linear-systems theory –fourier transformsbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/09_linsys-fourier_stud.pdf ·...

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Linear-Systems Theory Fourier Transforms Ho Kyung Kim [email protected] Pusan National University Introduction to Medical Engineering

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Page 1: Linear-Systems Theory –Fourier Transformsbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/09_LinSys-Fourier_stud.pdf · 2020. 10. 3. · (Fourier transform) • (Forward) Fourier transform (of 𝑓𝑥

Linear-Systems Theory– Fourier Transforms

Ho Kyung [email protected]

Pusan National University

Introduction to Medical Engineering

Page 2: Linear-Systems Theory –Fourier Transformsbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/09_LinSys-Fourier_stud.pdf · 2020. 10. 3. · (Fourier transform) • (Forward) Fourier transform (of 𝑓𝑥

Outline

• 𝑠 𝑥 𝑠 𝑥 𝐻 𝑢

• Forward Fourier transform– spectral decomposition

• Inverse Fourier transform– synthesis

• 𝑠 𝑥 ∗ ℎ 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑆 𝑢 𝐻 𝑢

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Page 3: Linear-Systems Theory –Fourier Transformsbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/09_LinSys-Fourier_stud.pdf · 2020. 10. 3. · (Fourier transform) • (Forward) Fourier transform (of 𝑓𝑥

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4Taken from R. C. Gonzalez & R. C. Woods, Digital Imaging Processing (2002)

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Response of an LSI system

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𝑠 𝑥 𝐴𝑒 ℎ 𝜉 d𝜉

Consider an input signal, 𝑠 𝑥 𝐴𝑒

𝐴𝑒 𝑒 ℎ 𝜉 d𝜉

Recall 𝑠 𝑥 𝒮 𝑠 𝑥 𝑠 𝜉 𝒮 𝛿 𝑥 𝜉 d𝜉 𝑠 𝜉 ℎ 𝑥 𝜉 d𝜉 𝑠 𝑥 𝜉 ℎ 𝜉 d𝜉

Then, the output becomes

𝐴𝑒 𝐻 𝑢

𝑠 𝑥 𝐻 𝑢

eigenfunction eigenvalue

I. A. Cunningham | Ch. 2. Applied linear-system theoryHandbook of Medical Imaging | SPIE | 2000

Fourier transform of ℎ 𝑥

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(Fourier transform)

• (Forward) Fourier transform (of 𝑓 𝑥 )

𝐹 𝑢 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 d𝑥 ℱ 𝑓 𝑥

– Describing the sinusoidal signal strength at each frequency that constitutes signal– Called the ‘spectrum’– Decomposition

• Inverse Fourier transform (of 𝐹 𝑢 )

𝑓 𝑥 𝐹 𝑢 𝑒 d𝑢 ℱ 𝐹 𝑢

– Describing any signal can be written as an integral of sinusoids w/ different spatial frequencies weighted by strength 𝐹 𝑢

– Synthesis

• Fourier pair: 𝑓 𝑥 ↔ 𝐹 𝑢

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𝑠 𝑥 𝑠 𝑥 𝐻 𝑢 𝐻 𝑢 𝑆 𝑢 𝑒 d𝑢

𝑆 𝑢 𝐻 𝑢 𝑒 d𝑢

ℱ 𝑆 𝑢 𝐻 𝑢

Taking the Fourier transforms on the both sides:

ℱ 𝑠 𝑥 𝑆 𝑢 ℱ ℱ 𝑆 𝑢 𝐻 𝑢 𝑆 𝑢 𝐻 𝑢

𝑆 𝑢 𝑆 𝑢 𝐻 𝑢

LHSRHS

• The output of an LSI system can be calculated in two ways:① Convolution in the 𝑥 or space domain: 𝑠 𝑥 𝑠 𝑥 ∗ ℎ 𝑥

• ℎ 𝑥 = the system PSF

② Fourier & inverse Fourier transforms in the 𝑢 or frequency domain: ℱ 𝑆 𝑢 𝑆 𝑢 𝐻 𝑢• 𝐻 𝑢 = transfer function or characteristic function• ℎ 𝑥 ↔ 𝐻 𝑢

