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Supplemental Table 1 – Description of the meta-analyses addressing the association between smoking and gastric cancer included in the

systematic review.

First author,year (ref)

Outcome(measures)

Databasessearched

(time period)

Search expression / termsSearch restrictions

Number and typeof studies included

Quality scoreassessment

Summary estimate (95% CI)Heterogeneity (I2 and sources)

Publication biasTrédaniel,1997 [21]

Gastric cancer(risk, incidence, mortality)

Not stated(not stated)

Not stated 50

10 cohort40 case-control

No Ever vs. never smokers Men – RR=1.44 (1.17-1.78)

Nishino,2006 [19]

Gastric cancer(risk, incidence, mortality)

MEDLINE(1966-2005)

Citation tracking

‘tobacco smoking’, ‘gastric cancer’, ‘stomach cancer’, ‘cohort studies’, ‘case-control studies’, ‘Japan’, ‘Japanese’; only Japanese populations living in Japan were included

Restricted to studies published in English or Japanese

19

7 cohort12 case-control

No Current vs. never smokers

TOTALAll studies – RR=1.56 (1.36-1.80), I2=66.1%Cohort – RR=1.39 (1.30-1.50), I2=43.7%Case-control – RR=1.70 (1.31-2.21), I2=66.9%

MENAll studies – RR=1.79 (1.51-2.12), I2=66.4%Cohort – RR=1.49 (1.37-1.62), I2=9.3%Case-control – RR=2.20 (1.84-2.62), I2=42.9%

WOMENAll studies – RR=1.22 (1.07-1.38), I2=50.6%Cohort – RR=1.16 (1.01-1.34), I2=66.4%Case-control – RR=1.16 (0.66-2.05), I2=66.4%

Supplemental Table 1 (cont.) – Description of the meta-analyses addressing the association between smoking and gastric cancer included in

the systematic review.


Outcome(measures)

Databasessearched

(time period)





Publication biasLadeiras-Lopes,2008 [15]

Gastric cancer(incidence, mortality)

MEDLINE,SCOPUS,WEB OF SCIENCE(inception-2007)

Citation tracking

(smoke OR smoking OR nicotine OR tobacco OR lifestyle OR lifestyles OR cigarette OR diet OR alcohol) AND (gastric cancer OR stomach cancer OR cardia cancer)

Restricted to studies published in English, French, Italian, Spanish or Portuguese

32

27 cohort5 nested case-control

No Current vs. never smokers ALL STOMACH CANCERSTotal – RR=1.53 (1.42-1.65), I2=57.6%Men – RR=1.62 (1.50-1.75), I2=46.0%,Begg test: p=0.17, Egger test: p=0.048

Women – RR=1.20 (1.01-1.43), I2=49.8%,Begg test: p>0.99, Egger test: p=0.96

ACCORDING TO TUMOUR LOCATIONNoncardia – RR=1.60 (1.41-1.80), I2=18.9%Cardia – RR=1.87 (1.31-2.67), I2=73.2%

Current (category closest to 20 cigarettesper day) vs. never smokers Total – RR=1.53 (1.41-1.67), I2=46.1%Men – RR=1.59 (1.43-1.77), I2=49.6%Women – RR=1.28 (1.11-1.47), I2=0%

Current (highest category of exposure) vs. never smokersTotal – RR=1.66 (1.46-1.88), I2=41.8%Men – RR=1.76 (1.49-2.08), I2=49.2%Women – RR=1.27 (0.70-2.31), I2=63.7%

Former vs. never smokers Total – RR=1.30 (1.21-1.40)Men – RR=1.34 (1.22-1.47), I2=35.8%Women – RR=1.16 (0.92-1.46), I2=29.9%




Outcome(measures)

Databasessearched

(time period)





Publication biasLadeiras-Lopes,2008 [15](cont.)

