4.216.605
O.E. 546.544 4.218.184
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 268
22..22 ““AAnnaattoollii”” WWiinndd FFaarrmm
“Anatoli” wind farm is located in Anatoli position (C. Kafireas) in the region of south-
eastern Evia, as shown in the drawings and maps of the Environmental Impact Study
submitted to the Special Environmental Service (SES) of Ministry of Environment,
Energy and Climate Change. This WF consists of 7 turbines, power 2,3 MW each,
with a rotor diameter of 71 m and pillar height 62,85 m. The total installed power in
"Anatoli" WF is 16,1 MW.
The geographic coordinates (HGRS 87) of the points that define the installation area
of wind turbines and wind turbine position are listed in the following table (K= Polygon
Vertex, A/Γ = WT, O.E. = CC):
V/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation field vertices)
Χ Y
K1 546.942 4.218.905
K2 547.192 4.218.955
K3 547.381 4.219.046
K4 548.020 4.219.176
K5 548.402 4.219.429
K6 548.642 4.219.481
K7 548.813 4.219.576
K8 549.089 4.219.853
K9 549.266 4.219.676
K10 548.965 4.219.374
K11 548.731 4.219.245
K12 548.504 4.219.195
K13 548.128 4.218.949
K14 547.466 4.218.809
K15 547.272 4.218.716
K16 546.988 4.218.659
S/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation positions)
Χ Y
AΓ1 547.024 4.218.793
AΓ2 548.074 4.219.063
AΓ3 548.266 4.219.183
AΓ4 548.453 4.219.312
AΓ5 548.687 4.219.363
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 269
S/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation positions)
Χ Y
AΓ6 548.889 4.219.475
AΓ7 549.045 4.219.632
O.E. 548.191 4.219.106
22..33 ““SSppiilliiaa”” wwiinndd ffaarrmm
“Spilia” wind farm is located in Anatoli position (M. Marmari, M. Karystos) in the re-
gion of southeastern Evia, as shown in the drawings and maps of the Environmental
Impact Study submitted to the Special Environmental Service (SES) of Ministry of
Environment, Energy and Climate Change. This WF consists of 13 turbines, power
2,3 MW each, with a rotor diameter of 71 m and pillar height 62,85 m. The total in-
stalled power in "Milia" WF is 29,9 MW.
The geographic coordinates (HGRS 87) of the points that define the installation area
of wind turbines and wind turbine position are listed in the following table (K= Polygon
Vertex, A/Γ = WT, O.E. = CC):
V/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation field vertices)
Χ Y
K1 537.722 4.216.656
Κ2 538.032 4.216.125
Κ3 538.424 4.215.679
Κ4 538.591 4.215.550
Κ5 538.878 4.215.477
Κ6 539.022 4.215.228
Κ7 539.584 4.214.840
Κ8 539.705 4.214.498
Κ9 539.654 4.214.082
Κ10 539.785 4.213.567
Κ11 540.164 4.213.205
Κ12 539.988 4.213.028
Κ13 539.565 4.213.428
Κ14 539.401 4.214.069
Κ15 539.449 4.214.470
Κ16 539.375 4.214.680
Κ17 538.834 4.215.054
Κ18 538.714 4.215.261
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 270
V/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation field vertices)
Χ Y
Κ19 538.479 4.215.321
Κ20 538.250 4.215.497
Κ21 537.826 4.215.981
Κ22 537.506 4.216.530
S/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation positions)
Χ Y
AΓ1 537.813 4.216.271
AΓ2 537.897 4.216.103
AΓ3 538.027 4.215.944
AΓ4 538.159 4.215.796
AΓ5 538.301 4.215.649
AΓ6 538.434 4.215.504
AΓ7 538.616 4.215.417
AΓ8 538.813 4.215.328
AΓ9 538.921 4.215.148
AΓ10 539.075 4.215.014
AΓ11 539.240 4.214.913
AΓ12 539.384 4.214.806
AΓ13 539.548 4.214.672
O.E. 538.679 4.215.381
22..44 ““MMiilliiaa”” wwiinndd ffaarrmm
“Milia” wind farm is located in Milia position (C. Kafirea) in the region of southeastern
Evia, as shown in the drawings and maps of the Environmental Impact Study submit-
ted to the Special Environmental Service (SES) of Ministry of Environment, Energy
and Climate Change. This WF consists of 8 turbines, power 2,3 MW each, with a ro-
tor diameter of 71 m and pillar height 62,85 m. The total installed power in "Milia" WF
is 18,4 MW.
The geographic coordinates (HGRS 87) of the points that define the installation area
of wind turbines and wind turbine position are listed in the following table (K= Polygon
Vertex, A/Γ = WT, O.E. = CC):
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 271
V/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation field vertices)
Χ Y
K1 542.475 4.212.645
K2 542.981 4.212.368
K3 543.053 4.212.261
K4 542.884 4.212.065
K5 542.812 4.212.173
K6 542.353 4.212.427
K7 543.173 4.212.075
K8 543.722 4.212.191
K9 544.267 4.212.438
K10 544.267 4.212.149
K11 543.776 4.211.912
K12 543.221 4.211.784
S/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation positions)
Χ Y
AΓ1 542.853 4.212.300
AΓ2 543.260 4.211.936
AΓ3 543.434 4.211.964
AΓ4 543.604 4.212.030
AΓ5 543.746 4.212.042
AΓ6 543.889 4.212.083
AΓ7 544.040 4.212.206
AΓ8 544.194 4.212.258
O.E. 543.416 4.211.892
22..55 ““PPllaattaanniissttooss”” WWiinndd ffaarrmm
“Platanistos” wind farm is located in Platanistos position (M. Karystos) in the region of
southeastern Evia, as shown in the drawings and maps of the Environmental Impact
Study submitted to the Special Environmental Service (SES) of Ministry of Environ-
ment, Energy and Climate Change. This WF consists of 8 turbines, power 2,3 MW
each, with a rotor diameter of 71 m and pillar height 62,85 m. The total installed pow-
er in "Platanistos" WF is 18,4 MW.
The geographic coordinates (HGRS 87) of the points that define the installation area
of wind turbines and wind turbine position are listed in the following table (K= Polygon
Vertex, A/Γ = WT, O.E. = CC):
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 272
V/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation field vertices)
Χ Y
K1 542.517 4.208.509
Κ2 542.841 4.208.486
Κ3 543.289 4.208.554
Κ4 543.542 4.208.459
Κ5 543.779 4.208.306
Κ6 544.119 4.208.153
Κ7 544.016 4.207.925
Κ8 543.659 4.208.086
Κ9 543.429 4.208.235
Κ10 543.256 4.208.299
Κ11 542.859 4.208.234
Κ12 542.499 4.208.260
Κ13 542.756 4.207.898
Κ14 543.372 4.207.621
Κ15 543.802 4.207.342
Κ16 544.165 4.207.245
Κ17 544.101 4.207.004
Κ18 543.708 4.207.108
Κ19 543.246 4.207.403
Κ20 542.653 4.207.670
S/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation positions)
Χ Y
AΓ1 542.633 4.208.376
AΓ2 542.850 4.208.360
AΓ3 543.060 4.208.405
AΓ4 543.273 4.208.427
AΓ5 543.485 4.208.347
AΓ6 543.719 4.208.196
AΓ7 542.819 4.207.732
AΓ8 543.078 4.207.614
O.E. 542.746 4.208.366
22..66 ““PPaallaaiiooppyyrrggooss”” wwiinndd ffaarrmm
“Palaiopyrgos” wind farm is located in Palaiopirgos position (M. Karystos, C. Kafirea)
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 273
in the region of southeastern Evia, as shown in the drawings and maps of the Envi-
ronmental Impact Study submitted to the Special Environmental Service (SES) of
Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. This WF consists of 8 tur-
bines, power 2,3 MW each, with a rotor diameter of 71 m and pillar height 62,85 m.
The total installed power in "Palaiopyrgos" WF is 18,4 MW.
The geographic coordinates (HGRS 87) of the points that define the installation area
of wind turbines and wind turbine position are listed in the following table (K= Polygon
Vertex, A/Γ = WT, O.E. = CC):
V/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation field vertices)
Χ Y
K1 548.285 4.208.330
Κ2 548.820 4.208.152
Κ3 549.398 4.208.027
Κ4 549.617 4.208.154
Κ5 550.042 4.208.261
Κ6 550.395 4.208.234
Κ7 550.375 4.207.985
Κ8 550.053 4.208.010
Κ9 549.674 4.207.915
Κ10 549.449 4.207.758
Κ11 548.760 4.207.908
Κ12 548.209 4.208.092
S/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation positions)
Χ Y
AΓ1 548.366 4.208.173
AΓ2 548.790 4.208.030
AΓ3 549.213 4.207.942
AΓ4 549.424 4.207.893
AΓ5 549.625 4.208.036
AΓ6 549.832 4.208.099
AΓ7 550.075 4.208.132
AΓ8 550.260 4.208.119
O.E. 549.108 4.207.972
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 274
22..77 ““KKeerraassiiaa”” wwiinndd ffaarrmm
“Kerasia” wind farm is located in Kerasia position (M. Marmari, C. Kafirea) in the re-
gion of southeastern Evia, as shown in the drawings and maps of the Environmental
Impact Study submitted to the Special Environmental Service (SES) of Ministry of
Environment, Energy and Climate Change. This WF consists of 12 turbines, power
2,3 MW each, with a rotor diameter of 71 m and pillar height 62,85 m. The total in-
stalled power in "Kerasia" WF is 27,6 MW.