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Fourier transform

• Multidimensional (or vectors) signals– 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑒 d𝑥d𝑦 ℱ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦

– 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑒 d𝑢d𝑣 ℱ 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣

– Note: 1 · 𝑒 d𝑥d𝑦 ℱ 1 𝛿 𝑢, 𝑣

• Spectrum (of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 )  𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑒 ∠ ,

– Magnitude spectrum  𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣• Power spectrum 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣

– Phase spectrum ∠𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 tan ,,

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Page 9: Linear-Systems Theory –Fourier Transformsbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/09_LinSys-Fourier_stud.pdf · 2020. 10. 3. · (Fourier transform) • (Forward) Fourier transform (of 𝑓𝑥

Example

Determine the Fourier transform of 𝐴∏ .

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2AL

A 2AL

u

u = 1/2L

u = 1/L

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Example

Determine the Fourier transform of the product of a step function & an exponential function 𝑢 𝑥 𝑒 .

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Example

Determine the Fourier transform of 𝛿‐function shifted by an amount of 𝑥 .

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Example

Determine the Fourier transform of 𝛿‐function shifted by an amount of 𝑥 .

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xx0 u

1

Page 13: Linear-Systems Theory –Fourier Transformsbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/09_LinSys-Fourier_stud.pdf · 2020. 10. 3. · (Fourier transform) • (Forward) Fourier transform (of 𝑓𝑥

Example

Determine the Fourier transform of a cosine function cos 2𝜋𝑢 𝑥 .

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Intuitive insights

• Periodicity– A periodic function has a discrete spectrum (i.e., not all spatial frequencies are present)– An aperiodic function has a continuous spectrum

• Point impulse– Extremely nonuniform profile across space– Hence, uniform frequency content in the Fourier domain (i.e., constant magnitude spectrum)

• Constant signal– No variation in space– Hence, unique spectrum concentrated at a specific frequency

• Slow signal variation– Spectral content primarily concentrated at low frequencies

• Fast signal variation (e.g., at the edges of structures within an image)– Spectral content primarily concentrated at high frequencies

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Displayed in log 1 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣

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Basic FT pairs

𝑓 𝑥 𝐹 𝑢

1 𝛿 𝑢

𝛿 𝑥 1

𝛿 𝑥 𝑥 𝑒

𝛿 𝑥; ∆𝑥 comb 𝑢∆𝑥

𝑒 𝛿 𝑢 𝑢

sin 2𝜋𝑢 𝑥 𝛿 𝑢 𝑢 𝛿 𝑢 𝑢 /2𝑖

cos 2𝜋𝑢 𝑥 𝛿 𝑢 𝑢 𝛿 𝑢 𝑢 /2

∏𝑥

2𝐿2𝐿 sinc 2𝜋𝑢𝐿

Λ𝑥

2𝐿𝐿 sinc 𝜋𝑢𝐿

1𝜎 2𝜋

𝑒 𝑒

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FT properties

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Property Signal FT

Linearity 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑎 𝐺 𝑢, 𝑣

Translation 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 , 𝑦 𝑦 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑒

Conjugation 𝑓∗ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐹∗ 𝑢, 𝑣

Conjugate symmetry Real‐valued 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 𝐹∗ 𝑢, 𝑣

Signal reversing 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣

Scaling 𝑓 𝑎𝑥, 𝑏𝑦 𝐹 ,

Rotation 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝜃 𝑦 sin 𝜃 , 𝑥 sin 𝜃 𝑦 cos 𝜃) 𝐹 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑣 sin 𝜃 , 𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑣 cos 𝜃)

Circular symmetry Circularly symmetric 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 Circularly symmetric 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣

Convolution 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ∗ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 𝐺 𝑢, 𝑣

Product 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 ∗ 𝐺 𝑢, 𝑣

Separable product 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑦 𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑣

Parseval's theorem𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 d𝑥d𝑦 𝐹 𝑢, 𝑣 d𝑢d𝑣

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Wrap‐up

• 𝑠 𝑥 𝑠 𝑥 𝐻 𝑢

• Forward Fourier transform– spectral decomposition

• Inverse Fourier transform– synthesis

• 𝑠 𝑥 ∗ ℎ 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑆 𝑢 𝐻 𝑢

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