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LIMESTONE –A NATIONAL STONE OF

ESTONIA

Institute of Geology at Tallinn University of Technology

University of Turku, Department of Geology

LIMESTONE – A NATIONAL STONE OF

ESTONIA

Tallinn 2007

Compiled: HellePerens ElmarKala

Acknowledgements: EestiGeoloogiakeskusOÜ EestiVabaõhumuuseum

Layout: HellePerens AndresAbe

Figures&Photos: HellePerens

Frontcover: LasnamägilimestonewasmostlyusedinbuildingsofRebala village,Harjumaa

Backcover: alsopasturefenceswereoftenmadeusingaLasnamägilimestone

©MTÜGEOGuideBaltoscandia,2007

LIMESTONE – A NATIONAL STONE OF ESTONIA. MTÜ GEOGuide Baltoscandia. Tallinn, 2007.

ISBN978-9985-9867-2-1

Release of this booklet in English was co-financedbyEuropeanRegionalDevelopmentFundERDF,EnvironmentalInvestmentCentre,EstonianMinistryoftheInterioranditwasac-complishedwithintheframeworkofINTERREGIIIASouthernFinlandandEstoniaprogramme

LIMESTONE AS A SYMBOL

We need symbols to maintain ournationalconsciousness.Thecornflower,whichcommonlygrowsinryefields,sym-bolizesourdailybread.Thebarnswallowisthesymbolofthecountryhome.Thelimestoneisourfoundation,thesymboloftheexistenceandcontinuanceoftheEstoniannation.

In 1990, a scientific conference dedi-catedtolimestonewasheldinEstonia.With this, the foundation was laid fordiscussions of the sustainable use oflimestoneasanaturalresource.OnApril23,1992,theEstonianLimestoneUnionwas founded in theKuressaareCastle.OnMay4,1992,limestonewasdeclaredthenationalstoneofEstonia.Theinitia-torsoftheideawerethegeologistsReinEinastoandAntoRaukas,thehistoriansVillemRaamandVelloLõugas,thecivilengineerHubertMatve,andthenatural-istJaanEilart.

Limestone Day is celebrated each May4.Onthatday,theEstonianLimestoneUnionorganizes limestoneconferences

and limestone tripsandprovides infor-mationonlimestone.LimestoneisapartofEstonia’snatureandculturalhistory.Deeperknowledgeoflimestoneenablesbetterperceptionoftheaestheticappealoflimestonelandformsandbetterunder-standing of the architectural value oflimestone buildings. A wall of an out-croporastoneinawallbearstracesofancientnature. It provides informationonthesedimentationenvironmentandbiotaof thepastand showshow theyhaveaffectedthepropertiesoftherock.Theknowledgeof limestone isneededforstudents,teachers,architects,restor-ers,andallthosewhovaluelimestoneasasymbolofourcontinuance.

The present book was written at thetimeofthedemolitionofSakalaCentreinTallinn,anoutstandingrepresentativeofitsera,builtin1985.Thisbarbaricactbecamepossibleeventhoughamidthedeclineinlimestoneproductionandpro-cessing,whichhadstartedinthe1960s,thelimestoneconstructionsofthe1980sand1990s,designedbyRaineKarp,wereconsideredtherenaissanceofdolostoneandlimestoneinEstonianarchitecture.

Former Sakala Centre

LIMESTONE – A NATIONAL STONE OF ESTONIA 3

LIMESTONE: PART OF OUR PRIMEVAL NATURE

Inanimatenature is thememoryofourplanet. Traces in the rocks guide usto the secrets of the Earth’s life story.Withthis inview,theBookofEstonianPrimevalNature–avoluminousdatabaseof Estonian nature monuments – wascompiled. The book records the mostsignificant geological objects through-out Estonia, including bedrock expo-sures,erraticboulders,caves,karstareas,springs, waterfalls, and meteorite cra-ters.

Thecompilationofthebookwasstartedin1980undertheleadershipofHerbertViiding. The continuator of his work,Enn Pirrus, professor emeritus of theMiningInstituteoftheTallinnUniversityofTechnology,hassaidthatitisauniquephenomenon to have the entire inani-matenatureofacountryrecordedinthisway.Compilingthemanuscripttook17years.Themostinterestingpartsofthebookhavetodowithlimestonebeds.

Formation of limestone

Limestone is formed in shallowcoastalmarineenvironments,marlinthedeeperpartsofthesea.Clayaccumulatesatstillgreaterdepthsintheopensea.Limestonebelongs to sedimentary rocks inwhichformation the organism with the car-bonateshellsorskeletonshaveacrucialimportance.

The sediments forming Estonian lime-stonesaccumulated472millionto416million years ago in the flat-bottomedPaleobalticSeathatcoveredthepaleo-continentBaltica.Itsformationisrelatedmainly to the Ordovician and Silurianperiods.

In Estonia, the formation of limestonebeganintheMiddleOrdovician.Atfirst,the glauconite and iron-rich lime sedi-mentsaccumulatedinnorthernEstonia.Thereafter,thepurebuildinglimestoneoftheLasnamägiStagebegantoform.The

Messages of primeval nature origi-nating in a Silurian tropical lagoon. Selgase lime stone quarry

4


deepeningoftheseaattheendoftheMiddleOrdovicianresultedintheaccu-mulationofclayeylimestone.

IntheLateOrdovician,layersofoilshalelayers (kukersite)appeared in the lime-stone.Theperiodofformationofkuker-siteswasfollowedbyaperiodofintensevolcanicactivityintheareasadjacenttoBaltica.Partof theashemittedbyvol-canoessettledonthebottomoftheseacoveringEstonia’sterritory.Interlayersofvolcanicashformedinthelimestone.

ThePaleobalticSeabecameshalloweranddeeperperiodically.Duringthecourseofone shallowingperiod,Estonia’soldestreefsdevelopedintheVasalemmaarea;thiswas followedby thedepositionofcarbonatemudswhichweretransformedlateronintopureaphaniticlimestones.