The geographic coordinates (HGRS 87) of the points that define the installation area
of wind turbines and wind turbine positions are listed in the following table (K= Poly-
gon Vertex, A/Γ = WT, O.E. = CC):
V/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation field vertices)
Χ Y
K1 542.457 4.214.897
K2 542.781 4.214.974
K3 543.048 4.214.868
K4 543.298 4.214.863
K5 543.551 4.214.769
K6 544.088 4.214.706
K7 544.388 4.214.753
K8 544.631 4.214.466
K9 544.781 4.214.359
K10 545.847 4.213.963
K11 545.753 4.213.731
K12 544.666 4.214.134
K13 544.461 4.214.281
K14 544.288 4.214.484
K15 544.096 4.214.455
K16 543.490 4.214.525
K17 543.251 4.214.614
K18 542.998 4.214.619
K19 542.762 4.214.712
K20 542.515 4.214.654
S/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation positions)
Χ Y
AΓ1 542.952 4.214.775
AΓ2 543.186 4.214.744
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 275
S/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation positions)
Χ Y
AΓ3 543.356 4.214.699
AΓ4 543.507 4.214.636
AΓ5 543.685 4.214.603
AΓ6 544.768 4.214.242
AΓ7 544.931 4.214.175
AΓ8 545.093 4.214.105
AΓ9 545.261 4.214.060
AΓ10 545.424 4.213.985
AΓ11 545.595 4.213.941
AΓ12 545.770 4.213.899
O.E. 545.209 4.214.086
22..88 ““PPllaattaannooss”” wwiinndd ffaarrmm
“Platanos” wind farm is located in Platanos position (M. Marmari, ) in the region of
southeastern Evia, as shown in the drawings and maps of the Environmental Impact
Study submitted to the Special Environmental Service (SES) of Ministry of Environ-
ment, Energy and Climate Change. This WF consists of 6 turbines, power 2,3 MW
each, with a rotor diameter of 71 m and pillar height 62,85 m. The total installed pow-
er in "Platanos" WF is 13,8 MW..
The geographic coordinates (HGRS 87) of the points that define the installation area
of wind turbines and wind turbine position are listed in the following table (K= Polygon
Vertex, A/Γ = WT, O.E. = CC):
V/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation field vertices)
Χ Y
K1 538.827 4.216.509
Κ2 539.070 4.216.388
Κ3 539.308 4.216.082
Κ4 539.493 4.216.085
Κ5 539.931 4.215.906
Κ6 539.837 4.215.674
Κ7 539.446 4.215.834
Κ8 539.200 4.215.830
Κ9 538.902 4.216.192
Κ10 538.714 4.216.285
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 276
S/N HGRS 87 (wind turbines installation positions)
Χ Y
AΓ1 538.846 4.216.369
AΓ2 538.997 4.216.262
AΓ3 539.102 4.216.121
AΓ4 539.239 4.215.996
AΓ5 539.418 4.215.948
AΓ6 539.595 4.215.908
O.E. 539.019 4.216.210
The positions of the polygon vertices and the turbines of these eight (8) WF are pre-
sented in certified topographic …., ….., ….., …… and certified maps …., ….., …..,
accompanying the Environmental Impact Study of the project.
22..99 WWiinndd ttuurrbbiinnee ffeeaattuurreess
The project will consist of 76 wind turbines, power 2,3 MW each. The exploitation of
wind power will be achieved with a rotor diameter of 71 m and pillar height 62,85 m.
Other technical features are presented below:
Hub height: 64 m.
Blade Length: 32,8 m.
Weight: 153 tn.
Tip Diameter: 2,00 m.
Base diameter: 4,20 m.
Nominal Voltage: 400 Volt.
Nominal frequency: 50 Hz.
Power setting: Variable speed - blade angle setting.
Blade Number: 3.
Blade speed: 22 - 80 m/s.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 277
Cut-in wind speed: 2,5 m/s approximately.
Cut-out wind speed: 28 – 34 m/s approximately.
22..1100 AAcccceessss rrooaaddss aanndd iinntteerrnnaall rrooaaddss
For access to the premises of WF and for the interconnection between the turbines the construction of roads (access roads and internal roads) total length of 31,5 km will be required. The work includes road improvements for specific parts for the ser-vice needs of the project.
The total road length is divided as follows: for WF “Platanistos” 2,25 km, for WF “Paliopyrgos” 3,09 km, for WF “Kerasia” 4,43 km, for WF “Spilia” 4,27 km, for WF “Platanos” 3,96 km, for WF “Kathara” 8,81 km, for WF “Milia” 655 m, for WF “Anatoli” 4,07 km.
The roads have been studied for speed of 20 km / h and satisfy the requirements of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food for the opening of C Class forest roads. During the design the specifications - technical requirements for the safe movement of vehicles transporting special features of wind turbines and pillars to the installation area have been taken into account
The geometric characteristics are as follows:
Road width 5,00 m.
Maximum longitudinal slope 12%.
Minimum radius of curvature 25 m.
Minimum radius of curvature at manoeuvre 15 m with corresponding road sur-
face widening.
There will be lining of the slopes of the embankment with topsoil that will come from
soil cleaning before excavation.
To protect the roads from the rain there will be trench digging to drain the natural re-cipients and construction of necessary culverts at these positions.
Also, smoothing down the trough resulting from the excavation with gravel layer in thickness 0,20 m along the road will be required.
For the construction of roads a total of nearly 230.000 m3 of rock excavation and semi rocky land will be required and all will be available for the construction of em-bankments in equal amounts.
The total quantity, based on pre measurement, approximately 32.000 m3, suitable for
crushing rock material required for the purpose of road building (base and subbase
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 278
layers), will be saved by appropriate excavated material excess, or roads or assem-
bly of wind turbines squares.
Illustration of access roads and internal roads shown on certified topographics ….,
….., ….., …… and certified maps …., ….., ….., accompanying the Environmental Im-
pact Assessment of the project.
2.11 Medium Voltage Network 20kV or 33kV (Underground)
Wind turbines in the wind farm will generate electricity using modern three-phase
generators at 400 V and a frequency of 50 Hz. In each turbine there will be local ste
up transformer 0,40 / 20 kV, 2500 kVA. The cables will be guided into Control Cabine
of each wind park in the General MV Panel. Each turbine will have M/ V Lift 1/20 kV,
3140 kVA, while in the base of the pillar a panel will be installed to protect the M/V lift
from errors of medium voltage network (MVN).
The turbines of each station are interconnected with an underground cable that will follow mostly the development of internal roads, and will lead in the Control Cabin of the Wind Farm, the General MV Panel.
The general MV Panel in the control cabin will consist of inputs (one for each sector), one measurement and protection field, one field that feeds the local T/S service 20/0, 4 kV and one or more output fields, to the underground medium voltage network which will connect the wind farm to the S / S 20/150 kV. The auxiliary voltage of the S / S is secured by M / V 20/0, 4 kV, 50 kVA from the busbars of 20 kV.
There will be a grounding network to protect the wind farm. In each wind turbine grounding will be installed from galvanized copper tape with suitable supports and fittings, which will form loops around the wind turbine pad. The foundation grounding will be strengthened with the connection with the armor wind turbine pad and with 4 type E grounding switches.
Foundation grounding will be installed and in the control cabin of the wind farm. A Cu conductor will be placed under the surface of each foundation as in the channel with the underground cable M/V. All the above grounding systems will be interconnected and linked with the grounding grid in each local S /S and control cabin of the wind farm. The size of the grounding conductors and the grounding generally will be such as to achieve a satisfactory ground resistance value.
In the channel of underground cables, apart from the wires and ground wire, optic fiber cable will be placed to control the turbines, which will happen in a separate room of the Control Cabin of the wind farm, which will be the only building of the wind farm.
The routes (channels) of the underground cables for interconnection of each wind
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 279
turbine will follow the route of the internal road network of the wind farm, and then
along the existing or new road network to the S/S 20/150 kV.
Illustration of the medium voltage network is presented in certified topographics ….,
….., ….., …… and certified maps …., ….., ….., accompanying the Environmental Im-
pact Assessment of the project.
22..1122 CCoonnttrrooll CCaabbiinnss
Within the installation area of each WF the construction of a ground floor Control
Cabin (CC) area of 72 m2 is provided. From the cabin, the WF control and the pro-
tection will be carried out.
The CC will host the installation of the central electrical connection equipment of the
WF with the PPC network and remote monitoring, control and security system. More-
over, it will have the necessary micro repairs spaces and storage of the necessary
tools, consumables, spare parts, etc., as well as changing room and WC for mainte-
nance staff.
The building must meet the regulations and operational requirements of WF, while
the exterior design will follow, at the possible, the architecture of buildings in the re-
gion.
Illustration of the Control Cabin installation points is presented in certified
topographics …., ….., ….., …… and certified maps …., ….., ….., accompanying the
Environmental Impact Assessment of the project.
