linear kinetics – relationship between force and motion sources: –kinetics – hamill, ch 10...
TRANSCRIPT
Linear Kinetics – Relationship between force and motion
• Sources:– Kinetics – Hamill, Ch 10 & 11, secondarily Adrian Ch 6)– Measurement – Kreighbaum pp 555-558; Adrian pp 145-149– Research methods – Robertson Ch 4
• Classification of forces• Types of forces encountered by humans• Force and motion relationships
– Instantaneous effect – Newton’s law of acceleration (F=ma)– Force applied through time (Impulse-momentum)
• Conservation of Momentum
– Force applied through distance (work-energy) • Conservation of Energy
Classification of Forces
• Action vs reaction
• Internal vs external
• Motive vs resistive
• Force resolution – horizontal and vertical components
• Simultaneous application of forces - vector summation
Types of external forces encountered by humans
• Gravitational force (weight = mg)• Ground Reaction Force (GRF)
– Vertical
– Horizontal (frictional)
• Frictional force (coefficient of friction) • Elastic force (coefficient of restitution)
• Centripetal force (mv2/r) • Buoyant force • Free body diagram - force graph
Ground reaction forces
Ground reaction forces whilewalking
Cfr = Frf /Nof
Centripetal & Centrifugal forces
Cf = mv2/r
Free body diagrams:
Free body diagrams
Instantaneous Effect of Force on an Object
• Remember the concept of net force?
• Need to combine, or add forces, to determine net force
• Newton’s third law of motion (F = ma)
• Inverse dynamics – estimating net forces from the acceleration of an object
Force Applied Through a Time: Impulse-Momentum Relationship
• Force applied through a time• Impulse - the area under the force-time curve• Momentum - total amount of movement (mass x velocity)• An impulse applied to an object will cause a change in its
momentum (Ft = mv)• Conservation of momentum (collisions, or impacts)
– in a closed system, momentum will not change
– what is a closed system?
Impulse: areaunder force-time curve
Impulse produces a change in momentum (mV)
Vertical impulse While Running: Area underForce-timecurve
Anterioposterior(frictional) component of GRF: impulseIs area under Force-time curvePositive andNegative impulseAre equal ifHorizontal compOf velocity isconstant
Conservation of momentum: when net impulse is zero (i.e. the system is closed), momentum does not change
Conservation of momentum: is this a closed system?
Force Applied Through a Distance: Work, Power, Energy
• Work - force X distance (Newton-meters, or Joules)– On a bicycle: Work = F (2r X N)– On a treadmill: Work = Weightd X per cent grade
• Power - work rate, or combination of strength and speed (Newton-meters/second, or watts)– On a treadmill: P = Weightd X per cent grade/ time– On a bicycle: P = F (2r X N) / time
• What about kilogram-meters/min?• Energy - capacity to do work
– kinetic, the energy by virtue of movement (KE = 1/2 mv2 ) – gravitational potential, energy of position (PE = Weight x height)– elastic potential, or strain, energy of condition (PE = Fd)
Work while pedaling on bicycle:
From McArdle and Katch.Exercise Physiology
Work while running on treadmill:
Note that %grade = tan θ X 100,and tan θ and sin θ are very similar below 20% grade
From McArdle and Katch. Exercise Physiology
Calculating Power on a Treadmill• Problem: What is workload (power) of a 100 kg man running on a
treadmill at 10% grade at 4 m/s?• Solution:
– Power = force x velocity– Force is simply body weight, or 100 x 9.8 = 980 N– Velocity is vertical velocity, or rate of climbing
• Rate of climbing = treadmill speed x percent grade = 4 m/s x .1 = .4 m/s
– Workload, workrate, or power = 980N X .4 m/s = 392 Watts• Note: 4 m/s = 9 mph, or a 6 min, 40 sec mile
• Homework: Calculate your workload if you are running on a treadmill set at 5% grade and 5 m/s.– Answer for 200 lb wt is: 223 Watts
Power running up stairs: Work rate = (weight X vertical dist) ÷ time
Conservation of Energy• In some situations, total amount of mechanical energy
(potential + kinetic) does not change– Stored elastic energy converted to kinetic energy
• diving board
• bow (archery)
• bending of pole in pole vault
• landing on an elastic object (trampoline)
– Gravitational potential energy converted to kinetic energy• Falling objects
Energy conservation – Case I : elastic potential (strain) and kinetic
Potential energy (FD) + Kinetic energy (1/2mv2) remains constant
Energy conservation – Case II : gravitational potential and kinetic
Potential energy(Wh) + kineticenergy (1/2mv2) remains constant
Electronic Load Measurement
• Sensor or transducer - the heart & soul of the measurement system– Properties of transducer often sets limits on the usefulness of the
measurement system– Electrodes for EMG – polarity between them– Strain gauge – bonded to an elastic material, such as steel beam, it
transforms bending into resistance– Piezoelectric – transforms force into electrical charge– Piezoresistive – transforms pressure into electrical resistance
(shoulder pad study)– Capacitance – transforms load into electrical energy storage
• Signal conduction– Telemetry or wired
Electronic load measurement (cont’d)
• Signal conditioning – converts output from transducer into an analog signal +10 VDC– Amplifier– Cutoff filters to eliminate noise (low frequency cutoff, high
frequency cutoff, notch filters)– Electric circuitry to change resistance to current– Balance potentiometer
• Analog-digital conversion, acquisition and analysis board and software
• Output– Visual display of data, graphs, charts– Hard copy of data, graphs, chartgs
Measurement of Muscle Action Potentials
Measuring ground Reaction forces
Measuring forces on bat handle using strain gages
Measuring forces on bat handle using strain gages
Using strain gages to measureBat bending and vibration
Begin swing: 183 ms PC
Bat Vibrations During Swing & Impact
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Time (s)
Str
ain
(v
)
Horiz DirVert DirMagnitudeHoriz DirVert DirMagnitude
Begin Swing 233ms PC
Peak 41 ms PC
Horiz Pk 38 ms PC
Bending Direction During Swing & Impact
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Time (s)
Dir
ec
tio
n (
de
g)
Beg Sw - 233 ms PC
O0 is horiz & back - 21 ms PC
Approximate position when peak bending andPeak torque occurs ~ 40 ms PC
Using strain gages to measure force onHammer during hammer throw
Pressure under shoulder pads using piezoresistive transducers
Pressure under shoulder pads
using piezoresistive transducers
Pressure under shoulder pads using piezoresistive transducers
Capacitance and piezoresistive transducers