TheOrdovician limestone contains richanddiverseassociationoffossilssuchasbryozoans,corals,andstromatoporoids,whichplayedasignificantroleinreeffor-mations.Brachiopods,trilobites,echino-dermsandsealilieswerealsoabundant.

In the Ordovician, Baltica was in theSouthernHemisphere,wheretheclimatewaswarmandmaritime.Attheendoftheperiod,therewasanabruptcooling,whichculminatedwiththeglaciationofthe Southern Hemisphere. As a result,theglobalsea leveldropped50to100meters. At that time, the sedimentswhicharenowknowastheRöadolos-tonesformedintheshallowseaofnorth-ernEstonia.

InsouthernEstonia,wheretheseawasdeeper, sedimentswith amuchhigherclaycontentandreddishintervalsaccu-mulatedduringtheOrdovician.

Limestone with green glauconite grains

Limestone with brown iron ooids

Kukersite oil shale

In theSilurian,Baltica shifted fromtheSouthern Hemisphere to the equator,andthediversityofcoralsandstromato-poroids increased.Sea lilies formedbigthickets, their skeletal particles in turnformingthicklimestonebeds.Seascorpi-ons(eurypterids),appearedinthebrack-ishwaterenvironments.Sparselandveg-etationwasdeveloping.ThePaleobalticSeabegantoretreatslowly.

AtthebeginningoftheSilurian,ahugecoquinabedwas formed consistingofshellsofthebrachiopodBorealis.Thebedextended from Hiiumaa Island to LakePeipsi.Thethicknessofthisbedreaches13metersonthePandivereupland.Thismineral resource, locally termed "ringlimestone",isoneofthebesttechnologi-calrawmaterialsinEstoniaandalsoanexcellentbuildingstone.

Theseaturnedperiodicallydeeper.ThedeepestwaterdevelopedduringtheEarlySilurianAdavereandJaanistages.Amarlcomplexformed,aboutahundredmetersinthickness.InthesucceedingJaagarahu

stagetheseaturnedabruptlyshallower,whichcausedtheaccumulationofareefcomplex about 30m thick in Estonia’sterritory.ThemainandlargestreefbeltwassituatedtothewestofEstonia,nearGotlandIsland.

Jaagarahu coral limestone in close view and in the quarry

6


TherocksoftheSilurianperiodarechar-acterizedbyafrequentrhythmicalterna-tionofdifferenttypesofrock.Asarule,thesearemuddyandgranularlimestonesandprimarylagoonaldolostones.Thelat-terarerepresentedbyOrgitaandKaarmadolostones. At the end of the Silurianperiod,thesearetreatedfromEstonia’sterritorytothesouthwest.

A slight revival of limestone formationoccurred in the Late Devonian, some385millionto359millionyearsago.Themarine basin advancing from the eastcoveredthesoutheasternpartofEstonia.There,acomplexof limesedimentwasdeposited, rich in fossils and about ameterthick.

Limestone landforms

The limestonebedrockcropsoutnorthofthePärnu-Mustveeline.Manypictur-esque and magnificent landforms arerelatedtothebedrock.AmongthemaretheNorthEstonianKlint, theSaaremaacoastal cliffs, the coastal areas, alvarsonlimestone,waterfallsspillingoverthecoastalbluffs,anddifferentkarstforms.

TheNorthEstonianKlintisthemostmag-nificentnaturemonumentinEstonia.Theklintisimpressivebothfromthelandandfromthesea.The lengthoftheklint is300kmanditextendsfromOsmussaarIslandtothecityofNarva.Theescarp-mentsexposegraylimestone,greenglau-coniticsandstones,brownshale,and,atthebottom,yellowishsandstone.

TheNorthEstonianKlintisatitshighest(56m)ontheSaka-Ontika-Toilaklintpla-teau.Theheightoftheuprightwallis25to30m.

The SilurianKlint is smaller and lower.It runs along the northern coast ofSaaremaa and Muhu islands and con-tinues intheformofsinglecliffonthewestEstonianmainland.ThehighestklintisonGotlandIslandinSweden.

OntheWestEstonianislands,thelengthof the coastal cliffs and scarps of theSilurianKlintis90km.MustjalaorPangaCliffisthehighest:21.3m.

Besidespowerfullimestoneescarpments,therearenumerous limestoneoutcropsin Estonia; of those, most significantare stratotypes, which locations gavethenamesforstratigraphicunitsofthe

Boundary of sedimentation rhythms in the Silurian limestone

OrdovicianandSilurinastrata.Limestonequarriesservesimultaneouslyasoutcropsofmineralresourcesandarepartofournationalheritage.OntheinitiativeoftheEstonian Limestone Union, much hasbeen done to put old limestone quar-riesinorderandexhibitthematPorkuni,Keila,Paka,Mälivere,andTamsalu.

Karst isanenchantingphenomenonofnature. It embraces almost the wholeareaoflimestonedistribution.Thishastobeconsideredwhensolvingvariousprac-tical problems related, for instance, towatersupplyandtheminingofmineralresources.Karstificationiscausedbythedissolutionoflimestoneanddolostonesinwater.Intensekarstphenomenareachtoadepthof5to10m.Themostwide-spreadkarstformisthesinkhole,anoval,irregular,ordish-shapedopeningintheground.The landforms related to sink-

holesincludesubsurfacekarstcavitiesbutoccasionallyalsosubsurfacecreeksorriv-ers,withthefieldsofdifferent-sizedsur-facekarstformsabovethem.Kostivere,Kuimetsa,Kata,Uhaku,andPaearethelargestkarstfields inEstonia.Themostpicturesquekarstformsarerelictbanksoflimestoneintheshapesoftables,mush-rooms,andbridges.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIMESTONE

Composition, structure, texture

Limestone,dolostone,andmarlarethevarietiesofcarbonaterocks;ofthose,themostwidespreadislimestone.Limestoneisarockformedmostlyofcalciumcarbon-ate (CaCO3).Pure limestonecomprises

Üügu Cliff: Limnea Sea scarp that has retreated from the sea and is the best outcrop of the Silurian reef belt

8


56%CaOand44%CO2,butthiskindofrockisveryrareinnature.Usually,dolo-mite,clay,glauconite,and ironhydrox-ide occur as impurities in limestone.Limestones vary in color from white,yellowish,pinkish,orgray,accordingtotheimpuritiestheycontain.Accordingtothetypeandquantityofimpurity,lime-stonesaredivided intoclayey,sandyordolomitic limestone (impurity 10% to25%).Organic-richlimestoneistermedkerogenous.Ooliticlimestoneconsistsofroundedooidshavingadiameterabout1mmandarecomposedofcalciumcar-bonateorironoxides.