Gastric cancer(incidence, mortality)

MEDLINE,SCOPUS,WEB OF SCIENCE(inception-2007)

Citation tracking

(smoke OR smoking OR nicotine OR tobacco OR lifestyle OR lifestyles OR cigarette OR diet OR alcohol) AND (gastric cancer OR stomach cancer OR cardia cancer)

Restricted to studies published in English, French, Italian, Spanish or Portuguese

32

27 cohort5 nested case-control

No Trend estimationβ=0.00237, I2=14.0% (model adjusted for sex, population origin, adjustment for fruit or vegetables consumption and year of publication)

La Torre,2009 [18]

Gastric cancer(risk)

MEDLINE,EMBASE,COCHRANE(1997-2006)

Citation tracking

gastric or stomach, cancer or carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, and smok*

Restricted to studies published in English

47

25 population-based case-control (PCC)22 hospital-based case-control (HCC)

Boccia and La Torre

39 high-quality scored (HQS)

Ever vs. never smokers All studies – OR=1.48 (1.28-1.71), I2=90.8%, no evidence of publication bias

ACCORDING TO STUDY DESIGNPCC – OR=1.32 (1.13-1.53), I2=84.3%HCC – OR=1.63 (1.25-2.12), I2=92.4%

ACCORDING TO QUALITY SCOREHQS – OR=1.43 (1.24-1.66), I2=90.0%HQS HCC – OR=1.58 (1.17-2.15), I2=93.9%

ACCORDING TO ETHNICITYCaucasians – OR=1.46 (1.25-1.70), I2=82.5%Asians – OR=1.47 (1.13-1.91), I2=94.0%




Outcome(measures)

Databasessearched

(time period)





Publication biasLa Torre,2009 [18](cont.)


MEDLINE,EMBASE,COCHRANE(1997-2006)

Citation tracking

gastric or stomach, cancer or carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, and smok*

Restricted to studies published in English

47

25 population-based case-control (PCC)22 hospital-based case-control (HCC)

Boccia and La Torre

39 high-quality scored (HQS)

Ever vs. never smokers (cont.) ACCORDING TO TUMOUR LOCATIONNoncardia – OR=1.32 (1.11-1.57), I2=17.7%Cardia – OR=1.47 (1.15-1.87), I2=0%

Current vs. never smokers All studies – OR=1.69 (1.35-2.11), I2=91.6%

ACCORDING TO STUDY DESIGNPCC – OR=1.59 (1.41-1.79), I2=48.1%HCC – OR=1.79 (1.04-3.08), I2=96.2%

ACCORDING TO QUALITY SCOREHQS – OR=1.59 (1.23-2.05), I2=94.5%HQS HCC – OR=1.70 (0.98-2.96), I2=90.8%

ACCORDING TO ETHNICITYCaucasians – OR=1.82 (1.52-2.17), I2=76.6%Asians – OR=1.48 (0.92-2.39), I2=96.3%

ACCORDING TO TUMOUR LOCATIONNoncardia – OR=2.04 (1.66-2.50), I2=62.8%Cardia – OR=2.05 (1.50-2.81), I2=0%




Outcome(measures)

Databasessearched

(time period)





Publication biasBonequi,2013 [17]


MEDLINE,LILACS,SCIELO(inception-2011)

Citation tracking

(gastric cancer OR stomach cancer) AND (risk OR risk factors OR risk assessment OR epidemiologic factors OR diet OR food habits OR fruit OR vegetables OR sodium, dietary OR salts OR table salt OR sodium chloride, dietary OR nitrites OR meat OR chili pepper OR tobacco use OR smoking OR alcohol OR alcoholic beverages OR alcohol drinking OR polymorphism, genetic OR polymorphism, single nucleotide OR SNPs) AND (case–control studies OR cohort studies OR cohort OR case–control) AND (Latin America OR Central America OR South America OR Argentina OR Aruba OR Bolivia OR Brazil OR Colombia OR Costa Rica OR Cuba OR Chile OR Dominican Republic OR Ecuador OR El Salvador OR Guatemala OR Honduras OR Mexico OR Nicaragua OR Panama OR Paraguay OR Peru OR Uruguay OR Venezuela); only studies conducted in the 20 countries comprising Latin America as defined by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization were included

No language restrictions

14 for smoking as exposure

1 population-based case-control3 case-control with healthy volunteers10 hospital-based case-control

No Ever vs. never smokers OR=1.47 (1.19-1.81), n=14, I2=69.9%, Egger test: p=0.38

Current vs. never smokers OR=1.60 (1.13-2.27), n=6, I2=69.2%, Egger test: p=0.49

Former vs. never smokers OR=1.23 (0.95-1.60), n=6, I2=24.1%, Egger test: p=0.46

Supplemental Table 2 – Estimates of population attributable fractions and number of

gastric cancer cases attributable to smoking in 118 countries a in men, in 2012 and

2020, based on the estimates of smoking prevalence b, estimated number of new

gastric cancer cases c, and relative risk of the association between smoking and gastric

cancer d.

