limits to growth 5-2. limiting factors remember, primary productivity of an ecosystem can be reduced...
TRANSCRIPT
Limits to GrowthLimits to Growth
5-25-2
Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors
• Remember, primary productivity of an ecosystem can be reduced by limiting nutrients
• In the context of populations, limiting factors can cause population size to decrease
• A resource base that is limited can also affect the long-term survival of a species
• Ex: pandas and bamboo
Density-Dependant FactorsDensity-Dependant Factors
• Limiting factors that depend on population size
• Density-dependent factors become limiting only when population density reaches a certain level
• Do not affect small, scattered populations
• Examples of density-dependent limiting factors:– Competition– Predation– Parasitism– Disease
CompetitionCompetition
• Occurs when populations become crowded
• All organisms in a population need sunlight, food, water, space, etc.
• Competition among members of the same species is density dependent
• The more members in the population, the faster the resources are used up
• Competition also happens between members of different species– Major force behind evolutionary change
• When 2 species compete for same resource, they are under pressure to change– Over time, evolve to occupy diff. niches
PredationPredation
• Populations in nature are controlled by predation– Known as predator-prey relationship
• Ex: – sea otters and urchins– Sea otters and whales
Isle RoyaleIsle Royale• Well known example of predator-prey
relationship is the moose/wolf populations on Isle Royale in Lake Superior– When moose numbers are high, wolf #’s increase
– As wolves feed on moose, moose #’s decrease, causing a decrease in wolves
– With fewer wolves, moose #’s can increase again
Parasitism & DiseaseParasitism & Disease
• Parasites can also limit population growth
• Parasites are similar to predators – weaken and kill hosts
• Large populations can be under stress making them more susceptible to diseases
• More members = easier to pass “things” around
Density-Independent FactorsDensity-Independent Factors
• Factors that affect populations regardless of their size
• Examples: – Unusual weather– Season cycles– Human activities (damming rivers, clear
cutting)
• Populations usually respond to such factors with a crash in population size
• After crash, numbers may increase quickly, or stay low for awhile
• Storms and hurricanes can wipe out populations of insects
• Extreme cold or hot weather can also take a toll on populations
• Droughts can affect entire populations of vegetation, which can affect populations of consumers
• Environments are always changing
• Most populations can adapt to a certain amount of change (grow or shrink)
• Major upsets in ecosystems can lead to long-term decline in certain populations
• Human activities have caused some of these upsets
5-3 Human Population Growth5-3 Human Population Growth
• Like the populations of many other living organisms, the size of the human population tends to increase with time.
• For most of human existence, the population grew slowly
• Until fairly recently, only half the children in the world survived to adulthood.
• About 500 years ago, the human population began growing more rapidly.
• Agriculture and industry made life easier and safer.
• The world's food supply became more reliable, and essential goods could be shipped around the globe.
• Improved sanitation, medicine, and health care dramatically reduced the death rate and increased longevity.
• With these advances, the human population experienced exponential growth, as shown in the figure at right.
Patterns of Population GrowthPatterns of Population Growth
• English economist Thomas Malthus observed that human populations were growing rapidly.
• Malthus predicted that such growth would not continue indefinitely.
• Instead, according to Malthus, war, famine, and disease would limit human population growth.
• Scientists have identified a variety of other social and economic factors that can affect human populations.
• The scientific study of human populations is called demography
• Birthrates, death rates, and the age structure of a population help predict why some countries have high growth rates while other countries grow more slowly.
Demographic TransitionDemographic Transition
• Over the past century, population growth in the United States, Japan, and much of Europe has slowed dramatically.
• Demographers have developed a hypothesis to explain this shift.
• According to this hypothesis, these countries have completed the demographic transition, a dramatic change in birth and death rates.
Age Structure DiagramAge Structure Diagram
• Demographers can predict future growth using models called age-structure diagrams, or population profiles.
• Age-structure diagrams show the population of a country broken down by gender and age group.
• Each bar in the age-structure diagram represents individuals within a 5-year group. Percentages of males are to the left of the center line and females to the right in each group.
Future Population GrowthFuture Population Growth
• To predict how the world's human population will grow, demographers must consider many factors including:– the age structure of each country – prevalence of life-threatening diseases