Theinnertextureofthelimestonerangesfromcryptocrystallinetocoarse-grained.Accordingtothesizeoftheconstituents,limestonesaredividedintoseveralvarie-ties: aphanitic or cryptocrystalline (lessthan 0.01 mm), microcrystalline (0.01to 0.10 mm), fine-grained (0.1 to 1.0mm),andcoarse-grained (more than1mm).Thecrystalsconsistofcalcite,butthegrainmaterialismostoftendetritusformedofcrushedfossilshellsandnodu-lesofchemicalorigin.Morefrequently,thematrixofthelimestoneismicrocrys-talline,whilecryptocrystallineaphaniticlimestoneislessdistributed

Besides the size of constituents, theirorigin and peculiarities are also ofimportance.Limestonecomprising25%uncrushedskeletalparts is termedbio-morphic, while limestone with a highcontentofdetritusisclassifiedasdetritic.Accordingtothegroupoffossils,form-ingthelimestonestherockisconsideredtobecoquinoid,coral,oroncoliticlime-stone.

The limestone owes it blackish color to iron compounds

Fossil-rich, clayey limestone

Biomorphic, kerogenous limestone

10

Unlike limestone, dolostone or dolo-mite CaMg(CO3)2 comprises up to21.7%MgO,30%CaOand48%CO2.Dolostone is more yellow and grayerthan limestone. Most dolostone wasformedasaresultofthedolomitizationoflimestone.Duringthisprocess,poresand cavities form in the rock, becausethe substitution of calcium by magne-siumcauses thevolumeof the rock todecrease.Cavitiesareprevailinglycausedbytheleachingoutoffossils.

Marlisalinkbetweenlimestoneandclay.Itcomprises25%to50%clayeymatterand is greenish or variegated in color.Dolomitizedmarliscalleddomerite.

Thetextureoftherockiscausedbythearrangementandorientationofitscon-stituents. The generally acknowledgedtexturalcharacteristicsoflimestoneareitslamination,whichisrevealedinchangesof compositionandgrain sizeor someother lithologicalproperty.Horizontallylaminated (tabular),wavy, andnodulartexturesarethemostwidespreadones.

Physical and mechanical properties

Building limestonemustberesistanttoweather, strong pressure, blows, andwear. The chemical composition andstructuralandtexturalpeculiaritiesaffectthe physical and chemical indices oflimestone.ThecompressivestrengthofEstonian building limestone is prevail-ingly600to800kg/cm2, rarelyas lowas400kg/cm2andashigh1200kg/cm2;wearresistanceis1to3,mostfrequently2.Thefrostresistanceisusually25cycles,

Cavities left in dolostone by leached-out fossils

Microcrystalline limestone

Marl with abundant brachiopods

rarelyas lowas15andashighas35.Thewater-absorptioncapacityisusually1%to2%.Ingeneral,thepropertiesofbuildingdolostonesaresimilartothoseoflimestones.However,theirwater-absorp-tion capacity is slightly higher due toporosityandtheircompressivestrengthsometimesmayreach1200kg/cm2.

Decorativeness

Limestone isusuallygraywithdifferentshadesofcolor.Lessfrequentaregreen,brown,red,black,andwhiteshadesdueto impurities. The pattern of the rockdependsonitsstructure,texture,anditsfossils.Oneofthemostfrequenttexturaleffect is the discontinuity surface, thesurface formedduringabreak in sedi-mentation.Thissurface isburrowedbydifferentorganismsandtheburrowsare

afterwardfilledwithmaterialotherthanthemain rock.Often, thediscontinuitysurfaceisblack,brown,orredduetotheimpregnationby the ironorphosphatecompounds.

FIELDS OF APPLICATION

Limestoneisavaluableresource.Studiescarriedout in theGeologicalSurveyofEstoniahaveshownthattherearesomehundredlimestonequarriesintherepub-lic thatcanbeworkedforvariouspur-poses.

Thefieldsoflimestoneusearedeterminedbyitschemical,physicalandmechanicalproperties.Limestoneanddolostoneareusedasabuildingmaterialandtechno-logical stoneand for limeburningandcementproduction.Souvenirsandadorn-mentsarealsomadeoflimestone.

Limestone mosaic. A selection of lime-stones from the parishes of Jõgeva County


12

Limestone as a building material

Bothlimestonesanddolostonesareusedas a building material. In good build-ingstones,thethicknessofthe layer is10to20cm. IntheLasnamäebuildinglimestone, coquinoid limestone,Ungrulimestone,and"marble"ofVasalemma,the layersareoccasionally30cmthick,sometimesevenmore.

Building dolostones that formed as aresultofthedolomitizationoflimestonesare more monolithic than the primaryrock,becausethemarllayersweakeningthelimestoneusuallydisappearduringthecourseofdolomitization.Microcrystallineand fine-porous dolomites make goodbuildingstonesiftheporositydoesnotexceed 10%. Primary dolostones areimportantbuildingstones.Estonia’sbestmassivedolostonesquarriedatKaarma,Orgita,SelgaseandMündibelongtopri-marydolostones.