22..1133 SStteepp uupp ssuubbssttaattiioonnss
Three (3) step up substations 20/150kV will be constructed in the positions illustrated
in the certified topographic maps …., ….., …… For the step up S/S 20/150kV apply
the following:
In Substation 1 “Amygdalea” the wind farms “Kathara” and “Anatoli” will be connect-ed, of total power 48,3 MW, through the underground medium voltage cables.
It consists of two power transformers 40/50 MVA voltage 150/20 kV, coupling Dyn1, with the possibility of grounding direct of through resistance and will be equipped with high-current transformers high and medium voltage. Each T/S will have power switch, and motor connector.
Busbars HV 150 kV will be simple, common to both transformers. The gate of the 150 kV line will consist of a motor circuit breaker, breaker, voltage and current trans-former for protection and measurements, disconnector and grounding switch. The busbars MV 20 kV of each transformer are independent. But their connection via
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 280
power switch will be possible. At each busbar MV the underground M/V cables from the four wind farms are connected, by three. Each gate has sliding switch, grounding switch and power transformer for protection.
The area required for the installation of the substation is 8 acres.
In Substation 2 "Antia" the wind farm “Kerasia”, total power 27,6 MW, will be con-nected through the underground medium voltage cables.
It consists of four transformers, one 20/25 MVA power and three 40/50 MVA power, all of voltage 150/20 kV, coupling Dyn1, with the grounding ability direct or through resistance and will be equipped with high-current transformers high and medium voltage. Each transformer will have power switch, and two motor disconnectors.
Busbars HV 150 kV will be dual coupling switch. There are three gate lines 150 kV. Each gate will consist of two motor disconnectors, circuit breakers, voltage and cur-rent transformers for protection and measurements, disconnector and grounding switch. The Busbars MV 20 kV of each transformer are independent. It will be possi-ble to connect them via the power switch. In MV busbars underground lines MV from five wind farms will be connected through breakers. Each gate will have slide switch, grounding switch and transformer for protection.
The area will required for installation of this substation is 16 acres..
To Substation 3 "Platanistos" the wind farms “Spilia”, “Milia”, “Platanistos” and “Platanos”, total power 98,9 MW, will be connected.
It consists of four transformers, one 20/25 MVA power and three 40/50 MVA power, everyone voltage 150/20 kV, coupling Dyn1, with the possibility of grounding direct or through resistance and will be equipped with and medium voltage current transform-ers. Each transformer will have a power switch, and two motor disconnectors.
Busbars HV 150 kV will be dual with coupling switch. There will be 4 gate lines 150 kV. Each gate will consist of two motor disconnectors, circuit breakers, voltage and current transformers for protection and measurements, disconnect and grounding switch. Busbars MV 20 kV of each transformer are independent. It will be possible to connect them via the power switch. In MV busbars the underground M/V line of sev-en wind farms will be connected through breakers. Each gate will have sliding switch, grounding switch and transformer for protection.
The area required for installation of this substation is 19 acres.
22..1144 HHiigghh VVoollttaaggee NNeettwwoorrkk ((OOvveerrhheeaadd -- UUnnddeerrggrroouunndd))
For interconnection of wind farms with the power system of the country new trans-
mission line 150 kV will be built. The line, length of about 22,658 km, starts from the
first substation, "Amygdalea", near the eponymous municipal district, and ends at po-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 281
sition Mpouros the southernmost tip of the island, and has a north – south direction.
The line will be overhead, except for a portion of about 700 m at the southern end,
where it goes underground. The line consists of three subsections, for which the fol-
lowing apply:
The first subsection of the line is single circuit and will have 24 optical fibers (18 sin-
gle mode fiber G652 / 6 single mode fiber G655). This section has only a three-phase
circuit conductors for aerial transport of electricity. The length of the line is 10 km with
about 30 pillars. The line has potential for physical power 56 MW, thermal limit of 138
MVA and summer 117 MVA.
The towers of all types are based on the ground with four legs and have independent
concrete foundation each. Different types of foundation have been standardized
which are used depending on the strength and composition of the soil. The distance
between two successive towers is on average 350 m. This distance can be varied
and adjusted depending on configuration and usage conditions of the soil.
The specific route is defined by the points illustrated in the table below and in the cor-
responding topographic map no. ……...
S/N/ Χ Y Κ1 549490.053 4219079.928 Κ2 548895.188 4219037.963 Κ3 547964.892 4218538.219 Κ4 547815.868 4218280.805 Κ5 547701.077 4217868.464 Κ6 547137.973 4216882.774 Κ7 546869.746 4216559.256 Κ8 546108.626 4215470.000
Κ9ΞΚ6* 546012.595 4214303.846 Κ5* 546037.593 4214304.164 Κ4* 546769.364 4214699.191 Κ3* 547204.699 4214837.096 Κ2* 547898.172 4214868.199 Κ1* 548793.157 4215000.000
The second sub-section of the line is three phased double circuit and will bear 24 op-
tic fiber (18 single mode fiber G652 / 6 single mode fiber G655 in each circuit). The
length of the line is 5 km with 20 pillars around. The line has a potential for physical
strength 2x64 MW, with thermal limit of 2x202 MVA and summer 2x169 MVA.
The distance between the two towers is on average 350 m. This distance can be var-
ied and adjusted depending the configuration and usage conditions of the soil.
This route is defined by the positions shown in the table below and the corresponding
certified topographic chart no……...
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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S/N/ Χ Y Κ9ΞΚ6* 546012.595 4214303.846 Κ10 545903.462 4213675.052 Κ11 545475.000 4213263.133 Κ12 545175.000 4212714.691 Κ13 544801.797 4212278.295
Κ14ΞΚ3* 543105.000 4211461.434 Κ2** 543126.316 4211440.332 Κ1** 543379.968 4211193.433 Κ0** 543384.922 4211168.929
The third sub-section of the line is three phased double circuit and will bear 24 optic
fiber (18 single mode fiber G652 / 6 single mode fiber G655 in each circuit). The
length of the line is 7,6 km with 36 pillars around. The line has a potential for physical
strength 2x64 MW, with thermal limit of 2x202 MVA and summer 2x169 MVA.
The distance between the two towers is on average 350 m. This distance can be var-
ied and adjusted depending on the configuration and usage conditions of the soil.
This route is defined by the positions shown in the table below and the corresponding
certified topographic chart no……...
S/N/ Χ Y Κ14ΞΚ3* 543105.000 4211461.434 Κ15 542500.000 4210692.096 Κ16 5422290.636 4209903.290 Κ17 542481.607 4208790.954 Κ18 542431.390 4208181.568 Κ19 542541.490 4207284.168 Κ20 542701.176 4206900.000 Κ21 543436.127 4206200.067 Κ22 543573.992 4205785.646 Κ23 543841.487 4202507.911 Κ24 543731.874 420288.491 Κ25 543494.803 4201685.491 Κ26 543454.664 4201090.891 Κ27 543344.250 4200355.732 Κ28 543311.345 4200288.413
For the underground end of the interconnection line H/V the following apply:
The last part of the high voltage transmission line 150 kV, approximately 700 m, goes
underground and will consist of six (6) underground, single core, XLPE, 150 kV (170
kV max) power cables with a total length of approximately 6x200 m, with aluminum
conductor (Al) section 1200 mm2, and two single-mode optic fiber cables, which
each carry 24 optical fibers (18 single mode fiber G652 / 6 single mode fiber G655),
total length 2x200 m. The six (6) single core, underground power cables are divided
into two groups in triangular layout. The axial horizontal distance between the two
parallel circuits is 800 mm.
All underground cables will be placed in the trench, depth 1.600 mm, width 1.400
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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mm, length of approximately 200 m to which careful backfilling with suitable natural
excavation soil will be implemented, fully restoring the surface to its original form.
The construction will be in accordance with applicable regulations and the use of
provided safety regulations (grid labeling, protection plates, etc).
In a small area of 40 m x 40 m and approximately 700 m from the landing point in the
Spilia Buros position the terminal will be installed where all overhead conductors will
lead and connect with the underground section.
22..1155 HHiigghh VVoollttaaggee NNeettwwoorrkk115500 kkVV ((UUnnddeerrwwaatteerr)) ((KKaarryyssttooss –– RRaaffiinnaa))
The underwater high voltage line 150 kV AC will have a length of about 45 km and starts from the position Spilia Mpouros at the southernmost tip of the gulf of Karystos and directed initially to the south and then west - northwest approaching the coast of Attica, south Rafina main port where it ends at a landing point little further south.
For the construction of the 150 kV underwater line, two tri - polar armored underwater cables are used carrying successive mantles of protection/insulation of extruded pol-yethylene (XLPE). These modern technology cables consist wholly of solid, stable materials and do not contain volatile substances used in the past (oil cables). The cross section of each cable is 630 mm2 copper and will have 24 optic fiber cable (18 fibers G652 / 6 fibers G655).
The installation of underwater cables between Rafina in Attica and Evia in Spilia Buros Karystos includes the following tasks:
- Installation of cables in underwater trench 1,5 m depth in the seabed and backfilling to protect the cable, after the installation, from the scoastline to the landing point up to sea depth 20m along the underwater path of the cable in both landing points, that is in Mpouros Evia and in Rafina Attica.
- Immersion of underwater cables from special cable ship. The cable in its en-
tire length between the isobaths of 20M on both coasts will be buried at a depth of
1m below seabed using special underwater cable system buried deep with water jet-
ting (jetting).