Country

2012 2020

Smokingprevalence

in 2002(%)

Populationattributable

fraction(%)

Number ofgastric cancer

casesattributableto smoking

in 2012(N)

Smokingprevalence

in 2011(%)


fraction(%)



in 2020(N)

AFRICA Eastern Africa Djibouti Δ 57.5 26.3 2 41.1 20.3 2 Malawi Δ 20.0 11.0 10 25.9 13.8 16 Mauritius ° 44.8 21.7 15 40.3 20.0 19 Rwanda Δ 7.0 4.2 8 16.1 9.1 23 Uganda Δ 52.0 24.4 120 15.7 8.9 60 Zambia Δ 35.0 17.8 25 24.3 13.1 23 Northern Africa Algeria ° 43.8 21.4 222 27.1 20.9 207 Egypt + 35.0 17.8 168 46.0 22.2 249 Morocco + 34.5 17.6 124 31.5 16.3 138 Sudan Δ 24.4 13.1 35 29.1 15.3 53 Tunisia ° 61.9 27.7 80 48.4 23.1 86 Southern Africa Lesotho Δ 38.5 19.3 2 47.9 22.9 2 South Africa + 42.0 20.7 270 11.0 17.9 279 Swaziland + 24.7 13.3 1 20.9 7.4 <1 Western Africa Cote d’Ivoire Δ 42.3 20.8 78 26.2 14.0 55 Gambia Δ 34.0 17.4 2 31.3 16.3 2 Ghana + 28.4 15.0 46 8.2 4.8 17 Guinea Δ 59.5 26.9 27 23.2 12.6 17 Nigeria Δ 15.4 8.7 76 9.0 5.3 55AMERICA Caribbean Bahamas ° 19.0 10.5 2 12.4 7.1 2 Cuba ° 48.0 22.9 156 31.1 16.2 136 Dominican Republic + 24.3 13.1 50 17.2 9.6 46 Haiti Δ 10.7 6.2 18 16.1 9.1 32 Trinidad and Tobago ° 42.1 20.7 9 33.5 17.2 13 Central America Costa Rica ° 28.6 15.1 77 18.6 10.3 74 El Salvador + 38.0 19.1 97 21.5 11.8 69 Mexico ° 51.2 24.1 989 24.8 13.3 697 Panama ° 56.0 25.8 62 17.3 9.7 33

Supplemental Table 2 (cont.) – Estimates of population attributable fractions and

number of gastric cancer cases attributable to smoking in 118 countries a in men, in

2012 and 2020, based on the estimates of smoking prevalence b, estimated number of

new gastric cancer cases c, and relative risk of the association between smoking and

gastric cancer d.

Country

2012 2020

Smokingprevalence

in 2002(%)


fraction(%)



in 2012(N)

Smokingprevalence

in 2011(%)


fraction(%)



in 2020(N)

AMERICA (cont.) Northern America Canada x 27.0 14.3 314 19.7 10.9 300 USA x 25.7 13.7 1807 21.6 11.8 1917 South America Argentina x 46.8 22.5 534 29.4 15.4 425 Bolivia + 42.7 20.9 58 40.7 20.1 72 Brazil ° 38.2 19.1 2414 21.6 11.8 1923 Chile x 26.0 13.9 340 44.2 21.5 711 Colombia ° 23.5 12.7 469 23.8 12.9 653 Ecuador ° 45.5 22.0 304 36.3 18.4 352 Paraguay + 24.1 13.0 29 22.8 12.4 36 Peru ° 41.5 20.5 437 19.7 10.9 304 Uruguay ° 31.7 16.4 56 30.7 16.0 60 Venezuela ° 41.8 20.6 352 28.9 15.2 351ASIA Eastern Asia China + 66.9 29.3 83064 52.9 24.7 91434 Japan x 52.8 24.7 18243 32.4 16.7 14197 Mongolia + 67.8 29.6 128 48.0 22.9 128 South Korea x 65.1 28.8 6136 47.3 22.7 6371 South-Eastern Brunei x 40.0 19.9 3 31.8 16.5 3.6 Cambodia + 66.0 29.0 90 39.1 19.5 95 Indonesia + 59.0 26.8 1021 67.0 29.3 1413 Laos + 41.0 20.3 12 43.2 21.1 15 Malaysia ° 49.2 23.4 275 43.9 21.4 331 Myanmar Δ 43.5 21.2 660 44.8 21.7 876 Philippines + 53.8 25.0 352 47.6 22.8 425 Singapore x 26.9 14.3 57 27.9 14.7 86 Thailand + 44.1 21.5 346 46.6 22.4 449 Vietnam + 50.7 23.9 2247 47.7 22.7 2805