History of use

Limestoneconstructionsplayabigandsignificantroleinintroducingournationalstone.AttheendoftheyoungerBronzeAge,thestonesremovedfromfieldsweredumpedinpiles.Overtime,alowstonewallformedaroundthefields.InnorthernandwesternEstonia,peoplewereburiedinstonecistbarrows,whichwereusuallymadeoflimestone.

Severalhundredyearsbeforeourera,alimestonewallwaserectedonSaaremaaIslandtoprotectthefortifiedsettlementof Asva, where limestone floor slabswere already being used. In the ninthandtenthcenturies,limestonewasusedmoreandmore instrongholds.At that

Necklace (above – Metsküla limestone, below – Jaagarahu limestone (author: Raili Vinn)

time, defense mounds with dry wallswereerectedonnaturalelevations.Themoundswere7to10mhighandweremadeoflocallimestone.Thelimestone-mantled wells of Varbola and Valjalastrongholdshavebeenpreservedtothisday. In all likelihood, the stronghold25mhighof theancientEstoniansonToompeahillwasalsosurroundedwithsuchadrywall. Itwaseitherdestroyedbylaterbuildingactivitiesorburiedunderaculturallayer4to5mthick.

Local rock supplies were an importantprerequisiteforthedevelopmentofarchi-tectureandstonecarvinginEstonia.Thetraditionsofstonecutting inEstoniagobacktotimespriortoforeigninvasions.Evidenceisderivedfromthetrapezoidalgrave-markingtablets,whicharefoundmostlyontheislandofSaaremaa.Theseare traces fromthe time inwhichhea-thenism and Christianity met in theseplaces.Theyweremassivelyusedintheelevenththroughthethirteenthcenturies.Morethan90gravetabletsofthiskindareknowninEstonia.InthelateMiddleAgesgravetabletswereusedasabuild-ingmaterial.

ThetriumphofChristianitywasfollowedbythelarge-scaleandrapidconstructionof chapels, churches,monasteries,andnewfortifications.Thisrequiredelucida-tionandapplicationofthemostsignifi-canttypesofbuildingrocksinEstonia.

Theoldest limestonechurchesoriginat-ing from the thirteenth century werebuiltonwesternSaaremaa,onToompeahillinTallinn,andinJärvamaa.Asarule,theprimarychurchesweremadeoflocalstone,whichwheneverpossiblewasalsousedforcarving.

Old, trapeze-shaped grave tablet in the outer wall of Kaarma Church

Limestone grave at the site of Jõe-lähtme stone-cist barrows


14

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< 2 meters

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> 5 meters

preferred usage of Röa dolostone

preferred usage of Borealis-limestone

preferred usage of Raikküla Stage dolostones

SaaremaaisoneoftherichestregionsforlimestonereservesinEstonia.Therehasneverbeenaneedtotransport it fromelsewhere.However,someendproductshavebeenbroughttoSaaremaa.Theseinclude medieval baptismal fonts (thechurchesofKaarma,Pöide,Muhu,andAnseküla) fromGotlandand floor tiles(PühaChurch)fromÖland.

The constructionofKaarmaChurch inthe second half of the thirteenth cen-turymarks the triumphof themassiveKaarmadolostonefirstinSaaremaa,thenin LäänemaaandPärnumaa. Since theseventeenthcentury ithasbeenwidelyusedinTallinnandelsewhereinEstonia.Themedievalstonecarvings,witharich-nessofformandperfectionoffinishintheKarjachurch,arethemostoutstand-ingexamplesoftheuseofKaarmadolos-tone.

Of the laterbuildingsmadeofKaarmadolostone,thefollowingdeserveatten-tion: the baroque and classicist townbuildingsofKuressaare,theporticuswithpillars intheNigulisteChurch inTallinn(1676),thefacadeoftheGloriaCinemainTallinn,andthesculpturaldecorationsontheVõruBankbuilding.

Kaarmadolostonehasbeenusedtosat-isfylocalneedsforchimneystones,drink-ingandfeedingtroughsforanimals,wellcurbs, grave markers, and magnificentmonuments and memorials. The latter

canbefoundalloverEstoniaandalsoinLatvia(theVõnnuBattleMonument).

RidalaChurch,dating fromthesecondhalfofthethirteenthcentury, isoneoftheoldestcountrysidechurchinEstonia.Itswesternportalandseveralothersculp-tured details are made of Ungru lime-stone,whichisthebestbuildingcarbon-aterockinLäänemaa.Thisfine-grainedlimestone formed in a shallow wavezone; its bedding planes display ripplemarks. The limestone comprises singlecorals,showingthattherockwasformedclosetothereefenvironment.Thiskindof limestone occurs in a limited areain the vicinity of Pusku, Sepaküla, and

Uses of local limestone at the example of Järvamaa (H. Perens, 2004, after Fig. 341). Beds outcropping: 1 - Rakvere, Nabala and Vormsi Stages, 2 - Pirgu Stage (incl Paleoporella-limestone, Moe Formation), 3 - Porkuni Stage (incl dolostone of Röa Formation ja and marble-like Vohilaiu limestone), 4 - Juuru Stage (incl Borealis-limestone of Tammiku Formation), 5 - Raikküla Stage, 6 - Adavere Stage, Rumba Formation

Inner view of Kuressaare Castle. Walls and sculptures made of Kaarma dolo-stone


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18

detrituscementedwithcalcite."Marble"serves as a surrounding rock for bio-herms.Therockisrichinjaggedstyloliticsurfacescoatedwithaverythinlayerofmarl.Alongthesesurfacestherockcanbesplitintolayers.Inplaces,itispossibletobreakmonolithsuptoameterinthick-ness.Thedistributionofthe"marble"ofVasalemma is restricted to Harju-Risti,Vasalemma,Padise,Tuula,andValingu.However, the area where it is used ismuch wider. Gravestones made of the

Lähtru.Throughthecenturiesithasbeenusedforbuildingandcarving,primarilyinwesternEstonia.Thebest-knownbuildingistheUngruCastle(1893–96).Inrecenttimes,UngrulimestonehasbeenusedasafinishingmaterialforbuildingsallovernorthernEstonia.