Illustration of underwater high voltage line 150 kV (Karystos - Rafina) is presented in
certified topographics …., ….., ….., …… and certified maps …., ….., ….., accompa-
nying the Environmental Impact Assessment of the project.
22..1166 HHiigghh VVoollttaaggee NNeettwwoorrkk ((UUnnddeerrggrroouunndd)) ((RRaaffiinnaa –– PPaalliinnii SS//SS))
LLaannddiinngg ppooiinntt iinn eeaasstteerrnn AAtt tt iiccaa ccooaasstt
For the landing point in Attica two underground waterproof connectors (one for each
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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cable) are constructed for the interconnection of underwater cable to land under-
ground cables. Along the coastline and beach area the routing of cables with proper -
standard surface markers is indicated.
At this point six (6) single core underground power cables 150 kV (170 kV max),
XLPE with aluminum conductors (Al) section 1200 mm2, total length of about 6x22
km, and two optic fiber cables, which each carry 24 optical fibers (18 single mode
fiber G652 / 6 single mode fiber G655), total length about 2x22km will end.
All cables will be placed in the trench, depth 1.600 mm, width 1.400 mm and a length
of approximately 22 km.
The six (6) single core underground power cables are divided into two groups in tri-
angular layout. The axial horizontal distance between the two parallel circuits is 800
mm.
Apart from underground, single core cables, into the trench two optic fiber cables,
which each will bear 24 optical fibers (18 single mode fiber G652 / 6 single mode fi-
ber G655), a total length of about 2x22 km will be placed and.
On the side of the Rafina coastline, single core underground cables will end in links
that will connect them to tri polar underwater cables.
Overall, the installation of underwater cables will include the following tasks:
Land trench excavation, depth of about 1,5 m and width 2 m and backfilling to protect
the cable after installation, from the coastline to the connection point with the under-
ground cable at the landing point. The connection to the underground network point
is located approximately 20 m from the shoreline.
MMaaiinn uunnddeerrggrroouunndd HH//VV tt rraannssmmiissssiioonn ll iinnee bbeettwweeeenn RRaaff iinnaa aanndd PPaall ll iinnii SS//SS
The transmission line 150 kV in Attica will be underground throughout its length, ap-
proximately 22 km, and will consist of two circuits. Each circuit would consist of three
single core cables XLPE type bearing aluminum extruded polyethylene mantle for
protection/insulation, section 2.000 mm2, which will be placed in a triangular ar-
rangement, in 80 cm between them, in trench of depth 1,60 m and width of 1, 40 m.
Within the trench for both circuits two optic fiber cables are provided, which each car-
ry 24 fiber (18 single mode fiber G652 / 6 single mode fiber G655), a total length of
about 2 x 22 km.
After the excavation of the trench, a layer of fine coating sand 10 cm thick will be
placed and then the power cables of the circuits will be placed in triangular arrange-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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ment. The wires are covered by fine coating sand in successive layers of total thick-
ness 40 cm, above which concrete plates, thickness 4 cm, are placed for mechanical
protection of cables.
A new layer of quarry sand, thickness 15 cm, follows on top of which the optical fiber
cables are placed, covered by gravel layer, Standard Technical Specifications (STS)
3A 25 cm thickness, which is compressed with hand mixer or light mechanical de-
vice, and concrete protection plates are once again placed. A gravel layer STS 3A 30
cm thickness layer follows, which is splashed and concentrated by hand mixer, and
then wire marking plastic mesh is placed. The remaining 35 cm of gravel will be
backfilled with gravel STS 3A, which will undergo the same concentration, and finally
a layer of 5 cm asphalt will be placed. Wherever there will be link wells, multi core
tinned grounding conductor, section 50 mm2, will be placed in their floor, before the
first layer of coating, which will end as pending inside the link well.
The mantles of underground high voltage cables are crossed and grounded in equal
spaces. Optic fiber cables are attached to the power cables after the cables after be-
ing connected with optic fiber underwater cables, and end as well in the Pallini sub-
station.
The trench will lead parallel and to the occupation end of the following routes:
From the link’s construction place the line will lead into the land area of Rafina port to
the point where the “Alexander Fleming” street lies, so will continue on this road in
2,7 km length and up to the junction with “Marathonos Avenue”. Then it turns south-
west along the “Marathonos Avenue” towards Pallini in 7,4 km length to the point
where “Marathonos Avenue” meets “Plutarchou street”. There it turns to the south
along “Plutarchou street” in 1,5 km length and then west along the adjoining “Attiki
Odos” (2,6 km) and “Leontariou road” (2,8 km) to reach the site of SVC, and connect
to the 150 kV busbars to the Pallini Ultra High Voltage Center.
22..1177 PPaalllliinnii SSuubbssttaattiioonn
The underground single core power cable will be extended to connect with the triple
three-phase busbars 150 kV of Pallini substation (150/400 kV). The trees that are in
the extended position will be removed during the construction phase.
The extension consists of adding two gates for connecting the electrical conductors
in the side of the Pallini 150 kV substation and the installation of all required switches
and measuring electromechanical equipment.
This specific intervention is to take place on the west side of Pallini substation near
the existing fence, which separates it from the neighboring houses.
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Β) Specific emission limits of pollutant loads and concentrations in accord-
ance with the applicable provisions
1. For point broadcasts suspended solids (dust) from construction sites and facilities
of the project the limit of 100 mg/m3, as defined by Article 2 par.d of P.D. 1180-1181
(Gov 293/A/06.10.1981 "On regulating issues related with the establishment and op-
eration of the industry, all kinds of mechanical installations and warehouses and the
protection of the environment in general".
2. For liquid wastes apply the respective Prefectural decisions.
C) Specific noise and vibration limits in accordance with the applicable provi-
sions
1. For equipment noise emissions used by the project worksites apply the provisions
of the Common Ministerial Decision 37393/2028/2003 (Gov 1418/V/2003 "Measures
and conditions for noise emission in the environment by equipment for outdoor use".
2. For the maximum permitted worksite noise limits apply the provisions of P.D. Arti-
cle 3 1180/81 (Gov. 293/A/06.10.1981 " On regulating issues related with the estab-
lishment and operation of the industry, all kinds of mechanical installations and ware-
houses and the protection of the environment in general”.
D) Required construction projects and anti pollution measure or, in general,
addressing environment degradation
1. The following terms, which are obligatory, concern:
The developer,
The departments and agencies responsible for the construction and operation
of the project,
The head managers of the above departments and agencies, who must en-
sure and monitor their implementation and compliance, everyone who from
the position and duties are responsible for the design, approval, tendering,
assignment, monitoring, certification , receiving and other procedures relating
to the construction and operation of the project,
The contractor.
2. During construction and operation of the project, all necessary actions must be
made and all necessary measures must be taken to ensure:
Compliance with the environmental conditions,
The ability to address and restore unpleasant environmental situations due to
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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actions or omissions of the operator in violation of environmental conditions.
3. From appropriations for the construction and operation of the project, the required
expenditures for projects to protect and restore the environment must be firstly en-
sured.
4. For any activity or facility necessary for the construction and operation of the pro-
ject, all the required by the legislation permits and approvals must be administered ,
including the approval of the environmental conditions required for any additional pro-
jects or activities that are not taken under consideration in this decision.
5. Before beginning project construction the character of the area should be exam-
ined by the responsible Forest Service. For interventions in forestry land a decision of
the responsible service should be requested and issued, in accordance with the
terms, conditions and procedures provided by the forest legislation.
6. The developer of the project must provide written notice to the responsible
Ephorates of Antiquities fifteen (15) working days prior to commencement of work,
communicating and the timetable of the work, while chiseling works will be conducted
under the supervision of representatives of these Ephorates.
7. If during the construction project antiquities are detected the works will cease im-
mediately as provided by Article 8 of L.3028/2002 and rescue excavation will be con-
ducted as provided by Article 37 of the above law, from the results of which the direc-
tion of the project will depend on, after consultation with the responsible services of
the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The cost for project supervision, and to conduct
any required rescue excavation, conservation, study and publication of the findings
will be entered in the budget of the project. If such expense exceeds 10% of the pro-
ject budget, a written consent of the developer, after a question from the responsible
department of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, on whether the operator wishes
the continuation or abandonment of the project’s section where antiquities were de-
tected.
8. The developer and contractor must ensure during the deployment phase of the
worksite and the project, the necessary scientific support for the implementation of
the terms of this study that require specialized knowledge in matters relating to the
types of habitats, species of flora / vegetation and fauna / avifauna through collabora-
tion with scientific staff with the necessary training. Any cost for such cooperation will
be borne on the project budget.
9. During construction of the project concern must be taken for the smallest possible
disruption of the natural environment of the project area, so that the adverse effects
of any visual impact, are the smallest possible.
10. The roads (access and internal) should follow, as possible, the terrain and, where
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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possible, avoid major interventions on the ground..
11. Avoid, where possible, deep and extensive excavations, the width of the access
roads should be limited to the extent necessary. Similarly, all necessary flood control
and erosion halting works must be performed, so that there is no fear of deterioration
of the landscape due to the project. The internal roads should be coated gravel (3A).
12. To protect the roads from rainwater a trench must be dug for draining to natural
recipients, and the necessary culverts at these positions must be constructed.