gastric cancer d.

Country

2012 2020

Smokingprevalence

in 2002(%)


fraction(%)



in 2012(N)

Smokingprevalence

in 2011(%)


fraction(%)



in 2020(N)

ASIA (cont.) South-Central Bangladesh Δ 53.6 24.9 1011 54.8 25.4 1398 India + 29.4 15.4 6684 24.3 13.1 7107 Iran ° 27.2 14.4 958 24.6 13.2 1102 Kazakhstan ° 60.0 27.1 626 48.0 22.9 621 Kyrgyzstan + 60.0 27.1 167 45.0 21.8 169 Maldives + 37.0 18.6 1 39.0 19.5 2 Nepal Δ 48.0 22.9 155 51.9 24.3 216 Pakistan Δ 36.0 18.2 438 32.4 16.7 501 Sri Lanka ° 25.7 13.7 105 29.9 15.6 140 Uzbekistan + 49.0 23.3 363 20.0 11.0 231 Western Asia Armenia ° 64.0 28.4 122 55.7 25.7 123 Azerbaijan ° 30.2 15.8 122 35.0 17.8 164 Bahrain ° 23.5 12.7 2 33.4 17.2 4 Georgia ° 60.5 27.3 111 55.5 25.6 110 Iraq + 40.0 19.9 97 26.5 14.1 100 Israel x 33.0 17.0 82 30.8 16.0 94 Kuwait ° 29.6 15.5 4 42.3 20.8 7 Lebanon ° 46.0 22.2 30 43.2 21.1 49 Oman ° 15.5 8.8 5 14.7 8.4 7 Qatar x 37.0 18.6 6 31.9 16.5 7 Turkey ° 62.5 27.9 1656 41.4 20.4 1574 United Arab Emirates x 18.3 10.2 7 28.1 14.8 11 Yemen Δ 60.0 27.1 76 27.4 14.5 53





gastric cancer d.

Country

2012 2020

Smokingprevalence

in 2002(%)


fraction(%)



in 2012(N)

Smokingprevalence

in 2011(%)


fraction(%)



in 2020(N)

EUROPE Central and Eastern Europe Belarus ° 54.9 25.4 449 51.1 24.1 435 Bulgaria ° 49.2 23.4 231 50.3 23.8 240 Czech Republic x 36.0 18.2 172 41.3 20.4 231 Hungary x 44.0 21.4 239 33.8 17.3 207 Moldova + 46.0 22.2 91 51.1 24.1 104 Poland x 44.0 21.4 844 36.9 18.6 845 Romania ° 62.0 27.8 753 37.4 18.8 555 Russia ° 63.2 28.2 6148 60.2 27.2 6223 Slovakia x 55.1 25.5 136 49.0 23.3 148 Ukraine ° 51.1 24.0 1644 50.0 23.7 1625 Northern Europe Denmark x 32.0 16.6 73 24.7 13.3 68 Estonia x 44.0 21.4 42 46.0 22.2 45 Finland x 27.0 14.3 53 28.6 15.1 65 Iceland x 25.0 13.4 2 19.1 10.6 2 Ireland x 32.0 16.6 51 31.0 16.1 61 Latvia x 49.0 23.3 89 53.7 25.0 90 Lithuania x 51.0 24.0 129 42.2 20.7 98 Norway x 31.0 16.1 43 28.0 14.8 48 Sweden x 19.0 10.5 52 23.0 12.5 72 UK x 27.0 14.3 598 21.0 11.5 564 Southern Europe Albania ° 60.0 27.1 136 42.5 20.9 126 Croatia x 34.0 17.4 102 34.0 17.4 112 Cyprus x 38.5 19.3 12 43.9 21.4 17 Greece x 47.0 22.6 204 45.0 21.8 214 Italy x 32.4 16.7 1263 27.9 14.7 1253 Malta x 33.1 17.0 7 31.7 16.4 10 Portugal x 30.2 15.8 289 30.8 16.0 328 Slovenia x 30.0 15.7 46 29.0 15.2 55 Spain x 42.1 20.7 1007 35.3 18.0 1014