The"marble"ofVasalemmawastakenintouseduringtheconstructionofthePadise Convent in the thirteenth cen-tury.Thisbeautiful,marble-likerockwithwhitish-graycolorconsistsofechinoderm

Ungru limestone with a peculiar woodlike pattern

Microlaminated Kaarma dolostone

Modern wall finish from Ungru lime-stone at Keila

Kaarma dolostone in the west portal of Karja Church


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20

marbleofVasalemmainthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturiesarefoundalloverEstonia.TheVasalemmaCastle(1890–93)isthemostoutstandingconstructionbuiltofthemarbleofVasalemma.

A century later, the Orgita dolostonewasputtouse.FirstitwasusedforthesculpturesofMärjamaaChurch.Inmedi-evaltimes,itwasusedmainlyinTallinn,andlaterallovernorthernEstonia.Intheseventeenthcentury itbecameparticu-larlypopularinNarva.

The Lasnamäe building limestone wasfirstquarriedonToompeainTallinn.Sincethelimestonereservestherewerelimitedandtheinsularheightitselfwassoonfullofbuildings,theproductionoflimestonewas transferred to the Lasnamäearea.ComparedtoLasnamägi,thetopmost30to40layersareabsent intheToompeasection.Thedemandforthestonewasparticularlygreatattheendofthethir-teenthcentury,whenconstructionofthetownwallbegan.

Gothic rose from Orgita dolostone. E. Kala, 2007

Orgita dolostone in pastel shades

Coat of arms on a grotto chapel in the Keila churchyard, Vasalemma "marble"

Granular "marble" of Vasalemma

ArthistorianshavealwaysbeeninterestedintheroleofEstoniansinmedievalstonearchitecture.MostofthematerialsrelatedtolimestoneproductionandprocessingarestoredinthearchivesofTallinn,whichoffergoodpossibilitiesforstudyingtherelatedproblems.

The stonemasons’ guild was a profes-sionalunion thatemerged in the four-teenthcentury.Tobecomeamasteroftheguild,onehadtocutoutawindowpillar,lavatory,ordoorarchandputitinplace.Thefirstmasonswereforeigners;however, beginning in the fourteenthcentury these works came to be donemainlybyEstonians.Outof36masonslistedbyname ina countbookof theTallinnTownCouncil,25wereEstonians.They came from Harjumaa, Virumaa,Järvamaa,andLäänemaa.

Typical medieval dwelling with its porch made of Lasnamäe limestone

The town wall in Tallinn is made enti-rely of Lasnamäe building limestone


TheLasnamäelimestoneformsabuild-ing-stonecomplexsome8mthickandcomprising56layerswithspecificnames.Thelimestonewasworkedbylayers. Inthe Lasnamäe building-stone complexthe layersareseparatedbyathin layerofmarl,whichisfrequentlyunderlainbyathinlayerofclayeylimestone.Thelatteralternatewithhard,weatherprooflayerssuitable forpavement slabsandstone-cutting.

TheLasnamäebuildingstoneoccursinalargeareaextendingfromPaldiskialongtheklint as far as Sillamäe.Over time,the rockbegan tobeused throughoutEstonia.

Inthelimestoneareassouthandsouth-eastofTallinn,localvarietiesoflimestonewerealsousedinmedievaltimes.

The dolostones of the Röa member,PorkuniStage (hereafter theRöadolo-

Nativemenwereworking in limestonequarries. Theirmain toolswerebombswithattachedhandles,ironcrowbars,androckdrills.Limestonelayerswerebrokenloosealongnaturalfissures.Thebrokenlumpswerecutintosmallerpiecesofasuitablesizeusingthebluntendofthecrowbar,abighammerora two-poodcast-iron bomb attached to a handle.Thickerlayerswerebrokenbymeansofan"ox".

InthequarriesbelongingtotheTallinnTownCouncil,thematerialproducedwassortedattheendofthedayintobuild-inglimestoneandthelumpssuitableforsculpturing construction details. Theywere then handed over to the masterbuilder,whotogetherwithatowncoun-cilservanteliminatedunsuitableproduc-tion. The limestone needed in Tallinncame from the northern and southernquarriesofLasnamäe.

Quarrying of limestone today. Pärtli limestone quarry at Maardu

22


A pattern typical of Lasnamäe building stone in parallel cut

A pillar made of Lasnamäe limestone in the building of the Great Guild, Tallinn

Bedding planes of Lasnamäe limestone in the wall of the Väo limestone quarry

Justitia: a sculptured relief from Lasna-mäe limestone, 1629

24

wasusedtodecoratethemanorhousesatKuru,Mõdriku,Muuga,andPorkuni.Sincetheendofthenineteenthcentury,ithascometobeused in farmhousesalso. Injumanorhouse inVirumaawasconstructedofauniquevarietyoflime-stone:theInjuyellow.

BorealisorcoquinoidlimestoneoccursinthetopmostpartoftheJuuruStage. Itiscomposedofbrachiopodshellswhichaccumulated in masses, lithified, andbecame cemented together by calcite.

stone), crop out in an area extendingfromLäänemaatoLääne-Virumaa.Inthethirteenthcentury,theRöadolostone,anexcellentsolidmaterialforstonecarving,was used in the Lääne-Nigula, Ambla,Järva-Madise,andJärva-Jaanichurches.Inthefifteenthcentury,itwaswidelyusedinLääne-VirumaainthePorkunistronghold,andsculptureddetailsweremadefortheKadrina,Väike-Maarja,andViru-Jaagupichurches.Intheseventeenththroughthenineteenthcenturies,theRöadolostone

Coquinoid limestone from Lääne-Viru-maa

Röa dolostone comprises joints of cry-noids

A detail of the Nõo Church portal made of coquinoid limestone

Inju Castle built of Röa dolostone, 1894

TheBorealis limestone isat its thickest(10m)inwesternVirumaa.Thelayersareusually10to20cmthick.Thecomplexdisplaysalargevarietyofcolors:gray,yel-low,yellowish,greenish,andreddish.Thesuitabilityofthisrockforawallstonehasbeenprovedbythewell-preservedbuild-ings,theoldestofwhichdatefromthebeginningoftheMiddleAges.ThebestexampleistheVaostronghold.Instonemasonry,theuseofBorealiswasrestrictedmainly tothemedievalgravetablets intheAmblaandPalamusechurches,altarslabintheVäike-MaarjaChurchandtheportalof theNõoChurch.TheBorealis limestoneisapromisingfinishingstone.

