link.springer.com978-94-010-1009...general reading general reading, chapter 1 asher, c. j....

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SUBJECT INDEX

A

Abscis ic acid (ABA) 2 17,222,224,273,274,282,286Abscission of leaves 64 1Acetyl coe nzyme A see Coe nzyme AAcetyl serine 178Acid gro wth theory 219, 267Acidifi cati on effect of legumes on so il 40 8Acidification of so ils 58 , 62, 515Acid mineral soils

Alumin ium toxicity 6 1, 660-662Manganese toxi city 6 1, 580-58 1Molybdenum availability 6 13-6 14Phosph ate availability 455 -457Nitrogen fixation, legumes 408So il acidity 51- 62Sulphate soils 580Tropical soi ls 534

Acid phos phatase 458Ac id rain 6 1-62Actinomyces 400Actinomyces alni 40 IActi norhizas 400Active and passive membrane transport 120-124Act ive manganese in so ils 574Activ ity coeffic ient 20, 121Activity of water molecules 26Activity ratio 22Adenosine 3-phospho 5 phosphosulph ate (PAPS) 177Adenosine phosphosulphate (AP S) 177Adenosine di pho sphate (ADP) 11 9Adenos ine tri phosphate (AT P) 11 9ADP 119ATP 119Aerenchymatous tiss ues 46Aescltynomene afraspera

Nitrogen fixation 403Aggregates (so il) 38Ag matine (formula) 500Agronom ic effic iency in N fertilizer usage 428

807

808

Alan ine 176 (formula)Albumin 32 1Alcohol dehydrogenase 589Aleurone layer 322Alfisols 37 1Alka li disease 667Alkal i soi ls

Black alka li soi ls (so lonetz) 62Wh ite alkali soi ls (so lonchak) 62

Alk aloids 3 18Allantoic acid 425Allantoin 425

see also Ureid esAllophanes 33, 34Allosteric modulator 545AIIlIlS glutinosa (alder)

Nitrogen fixation 6 16Alterna nce (fruit tree produ ction) 292Aluminium

Cati on species 18, 2 1, 55 , 660Complexation with organic acids and polyphenols 662Content in plants and so ils 659Excl usion mechanism in uptake 662Inftuence on root growth 661Solub ility and forms in soi l in relation to pH 18, 534, 660Tolerance in plants 662Toxicity in plant s 66 1

AmidesLong distance transport , role in, 2 10, 406Nitrogen export, legum e nodul es 2 10

Amin e ox idases (copper metabol ism) 604Amin o acids

Biosynthesis 175Essential 321Phloem loading 249

Am ino suga rs 408Amm on ia

Emissions 347Anh ydrous 362Aqu eous 362, 421Uptake through stomata 348Volatili zation from leaves 349Volatilization from soils 347Toxicity 422

Ammo nium ass imilation 173-175

Glutamine synthetase-Glutamate synthase 173-175Legume nodules 175

Ammonium in soilsAdsorption 17Ammonification 408-410Fixation and release by 2: I clay minerals 416-418Nitrification of 410-412

Ammonium nutritionSubstrate pH effects 132Ammonium uptake 419-420Ammonium versus nitrate nutritionCation-anion relationships 130-132Molybdenum requirement 615Phosphorus uptake 130-132Rhizosphere pH 86Root infecting pathogens 86

Amorphous soil silica 643Amphiphilic molecules 114Amyloplasts 258Anabaena 399Anaerobiosis 45Anaerobic soils, waterlogging 45-51Ando soils 34Animal manure unit 356Anion

Adsorption in soils 23-25Competition in ion uptake by plants 135Sulphate - molybdate 614Sulphate - selenate 438

Antagonistic effects in ion uptake 104Anthocyanadins 333Antiporter 244Arginine 50 IAsparagine 176 (formula)Apical dominance 267, 279, 581Apoferritin 560Apoplast

As a W buffer 129Calcium transport 193Composition 129Pathway in roots 192-195Phloem loading 247-249Phloem unloading 254-256Water transport 194Application of fertilizers see Fertilizers

