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Lincoln and the Constitution / Traveling Panel Exhibit

Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit

TABLE OF CONTENTS1 Packing List2 Sample Floorplans 3 Setup Directions4 Subject Maps5 Case Contents

Lincoln and the Constitution / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Packing List

packing list

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ALUSIV

Lincoln and The Constitution / Traveling Exhibit

6.19.09

090601

2009 - 2010

6.18.09

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6 - Graphic Panels5 - Magnetic Struts

4 - Graphic Panels5 - Magnetic Struts2 - 3 x 4 Frame

5 - Graphic Panels4 - Magnetic Struts1 - 1 x 3 Frame

4 - Graphic Panels4 - Magnetic Struts1 - 1 x 3 Frame

3 - Graphic Panels4 - Magnetic Struts1 - 1 x 3 Frame

5 - Graphic Panels4 - Magnetic Struts1 - 1 x 3 Frame

4 - Graphic Panels4 - Magnetic Struts1 - 1 x 3 Frame

3 - Graphic Panels4 - Magnetic Struts1 - 1 x 3 Frame

5 - Graphic Panels4 - Magnetic Struts1 - 1 x 3 Frame

4 - Graphic Panels4 - Magnetic Struts1 - 1 x 3 Frame

3 - Graphic Panels4 - Magnetic Struts1 - 1 x 3 Frame

3 - Graphic Panels4 - Magnetic Struts1 - 3 x 3 Frame

5 - Graphic Panels4 - Magnetic Struts

14 - Stabilizer Rods

14 TOTAL PIECES

***See Individual Case Inventories For Specific Graphic Panel Numbers And Descriptions Located InSection 5 of Your Set-Up Book and All Case Lids***

63 lbs.

65 lbs,

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60 lbs.

57 lbs.

54 lbs.

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57 lbs.

54 lbs.

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Lincoln and the Constitution / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Sample Floorplans

Lincoln and the Constitution / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Sample Floorplan 1

20' x 50' Sample Floorplan with 2 Walls

Scale: 1/8" = 1'-0"1

5'-0"

Lincoln and the Constitution / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Sample Floorplan 2

32' x 32' Sample Floorplan: Atrium

Scale: 1/8" = 1'-0"1

Lincoln and the Constitution / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Setup Directions

( )FOR KIOSK STYLE FRAMES FOLLOW PRECEEDING INSTRUCTIONS AND MOVE ON TO THE FOLLOWING STEPS BELOW ON HOW TO ALIGN FRAMES. FOR CURVED UNITS SKIP TO STEP# 12

STEP #1: STEP #2:REMOVE BAG CONTAINING FRAME FROM CASE, THEN FRAME FROM BAG

STAND UP FRAME AND SPREAD OPEN

STEP #5: STEP #6:PLACE ASSEMBLED FRAMES AROUND TEMPLATE AS SHOWN

SLIDE CONNECTING RODS INTO PLACE, SEE STEPS 7 - 11

STEP #3: STEP #4:FLIP FRAME UP KEEPING ORANGE “HUBS” DOWN AND PROCEED TO OPEN FULLY

GRAB TWO CENTER “HUBS” OF FRAME AND “SNAP” FRAME INTO STANDING POSITION

STEP #11: STEP #12: REMOVE STRUTS FROM CASE AND ASSEMBLE WITH MAGNETS FACING SAME SIDE

WHEN FINISHED THERE SHOULD BE (4) FOUR CONNTECING BRACES

STEP #9: STEP #10:USING THE TOP OF THE CASE TO STAND ON, INSTALL TOP BRACE

KEEP INSTALLING BRACES, ONE AT EACH LEVEL

STEP #7: STEP #8:USING THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAMS POSITION CONNECTING BRACESACCORDINGLY

LEVEL 1 & 4 - connect A to DLEVEL 2- connect B to ELEVEL 3- connect C to F

STEP #15:STEP #14: HANG GRAPHICS USING THEGRAPHIC HANGER PINS

EXTEND TOP PORTION OF STRUT, & THEN LOWER ONTO TOP HUB PIN

STEP #16: STEP #17:ATTACH END CAPS BY FOLDING AT SEEMS AND HANGING ON THE GRAPHIC HANGER PINS

DISASSEMBLY IS THE OPPOSITE OF ASSEMBLY.

vWHEN ROLLING UP GRAPHICS MAKE SURE TO ROLL WITH THE IM-AGE OUT. EACH PANEL HAS A STICKERINDICATING WHICH CASE IT GOES IN.

STEP #13: FOLLOW THE STRUT UP PRESSING IT ONTO THE HUB PINS

STEP #12: SLIDE BOTTOM OF STRUT ONTO BOTTOM OF FRAME (STRUT BOTTOM DOES NOT HAVE GRAPHIC HANGERS)

Lincoln and the Constitution / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Maps

Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 1

A. Title / Introduction B. Meet Mr. Lincoln / Oath

PANEL # DESCRIPTION1.A.1 “Lincoln” Title & icon image1.A.2 “1.A.3 ”1.A.4 Introduction of Section colors & words DIVIDED, BOUND, DISSENT

1.S.1 ”Meet Mr. Lincoln” small portraits/timeline

1.B.1 “Meet Mr. Lincoln” text President Elect Abraham Lincoln image Artifact: Top Hat1.B.2 Lincoln full length image1.B.3 “Lincoln Takes Oath” text Artifact: 1st Inaugural Address1.B.4 Lincoln taking the oath image

1.S.2 Artifact: Inaugural Bible

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This Bible was originally purchased by William Thomas Carroll, Clerk of the Supreme Court, for Lincoln’s swearing-in ceremony on March 4, 1861.

The Lincoln family Bible was unavailable as it had been packed with other belongings that were traveling from Springfield.

The Oath of Office was administered by Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney.