gastric cancer d.

Country

2012 2020

Smokingprevalence

in 2002(%)


fraction(%)



in 2012(N)

Smokingprevalence

in 2011(%)


fraction(%)



in 2020(N)

EUROPE (cont.) Western Europe Austria x 30.0 15.7 119 43.5 21.2 193 Belgium x 30.0 15.7 138 28.6 15.1 154 France x 38.6 19.3 823 37.4 18.8 919 Germany x 39.0 19.5 1963 30.5 15.9 1845 Luxembourg x 39.0 19.5 8 24.0 13.0 6 Netherlands x 37.0 18.6 229 27.0 14.3 217 Switzerland x 39.0 19.5 73 29.0 15.2 71OCEANIA Australia x 21.1 11.6 155 19.9 11.0 183 Fiji + 24.0 13.0 1 54.7 25.3 2 New Zealand x 25.0 13.4 32 19.4 10.7 32 Papua New Guinea Δ 46.0 22.2 31 60.3 27.2 50 Samoa + 33.9 17.4 2 56.9 26.1 3

a HDI distribution in 2012 retrieved from the Human Development Report, 2013 [25]: 42, 33, 25 and 18 countries classified as x very high, ° high, + medium and Δ low HDI, respectively; b data retrieved from two World Health Organization sources for 2002 [22] and 2011 [23]; c data retrieved from GLOBOCAN 2012 [1]; d data (1.62 for men and 1.20 for women) retrieved from the reference selected [15] after systematic review of meta-analyses.

Supplemental Table 3 – Estimates of population attributable fractions and number of

gastric cancer cases attributable to smoking in 118 countries a in women, in 2012 and

2020, based on the estimates of smoking prevalence b, estimated number of new

gastric cancer cases c, and relative risk of the association between smoking and gastric

cancer d.

Country

2012 2020

Smokingprevalence

in 2002(%)


fraction(%)



in 2012(N)

Smokingprevalence

in 2011(%)


fraction(%)



in 2020(N)

AFRICA Eastern Africa Djibouti Δ 4.7 0.9 <1 9.2 1.8 <1 Malawi Δ 9.0 1.8 2 2.9 0.6 <1 Mauritius ° 2.9 0.6 <1 3.7 0.7 <1 Rwanda Δ 4.0 0.8 2 3.6 0.7 3 Uganda Δ 17.0 3.3 7 2.8 0.6 2 Zambia Δ 10.0 2.0 3 1.8 0.4 <1 Northern Africa Algeria ° 6.6 1.3 9 1.7 0.8 3 Egypt + 1.6 0.3 3 0.4 0.1 <1 Morocco + 1.6 0.3 2 3.3 0.7 4 Sudan Δ 1.4 0.3 <1 3.5 0.7 <1 Tunisia ° 7.7 1.5 3 8.2 1.6 4 Southern Africa Lesotho Δ 1.0 0.2 <1 34.2 6.4 <1 South Africa + 11.0 2.2 16 10.2 2.0 19 Swaziland + 2.1 0.4 <1 2.2 0.4 <1 Western Africa Cote d’Ivoire Δ 1.8 0.4 1 1.7 0.3 <1 Gambia Δ 1.5 0.3 <1 1.0 0.2 <1 Ghana + 3.5 0.7 1 0.4 0.1 <1 Guinea Δ 43.8 8.0 6 2.0 0.4 <1 Nigeria Δ 1.7 0.3 3 0.2 0.0 <1AMERICA Caribbean Bahamas ° 4.0 0.8 <1 2.4 0.5 <1 Cuba ° 26.3 5.0 22 16.4 3.2 17 Dominican Republic + 17.1 3.3 10 12.5 2.4 10 Haiti Δ 8.6 1.7 4 4.4 0.9 3 Trinidad and Tobago ° 8.0 1.6 <1 9.4 1.8 <1 Central America Costa Rica ° 6.6 1.3 5 8.5 1.7 8 El Salvador + 12.0 2.3 11 3.4 0.7 4 Mexico ° 18.4 3.5 127 7.8 1.5 75 Panama ° 20.0 3.8 6 3.7 0.7 1