ThedolostonesworkedinthePaideandMündiquarriesinJärvamaawerewidelyusedinmedievaltimesinthePaideandViljandistrongholdsandinthePilistvere,Koeru, Põltsamaa, and Türi churches.ThePaidequarrywasclosedinthesec-ondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.TheMündiquarrywasstillamongthelargestinEstoniainthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Itwasclosedinthesecondhalfof the twentieth century, its reservesexhausted.

Aphanitic limestone fromtheRägaverequarries was used as a building stoneinRakvereCastleinVirumaainthethir-teenthcentury.Thesculpturaldetailsofthecastleweremadeof theLasnamäebuildinglimestoneandOrgitadolostone.

OnthewayfromSillamäetowardNarva,onewillcomeacrossbuildingsmadeofmulticolored limestones. The picture ismostimpressiveinthetownofNarva.Inthe thirteenthcenturyNarvadolostonewasusedasbuildingandcarvingmate-rial in theHermannCastle.Oneof theoldestobjects(1521)cutfromtheNarvadolostoneandstoredinNarvaMuseumisthering-shapedcrossdedicatedtoPaulWeddel. The colorfulness of the rockis vividly expressed in the reddish andgreenishwallsofAlexanderChurchandPimeaiaGarden.

IntheMiddleAges,Estonian limestoneanditsendproducts(gravestones,porchstones,stairs,archesofinnerportals,vaultstones,andfloorslabs)wereexportedtoFinland,Sweden,Riga,andPrussia.

AftertheMiddleAgesthenomenclatureofbuildingstonesgraduallywidened.In

Rakvere Stronghold, built of apha-nitic limestone, 13th-16th century


26

foundationswerelaidfortheproductionanduseofsawndolostoneandlimestonecoverslabs.Attheendofthe1920s,adetailed study of limestone propertieswasundertaken inmanyquarries. ThelimestonesanddolomitesonSaaremaaIslandandthelimestonesinandaroundRakvere,Kalana,andTamsaluwerestud-iedinparticulardetail.

During the first years of Soviet time,the Lasnamäe building limestone andthe marble of Vasalemma were usedasrawmaterials inthemanufactureofwallstones,foundationstones,andstairstones.

The use of limestone for buildingdecreasedrapidly in thesecondhalfof

mostcases,themanorsandtownssitu-ated in limestone areas had their ownquarries.

In1844–1846,abigquarrywasopenedatKernu toproduce limestone for theWinter Palace in Petersburg. In 1881,new quarries were put to use in thevicinity of the Vasalemma railway sta-tion.Fromthosequarriesbuildingstonewasexported to Finland, Sweden, andPetersburg.

Thenineteenthandtwentiethcenturieswitnessed the triumph of brick in thebuilding industry.Large industrial com-plexeswere founded inTallinn,Kunda,andNarva.Limestoneyieldedthepalmtobricks.Eventheopenings insmoothlimestonewallswere linedwithbricks.Similarly to the period of historicismlimestonewasused in itsnatural stateinchurchbuildings (Kaarli,Rapla, Jüri),townpalaces(Tallinn,6KohtuSt.),andmanorhouses(Ungru,Vasalemma,Laitse,Inju).ThecultofamythicalrusticstonespreadinGermanyandtheScandinaviancountriesandreachedEstonia.Rusticatedstonescametobeused(theTallinnDramaTheatre, Rotermann’s Salt Storage).Attempts were made to ennoble thebuildingsthroughthechoiceofmaterial.

Theuseof limestone in the1930sand1940s is associated above all with thenamesofthearchitectsH.Johanson,A.Kotli,andE.J.Kuusik.ThebestpartofH.Johanson’screationwasdesignedtobemadefromtheblocksoftheLasnamäelimestone,whileA.Kotlitendedtopreferthe"marble"ofVasalemma.

During the same period, the mechani-calprocessingof limestonebegan.The

Nissi Church. West portal made of Kernu dolostone, 1873


Above: Smithy from Oluva farm, Kahala village, Kuusalu parish, early 18th century.Below: limestone use in a farm, western Saaremaa, first half of the 19th century. Estonian Open Air Museum

28

the twentieth century. The productionandprocessingoflimestonewasconcen-tratedonSaaremaaIsland,wherefinish-ingslabsweremostlyproduced.However,theselectionoftherockandthequalityoftheendproductswereoftenpoor.Thiswasbecauseoftheshortageofknowl-edge;relevantskillsandexperienceaboutwhereandhowtousedifferentlimestonelayershaddisappearedtogetherwiththeoldstonemasons.Thepresent-daylime-stoneindustryinEstoniaisbasedonwell-knownlimestonevarietiesincludingtheLasnamäe building limestone, KaarmaandOrgitadolostone,Ungrulimestone,marbleofVasalemmaand the recentlyaddedSelgasedolostone. Limestone isused mostly as an internal and exter-nalfinishingmaterial inprivatehouses,in landscapegardeningand,toa lesserextent,inpublicbuildings.

In connectionwith the ever-expandinghouse-building and road construction,the demand for aggregate is continu-ously increasing. In recent times, therehasbeenashortageoflimestoneforthatpurpose.