As the author of the infamous “Dred Scott” decision of 1857, which held that Congress did not have the power to exclude slavery from the territories, Taney was clearly no friend to Lincoln or the cause of emancipation.

In the Inaugural Address which followed, President Lincoln appealed to his countrymen to follow

“the better angels of our nature.”

I N A U G U R A LB I B L E

Courtesy of Library of Congress, Rare Books Collection

THE CONSTITUTION AND THE CIVIL WAR

By 1860 these unresolved questions had become ticking time bombs, ready to explode. In that year, Abraham Lincoln’s election brought the nation to the brink of civil war.

Even before he was sworn in, seven states renounced their allegiance to the United States, forming “The Confederate States of America.”

This exhibition traces Lincoln’s struggle to resolve those basic questions at the most perilous moment in the nation’s history. The answers would reinvent the Constitution and the promise of American life.

Was the “United States” truly one nation, or was it a confederacy of sovereign and separate states?

How could a country founded on the belief that “all men are created equal” tolerate slavery?

In a national crisis, would civil liberties be secure?

1 8 6 1Lincoln grew a beard after his election

as president.This photograph was taken in Springfield, Illinois, on February 9, 1861,

two days before the President-elect left for Washington.

Image courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division

1 8 6 4This photograph was taken

in Washington, D.C., on February 9, 1864, three days

before Lincoln’s fifty-fifth birthday.

Image courtesy of Corbis/Bettman

Image Courtesy of Indiana Historical Society

1 8 5 8This photograph was taken May 7, 1858,

in Beardstown, Illinois, three months before Lincoln began his famous debates with Stephen A. Douglas in the campaign for U.S. Senate.

Image courtesy of Corbis/Bettman

1 8 6 5This photograph was taken

in Washington, D.C., on February 5, 1865, one month

before Lincoln delivered his Second Inaugural Address.

Image courtesy of Corbis/Bettman

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“I, Abraham Lincoln, do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.”

– Lincoln’s constitutional oath, March 4, 1861

Abraham Lincoln was elected president in November 1860 with less than 40 percent of the vote. On the eve of his inauguration, most Americans knew little about him.

Most Northerners hoped he was no Buchanan – the weak outgoing president. They knew that Lincoln advocated standing up to slavery. But how? This one-term congressman from Illinois had held no military command, no leading position in industry. He had done well as a lawyer. He was a canny politician, but he had been influential only in his home state.

Most Southerners viewed Lincoln with distrust. But everybody sought clues to his character. The same week that Lincoln was sworn in, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper tried to help, offering “the only correct portrait yet given to the public.”

Meet Mr. Lincoln

Portrait of Lincoln from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper.

Image Courtesy of Corbis-Bettman

It was March 4, 1861. Abraham Lincoln was about to be sworn in as president. Americans were worried. Would their new president let the Southern states leave the Union? Would he risk civil war to keep the country together?

As thousands watched, Lincoln began to speak. His words mixed conciliation and firmness. The government would not attack the South if the Union was not attacked, but he was about to take a solemn oath “registered in heaven” to “preserve, protect and defend” the Constitution and the Union it served. He warned both sides to take note.

When he concluded, he placed his hand on the Bible, raised his right hand, and repeated the oath. Almost before he finished, the cheering began.

But a howl arose in the South. What Southerners heard were not words of moderation, but a declaration of war.

Lincoln Takes the Constitutional Oath

Crowd looks on at Lincoln’s inauguration.

Image courtesy of Corbis-Bettman

Lincoln takes the Constitutional Oath of Office.

Image courtesy of Corbis-Bettman

This “stovepipe” hat is the one Lincoln wore when he left Illinois, headed to Washington for his inauguration. The stovepipe hat became Lincoln’s trademark. He also found it useful for storing notes. Courtesy of Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institute

T H E D I S T I N C T I V E

H AT

F I R S T I N A U G U R A L A D D R E S S

“We are not enemies”Lincoln carried drafts of his inaugural address with him from Springfield and continued to revise and edit the speech with advice from friends and colleagues. Lincoln’s next-to-last draft closed with a challenge to secessionists: “With you, and not with me, is the solemn question of ‘Shall it be peace, or a sword?’”

But his final text concluded: “I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends…Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds

of affection…The mystic chords of memory…will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again

touched…by the better angels of our nature.”

Courtesy of The Gilder Lehrman Institute

“It is a great piece of folly to attempt to make anything out of my early life. It can all be condensed into a single sentence…The short and simple annals of the poor.”

– Lincoln’s remark to John L. Scripps, 1860

This full-length portrait was made shortly before Lincoln received the Republican nomination for president on May 18, 1860.

Image Courtesy of Corbis-Bettman

Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 2

A. Divided : The Crisis of SecessionB. Intro / Union or ConfederacyC. Lincoln takes Charge / Agonized Press / Road to Union

PANEL # DESCRIPTION2.A.1 “Divided” icon image:2.A.2 Union Man fighting Secession Man (cropped)2.A.3 “Are we a single nation...?” Intro & quote

2.S.1 Artifact: An ordinance to dissolve the Union (S. Carolina)

2.B.1 Intro text: “Are we a single nation?”2.B.2 Artifact: Charleston Extra image2.B.3 “Union or Confederacy” text

2.S.2 Artifact: Blockade Order

2.C.1 “Lincoln Takes Charge” text2.C.2 “Agonized President” text2.C.3 “Road to Union”

2.S.3 Artifact: Patriotic envelopes, “The Union’s Champion”

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“We are striving to maintain the government and institutions

of our fathers... and transmit them to our children and our children’s children forever.”

– Lincoln’s remarks to 148th Ohio Regiment, August 31, 1864

Are we a

SINGLE NATION or a confederacy of

SOVEREIGN and SEPARATE states?

