linguistics (some basic concept)
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LINGUISTICS (SOME BASIC CONCEPT)
Presented by: Bida Javaid
![Page 2: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Topic cover up today 1. What is language ?
2. Characteristics of Human Language
3. Origin of Language
![Page 3: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is Language ?
![Page 4: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.
![Page 5: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Every human knows at least one language, spoken or signed. Linguistics is the science of language, including the sounds, words, and
grammar rules. Words in languages are finite, but sentences are not. It is this creative aspect
of human language that sets it apart from animal languages, which are essentially
responses to stimuli.
![Page 6: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The rules of a language, also called grammar, are learned
as one acquires a language. These rules include
phonology, the sound system, morphology, the structure
of words, syntax, the combination of words into sentences,
semantics, the ways in which sounds and meanings are
related, and the lexicon, or mental dictionary of words.
When you know a language, you know words in that language, i.e. sound units that are related to specific
meanings. However, the sounds and meanings of words are arbitrary.
![Page 7: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Alternative Definitions of Language
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of
communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”
Edward Sapir
“A language consists of symbols that convey meaning, plus
rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages.”
Wayne Weiten
![Page 8: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
"We can define language as a system of communication using sounds
or symbols that enables us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences.“
E. Bruce Goldstein
"Language is the mother of thought, not its handmaiden."
Karl Kraus
![Page 9: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Characteristics of Human Language
![Page 16: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Productivities / creativity / open endedness :
Whatever we speaking or creating along with speaking is productivity
Any one create or discuss a new thing called open endedness.
Cultural transmission :
Human being acquire language from there surrounding , culture but not from genes while animal acquire language through genes.
![Page 17: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Displacement :We human being can talk about the things like past , future and things which we never seen , moon , stars , thing that are imaginary … only human being have this quality.
Arbitrariness There is not as direct association between a word and the object that is denote (to refer).
Languages are arbitrary because there is no necessary or natural relationship between the words and the concepts they represent. For example, there is nothing in the word "tree" that connects it to the concept of a tree. Also, languages are arbitrary because the rules for the combination of signs in order to produce complete thoughts are different from one language to the other, and no set of rules can claim to be correct.
![Page 18: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Duality or double articulation:Human language has two level. The first level is of sound and phonemes and the second level is the combination of sounds , into words and sentences . In animal there is only one level that is sound.
Specialization :There is no physical involvement in human language or communication. They can speak while working, while there is special physical involvement in their communication. Animal do this without physical involvement.
DiscreetnessSounds in human language are distinct separate from one another. Sounds of animal can not be separated.
![Page 19: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Structure Dependence :Human language is structure dependent . It dependent on grammar.
Pattering:Means that sounds and word not combined in random way in human
Reciprocalatary / Interchangeability :There is an exchange ability in language. The speaker may be the audience . The sender may be the receiver and vice versa
Rapid fade:Linguistics feature that are produced , disappear quickly, they don't stay in the air.
![Page 20: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Origin of language
![Page 21: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The divine theory
The natural sound theory
The oral gesture theory
Interactions and transaction
![Page 22: Linguistics (some basic concept)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1b234a7959fd038b45ed/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Thank
you!