809

810

APS (adenosi ne phosphosulph ate) 177Aquaporins 185, 187Asco rbate cycle 305Ascorb ic acid oxidase 604Asparagine 176Aspartate

C4 photosynthesis 153- 159C4 plants 153-153

Aspergillus niger 110Assi milate see also Photosynthate

Partition ing 260, 26 1Transport 247

Assi mi latory sulphate reduction 178Atmosphere

Ammon ia 348CO 2 concentration 300

ATP(Adenosene triphosphate)Energy trans fer 118- 120Formula 7Membrane transport , ions 118- 120, 136Oxi dat ive phosphorylation 147Photophosphorylation 145

ATP-magnes ium com plex 7ATPase proton pump 86, I 18-124AT Pases 545Autotrop hic bacteria 4 10Auxin see also Indole Acet ic Acid

Binding protei ns 268IAA metabolism, role of boro n 630Manganese nutrit ion 268, 58 1Role in Ca lcium transport 522Root and shoot growth, effects on 266Stimulation of proton pump 267

Avai lability of nutrient s in soil see Soi l, nutrient availabilityAvenic acid 88 , 555Azolla - Anabae na association 400Azospirillum 399, 407Azotobacrer 399

B

Bacter ial density (in bulk soi l and rhizosphere) 84Bacteroid 169,402

Baking qualit y in cereals 320Basic slag 69,473Balance sheet of plant nutrients 370Barley 280,32 1,323Base saturation in soils 2 1Beggiatoa 386Beidell ite 33Beijerinckia 399Beneficial Mineral Elements

Cobalt 649-654Silicon 643-649Sod ium 501-503

6-benzyl-aminopurine (cytokinin) 272Betaine

Co mpatible solute 227Formula see glycine betaine 227See glycine betain e 227

BicarbonateLime induced chlorosis 566 -569

Bioavailab ility of heavy metals 67 1Biological

Membranes 11 4-117Nitroge n fixation 397-406

Agronomic importance of 408-4 10Yield 277

Biot in 443Biot ite 29, 482 ,54 1, 553Bitter pit 2 15,33 1,332,369,53 1Black alka li soi ls (solonetz) 62Black spot in potato tubers (potassi um deficiency) 3 18Blackheart of celery 215 , 531Blossom end rot 215 ,531Borax 634Bor ic acid 621 , 624 , 634Boron

Adsorpt ion in soil 622Application to soi ls 633-636Availability in soil 633 -634Binding function of borate 628Callose formation 628Cascade effect 627Deficiency 63 1-632Distribution in plants 626Ferti lize rs 634Foliar application 635

8 11

812

In cell wall structure 629Membranes in relation to 565Nucleic acids 627Phloem mobility 625-626Phytohormones in relat ion to 627Plant and crop requ irements 635-637Polyhydroxy compounds in relation to 623Primary and secondary effec ts 627Soi l Boron 621-623Sugar alco hol complexes 623Toxicity in plants 637-638Translocation in plants 625-626Transport molecules 627Uptake by plants 624, 625

Botanical composition of grass land swardEffect of fertilizer practice 327Effect of slurry application 358

Bradyrhizob ium 172, 400 , 40 IBrassinosteroids 275Bromine 657,658Bronzing in rice 48, 554, 64 1Buffer capacity of soi ls 53, 76Buffer power of soils 70Bulk density of soils 39Bundle sheath cells 158, 159Burnt lime 537

cC 3 pathway 153-156C 3 plants 153C 4 pathway 153, 159, 165C 4 plants 285, 297CAL method (P availability in soil) 95Cadmium

In phosphate fertilizers 672In sewage sludge 672Mobility in plants 67 1Plant tolerance 67 1Pollution 672