Image Courtesy of The Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division

Secession and State

Sovereignty

Copies of South Carolina’s ordinance of secession were distributed to delegates after a convention voted to repeal the state’s ratification of the Constitution and withdraw from the Union. The eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution in 1788, South Carolina became the first to secede.

Courtesy of The Gilder Lehrman Institute

S E C E S S I O N O R D I N A N C EF R O M S O U T H C A R O L I N A

The Union’s Champion

In 1861, many Northerners expected a short war. This series of patriotic envelopes, printed in New York, likened the conflict to a boxing match between Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis. In five short rounds, Lincoln humiliates Davis, routs the rebellion and restores the Union in the name of liberty.

Courtesy of The Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division

PAT R I O T I C E N V E L O P E S

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Abraham Lincoln, Springfield, Illinois, January 1861.

Photograph by Christopher S. German.Image Courtesy of Corbis-Bettmann

On the President’s first day, a message from the commanding officer at Fort Sumter was waiting on his desk. Provisions would soon run out. The fort was in Charleston harbor – one of the last places the U.S. controlled in the Deep South. Unless the fort was re-supplied, it would have to be surrendered.

In his Inaugural Address, Lincoln had promised to avoid “bloodshed or violence” unless it was forced upon him. But he had also pledged to “hold, occupy, and possess” federal properties. That included Fort Sumter.

The President weighed the conflicting advice of his cabinet before making the fateful decision. He would re-supply the fort.

On April 12, the re-supply attempt was made. The Confederates attacked Sumter. And the country was at war.

Union or Confederacy?Fort Sumter puts the question to the ultimate test

“No choice was left but to call out the war power of the Government; and so to resist force, employed for its destruction, by force for its preservation.” – Lincoln’s Message to Congress, July 4, 1861

Fort Sumter undergoes bombardment by Confederate batteries on April 12, 1861. The nation’s bloodiest war had begun.

Currier and Ives lithograph, 1861.Image Courtesy of Library of Congress

“If you can find, any person anywhere professing to have any proposition of Jefferson Davis in writing, for peace, embracing the restoration of the Union and the abandonment of slavery…he may come to me with…safe conduct.” – Lincoln’s remarks to 148th Ohio Regiment, August 31, 1864

Are We a Single Nation?It was an important occasion – the first public flag-raising ceremony in Washington since the war began.

When Lincoln hoisted the Star-Spangled Banner, it hung limply. Suddenly, a breeze unfurled the flag, and Lincoln smiled. “We hope that the same breeze [will swell] the glorious flag throughout the whole nation.”

But that flag no longer flew over the whole nation. Secession by the Southern states, Lincoln said, was not only unconstitutional, it was undemocratic. Majority rule – the bedrock principle of democracy – was at stake. To permit a discontented minority who had lost an election to “break up their government” would prove for all time that government by the people could not survive.

So secession could not stand. The South must be brought back. Even if it meant war.

Secession raised fundamental questions about what sort of nation the Constitution had created. Were the states sovereign, or were the people? Ultimately the war decided the question.

Harper’s Weekly illustration, 1863.Image Courtesy of Library of Congress.

C H A R L E S T O NM E R C U R Y

On December 6, 1860, the people of South Carolina voted for delegates to a convention whose decision was a foregone conclusion. The convention assembled in Charleston and voted unanimously for secession from the United States. Within minutes of its passage, the ordinance appeared as a Charleston Mercury extra edition.

Courtesy of the Chicago History Museum

The Legal Start of the Civil War

Lincoln’s signature on this document in the earliest days of the war imposed a blockade of Southern ports. Some feared that the Supreme Court would say he had exceeded his powers. By a 5-4 vote, the Court in 1863 upheld Lincoln’s action.

Courtesy of The Raab Collection

B L O C K A D E O R D E R

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The war had not gone well. There were defeats. Even after Union armies won battles, they seemed unable to sustain any momentum. The death-toll was staggering.

Only in 1863 did the tide seem to turn. Even then, Southerners fought so stubbornly and courageously that many Northerners urged an armistice and negotiations. Lincoln doubted he’d be reelected in 1864, but he stood firm. Good news from the battlefield saved him.

Now that victory was in sight, Lincoln finally agreed to meet with Confederate leaders. Early in 1865, he went to Virginia to discuss peace terms with Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens. Lincoln was blunt and to the point: National authority under the Constitution must

be recognized by all the states.

The South must accept fully the U.S. government’s actions to end slavery.

All hostilities must end.

Stephens probed for concessions, but Lincoln refused to budge. The fighting would continue for another three months.

An Agonized President Remains Resolute

Lincoln Takes Charge“The Constitution invests its Commander-in-Chief with the law of war, in time of war.” – Lincoln to James C. Conkling, August 26, 1863

At last, the horror was over. The surrender of General Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox signaled the end of four years of bloodshed and division.

Lincoln’s beloved Union and its Constitution had been saved. War had settled the issue: the United States was a nation, not a confederacy of states.

But could the Constitution guarantee the freedom the nation stood for? For Lincoln the answer was “yes,” but only if the nation rededicated itself to the values of the Declaration of Independence – “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” Those were the ideals that the Constitution should serve.

“Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence, and with it, the practices, and policy, which harmonize with it…If we do this, we shall not only have saved the Union; but we shall have so saved it, as to make [it] forever worthy of the saving.” – Lincoln’s Speech at Peoria, Illinois, October 16, 1854

During the war,Lincoln maintained an exhausting schedule.

He was only in hismid-fifties, but the endless

pressures took their toll.

Pencil drawing on olive paperby Alfred R. Waud, 1860 - 1865.

Image Courtesy of Library of Congress,Prints & Photographs Division

Lincoln delivers his Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865. John Wilkes Booth is visible in the photograph, hatless, above and to the right of center.