number of gastric cancer cases attributable to smoking in 118 countries a in women, in



gastric cancer d.

Country

2012 2020

Smokingprevalence

in 2002(%)


fraction(%)



in 2012(N)

Smokingprevalence

in 2011(%)


fraction(%)



in 2020(N)

AMERICA (cont.) Northern America Canada x 23.0 4.4 51 15.0 2.9 41 USA x 21.5 4.1 330 16.5 3.2 299 South America Argentina x 34.0 6.4 87 15.6 3.0 48 Bolivia + 18.1 3.5 11 18.3 3.5 14 Brazil ° 29.3 5.5 392 13.1 2.6 233 Chile x 18.3 3.5 44 37.1 6.9 113 Colombia ° 21.0 4.0 89 11.1 2.2 65 Ecuador ° 17.4 3.4 34 8.2 1.6 23 Paraguay + 5.5 1.1 1 6.1 1.2 2 Peru ° 15.7 3.0 67 7.8 1.5 44 Uruguay ° 14.3 2.8 6 19.8 3.8 10 Venezuela ° 39.2 7.3 65 14.4 2.8 34ASIA Eastern Asia China + 4.2 0.8 1012 2.4 0.5 729 Japan x 13.4 2.6 886 9.7 1.9 744 Mongolia + 25.5 4.8 10 6.9 1.4 4 South Korea x 4.8 1.0 94 6.8 1.3 167 South-Eastern Brunei x 14.0 2.7 <1 2.9 0.6 <1 Cambodia + 8.0 1.6 3 3.4 0.7 2 Indonesia + 3.7 0.7 16 2.7 0.5 14 Laos + 15.0 2.9 1 2.0 0.4 <1 Malaysia ° 3.5 0.7 5 1.0 0.2 2 Myanmar Δ 22.3 4.3 77 7.8 1.5 38 Philippines + 11.0 2.2 22 9.0 1.8 24 Singapore x 3.1 0.6 2 5.0 1.0 4 Thailand + 2.6 0.5 6 2.6 0.5 8 Vietnam + 3.5 0.7 33 1.4 0.3 18





gastric cancer d.

Country

2012 2020

Smokingprevalence

in 2002(%)


fraction(%)



in 2012(N)

Smokingprevalence

in 2011(%)


fraction(%)



in 2020(N)

ASIA (cont.) South-Central Bangladesh Δ 23.8 4.5 115 1.3 0.3 8 India + 2.5 0.5 98 2.9 0.6 142 Iran ° 3.4 0.7 20 3.3 0.6 27 Kazakhstan ° 7.0 1.4 18 12.1 2.4 36 Kyrgyzstan + 15.6 3.0 7 1.6 0.3 <1 Maldives + 15.0 2.9 <1 12.6 2.5 <1 Nepal Δ 29.0 5.5 25 13.3 2.6 14 Pakistan Δ 9.0 1.8 25 5.7 1.1 20 Sri Lanka ° 1.7 0.3 2 0.4 0.1 <1 Uzbekistan + 9.0 1.8 18 1.1 0.2 3 Western Asia Armenia ° 1.0 0.2 <1 2.9 0.6 1 Azerbaijan ° 1.1 0.2 1 0.0 0.0 0 Bahrain ° 5.7 1.1 <1 7.0 1.4 <1 Georgia ° 15.0 2.9 9 4.8 1.0 3 Iraq + 5.0 1.0 4 2.9 0.6 3 Israel x 24.0 4.6 14 17.0 3.3 11 Kuwait ° 1.5 0.3 <1 4.4 0.9 <1 Lebanon ° 35.0 6.5 8 33.8 6.3 10 Oman ° 1.5 0.3 <1 0.2 0.0 <1 Qatar x 0.5 0.1 <1 1.2 0.2 <1 Turkey ° 22.0 4.2 176 13.1 2.6 152 United Arab Emirates x 1.0 0.2 <1 2.4 0.5 <1 Yemen Δ 29.0 5.5 8 10.3 2.0 4





gastric cancer d.