13. The maintenance of the road will be done by the contractor and operator of the
project every year and additionally whenever requested by the Forest Service.
14. The construction of control cabins should be limited to the necessary for this pur-
pose area. Where possible the construction of control cabins should be done in a
way and with materials that enable smooth integration into the environment and aes-
thetics of the area.
15.1 The medium voltage network should be underground and follow the roads (ac-
cess and internal). The high-voltage network, approximately 22,658 km in length, will
start from the first substation, "Amygdalea", near the eponymous municipal district,
and will end at position Mpouros the southernmost tip of the island, with a north –
south direction. The line will be overhead, except for a section of about 700 m at the
southern end, where it is underground. The final routing of the electricity transmission
network must be approved by the competent for this purpose service and manufac-
tured in accordance with the relevant instructions and specifications.
15.2 The underwater high voltage line 150 kV AC will have a length of approximately
45 km and will start from the position “Spilia Buros” located at the southern end of the
gulf of Karystos, directed initially to the south and then west - northwest approaching
the coast of Attica south of the main port of Rafina and ends to the landing point.
During the installation of underwater high voltage line 150 kV is proposed to use wa-
ter jetting technology in order to avoid interfering with the marine ecosystems of the
region such as the priority habitat “Posidonia meadows” (Posidonia oceanic), men-
tioned in Annex I of the Directive 92/43 / EEC. Otherwise the final routing of the elec-
tricity transmission network must be approved by the competent for this purpose ser-
vice and manufactured in accordance with the relevant instructions and specifica-
tions.
15.3 For the connection of underground single core power cables to the triple three-
phase busbars 150 kV of Pallini substations make the necessary expansion. For the
realization of this work there is a need to remove trees that exist in the extended po-
sition. The extension consists of adding two gates for connecting the electrical con-
ductors enclosed in Pallini in the side of the 150 kV substation and the installation of
all required switches and measuring electromechanical equipment. This intervention
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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is to take place on the west side of Pallini substation near the existing fence, which
separates it from the neighboring houses.
16. The step up substations 20/150 kV occupy the most essential for this purpose
area and, if possible, should be made of such materials to allow the smooth integra-
tion into the environment and aesthetics of the area. For the construction and opera-
tion of step up substations the recommendations and standards of the competent
service should be met.
17. Daytime and nighttime marking signs should be installed in accordance with the
instructions and recommendations of the Civil Aviation Authority and the National de-
fense general staff.
18. The routes for trucks transporting materials to and from the project, should be
designed so as to avoid passing through villages. Where this is not practicable, all
necessary measures to protect residents from any suspended particles (eg dust)
should be secured beforehand.
19. The disposal of materials related to the construction of the project (inactive, ex-
cess excavation, etc.) : a) within sections of the drainage network, with the exception
of temporary depositing materials at each worksite, and b) near archaeological sites
and in any case in a distance less than 500 m.
20. Required aggregates for the project should be ensured from the excavations to
be made in the construction phase or other legitimate sites. The excavated material
will be processed through mobile rock processing plants and will be used for the re-
quired embankments to minimize the required 3A backfill material and the required
disposal of excess excavation products.
21. Apart from the above ways of aggregates ensuring, if required any installation of
borrow pits, quarries or gravel collecting, the environmental permitting process
should be carried out before installation. Compliance with the provisions of the spe-
cific regulations is necessary.
22. In case of failure in the balance of Earthwork and need for disposal of surplus ex-
cavated material, it should be deposited at sites with gentle slopes that will not affect
the flow of surface waters will not be forested and will not affect the settlements in the
area. Deposition in legitimate existing sites is allowed. Debris and other aggregates
disposal, even temporary, in the drainage network of the area is prohibited.
23. To reduce dust emitted by work the following should be respected: a) the aggre-
gates facilities (the rock processing plants) that may be activated in the project
should have a dampening containment system of dust and all kinds aggregates
transporting tapes should be covered, b) the piles of excavated material and stored
aggregates as well as dirt roads used by vehicles should be wetted periodically, es-
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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pecially during the months when there is no precipitation (e.g. rain), c) the excava-
tion-construction work and material transport should be coordinated in such a way as
to reduce as far as possible the formation of dust and d) trucks transporting the ag-
gregates and the excavated material must be covered with a special cover..
24. To avoid effects of soil erosion and sediment transporting the earthworks during
periods of high rainfall should be avoided if possible,
25. The operator of the project should ensure the conservasion of cleanliness in
premises managed. Any kind of rubbish, waste material, old machinery and spare
parts, oil etc. must be collected and removed from the worksite and the disposal must
be in compliance with applicable health regulations. Any form of burning materials
(tires, oil, etc.) in the project area is prohibited.
26. Any washing machinery or vehicles in the immediate area of the works is prohib-
ited. In case of machinery and vehicle washing a pit for collection and sedimentation
of leaching water must be built, while regular cleaning must be made with disposal of
the waste in an approved area.
27. The management and disposal of used oil of the worksite must be performed in
accordance with the applicable regulations. The storage and transfusion of fuels and
oils must be carried out in a safe manner to prevent any leaks.
28. If vehicles and equipment maintenance work is necessary, including changing
their oil, in the construction area of the project, it must be performed exclusively in
space inside the worksite and on sealed floor.
29. To address potential accidents resulting in leakage of non-biodegradable liquid
pollutants, in each area of construction should exist the necessary materials for con-
tainment and diffusion such as sawdust, oil absorbents, etc.
30. Upon completion of any construction work remove any worksite facilities and all
kinds of surplus materials in responsibility of the contractor and those unusable them
to be transported to approved disposal sites.
31. Before beginning construction work logging table must be drafted and approved
by the Forest Service in order to estimate the number (volume) of timber to be har-
vested during the execution of projects.
32. Before beginning construction work, if requested by the competent Forest Ser-
vice, a study of vegetative restoration must be drafted and approved by the Forest
Service to restore the embankments, as requested by the services.
33. Any damage to forest vegetation within the project, and the area of occupancy for
the work should be reduced in the minimum required area. Any logging or eradication
of forest shrubs and trees, and the disposal of the timber, should be in accordance
with the relevant provisions of the forest law and the instructions of the competent
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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Forest Service.
34. Any plantings should take place under the required landscape design studies,
while in the case relating to forest land a technical study should be developed and
approved by the competent Forest Service.
35. The change of the work area use beyond the approved purpose is prohibited.
These intervention positions may be modified upon the recommendation of the com-
petent forestry service, if there are serious matters of natural environment protection.
36. All the necessary environment and forest vegetation protection measures (fire
prevention and suppression) should be taken, as well as for the employees or visitors
of the forest area. Where necessary tasteful warning signs should be placed..
37. The removed topsoil should be preserved so as to be used for restorations.
38. During construction and operation of the project all measures for fire protection
and to minimize the risk of transition in adjacent areas should be taken.
39. The average noise level of project worksites should be within the limits defined by
statutory provisons as applicable depending on the region of project implementation.
40. The machinery used in the worksites of the project should conform to noise levels
defined by existing provisions as applicable. Stay is not allowed in the construction
site and machine use without the EU certificate of noise is prohibited.
41. For the produced electromagnetic radiation (e.g. step up substations, high-
voltage network) the statutory public exposure limits apply as they have been estab-
lished and apply in each case by the relevant provisions.
42. During the construction and operation of the project do not to hinder the smooth
communication between the residential areas.
43. Continuously ensure the requirement for minimum noise level limits for residential
activities less than 45 db
44. Apply the protection rules from accidents on the type of work to be performed.
45. If for any reason the contractor and the project manager stops the operation of
wind farms, he must remove the facilities and equipment used and the land is revert
to the management of the competent forest service. In addition the contractor and the
project manager must restore the area to its original condition.
E) 1. Area Environment - Sensitive data - Special Protected Areas
A large part of the wind farms installation area is included in the Natura 2000 ecolog-
ical network and is designated as a Site of Community Importance (SCI, Directive
92/43/EC and Decision 2010/45/EU, GR2420001, Mount Ochi, plain Karystos
Potami, Cape Kafireas and marine coastal zone) and a Special Protection Area for
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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birds (SPA, Directives 2009/147/EC and 79/409/EU, GR2420012, Mount Ochi,
coastal zone and islands).
To protect and preserve the biodiversity of the region the following must be met:
1. Establish controlled access bars on the roads that will be opened for the needs of
the project, to avoid disturbance from human presence and poaching of wild bird
species.
2. The sides of roads, in some points, should have the fewest broken stones and will
be normalized to ensure the movement of fauna (turtles, invertebrates, etc.).
3. For WF “Kathara”, “Anatoli” and “Kerasia” systematic surveillance (monitoring)
must be made during the operational phase for at least one year. Based on the re-
sults of scientific monitoring, e.g. if problems of avifauna species are encountered,
the operation of the wind farms will be adjusted accordingly. These WF are in close
proximity (<1km) with Eagle Owl observation points (Bubo bubo, “Kathara” and
“Kerasia”) or associated with fairly strong presence of Short-toed (Snake) Eagle
(Circaetus gallicus) (“Kathara”, “Anatoli” and “Kerasia”) and Bonelli’s Eagle
(Hieraaetus fasciatus) (“Kathara” and “Anatoli”).