Limestone – technological stone and raw material in cement pro-duction

Technologicallimestoneisarawmaterialinthemanufactureofpulpandpaperandbuildingmaterials, inmachine-building,andinagriculture.Withthedevelopmentofnewbranchesofindustryattheendofthenineteenthcentury,theuseoflime-stoneasarawmaterialgainedmomen-

Portal from Lasnamäe limestone, 5a Tõnismägi St., Tallinn (above). Kaali Visitors’ Centre at Saaremaa is built from Selgase dolostone, 2005 (below)

tum. Cement plants were launched atKunda (1870) andAseri (1899). In the1880s–1890s,limeplantswerefoundedatTamsaluandRakke.Thedolostonepro-ducedintheÜüguCliffonMuhuIslandwas transported to the metallurgicalplantsofPetersburgandtheKaugatumalimestone to thePärnuPulpPlant.Thepure coral Jaagarahu limestone wasexportedtoGermany,Sweden,Finland,andLatvia.

As of 2005, the limestone depositsrecorded in Estonia included one forcementproductionand22 for techno-logicallimestone.IntheKundaCementPlantthe localLasnamäebuilding lime-stoneisusedasarawmaterial.

Granular and aphanitic limestone andBorealislimestoneorcoquinoidlimestonearesuitableforuseasatechnologicalrawmaterial.Inthepulpandpaperindustryandmetallurgicalindustry,onlyverypurelimestone can be used. In such lime-stone,theCaOcontentmustbeatleast53%,Mglessthan1.5%,SiO2–1.05%

Old bottle kiln of Kunda Cement Plant, 1870

Ruins of limestone ring kiln at Rakke, 1910


there are suitable limestone deposits.Karinu coquinoid limestone isburnt atRakke.Recently,severalsmallcompanieshaveshownaninterestinlimeburning.TwoofthemarealreadyworkingintheLümandaParishonSaaremaa.

Besidesthetraditionalwaysoflimestoneapplication, powdered hydrate lime isusedforcleaningdrinkingwater,whilemilledlimestoneissuitableforthepuri-ficationofwastegasesemittedbyhydro-electricpowerstations.Limestoneisalsousedinagriculturetoreducesoilacidity;about a third of our fields need to belimed.Therearefivetechnologicaldolo-stonedepositsinEstonia.Thedolostoneused intheglass industrymustbeverypureandcompriseat least18%MgO;thiskindoflimestonehasbeenstudiedintheHellamaadepositonMuhuIsland.During the years under Soviet power,thisrockwasusedforalongtimeintheJärvakandiGlassWorks.

andinsolubleresiduebelow3%.TheserequirementsaremetintheVasalemmaandRummudepositswherethemarbleofVasalemmaisthemainrock.

Afterthecrusadesinthethirteenthcen-tury, the foundation was laid for limeburningwhenslacklimecametobeusedasabinderinstonewalls.Bothlimestoneanddolostonewereburned.Atfirst,thetechniquewasprimitiveandwasconfinedonly to theuseof stacksofwoodandcharcoalpits.Afterward,ringkilnswereused.Limeburninggainedmomentuminthenineteenthcenturywhenhousebuild-ingexpanded in towns. Lasnmäe lime-stonewasthemainandmostsignificantbuildingmaterialinTallinn.TartugotitslimefromthesurroundingsofPuurmannimanor. Narva was supplied with limefromHiiumaaIsland.Limeburningwasan importantsourceof incomefirstformanorsandlaterforfarms.Limekilnsarepartofournationalheritage.Theyneedtobemaintained.

Lime is currently burned mainly inJärvamaa and Lääne-Virumaa where

Ruins of lime-burning kiln at Mihkli Salumäe, Pärnu County

30


TERMS

aphanitic limestone –cryptocrystallinelimestone

Baltica paleocontinent –continentalblock(theareaofthepresent-dayEastEuropeanPlatform),whichwaslocatedintheSoutherHemisphereandseparatedfromthesuperconti-nentRodinia630millionyearsago

bedrock –partoftheplatform;abigstructuralunitoftheEarth’scrust.Overliesthebase-mentcomposedofhardenedigneousandmetamorphicrocks;consistsofhardenedsedimen-taryrocks.Formsthelowerpartofthesedimentarycover,whichincludesbesidesthebedrockalsotheoverlyingQuaternarycover

bioherm complex –fossiliferousreefformationwithsurroundingrocks

deposit–localityofmineralresources;aconcentrationofmineralmatterwithitsquality,beddingconditions,andeconomiccharacteristicssuitableforcommercialuse

dolostone–dolomitizedlimestone;sometimeswithcavitiesleftbyleachingoutfossils

fossil –theremainsofanorganismpreservedintherocks

glauconite–agreen,siliceous,ironmineralofcomplicatedcomposition,commonlyoccursasgrains

iron ooid –arounded,small,grainlikeformationcomposedofironminerals

klint–anextensivebedrockescarpmentonlimestonecoast

muddy limestone –microcrystallineorcryptocrystallinelimestoneformedoflimemudandalmostdevoidofskeletalfragmentsoforganisms(detritus)

oncolite –asmall,rounded,concentricallylaminated,andcalcareoussedimentarystructureresemblinganonion;formedbytheactivityofblue-greenalgaeandbacteria

outcrop–anareawhererocksappearabovethesurfaceofsurroundinglandorarecoveredwithathinlayerofunconsolidatedQuaternarydeposits

ox–atoolforbreakinglimestonelayersloose

Paleobaltic Sea –ashallow,flat-bottomedseathatcoveredtheBalticapaleocontinent488millionto416millionyearsago

period–abasicunitoftheworld’sgeologicaltimescale;adistinctportionoftimeintheevolutionoftheEarth,lastingtensofmillionsofyears)

reef–aridgeontheseafloormadeupoftheskeletonsofcarbon-secretingorganisms

sediment–aloosematerial(laiddowneitheronlandorinwater)andasedimentaryrock(lithifiedsediment)

stratotype–atypesectionforcharacterizingageologicalsubdivisionoritsboundaries

stromatoporoid–abig,loaflikefossil,anextinctcolonialformbelongingtosponges

system–rocksformedduringtheperiods

REFERENCES

Einasto,R.,2005.Mõnedsäästlikupaekasutusepõhimõtted.–Keskkonnatehnika5.32–33.

