limitations abu ghraib prison, iraq · abu ghraib prison, iraq • site of prisoner abuses by us...
TRANSCRIPT
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Limitations Limitations
• Theguardswerecoached– Allweregivenadailyschedulethatincludedcountat2:30am
– One“soft”guardwastoldtobetougher• “JohnWayne”wasrespondingtodemandcharacteristics– Saidhehadfiguredoutthepurposeoftheexperimentandworkedtomakeitsucceed
– Withouthim,whatwouldtheothershavedone?
Limitations
• Paymentwastobegivenattheend,forhowevermanydaystheexperimentlasted– Soprisonershadanincentivenottoleave
• Zimbardohassaidhetoldsomeprisonerstheycouldn’tleave– Theactualinteractionwasn’trecorded
• …Participantshadhelpfallingintotheirroles– A2002replicationattemptfailed(BBCPrisonStudy)
AbuGhraibprison,Iraq• SiteofprisonerabusesbyUSArmyandCIApersonnel,2003-2004
Among12peopleconvictedforoffensesatAbuGhraib
LynndieEngland SabrinaHarman
LynndieEngland(w/CharlesGraner)
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SabrinaHarman
“Iguessweweren’treallythinking,Hey,thisguyhasfamily,or,Hey,thisguywasjustmurdered,”Harmansaid.“Itwasjust—Hey,it’sadeadguy,it’dbecooltogetaphotonexttoadeadperson.Iknowitlooksbad.Imean,evenwhenIlookatthem,Igo,‘OhJesus,thatdoeslookprettybad.’Butwhenwewereinthatsituationitwasn’tasbadasitlookscomingoutonthemedia,Iguess,becausepeoplehavephotosofallkindsofthings.Like,ifasoldierseessomebodydead,normallythey’lltakephotosofit.”
Mentaldisorders(psychopathology,abnormalpsychology)
Outline
• Whatisan“abnormal”behaviorormentalprocess?
• Examinethenatureandtreatmentofthreequitedifferentmentaldisorders:– Schizophrenia– Depression– Anti-socialpersonalitydisorder
Whatis“abnormal”?
• Notasimplequestion– Importanttogettheanswerasrightaspossible,topromotementalhealthandavoidabuse
• Psychiatristsandclinicalpsychologistsarelicensedtodiagnosementaldisorders
• TheyusetheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM)– ProducedbytheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation
“Abnormal”pertheDSM
• Abehavioralorpsychologicalsyndrome– Syndrome(fr.Greek)=thingsthat“runtogether”
• ...associatedwithpresentdistressordisability,orincreasedriskofsuch– Toselforothers
• ...andnotanexpectableorculturallysanctionedresponsetoanevent
Schizophrenia• Afamilyofseverementaldisorders– About1%lifetimeprevalence
• Concordancerates:– Fraternaltwins:0-28%– Identicaltwins:41-65%• 60%for1-placentatwins(2/3rdofpairs),11%for2-placentatwins(1/3rdofpairs)
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Schizophrenia• Positivesymptoms– Delusions:Fixedfalsebeliefs• E.g.,grandiosity,paranoia
– Hallucinations:Falsesensoryexperiences• Auditory,visual
– Disorganizedbehavior
Schizophrenia• Negativesymptoms– Flataffect:Absenceofexpression– Catatonia:Absenceofmovement
• Cognitivesymptoms– Disorderedlanguage– Disorderedthought– Psychosis:lossofcontactwithreality
JerroldS.Clinician:Howareyoudoing?JS:Notdoingsohot.Ithinkandfeelasthoughpeoplehavecalledmehere
toelectrocuteme,judgeme,putmeinjail,or...killme,electrocuteme,becauseofthesinsI’vebeenin.
C:Isthisanewfeelingforyou?JS:Mainthingis,don'tgetexcited,butthethingisis,uh...Notanewfeeling,
no.Iuh,I’mscaredofpeople.C:Mustbeveryfrighteningforyou,ifyoufeelyou’reabouttogetkilled.JS:I’msoscaredIcouldtellyouthatpicture’sgotaheadache.C:Canyoutellmemoreaboutthat,thepicture’sgotaheadache?JS:Doyouwanttoknow?C:YesIdo.
JerroldS.JS:Ok,whenaspermandanegggotogethertomakeababy,onlyone
spermgoesupintheegg,andwhentheytouch,there’stwocontactpointsthattouchbeforetheothertwo,and...thenit’scarriedupintotheegg,andwhentheyfuse,it’slikenuclearfusionexceptit'shumanfusion,there’samasslosttheprotononeheatabstractiongoesupintheelectron,spinsaround,comesbackdownintheprotontoformthemind,andthemindcanbereducedtooneatom.
DopaminehypothesisSchizophreniaislinkedtooversensitivitytodopamine
AugustineC:Youseemkindofdowntoday.A:Mmhm.C:...Couldyousharewithussomethingthat’sgoingoninyourmind,or
yourfeelings?A:I’mfeelingok,basically,butmentallyI’mamess,allIhaveisthoughts
goingacrossmyhead,ofallsorts.C:Dotheymakesense?A:No.C:Isthereanythingyou’dliketotellusoraskus?A:....No.C:....You’regettingreadytochangeyourmedications,aren’tyou?A:Yes....I’mlookingforwardtothat.
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Augustine,changedmedicationA:Iwantedtobecomeapainter,adoctorofthechurch,aworldleader,
thingsofthatsort.C:Fairlygrandideas.A:Yeah,Idon’thavethemanymore.C:Backthen,didyoureallybelievethosethings?Wereyoureallycaught
upinthem?A:IwascaughtupinthembutIdidn’tbelieveIcouldmakeit.C:Youdidn’tthinkyou’dmakeit.A:Right.C:Whatdoyouthinknow?Whatdoyouthinkthefutureholds?A:Work.C:Work?A:Work.
SomestructuralbrainabnormalitiesEnlargedventricles(smallerbrain)
Scrambledneuronsinthehippocampus
(ThetwofromFig.16.28?)
HeatherOkandsothat'stheproblem,isn’tit?That’sthecomplaint,right?
Well..uh,Ihavekryptoniteinme.Youknowwhatthatis,don’tyou,kryptonite?And,uh...soifIhavekryptoniteinmeandIdrinkcoffeeandsoda,andnooneelseknowswhattoeat,Imean,youneverhadraweggs?Doyoueverhaveraweggs?Doyoueatraweggs?WhenIwaspregnant–Ithinkboysgetpregnantandgirlsdon’t,yeah,it’strue–butIateraweggs,butuh,doyoueatraweggs?
Schizophrenia
• Afamilyofdevastatingdiseases– Symptomsareoftenpronounced– Butnoteverycasehasallofthem
• Casesareoftenassociatedwithclearbrainabnormalities– Couldbecauseoreffectorboth