E2. Measures and projects for the conservation of the above elements
Any adverse impact from the construction and operation of the project in (natural and
anthropogenic) elements of the region, are sufficiently addressed by the remedial
measures proposed to be made or obtained in section (D) of this study.
F) TIME PERIOD OF THE DECISION
The above mentioned environmental conditions are valid for 10 years, until …., pro-
vided that they met exactly. Before this date the responsible for the project must be
provided with a decision to renew or extend the validity of environmental conditions
of the project, in accordance with the applicable provisions.
G) Requirements for amending the Decision
1. For the improvement, amendment, expansion or modernization of key features of
the project, as described in the EIA under conditions and limitations of the present,
the compliance from the SSE of MEPPPW with the procedure provide in Article 13 of
the CMD11014/703/F104/2003 as applicable.
2. This decision may be amended if, during the construction or operation of the pro-
ject, derives that the protection provided by this environment is not sufficient. Moreo-
ver in view of the long time period of the project, this decision may be changed, if it
needed to be updated in the field of environmental sciences.
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Η) Monitoring compliance with Environmental Conditions
This decision should always be in the worksite and the headquarters of the of the
construction and operation contractors, accompanied by the approved EIA, and must
be demonstrated in any competent, according to the relevant legislation.
I) Penalties for failure to implement the Environmental Terms
Failure to comply with the terms of this Decision or its excess during the project, re-
sulting in environmental degradation, involve, in addition to the penalties provide by
the provisions of relevant legislation, the enforcement of penalties provided from pro-
vision of Articles 28 and 29 of L.1650/86, and Article 30 of the same Law as amend-
ed by Article 4 of L.3010/2002.
J) Announcement of the Decision
The Prefectural Council of Southeastern Evia is obliged to publicize this decision at
the expense of the developer of the project, as described in Article 5 of the CMD
37111/2021/2003.
THE CONTRACTOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY
EVANGELOS PAPPAS
CONSULTANT Class.27 (ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES), Class C, AM 6691
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 294
1100 DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN OOFF PPRROOBBLLEEMMSS EENNCCOOUUNNTTEERREEDD DDUURRIINNGG TTHHEE DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTT OOFF TTHHEE SSTTUUDDYY
This chapter describes problems encountered in the preparation of the Environmen-
tal Impact Study, and how they were addressed. Specifically:
This study was conducted according to the needs and timetable set from the begin-
ning by the General Manager and Member of the Study Group, Mr. Evangelos Pap-
pas, Biologist, MSc. Environmental Management, Scholar Class 27 (Environmental
Studies, Class III, RN: 6691).
Significant difficulties or other problems were not encountered in the preparation of
this study. Visits to the study area, field research, collecting information for further
analysis, writing of texts and the compilation of maps were made at the planned time-
table.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 295
1111 MMAAPPSS –– TTOOPPOOGGRRAAPPHHIICCSS
In Section D (MAPS – TOPOGRAPHICS) of this Environmental Impact Study the fol-
lowing are attached in this order:
1111..11 MMaappss
NUMBER NAME SCALE 1 ORIENTATION MAP 1:75.000
2A ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS MAP 1:85.000 2Β ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS MAP 1:85.000 2Γ ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS MAP 1:85.000 3 GENERAL AREA MAP 1:50.000 4 GEOLOGICAL MAP 1:50.000
5A NATURAL HABITATS MAP according to habitat mapping project M.E.P.P.P.W. (now M.E.E.C.C)
1:30.000
5Β NATURAL HABITATS MAP according to field recordings 1:30.000 6A LAND USE MAP 1:25.000 6Β LAND USE MAP 1:25.000 7 IMPACT MAP 1:50.000 8 PHOTOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS MAP 1:40.000 9 CUMMULATIVE IMPACT MAP 1:50.000
1111..22 TTOOPPOOGGRRAAPPHHIICC MMAAPPSS
NUMBER NAME SCALE MAP 1 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP: WF: D1 - KATHARA, D2 ANATOLI 1:5.000 MAP 2 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP: WF: D4 - MILIA, D7 KERASIA 1:5.000 MAP 3 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP: WF: D3 - SPILIA, D8 PLATANOS 1:5.000 MAP 4 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP: WF: D5 - PLATANISTOS 1:5.000 MAP 5 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP: WF: D6 - PALIOPYRGOS 1:5.000
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 296
1122 DDOOCCUUMMEENNTTSS –– AAPPPPRROOVVAALLSS
The following are attached in order :
Document of Ministry of E.P.P.W. / General Directorate of Environment / Special
Environmental Service, D.N. 110580/15.12.2008 (Endorsement of the Prelimi-
nary Environmental Impact Assessment of the project ).
Copy of certified land use map (Map No.: 8.a) associated with D.N.
110580/15.12.2008 document of the Special Environment Service of M.E.P.P.W.
TSO Document (No./Da./TSO/8920/29.12.09) (Offer for System Connection of
16 wind parks).
Copies of Production Licenses of the wind farms under consideration:
- No. D6/F17.1162/ref.13262/16.6.2009 Production License of the company
"AIOLIKO PARKO KATHARA SA" for wind farm power 28 MW in place
Kathara.
- No. D6/F17.1160/ref.13261/16.6.2009 Production License of the company
"AIOLIKO PARKO ANATOLIS - PRINIS SA" for wind farm power 14 MW in
place Anatoli - Prinia.
- No. D6/F17.1145/ref.13264/16.6.2009 Production License of the company
"AIOLIKO PARKO SPILIA SA" for wind farm power 26 MW in place Spilia.
- No. D6/F17.1158/ref.13263/16.6.2009 Production License of the company
"MAIOLIKO PARKO MILIA SA" for wind farm power 16 MW in place Milia.
- No. D6/F17.1392/ref.13263/16.6.2009 Production License of the company
"AIOLIKO PARKO MITIKA SA" for wind farm power 16 MW in place
Platanistos.
- No. D6/F17.1391/ref.19515/02.10.2006 Production License of the company
"AIOLIKO PARKO PALAIOPYRGOS SA" for wind farm power 12 MW in place
Palaiopyrgos.
- No. D6/F17.1159/ref.13259/16.6.2009 Production License of the company
"AIOLIKO PARKO KERASIAS SA" for wind farm power 24 MW in place
Kerasia.
- No. D6/F17.1393/ref.13260/16.6.2009 Production License of the company
"AIOLIKO PARKO PLATANOS SA" for wind farm power 12 MW in place
Platanos
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 297
Endorsements of the Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) on the
amendment of the production license.
- Endorsement on the amendment of No. D6 / F17.1162 / ref.13262 / 16.6.2009
Production License electricity for wind farm power 28 MW in the “Kathara”
position Municipality of Marmari and Community of Kafireas, Evia
Prefecturate of the company AIOLIKA PARKA KATHARA SA.
- Endorsement on the amendment of No. D6 / F17.1160 / ref.13261 / 16.6.2009
Production License electricity for wind farm power 14 MW in the “Anatoli” po-
sition, Community of Kafireas, Evia Prefecturate of the company AIOLIKA
PARKA ANATAOLIS - PRINIAS SA.
- Endorsement on the amendment of No. D6 / F17.1145 / ref.13266 / 16.6.2009
Production License electricity for wind farm power 26 MW in the “Spilia” posi-
tion, Municipality of Marmari and Karystos, Evia Prefecturate of the company
AIOLIKA PARKA SPILIAS SA.
- Endorsement on the amendment of No. D6 / F17.1158 / ref.13263 / 16.6.2009
Production License electricity for wind farm power 16 MW in the “Milia” posi-
tion, Community of Kafireas, Evia Prefecturate of the company AIOLIKA
PARKA MILIAS SA.
- Endorsement on the amendment of No. D6 / F17.1392 / ref.13258 / 16.6.2009
Production License electricity for wind farm power 16 MW in the “Platanistos”
position, Municipality of Karystos, Evia Prefecturate of the company AIOLIKA
PARKA MYTIKAS SA.
- Endorsement on the amendment of No. D6 / F17.1391 / ref.19515 /
02.10.2006 Production License electricity for wind farm power 12 MW in the
“Paliopyrgos” position, Municipality of Karystos, Community of Kafireas, Evia
Prefecturate of the company AIOLIKA PARKA PALIOPYRGOS SA.
- Endorsement on the amendment of No. D6 / F17.1159 / ref.13259 / 16.6.2009
Production License electricity for wind farm power 24 MW in the “Kerasia” po-
sition, Municipality of Karystos, Community of Kafireas, Evia Prefecturate of
the company AIOLIKA PARKA KERASIAS SA.
- Endorsement on the amendment of No. D6 / F17.1393 / ref.13260 / 16.6.2009
Production License electricity for wind farm power 12 MW in the “Platanos”
position, Municipality of Marmari, Evia Prefecturate of the company AIOLIKA
PARKA PLATANOS SA.
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 298
1133 BBIIBBLLIIOOGGRRAAPPHHYY –– SSOOUURRCCEESS
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ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 299
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1133..55 DDaattaa ffrroomm ooff ff iicc iiaall wweebbssii tteess
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1144 PPHHOOTTOOGGRRAAPPHHIICC DDOOCCUUMMEENNTTAATTIIOONN
Photo 1: D1 – Kathara (southern section).
Photo 2: D1 – Kathara (different view).
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Photo 3: D2 – Anatoli.