CalcareousPeat soils 581Soils 514,555,568,585

Calcicoles, Calcifuges 517Calcium

Adsorption in soils 516ATPa se 525Bicarbonate 538Biochemical functions in plants 527-530Bridging and membrane structure 115Carbide 414Content of plants 520 , 523-524Cyanamide 433Cyto solic concentrations 525Deficiency disorders 531-533Deficiency symptoms 532Dihydrogen phosphate 454Distrib ution in cells 525Ecological aspects 517-519Fertilizers 432-434Flocc ulation and soil structure 28, 38-40Form s and contents in plants 523-526Humates 516IAA metabolism 522Induced signals 529Immob ility in plants 522Leachin g in soils 342-34 6Limin g soils 537-539Mon hydrogenphosphat e 454Membrane channels 526Membrane structure 115Membrane transport 52 1Octaphosphate 454Phosphates in soils 454Restriction from phloem 522Silicate slags 649Soi l 5 13-519Soi l content 670Soil solution 73Soil minerals and weathering 513- 5 17Tran slocation in plants 521-523Uptake by plants 519

Calmodulin 468, 529Second messenger 526

Calvin cycle 148, 149CAM (Crassulation acid metaboli sm) 160Crops 231Carb amic acid (formula) 50 I

813

814

Carbamyl putrescene (formula) 50 ICarbon dioxide

Assimilation by plants 137C 3 pathway 147- 150C4 pathway 153-159Cras sulation acid metabolism 160-161

Atmospheric concen tratio n 300Concentration and crop yield 300-305Compensation point 159, 297

Carbonic anhydrase 588-589Carboxylation 4Caro tenes 137, 144Carotenoids 137, 144Carrier transport

Energy coupling (ATP, AT Pase) 136Kinetics (K rn, Vmax ) 136

Casparia n strip 192, 194, 199, 239Cassava 289Catalase 56 1, 602Cation

activa tion of enzymes 498 -50 1adsor ption by soi ls 15-22- anion balance 130, 214antago nism in ion uptake 134ease of displacement from minerals 19estimation in soils 94-95exc hange capacity (CEC)

Clay minera ls 2 1, 33Permanent negative charge 30Variable charge 30

hydrat ion shells 18Cavitation in the xylem 200CCC see Chiaro Choline Chloride 272, 294Cell compartmentatio n 128-130Cell

Expansion 2 19,267,270,278Organelles 11 3- 11 4Shrinkage 2 16Wall 646Wall elasticity 628Wall struc ture 11 2, 629

Chelate 6, 555Chemiosmosis hypothesis 145Chernoze ms 35Chloride

And sulphate salinity 62-64Chorophilic- chlorophobic species 64 1Coconut and oil palm beneficial influence on growth 64 1Content in plants 640Essentiality 640Leachin g from soils 642Nitrate antagonism 135Osmoticum 641Requ irement in Photosystem I I 640Uptake by plants 639Versus sulphate fertilizers 5 10, 642

ChlorineDeficiency symptoms in plants 64 1Function in plants 639-640Tox icity in plants 64 1

Chlorite 33,45 1Chlorocholine chloride rccc: 272, 2942 choroe thyl phosphonic acid (Ethephon) 2954 chloro indolacetic acid 641Chloromequa t 294Chloroph ilic spec ies 640Chlorophobic crops 64 1Chlorophyll 8, 137, 27 1, 544

synthes is 562Chloroplasts 145, 159, 243Chlorosis

Lime induced 569Resistant cultivars 559

Chromi umIn serpentine soi ls 665Soil content 664Tox ic effects in plants 665

Cit ric ac idChelation of Ca, Fe and AI 463Citrate release from roots of AI toxic plants 66 1Citr ate release from roots of P deficient plants 463Long distance transport of Fe in plants 559

ClayFlocculation in soils 27-2 8Fraction in soi ls 29-30Propert ies 3 1-34

Clay MineralsAdsorption of cations 15-22Interlayers of 2: I minerals

NH/ fixation and release 416-41 8

8 15

8 16

K+ fixation and release 482-484Structure of 482, 483

Cluster root formation 463Coated fertilize rs 365Coba lamin (vitamin B 12) 65 1, 652