Country

2012 2020

Smokingprevalence

in 2002(%)


fraction(%)



in 2012(N)

Smokingprevalence

in 2011(%)


fraction(%)



in 2020(N)

EUROPE Central and Eastern Europe Belarus ° 4.6 0.9 11 9.8 1.9 24 Bulgaria ° 23.8 4.5 31 28.2 5.3 37 Czech Republic x 22.0 4.2 27 32.3 6.1 45 Hungary x 27.0 5.1 43 24.7 4.7 42 Moldova + 18.0 3.5 7 7.1 1.4 3 Poland x 25.0 4.8 103 24.4 4.7 110 Romania ° 25.0 4.8 65 16.7 3.2 47 Russia ° 9.7 1.9 316 21.7 4.2 722 Slovakia x 30.0 5.7 21 28.0 5.3 22 Ukraine ° 19.4 3.7 169 11.2 2.2 100 Northern Europe Denmark x 29.0 5.5 10 24.0 4.6 10 Estonia x 20.0 3.8 7 25.3 4.8 8 Finland x 20.0 3.8 10 20.0 3.8 12 Iceland x 23.0 4.4 <1 18.6 3.6 <1 Ireland x 31.0 5.8 10 27.0 5.1 11 Latvia x 13.0 2.5 6 25.3 4.8 12 Lithuania x 16.0 3.1 10 20.4 3.9 12 Norway x 32.0 6.0 12 28.0 5.3 13 Sweden x 19.0 3.7 11 21.0 4.0 14 UK x 26.0 4.9 124 20.0 3.8 108 Southern Europe Albania ° 18.0 3.5 12 4.2 0.8 4 Croatia x 32.0 6.0 23 22.4 4.3 17 Cyprus x 7.6 1.5 1 16.9 3.3 1 Greece x 29.0 5.5 32 38.0 7.1 44 Italy x 17.3 3.3 182 16.3 3.2 187 Malta x 14.6 2.8 1 22.2 4.3 1 Portugal x 7.1 1.4 16 11.8 2.3 30 Slovenia x 20.3 3.9 7 21.9 4.2 8 Spain x 24.7 4.7 138 24.6 4.7 156





gastric cancer d.

Country

2012 2020

Smokingprevalence

in 2002(%)


fraction(%)



in 2012(N)

Smokingprevalence

in 2011(%)


fraction(%)



in 2020(N)

EUROPE (cont.) Western Europe Austria x 19.0 3.7 20 34.7 6.5 40 Belgium x 26.0 4.9 26 20.7 4.0 23 France x 30.3 5.7 128 30.2 5.7 145 Germany x 31.0 5.8 346 21.2 4.1 263 Luxembourg x 27.0 5.1 1 20.0 3.8 1 Netherlands x 29.0 5.5 40 23.0 4.4 37 Switzerland x 28.0 5.3 16 20.9 4.0 14OCEANIA Australia x 18.0 3.5 25 16.3 3.2 27 Fiji + 17.0 3.3 <1 17.4 3.4 <1 New Zealand x 25.0 4.8 7 17.5 3.4 6 Papua New Guinea Δ 28.0 5.3 6 27.0 5.1 8 Samoa + 12.7 2.5 <1 21.8 4.2 <1

a HDI distribution in 2012 retrieved from the Human Development Report, 2013 [25]: 42, 33, 25 and 18 countries classified as x very high, ° high, + medium and Δ low HDI, respectively; b data retrieved from two World Health Organization sources for 2002 [22] and 2011 [23]; c data retrieved from GLOBOCAN 2012 [1]; d data (1.62 for men and 1.20 for women) retrieved from the reference selected [15] after systematic review of meta-analyses.

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