Photograph probably taken by Alexander Gardner, 1865.Image Donated by Corbis-Bettman

The road to UNIONFREEDOM

must also lead to

General Lee surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, April 9, 1865.

The surrender foretold the birth of a reunited nation.“This will live in history,”

one of Grant’s aides said.

Illustration of Lee’s surrender by unknown artist, 1865.Image Courtesy of Library of Congress

General Hancock’s charge at the Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia, May 5, 1862

Lithograph published by Kurz and Allison, Chicago, 1862.Image Courtesy of Library of Congress

The Constitution makes the president commander- in-chief of the armed forces. But only Congress can authorize the resources for war.

Congress had adjourned in March, and when Fort Sumter was attacked in April, Lincoln knew every second counted. So he acted: He summoned 75,000 state militiamen and urged

volunteers to enlist.

He released millions of dollars from the treasury to help private citizens purchase military equipment.

He authorized martial law.

He ordered a blockade of southern ports.

No president had ever used war powers like this. Had Lincoln exceeded his constitutional authority? Although he hadn’t consulted Congress, he believed it would authorize what he’d done. Eventually it did, but critics still accused him of acting more like a dictator than a president.

President Lincoln meets with his commanders on the Antietam battlefield, October 3, 1862. The fighting at Antietam, Maryland, on September 17 was the bloodiest day of the war. Nearly 6,000 men died.

Photograph by Alexander Gardner.Image Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division

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Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 3

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A. Bound : The Crisis of SlaveryB. Intro / Pres. Plan / New Path / EmancipationC. Nation Reacts / 13th Amend / Artifact

PANEL # DESCRIPTION3.A.1 “Bound” icon image:3.A.2 Recruitment Broadside (cropped)3.A.3 “Can Slavery Be Uprooted...?” intro and quote

3.S.1 Artifact: Shackles

3.B.1 Intro text “Can Slavery Be Uprooted?”3.B.2 “President Has a Plan” text3.B.3 “New Path” text & Artifact: Emancipation Proclamation

3.S.2 Artifact: Freedom Cards “Journey to Freedom”

3.C.1 “Nation Reacts” text3.C.2 Artifact: 13th Amendment image3.C.3 “13th Amendment” text

3.S.3 Artifact: Pen & Inkwell

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“So I say in relation to the principle that all men are

created equal, let it be nearly reached as we can.”

– Lincoln debating Stephen Douglas at Springfield, Illinois, July 17, 1858

Can

SLAVERY be

UPROOTEDby CONSTITUTIONAL means?

Slavery and the Constitution

Shackles like these restrained enslaved Africans, who sought the equality promised in the Declaration of Independence but denied by the Constitution. The word “slave” was deliberately kept out of the Constitution. But the Constitution protected slavery, leaving it up to each state to abolish or keep it.

Courtesy of Ohio Historical Society

S L AV E S H A C K L E S

Image Courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia

Who Freed the Slaves?

On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln dipped this pen into an inkwell to sign the Emancipation Proclamation. But freedom was not achieved with a stroke of a pen. It also involved the actions of Union military commanders, Congress and enslaved people themselves.

Inkwell: Courtesy of theNational Museum of American History,

Smithsonian InstitutePen: Courtesy of Massachusetts Historical Society

P E N A N D I N K W E L L

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From the beginning of the war, blacks clamored to enlist in the Union army. After 1863, they were permitted to do so. By the end of the war, nearly 190,000 black troops had risked their lives for the Union.

Recruitment broadside, 1863.Image courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia

In March 1862, Lincoln had invited abolitionist Wendell Philips to the White House to hear about his plan to end slavery voluntarily – the only way, Lincoln believed, the Constitution allowed.

First, the government would offer federal aid for states to compensate slave-owners. Second, it would pay to resettle free blacks who agreed to leave the United States.

If the slave states still in the Union could be convinced to move toward abolishing slavery voluntarily, then Southerners might be willing to return to the Union and adopt similar plans. But, Phillips objected, that would leave millions in bondage.

For months Lincoln lobbied congressmen from the loyal slave states. But they wanted nothing to do with abolition. By July, he concluded, slavery must be completely destroyed for the Union to survive.

The President Has a Plan

“I do not speak of emancipation at once, but of a decision at once to emancipate gradually.”

– Lincoln’s appeal to representatives of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri and Kentucky, July 12, 1862

Abraham Lincoln, 1863.

Photograph by Matthew Brady.Image donated by Corbis-Bettman

Lincoln tells his Cabinet that he intends to issue an emancipation proclamation as a “fit and necessary military measure.” He had not assembled them to ask their advice, he said, but to inform them that he had made up his mind.

Undated color illustration after a painting by Francis Carpenter.Image donated by Corbis-Bettmann

The iconic Lincoln was a “rail splitter,” so it was fitting to see him attack slavery with an ax.

Political cartoon, Harper’s Weekly, October 11, 1862.Image courtesy of The Library of Congress

In 1860, slaves were worth more than any other capital asset in the nation except land – three times more than every factory and railroad in the country combined.

An American Slave Market, oil painting, 1852.Image Courtesy Corbis-Bettmann

The President had grasped so many hands on New Year’s Day, 1863, that he could hardly hold the pen. But slowly he signed the Emancipation Proclamation. “If my name goes into history,” he said, “it will be for this act.”

Emancipation would restore the spirits of those who wanted a moral crusade. It would electrify lovers of freedom. And it would open the way to recruit thousands of black soldiers clamoring to serve.

He told his Cabinet that emancipation was a “military necessity absolutely essential for the salvation of the Union.” On January 1, 1863, the war became a struggle for Union and freedom.

The War Leads Lincoln Down a New Path

Can Slavery Be Uprooted?“I have always hated slavery,” Lincoln said. But slavery was deeply rooted in the Constitution. He had understood that it could not be uprooted overnight.