Photo 4: D2 – Anatoli (different view).
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Photo 5: D3 – Spilia.
Photo 6: D3 – Spilia (different view).
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Photo 7: D4 – Milia.
Photo 8: D4 – Milia (different view).
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Photo 9: D5 – Platanistos (northern field).
Photo. 10: D5 – Platanistos (southern field).
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Photo 11: D6 – Paliopyrgos.
Photo 12: D6 – Paliopyrgos (different view).
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Photo 13: D7 – Kerasia (eastern section).
Photo 14: D7 – Kerasia (eastern section, different view).
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Photo 15: D8 – Platanos.
Photo 16: D8 – Platanos (WF section).
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Photo 17: Coast view in position Mpouros Karystos (east side).
Photo. 18: Coast view in position Mpouros Karystos (west side).
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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Photo. 19: Type of seabed excavating equipment by water jetting (jetting).
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K2 6.315 -14.553 547.192 4.218.955
K3 6.505 -14.464 547.381 4.219.046
K4 7.145 -14.336 548.020 4.219.176
K5 7.528 -14.086 548.402 4.219.429
K6 7.769 -14.034 548.642 4.219.481
K7 7.940 -13.941 548.813 4.219.576
K8 8.217 -13.665 549.089 4.219.853
K9 8.394 -13.843 549.266 4.219.676
K10 8.092 -14.143 548.965 4.219.374
K11 7.857 -14.271 548.731 4.219.245
K12 7.629 -14.320 548.504 4.219.195
K13 7.251 -14.564 548.128 4.218.949
K14 6.589 -14.701 547.466 4.218.809
K15 6.394 -14.793 547.272 4.218.716
K16 6.110 -14.848 546.988 4.218.659
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AΓ2 7.198 -14.450 548.074 4.219.063
AΓ3 7.391 -14.331 548.266 4.219.183
AΓ4 7.578 -14.203 548.453 4.219.312
AΓ5 7.813 -14.153 548.687 4.219.363
AΓ6 8.016 -14.042 548.889 4.219.475
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
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S/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
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O.E. 7.315 -14.408 548.191 4.219.106
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K2 4.431 -14.831 545.310 4.218.668
K3 4.662 -15.395 545.543 4.218.105
K4 4.804 -15.522 545.686 4.217.979
K5 5.440 -15.115 546.320 4.218.390
K6 5.685 -14.770 546.563 4.218.735
K7 5.982 -14.615 546.859 4.218.892
K8 6.083 -14.848 546.961 4.218.660
K9 5.855 -14.962 546.734 4.218.544
K10 5.697 -15.184 546.577 4.218.321
K11 5.841 -15.365 546.722 4.218.141
K12 5.974 -15.609 546.856 4.217.898
K13 6.114 -15.845 546.998 4.217.663
K14 6.306 -15.963 547.189 4.217.546
K15 6.549 -16.059 547.433 4.217.451
K16 6.816 -16.276 547.701 4.217.235
K17 6.976 -16.518 547.863 4.216.994
K18 7.126 -16.700 548.013 4.216.814
K19 7.438 -16.852 548.326 4.216.663
K20 7.328 -17.077 548.217 4.216.438
K21 6.968 -16.901 547.856 4.216.612
K22 6.775 -16.668 547.662 4.216.844
K23 6.628 -16.446 547.514 4.217.065
K24 6.421 -16.278 547.307 4.217.232
K25 6.193 -16.188 547.078 4.217.321
K26 5.931 -16.025 546.815 4.217.482
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 326
V/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
K27 5.757 -15.733 546.639 4.217.773
K28 5.632 -15.504 546.513 4.218.001
K29 5.519 -15.361 546.399 4.218.144
K30 4.778 -15.829 545.662 4.217.673
K31 4.457 -15.549 545.340 4.217.951
K32 4.231 -15.009 545.110 4.218.489
K33 3.988 -14.862 544.867 4.218.635
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD TTUURRBBIINNEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 3322,,22 MMWW,, IINN KKAATTHHAARRAA LLOOCCAA--
TTIIOONN,, MMAARRMMAARRII MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY,,KKAAFFIIRREEAASS,,EEVVIIAA
S/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
AΓ1 4.140 -14.828 545.018 4.218.670
AΓ2 4.331 -14.920 545.210 4.218.578
AΓ3 4.439 -15.211 545.320 4.218.288
AΓ4 4.560 -15.472 545.442 4.218.028
AΓ5 4.792 -15.675 545.675 4.217.827
AΓ6 4.976 -15.565 545.858 4.217.938
AΓ7 5.664 -15.039 546.543 4.218.466
AΓ8 5.972 -14.758 546.850 4.218.749
AΓ9 6.249 -16.076 547.134 4.217.433
AΓ10 6.485 -16.169 547.370 4.217.341
AΓ11 6.722 -16.361 547.607 4.217.150
AΓ12 6.876 -16.593 547.762 4.216.919
AΓ13 7.047 -16.800 547.934 4.216.713
AΓ14 7.271 -16.909 548.159 4.216.605
O.E. 5.663 -15.322 546.544 4.218.184
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD FFAARRMMSS PPOOLLYYGGOONN VVEERRTTIICCEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 2277,,66 MMWW,, IINN
KKEERRAASSIIAA LLOOCCAATTIIOONN,, MMAARRMMAARRII MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY,, KKAAFFIIRREEAASS,, EEVVII
V/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
K1 1.559 -18.589 542.457 4.214.897
K2 1.883 -18.514 542.781 4.214.974
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 327
V/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
K3 2.150 -18.621 543.048 4.214.868
K4 2.400 -18.628 543.298 4.214.863
K5 2.652 -18.723 543.551 4.214.769
K6 3.190 -18.788 544.088 4.214.706
K7 3.489 -18.743 544.388 4.214.753
K8 3.731 -19.031 544.631 4.214.466
K9 3.881 -19.139 544.781 4.214.359
K10 4.945 -19.541 545.847 4.213.963
K11 4.850 -19.772 545.753 4.213.731
K12 3.765 -19.363 544.666 4.214.134
K13 3.560 -19.215 544.461 4.214.281
K14 3.388 -19.011 544.288 4.214.484
K15 3.196 -19.040 544.096 4.214.455
K16 2.590 -18.966 543.490 4.214.525
K17 2.351 -18.877 543.251 4.214.614
K18 2.098 -18.870 542.998 4.214.619
K19 1.863 -18.775 542.762 4.214.712
K20 1.615 -18.833 542.515 4.214.654
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD TTUURRBBIINNEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 2277,,66 MMWW,, IINN KKEERRAASSIIAA LLOOCCAATTIIOONN,,
MMAARRMMAARRII MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY,,KKAAFFIIRREEAASS,,EEVVIIAA
S/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
AΓ1 2.053 -18.713 542.952 4.214.775
AΓ2 2.287 -18.745 543.186 4.214.744
AΓ3 2.457 -18.792 543.356 4.214.699
AΓ4 2.608 -18.856 543.507 4.214.636
AΓ5 2.785 -18.889 543.685 4.214.603
AΓ6 3.867 -19.256 544.768 4.214.242
AΓ7 4.030 -19.324 544.931 4.214.175
AΓ8 4.192 -19.394 545.093 4.214.105
AΓ9 4.359 -19.440 545.261 4.214.060
AΓ10 4.522 -19.516 545.424 4.213.985
AΓ11 4.693 -19.561 545.595 4.213.941
AΓ12 4.867 -19.604 545.770 4.213.899
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 328
S/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
O.E. 4.308 -19.414 545.209 4.214.086
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD FFAARRMMSS PPOOLLYYGGOONN VVEERRTTIICCEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 1188,,44 MMWW,, IINN
MMIILLIIAA LLOOCCAATTIIOONN,, KKAAFFIIRREEAASS CCOOMMMMUUNNIITTYY,, EEVVIIAA
V/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
K1 1.565 -20.842 542.475 4.212.645
K2 2.070 -21.121 542.981 4.212.368
K3 2.142 -21.229 543.053 4.212.261
K4 1.971 -21.424 542.884 4.212.065
K5 1.899 -21.316 542.812 4.212.173
K6 1.443 -21.060 542.353 4.212.427
K7 2.261 -21.416 543.173 4.212.075
K8 2.811 -21.302 543.722 4.212.191
K9 3.357 -21.058 544.267 4.212.438
K10 3.355 -21.347 544.267 4.212.149
K11 2.863 -21.582 543.776 4.211.912
K12 2.308 -21.707 543.221 4.211.784
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD TTUURRBBIINNEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 1188,,44 MMWW,, IINN MMIILLIIAA LLOOCCAATTIIOONN,,