Einasto,R.,Matve,H.,1989.PaekivikasutamisejarakendusuuringuteajaloostEestis.In:TeaduseajaloolehekülgiEestist.VIIkogumik.GeoloogiaarengustEestis.57–73.

Einasto, R., Rähni, A., 2006. Väo kihistu digitaalselt töödeldud kiht-kihiline tüü-pläbilõige.–Keskonnatehnika3.51–55.

Eestiarhitektuur1.Tallinn(ed.V.Raam),1993.303p.

Jürgenson,E.,1960.Eestipaekividekasutamiseajaloost.–EestiLoodus6.321–328.

Heinsalu,Ü.,1977.KarstjalooduskeskkondEestiNSV-s.Tallinn.Valgus.93p.

Kleesment,A.,Nestor,H.,Soesoo,A.,2006.DevonEestis.MTÜGEOGuideBaltoscandia.27p.

Kukk,M.,2006.Eestivabariigi2005.aastamaavaravarudekoondbilansid (seisuga31.12.2005.a).EestiGeoloogiakeskus,geoloogiafond.83–101.

Leito,T.,Märss,T.2003.Saaremaapangad.EestiLoodusfoto.32p.

Lumiste,M.,1965.Tallinnaraidkivikunstist.–Kunst2/3.65–76.

Markus,K.,1999.FrånGotlandtillEstland.Kyrkoarkitekturochkyrkopolitikunder1200-talet.Kristianstad.256p.

Markus,K.,2006.KeskaegnekunstaitabmõistaEestiajalugu.–Horisont2.72–77.

Matve,H.,1986/87.Eestimaapaas (Paeehitusekunst).Käsikiri.EestiArhitektuuri-muuseum,fond20,nimistu2.

Nerman,R.,1998.Lasnamäeajalugu.EestiEntsüklopeediakirjastus.35–37.

Märss,T.,Soesoo,A.,Nestor,H.2007.Saaremaapangad.MTÜGEOGuideBaltoscandia,2007.32p.

Nestor,H.,Soesoo,A.,2006.Silur.KirjastusMTÜGEOGuideBaltoscandia.31p.

Nestor,H.,Soesoo,A.,Linna,A.,Hints,O.,Nõlvak,J.,2006.OrdoviitsiumEestis jaLõuna-Soomes.MTÜGEOGuideBaltoscandia.32p.

Pirrus,E.,2003.EestiÜrglooduseRaamat–Geoloogilisteloodusmälestisteüleriigilineandmebaas.Rmt.Elutaloodusmälestisteuuriminejakaitse.7–18.

Perens,H.,2004.PaekiviEestiehitistesII.Harju,RaplajaJärvamaakond.144p.

Saadre,T.,2004.Eestimaavaradekaardikoostaminemõõtkavas1:400000(1:200000).Ietapp.Aruanne.EestiGeoloogiakeskus,geoloogiafond,7641.10–19.

Saimre,T.,2006.TehnoloogiamuutumisebiheivoristlikanalüüsKursilubjatootmispi-irkonnanäitel.Seminaritöö.TÜfilosoofiateaduskond,Ajalooosakond,Arheoloogiaõppetool.3–10.

Soesoo,A.,Miidel,A.,2006.Põhja-Eestiklint.MTÜGEOGuideBaltoscandia.32p.

Suuroja,K.,2005.Põhja-Eestiklint.EestiGeoloogiakeskus.7–53.

IUGS ICS Geological Time Scale 2004 (www. stratigraphy.org)

Holocene

Pleistocene

Pliocene

Miocene

Oligocene

Eocene

Paleocene

Upper Cretaceous

Lower Cretaceous

Upper Jurassic

Middle Jurassic

Lower Jurassic

Upper Triassic

Middle Triassic

Lower Triassic

Lopingian

Guadalupian

Cisuralian

Pennsylvanian

Mississipian

Upper Devonian

Middle Devonian

Lower Devonian

Ludlow

Wenlock

Llandovery

Upper Ordovician

Middle Ordovician

Lower Ordovician

Furongian

Middle Cambrian

Lower Cambrian

Pridoli

QUATERNARY

EON ERA SYSTEM SERIES AGE (Ma)

adapted and modified by Estonian Commission on Stratigraphy (www.gi.ee/ESK/)

NEOGENE

CRETACEOUS

CARBONIFEROUS

PALEOGENE

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

DEVONIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

SILURIAN

PERMIAN

EDIACARAN

CRYOGENIAN

TONIAN

STENIAN

ECTASIAN

CALYMMIAN

STATHERIAN

OROSIRIAN

RHYACIAN

SIDERIAN

Cenozoic

Phanerozoic

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Proterozoic

Archean

Neoproterozoic

Mesoproterozoic

Neoarchean

Mesoarchean

Paleoarchean

Eoarchean

Paleoproterozoic

0,00

0,0115

1,806

5,332

23,03

33,9 ± 0,1

55,8 ± 0,2

65,5 ± 0,3

99,6 ± 0,9

145,5 ± 4,0

161,2 ± 4,0

175,6 ± 2,0

199,6 ± 0,6

228,0 ± 2,0

245,0 ± 1,5

251,0 ± 0,4

260,4 ± 0,7

270,6 ± 0,7

299,0 ± 0,8

318,1 ± 1,3

359,2 ± 2,5

385,3 ± 2,6

397,5 ± 2,7

416,0 ± 2,8

418,7 ± 2,7

422,9 ± 2,5

428,2 ± 2,3

443,7 ± 1,5

460,9 ± 1,6

471,8 ± 1,6

488,3±1,7

501,0±2,0

513,0±2,0

542,0±1,0

630

850

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2050

2300

2500

2800

3200

3600

~4500

ISBN978-9985-9867-2-1

limestone – a national stone of estonia - instituut · limestone – a national stone of estonia...

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