Lincoln had won the presidency in 1860 vowing to stop slavery from spreading. Free territories would one day ripen into free states, and slavery would be surrounded. With its roots choked off, slavery would eventually die out.

For much of his first year, Lincoln had focused on ending the Southern rebellion. Somehow, he had to address the root cause. The Constitution offered little help. It had left slavery in the hands of individual states.

But the war opened up new possibilities. Lincoln believed the Constitution allowed the President to do in wartime what he could never do in times of peace.

“Upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God.”

– Lincoln’s Final Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863

T H E E M A N C I PAT I O NP R O C L A M AT I O N

Lithograph of the Emancipation Proclamation, designed by a 14-year-old boy from California and signed by Abraham Lincoln.

Courtesy of National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institute

The Journey to Freedom

In 1863, with the situation desperate, the Emancipation Proclamation announced that black men would “be received into the armed service of the United States.” Thousands enlisted. These illustrated cards present the journey of a slave from plantation life to the struggle for liberty, for which he gives his life, as a Union soldier during the Civil War.

Courtesy of The Library of Congress, Prints & Photograph Division

F R E E D O M C A R D S

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Lincoln’s Emancipation plan had brought a torrent of denunciation from many white Northerners. They would fight to save the Union but not to free the slaves.

When news came that Lincoln had signed the final Proclamation, black Northerners filled churches, sang hymns, and danced in the streets.

But Lincoln’s critics charged him with going beyond his authority. And abolitionists

The Nation Reacts to Emancipation

The clerk announced the tally – 119 ayes, 56 nays. The resolution had passed with two votes to spare. History had been made this final day of January 1865: Congress had approved a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery and sent it to the states for ratification.

For a moment, there was a profound silence. Then the chamber erupted. Congressmen and visitors cheered, clapped, threw their hats in the air, embraced, wept, prayed. The next evening, the President addressed a crowd gathered outside the White House. The vote was a “great moral victory,” he said.

The Thirteenth Amendment transformed the U.S. Constitution. Ratified on December 6, 1865, eight months after his assassination, it is Lincoln’s greatest constitutional legacy.

The THIRTEENTHAmendment TRANSFORMS

the Constitutioncomplained that the Proclamation did not go far enough. They argued that it didn’t actually free a single slave.

Black Southerners had watched and waited as the day of emancipation drew near. Slaveholders tried to prevent slaves from learning about the Proclamation. But the word traveled from one plantation to another. By the end of 1864, nearly 500,000 enslaved people had left for Union camps.

Newly freed women, men and children seek refuge in a Union Army camp at Newbern, North Carolina.

Harper’s Weekly illustration, February 21, 1863.Image Courtesy of The Library of Congress

Congress celebrates passage of the Thirteenth Amendment on January 31, 1865.

Harper’s Weekly illustration, February 18, 1865Image Courtesy of The Library of Congress

“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude… shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

– Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

His Signature Registered His Triumph

Even though the Constitution does not give the president a say on constitutional amendments, Lincoln was so elated that he signed the Thirteenth Amendment before it went to the states for ratification. Dismayed senators passed a resolution declaring that his action should not be taken as a precedent. But Lincoln had not been able to resist the opportunity. It was a momentous occasion.

Lincoln believed the Thirteenth Amendment would preserve for all time the emancipation he had ordered as a wartime measure. No piece of legislation received more of his attention. This is one of 13 copies he is known to have signed.

Courtesy of the Chicago History Museum

T H I R T E E N T HA M E N D M E N T

3.C.1 3.C.2 3.C.3

Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 4

A. Dissent: The Crisis of Civil LibertiesB. Intro / Strong Measures / Habeas Corpus/More Strong MeasuresC. Lincoln Justifies / How a Free Press?/I Cast My Vote

PANEL # DESCRIPTION4.A.1 “Suspect” icon image:4.A.2 Baltimore mob attack Union troops (cropped)4.A.3 “Must Civil Liberties Give Way...?” Intro and quote

4.S.1 “What is a Writ of Habeas Corpus?”

4.B.1 Intro text “Must Civil Liberties Give Way?”4.B.2 “Strong Measures in Md” text4.B.3 “More Strong Measures” text

4.S.2 Artifact: Campaign Button / Ribbon / National Ticket

4.C.1 “Lincoln Justifies” text / Artifact: Corning Pamphlet4.C.2 “How a Free Press” text4.C.3 “I Cast My Vote” text

4.S.3 Artifact: Second Inaugural Address

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This copy of Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address was printed as a souvenir in Washington on March 4, 1865. The war wasn’t over, but it was drawing to a close. Lincoln meditated on its meaning and its terrible toll.

Slavery was not the fault of the South alone. It was the whole nation’s “offence” and must be abolished to purge the United States of its sin.

As much preacher as president, Lincoln tried to carry the nation toward a new spirit of reconciliation.

“With malice toward none; with charity for all,” he said,

“let us strive on to finish the work we are in.”

Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division

“With malice toward none; with charity

for all”

S E C O N D I N A U G U R A L A D D R E S S

TH

E C

RIS

IS O

F C

IVIL

LIB

ER

TIE

S

“Under cover of ‘liberty of speech,’ ‘liberty of press,’ and

‘habeas corpus,’ they hoped to keep on foot among us a most

efficient corps of spies, informers, suppliers, and aiders and abettors of their cause.”

– Lincoln to Erastus Corning, June 12, 1863

Must

CIVIL LIBERTIES give way to

SAVE the NATION?

Image Courtesy of The Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases

of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.

– U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 9

What Is aWrit of Habeas

Corpus?

A writ means “something written”; habeas corpus means “you have the body.” When put together “writ of habeas corpus,” is an order directing someone holding a person in custody to produce him before a court. This privilege entitles an imprisoned person to file a petition so that a judge can decide whether he or she is being held lawfully.