KKAAFFIIRREEAASS CCOOMMMMUUNNIITTYY,,EEVVIIAA
S/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
AΓ1 1.941 -21.189 542.853 4.212.300
AΓ2 2.347 -21.556 543.260 4.211.936
AΓ3 2.522 -21.528 543.434 4.211.964
AΓ4 2.692 -21.463 543.604 4.212.030
AΓ5 2.834 -21.451 543.746 4.212.042
AΓ6 2.977 -21.412 543.889 4.212.083
AΓ7 3.128 -21.289 544.040 4.212.206
AΓ8 3.283 -21.238 544.194 4.212.258
O.E. 2.502 -21.600 543.416 4.211.892
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 329
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD FFAARRMMSS PPOOLLYYGGOONN VVEERRTTIICCEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 1188,,44 MMWW,, IINN
PPLLAATTAANNIISSTTOOSS LLOOCCAATTIIOONN,, KKAARRYYSSTTOOSS MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY,, EEVVIIAA
V/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
K1 1.587 -24.979 542.517 4.208.509
Κ2 1.911 -25.004 542.841 4.208.486
Κ3 2.359 -24.938 543.289 4.208.554
Κ4 2.611 -25.035 543.542 4.208.459
Κ5 2.848 -25.189 543.779 4.208.306
Κ6 3.187 -25.344 544.119 4.208.153
Κ7 3.083 -25.571 544.016 4.207.925
Κ8 2.727 -25.409 543.659 4.208.086
Κ9 2.497 -25.259 543.429 4.208.235
Κ10 2.325 -25.193 543.256 4.208.299
Κ11 1.927 -25.256 542.859 4.208.234
Κ12 1.568 -25.229 542.499 4.208.260
Κ13 1.823 -25.592 542.756 4.207.898
Κ14 2.437 -25.872 543.372 4.207.621
Κ15 2.866 -26.154 543.802 4.207.342
Κ16 3.229 -26.252 544.165 4.207.245
Κ17 3.164 -26.493 544.101 4.207.004
Κ18 2.771 -26.387 543.708 4.207.108
Κ19 2.311 -26.090 543.246 4.207.403
Κ20 1.718 -25.820 542.653 4.207.670
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD TTUURRBBIINNEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 1188,,44 MMWW,, IINN PPLLAATTAANNIISSTTOOSS LLOO--
CCAATTIIOONN,, KKAARRYYSSTTOOSS MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY,,EEVVIIAA
S/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
AΓ1 1.702 -25.113 542.633 4.208.376
AΓ2 1.919 -25.130 542.850 4.208.360
AΓ3 2.129 -25.087 543.060 4.208.405
AΓ4 2.342 -25.066 543.273 4.208.427
AΓ5 2.554 -25.147 543.485 4.208.347
AΓ6 2.788 -25.299 543.719 4.208.196
AΓ7 1.884 -25.758 542.819 4.207.732
AΓ8 2.143 -25.877 543.078 4.207.614
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 330
S/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
O.E. 1.815 -25.123 542.746 4.208.366
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD FFAARRMMSS PPOOLLYYGGOONN VVEERRTTIICCEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 1188,,44 MMWW,, IINN
PPAALLAAIIOOPPYYRRGGOOSS LLOOCCAATTIIOONN,, KKAARRYYSSTTOOSS MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY && KKAAFFIIRREEAASS CCOOMMMMUU--
NNIITTYY,, EEVVIIAA
V/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
K1 7.356 -25.187 548.285 4.208.330
Κ2 7.890 -25.368 548.820 4.208.152
Κ3 8.468 -25.496 549.398 4.208.027
Κ4 8.687 -25.370 549.617 4.208.154
Κ5 9.113 -25.265 550.042 4.208.261
Κ6 9.465 -25.294 550.395 4.208.234
Κ7 9.444 -25.544 550.375 4.207.985
Κ8 9.123 -25.517 550.053 4.208.010
Κ9 8.743 -25.610 549.674 4.207.915
Κ10 8.517 -25.765 549.449 4.207.758
Κ11 7.828 -25.612 548.760 4.207.908
Κ12 7.278 -25.425 548.209 4.208.092
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD TTUURRBBIINNEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 1188,,44 MMWW,, IINN PPAALLAAIIOOPPYYRRGGOOSS
LLOOCCAATTIIOONN,, KKAARRYYSSTTOOSS MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY && KKAAFFIIRREEAASS CCOOMMMMUUNNIITTYY,, EEVVIIAA
S/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
AΓ1 7.436 -25.345 548.366 4.208.173
AΓ2 7.859 -25.490 548.790 4.208.030
AΓ3 8.282 -25.580 549.213 4.207.942
AΓ4 8.492 -25.631 549.424 4.207.893
AΓ5 8.694 -25.488 549.625 4.208.036
AΓ6 8.902 -25.426 549.832 4.208.099
AΓ7 9.145 -25.394 550.075 4.208.132
AΓ8 9.330 -25.409 550.260 4.208.119
O.E. 8.177 -25.550 549.108 4.207.972
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 331
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD FFAARRMMSS PPOOLLYYGGOONN VVEERRTTIICCEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 2299,,99 MMWW,, IINN
SSPPIILLIIAA LLOOCCAATTIIOONN,, MMAARRMMAARRII MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY && KKAARRYYSSTTOOSS MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY,,
EEVVIIAA
V/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
K1 -3.169 -16.806 537.722 4.216.656
Κ2 -2.862 -17.338 538.032 4.216.125
Κ3 -2.472 -17.787 538.424 4.215.679
Κ4 -2.306 -17.916 538.591 4.215.550
Κ5 -2.019 -17.991 538.878 4.215.477
Κ6 -1.876 -18.241 539.022 4.215.228
Κ7 -1.316 -18.632 539.584 4.214.840
Κ8 -1.197 -18.975 539.705 4.214.498
Κ9 -1.250 -19.391 539.654 4.214.082
Κ10 -1.121 -19.906 539.785 4.213.567
Κ11 -743 -20.270 540.164 4.213.205
Κ12 -921 -20.447 539.988 4.213.028
Κ13 -1.342 -20.044 539.565 4.213.428
Κ14 -1.503 -19.402 539.401 4.214.069
Κ15 -1.452 -19.001 539.449 4.214.470
Κ16 -1.525 -18.791 539.375 4.214.680
Κ17 -2.065 -18.414 538.834 4.215.054
Κ18 -2.184 -18.207 538.714 4.215.261
Κ19 -2.419 -18.145 538.479 4.215.321
Κ20 -2.647 -17.968 538.250 4.215.497
Κ21 -3.069 -17.482 537.826 4.215.981
Κ22 -3.386 -16.931 537.506 4.216.530
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD TTUURRBBIINNEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 2299,,99 MMWW,, IINN SSPPIILLIIAA LLOOCCAATTIIOONN,,
MMAARRMMAARRII MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY && KKAARRYYSSTTOOSS MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY,, EEVVIIAA
S/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
AΓ1 -3.080 -17.192 537.813 4.216.271
AΓ2 -2.997 -17.360 537.897 4.216.103
AΓ3 -2.867 -17.520 538.027 4.215.944
AΓ4 -2.736 -17.668 538.159 4.215.796
AΓ5 -2.596 -17.816 538.301 4.215.649
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 332
AΓ6 -2.463 -17.962 538.434 4.215.504
AΓ7 -2.281 -18.050 538.616 4.215.417
AΓ8 -2.085 -18.140 538.813 4.215.328
AΓ9 -1.978 -18.320 538.921 4.215.148
AΓ10 -1.824 -18.455 539.075 4.215.014
AΓ11 -1.660 -18.557 539.240 4.214.913
AΓ12 -1.516 -18.665 539.384 4.214.806
AΓ13 -1.352 -18.799 539.548 4.214.672
O.E. -2.219 -18.086 538.679 4.215.381
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD FFAARRMMSS PPOOLLYYGGOONN VVEERRTTIICCEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 1133,,88 MMWW,, IINN
PPLLAATTAANNOOSS LLOOCCAATTIIOONN,, MMAARRMMAARRII MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY,, EEVVIIAA,,
V/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
K1 -2.065 -16.958 538.827 4.216.509
Κ2 -1.822 -17.081 539.070 4.216.388
Κ3 -1.585 -17.388 539.308 4.216.082
Κ4 -1.400 -17.386 539.493 4.216.085
Κ5 -963 -17.568 539.931 4.215.906
Κ6 -1.059 -17.798 539.837 4.215.674
Κ7 -1.449 -17.637 539.446 4.215.834
Κ8 -1.695 -17.640 539.200 4.215.830
Κ9 -1.992 -17.276 538.902 4.216.192
Κ10 -2.179 -17.181 538.714 4.216.285
CCOOOORRDDIINNAATTEESS OOFF WWIINNDD TTUURRBBIINNEESS,, PPOOWWEERR 1133,,88 MMWW,, IINN PPLLAATTAANNOOSS LLOOCCAA--
TTIIOONN,, MMAARRMMAARRII MMUUNNIICCIIPPAALLIITTYY,, EEVVIIAA
S/N ΗAΤΤ HGRS 87
Χ Y Χ Y
AΓ1 -2.046 -17.099 538.846 4.216.369
AΓ2 -1.896 -17.206 538.997 4.216.262
AΓ3 -1.792 -17.348 539.102 4.216.121
AΓ4 -1.655 -17.474 539.239 4.215.996
AΓ5 -1.477 -17.522 539.418 4.215.948
AΓ6 -1.299 -17.563 539.595 4.215.908
O.E. -1.874 -17.258 539.019 4.216.210
INSTALLATION & OPERATION OF 8 WIND FARMS WITH TOTAL CAPACITY 174, 8 MW, IN SOUTH-EASTERN EVIA
ISSUE A – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 333
1155..22 AAnnnneexx IIII:: NNooiissee ccoonnttoouurrss ccuurrvveess ssttuuddyy