Rose O'Neal Greenhow, a known confederate spy, with her youngestdaughter at the Old Capitol Prison, Washington, D.C., 1862. Despite her confinement, Greenhow continued getting messages to the Confederacy in the most unusual ways, such as inside a woman’s hair bun. When her prison term ended, she was exiled to the Confederate states.

Image courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division

Y O U B E T H E J U D G E

4.A.14.S.3 4.S.14.A.2 4.A.3

The President needed to defend Washington: if the capital fell, the Union would be lost. But getting troops to Washington was treacherous. They had to come through Maryland, and Confederate sympathizers were bent on stopping them.

A week after the war broke out, a mob attacked Union troops in Baltimore. Four soldiers and a dozen citizens died in the rioting. In response, the mayor and police chief – both Southern sympathizers – ordered local citizens to obstruct troop movements.

Lincoln told General-in-Chief Scott to use “prompt and efficient means” to restore order. “In the extremist necessity,” Scott might suppress the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. On May 13 he did, by declaring martial law, and troops took control in Maryland. Union officers arrested hundreds thought to be disloyal.

Strong Measures in Maryland

“Our men are not moles, and can’t dig under the earth. They are not birds, and can’t fly through the air. – Lincoln’s reply to Baltimore Committee, April 22, 1861

Lincoln’s critics branded him a tyrant. He was portrayed as a beast who stomped on American rights and disregarded the Constitution.

Political Cartoon, 1865.Image Courtesy of Picture History

A mob’s attack on Union troops in Baltimore in the earliest days of the war prompted Lincoln to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and declare martial law.

Currier and Ives lithograph, 1861.Image Courtesy of Library of Congress

A Lincoln Landslide

As late as August 1864, Lincoln thought war-weary voters would turn him out of office. But battlefield victories boosted spirits and turned the political tide. With ribbons, tickets and buttons like these, Republicans campaigned vigorously, and Lincoln won in a landslide.

1864 Campaign Button: Courtesy on New York Historical SocietyTicket: Courtesy of The Gilder Lehrman Institute

Ribbon: Chicago History Museum

C A M PA I G N M E M O R A B I L I A

Must Civil Liberties Give Way?As the nation fell into civil war, Lincoln faced a sea of perils: Saboteurs blew up bridges; mobs blocked Union troops; spies lurked in Washington. Clearly the President had to respond.

To meet the crisis, Lincoln claimed extraordinary powers. He suspended the writ of habeas corpus – the provision in the Constitution that protects citizens against arbitrary arrests. No president had done it before.

As military arrests mounted, some Americans wondered, were their liberties being lost?

Lincoln didn’t think so. Liberties legitimately suspended in wartime would still be safeguarded in times of peace, he maintained. But questions remained:

How far could a president stretch his war powers without violating the Constitution?

What were the appropriate limits of dissent in wartime?

Lincoln wrestled with those issues then; we still debate them today.

More Strong Measures

Imposition of conscription provoked bitter resistance. Critics called it unconstitutional. The arrival of draft officers in New York in July 1863 provoked the worst riots in American history.

Woodcut depicting New York City draft riots, 1863.Image Courtesy Corbis-Bettmann

“Imbued with a reverence for the guaranteed rights of individuals, I was slow to adopt the strong measures, which by degrees I have been forced to regard as being within the exceptions of the constitution, and as indispensable to the public safety.” – Lincoln’s reply to Baltimore Committee, April 22, 1861

Lincoln had urged subordinates to show restraint: “Unless the necessity for… arbitrary arrests is manifest, and urgent,” he declared in May 1861, “I prefer they should cease.” Arrests should be used “for prevention and not for punishment.”

Even so, Lincoln’s critics howled; even some of his supporters winced. But he refused to back down.

Abraham Lincoln, Washington, D.C., August 9, 1863.

Photograph by Alexander Gardner.Image Donated by Corbis-Bettmann

As enthusiasm for the war waned, some Northern states began to draft soldiers in 1862. Congress imposed a national draft the following year.

Broadside of draft notice, Camden, New Jersey, September 2, 1862.Image Courtesy of The New-York Historical Society

With enthusiasm for war fading and enlistments drying up, Congress in March 1863 established a national draft – the first in U.S. history. It sparked an outcry. Thousands tried to evade it. In New York City, an anti-draft riot killed 105 people and caused enormous property losses.

The pace of military arrests quickened again as resistance to the draft grew. By 1863 thousands had been detained, mostly suspected draft dodgers and deserters.

Recruitment poster, Doylestown, Pennsylvania,

August 28, 1861.

Printed by W.W.H. Davis.Image Courtesy of The New-York

Historical Society

4.B.1 4.S.24.B.2 4.B.3

I cast MY VOTELINCOLNfor

and the Constitution

“You will only…suppress assemblies, or newspapers, when they may be working palpable injury to the Military in your charge; and, in no other case will you interfere with the expression of opinion in any form, or allow it to be interfered with violently by others.

– Lincoln to Gen. John M. Schofield, October 1, 1863

“We can not have free government without elections; and if the rebellion could force us to forego, or postpone a national election, it might fairly claim to have already conquered and ruined us.

– Lincoln’s response to a gathering of well-wishers, November 10, 1864

Mob tars and feathers newspaper editor Ambrose Kimball, 1861.

Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, August 31, 1861.Image Courtesy of Picture Collection, The New York Public Library

Abraham Lincoln, Washington, D.C., August 9, 1863.

Photograph by Alexander Gardner.Image Donated by Corbis-Bettmann

He’d just become a Second Lieutenant. But what most excited 24-year-old William Plimley in October 1864 was something else. “Some days ago I cast my vote for Lincoln and the Constitution,” he wrote. “[T]he soldiers in the field…seem to realize what they are fighting for and are bound to be victorious, or die on the fields.”

Even holding a presidential election during a civil war testified to the strength of the nation’s political institutions. Lincoln understood this. In 1863, Congress had ratified his authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. Now, in 1864, he was submitting his record – on civil liberties, on emancipation, on his conduct of the war – to the American people.

Few could deny that the years of war had strained the document that gave life to the nation’s freedoms. To meet the crisis of civil war, Lincoln had concluded, important civil liberties must give way to saving the nation.

In 1864, the people ratified his decision. But unlike secession or slavery, civil liberties in wartime is an explosive issue, still ticking in the Constitution. We are called on again to meet it today.

How Free a Press?

Lincoln Justifies His Civil Liberties

Policy

Lincoln’s civil liberties actions provoked a chorus of criticism. By mid-summer 1863, he felt he had to explain his policies to the public. A written protest he received about the arrest and trial of a prominent opponent of the war gave him his chance.

Lincoln’s response was a public relations success. His public letter was reissued as a pamphlet like this one. At least 500,000 copies were read by 10 million people.

In the pamphlet’s most famous passage, Lincoln defended his duty to sustain the army by cracking down on those who encouraged desertion. “Must I shoot a simple-minded soldier boy who deserts,” he asked, “while I must not touch a hair of a wily agitator who induces him to desert?”

Courtesy of the National Constitution Center

C O R N I N GPA M P H L E T

The angry “committee” challenged the editor of the Essex County Democrat. Ambrose Kimball had published “treasonable speeches” and “violent articles in favor of Secession.” Would he apologize? When he refused, they tarred and feathered him.

Scenes like this played out in many places. Groups of citizens, federal troops and local authorities cracked down on “rebel sympathizing” newspapers. Some “disloyal” editors simply got a warning, others were arrested, while some had their presses destroyed.

Had Lincoln ordered any of these actions? It’s not clear. But he condoned the arrests, especially in the critical months of 1861. Still, he believed in freedom of the press. By 1863 he recognized that suppression of newspaper critics had backfired, and he told commanders to desist.

A union campaign ticket for President Abraham Lincoln and Vice President Andrew Jackson. Printed by John Ford, Massachusetts, 1864.

Image Courtesy of The Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division

4.C.1 4.C.2 4.C.3

Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 5

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A. Endures: Lincoln’s Task... B. Gettysburg Address

5.A.1 “Endures” Title & icon image - b&w Gettysburg & quote5.A.2 “Endures” Title & icon image - b&w Gettysburg5.A.3 “Endures” Title & icon image / Artifact: Gettysburg Address

5.S.1 Credits

5.B.1 “Lincoln’s Task...” text / Artifact: Gettysburg signature5.B.2 “Endures” Title & icon image - color Gettysburg / “An Autograph...” text5.B.3 “Endures” Title & icon image - color Gettysburg

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G E T T Y S B U R GA D D R E S S

Seen here is the earliest known of the five drafts of what may be the most famous American speech. The Gettysburg Address was delivered by President Lincoln in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, at the dedication of a national military cemetery on November 19, 1863.

Abraham Lincoln gave copies of the Gettysburg Address to each of his private secretaries, John Nicolay and John Hay. This document is presumed to be the only working draft and is commonly identified as the “Nicolay Copy”.

“It is for us the living… to be dedicated here to the unfinished work.” –Lincoln’s Address at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, November 19, 1863

Image Courtesy of The Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division

5.A.1 5.A.2 5.A.3

LINCOLN: the Constitution and the Civil Wara traveling exhibition for libraries, was organized by the National Constitution Center and the American Library Association Public Programs Office. The traveling exhibition is based on an exhibition of the same name developed by the National Constitution Center and currently touring the United States.

LINCOLN: the Constitution and the Civil Warhas been made possible by a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this exhibition do not necessarily reflect those of the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Exhibit Design: Alusiv

Exhibit Fabrication: Palumbo Associates

Special thanks to:Gilder Lehrman CollectionNew-York Historical SocietyOhio Historical SocietyThe Raab CollectionThe Indiana Historical SocietyMassachusetts Historical SocietyThe New York Public LibraryThe Chicago Historical SocietyThe Library of CongressCorbis-BettmanCarol HighsmithSusan Brandehoff

EQUALITY,FREEDOM,

DEMOCRACY?

Has America lived up to the ideals Lincoln fought for—

Lincoln’s Task...and OursIn a place where thousands died, Lincoln spoke about a birth.

At a site where brave men fought and died, he challenged us to continue their struggle.

The war was nearly three years old. Had it been worth it?

Here, in dedicating a cemetery at the Gettysburg battlefield, Lincoln made clear his vision of the Union: The United States was a nation. It was not created by the states; it was created by the people “four score and seven years ago” – in 1776, before the Constitution was even written.

For Lincoln, constitutional government was never an end in itself. The Constitution served the nation. And the nation –”conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal”– represented an ideal of freedom and democracy.

No one knew better than Lincoln that the United States had not yet lived up to the ideal. So he challenged future generations to take up that cause.

He had said it many ways before, but he never said it as well as this, and nobody would ever say it better.

G E T T Y S B U R GS I G N AT U R E

An Autograph for the AgesAbraham Lincoln signed these precious pages from an autograph book on the day he delivered his address at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery. He had been invited to deliver “a few appropriate remarks.” But Lincoln’s 272 eloquent words became a timeless expression of the American creed.

Autograph, November 19, 1863Courtesy of Lewis Katz for the benefit of

Ethan, Brooke, Taryn and Remi Silve

Image Courtesy Dennis MacDonaldand World of Stock

LINCOLN: the Constitution and the Civil Wara traveling exhibition for libraries, was organized by the National Constitution Center and the American Library Association Public Programs Office. The traveling exhibition is based on an exhibition of the same name developed by the National Constitution Center and currently touring the United States.

LINCOLN: the Constitution and the Civil Warhas been made possible by a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this exhibition do not necessarily reflect those of the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Exhibit Design: Alusiv

Exhibit Fabrication: Palumbo Associates

Special thanks to:Gilder Lehrman CollectionNew-York Historical SocietyOhio Historical SocietyThe Raab CollectionThe Indiana Historical SocietyMassachusetts Historical SocietyThe New York Public LibraryThe Chicago Historical SocietyThe Library of CongressCorbis-BettmanCarol HighsmithSusan Brandehoff

5.S.1 5.B.1 5.B.2 5.B.3 5.S.2

Lincoln and the Constitution / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Case Contents

Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 1

[ SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR ELEVATION VIEW ]

A. Title / Introduction B. Meet Mr. Lincoln / Oath

PANEL # DESCRIPTION1.A.1 “Lincoln” Title & icon image1.A.2 “1.A.3 ”1.A.4 Introduction of Section colors & words DIVIDED, BOUND, DISSENT1.S.1 ”Meet Mr. Lincoln” small portraits/timeline1.S.2 Artifact: Inaugural Bible

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Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 1

[ SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR ELEVATION VIEW ]

A. Title / Introduction B. Meet Mr. Lincoln / Oath

PANEL # DESCRIPTION1.B.1 “Meet Mr. Lincoln” text President Elect Abraham Lincoln image Artifact: Top Hat1.B.2 Lincoln full length image1.B.3 “Lincoln Takes Oath” text Artifact: 1st Inaugural Address1.B.4 Lincoln taking the oath image

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Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 2

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A. Divided : The Crisis of SecessionB. Intro / Union or ConfederacyC. Lincoln takes Charge / Agonized Press / Road to Union

PANEL # DESCRIPTION2.A.1 “Divided” icon image:

2.A.3 “Are we a single nation...?” Intro & quote2.S.1 Artifact: An ordinance to dissolve the Union (S. Carolina)2.S.3 Artifact: Patriotic envelopes, “The Union’s Champion”

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Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 2

[ SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR ELEVATION VIEW ]

A. Divided : The Crisis of SecessionB. Intro / Union or ConfederacyC. Lincoln takes Charge / Agonized Press / Road to Union

PANEL # DESCRIPTION2.B.1 Intro text: “Are we a single nation?”2.B.2 Artifact: Charleston Extra image2.B.3 “Union or Confederacy” text2.S.2 Artifact: Blockade Order

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Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 2

[ SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR ELEVATION VIEW ]

A. Divided : The Crisis of SecessionB. Intro / Union or ConfederacyC. Lincoln takes Charge / Agonized Press / Road to Union

PANEL # DESCRIPTION2.C.1 “Lincoln Takes Charge” text2.C.2 “Agonized President” text2.C.3 “Road to Union”

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Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 3

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A. Bound : The Crisis of SlaveryB. Intro / Pres. Plan / New Path / EmancipationC. Nation Reacts / 13th Amend / Artifact

PANEL # DESCRIPTION3.A.1 “Bound” icon image:3.A.2 Recruitment Broadside (cropped)3.A.3 “Can Slavery Be Uprooted...?” intro and quote3.S.1 Artifact: Shackles3.S.3 Artifact: Pen & Inkwell

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A. Bound : The Crisis of SlaveryB. Intro / Pres. Plan / New Path / EmancipationC. Nation Reacts / 13th Amend / Artifact

PANEL # DESCRIPTION3.B.1 Intro text “Can Slavery Be Uprooted?”3.B.2 “President Has a Plan” text3.B.3 “New Path” text & Artifact: Emancipation Proclamation3.S.2 Artifact: Freedom Cards “Journey to Freedom”

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Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 3

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A. Bound : The Crisis of SlaveryB. Intro / Pres. Plan / New Path / EmancipationC. Nation Reacts / 13th Amend / Artifact

PANEL # DESCRIPTION3.C.1 “Nation Reacts” text3.C.2 Artifact: 13th Amendment image3.C.3 “13th Amendment” text

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Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 4

[ SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR ELEVATION VIEW ]

A. Dissent: The Crisis of Civil LibertiesB. Intro / Strong Measures / Habeas Corpus/More Strong MeasuresC.

PANEL # DESCRIPTION4.A.1 “Suspect” icon image:4.A.2 Baltimore mob attack Union troops (cropped)4.A.3 “Must Civil Liberties Give Way...?” Intro and quote4.S.1 “What is a Writ of Habeas Corpus?”4.S.3 Artifact: Second Inaugural Address

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Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 4

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A. Dissent: The Crisis of Civil LibertiesB. Intro / Strong Measures / Habeas Corpus/More Strong MeasuresC.

PANEL # DESCRIPTION4.B.1 Intro text “Must Civil Liberties Give Way?”4.B.2 “Strong Measures in Md” text4.B.3 “More Strong Measures” text4.S.2 Artifact: Campaign Button / Ribbon / National Ticket

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Lincoln: the Constitution and the Civil War / Traveling Panel Exhibit06.12.09 Subject Map UNIT 4

[ SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR ELEVATION VIEW ]

A. Dissent: The Crisis of Civil LibertiesB. Intro / Strong Measures / Habeas Corpus/More Strong MeasuresC.

PANEL # DESCRIPTION4.C.1 “Lincoln Justi�es” text / Artifact: Corning Pamphlet4.C.2 “How a Free Press” text4.C.3 “I Cast My Vote” text

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5.A.1 “Endures” Title & icon image - b&w Gettysburg & quote5.A.2 “Endures” Title & icon image - b&w Gettysburg5.A.3 “Endures” Title & icon image / Artifact: Gettysburg Address

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