Root nodule concentration 653Cobalt

Deficient soils 654In animal nutrition 654In plants 650 , 654In soils 649-650Requirement for nitrogen fixation 65 1-653Toxicity in plants 650

Coenzyme A 444Cohesion - tension theory 199-20 IColloidal systems 27Commercial yield 277Companion cells 250Compartmentation in cells 128Compat ible solutes 227 ,233Coppe r

Adsorption to soil particles 600Affinity for nitrogen 60 IAmine oxidases 604Applica tion to crops 608-609Availability in soils 60 I, 607, 608, 609Biochemical functions 602-604Carbohydrate metabolism 604Chelates 60 IContaining enzymes 602-604Containing proteins 142, 602-604Content in plants 60 IContent and forms in soils 599-60 ICrop nutrit ion and requ irements 607-608Deficiency in plants 605-606Fertilizers 609-611Forms in soil 599-60 IFunction in photosynthesis 142, 602Nitrogen fixation 604Nitrogen metabolism 604Organic manures 610Organic matter complexes 599-60 IPhenolase 603Plastocya nin 141, 602Sewage sludge 6 1I

Sup eroxide dismutase isoenzymes 602- 603Toxicity in plant s 606Translocation in plants 601-602Uptake by plants 60 I

Chloromequat 294Copropophorph yrinogen 563Coul omb' s law 17Crassulacean acid metabolism 160-1 61Crop production

Carbon dioxide concentration effects 300-305Commercial yield 277Crop Index 277Fruit crops 291- 293Forage legumes 39 1Grain crops 278-286Growth rate and nutrient supply 276-278Growth regulators 293-295Growth stage s and yie ld components 263-265Harvest index 277Leaf area index 299-300Light intensity 30 1-305Modell ing soil-plant relationships 3 12-317Net ass imilation rate 297Net photo synthetic rate 302Nutri ent requi rements 284, 340Nutri tion and Quality

Forage crops 325-329Grain crops 320-323Oil crops 324 -329Root cro ps 318-320Vegetables and fruits 329-33 5

Nutrient uptak e by cro ps 339-342Phytohormones 265-276Yield curves 305-312

Cr inkle leaf, manganese toxicity 581Crown and heart rot 63 1, 636Cuticle 202Cyanamid e 432-433Cysteine 5 (fo rmula), 178, 440, 44 1Cystine 5 (formula), 440Cytochromes 141Cytochrome oxidase 603Cytokinins 272Cytos ol

Calcium concentration 520

8 17

818

Magnesium concentration 544Potassium concentration 122, 491Stabilization of pH 130

D

Danielli-Davson membrane model 114Dark COz fixation 147-153Decarboxylation 4Deficiency symptoms see individual plant nutrientsDehydrogenases 577Denitrification 48, 59, 349-351Depletion of ions around roots 68Dephosphorylation 544Deprotonation 5Desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) see DNADessechment de la rafle in vines 548Desulphovibrio 437Desulphurication 59Detoxification of heavy metals in soils 442 , 593Diammonium phosphates 473Dicyandiamide (DCD) 415Diethylene triamine pentacetic acid (DTPA) 609Diffuse double layer 16Diffusion

Coefficient 66, 70Nutrient availability in soils 66-71

Dihydroxy acetone phosphate 148, (formula)I, I dimethyl piperidinium chloride (mepiquat) 295Di nitrogen (N z)

Fixation 403, 406Fixing bacteria 400

Disulphide bonds 439Bridges 320

DNA 467Dolomitic lime stone 513 , 551Donnan free space 192Drinking water 344 , 383 , 384ORIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System of plant analysis) 108Drought

Mycorrhizal effects 88,89,461Potassium 494-496, 503Resistance 217

Stress 215,218,221,229Tolerance 228

DTPA (di ethylene triamine pentacetate) 609

E

E value 98Economic yield 277Ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi 88-90EDDHA 568-570EDTA 6,7Electrostatic forces 21Electro-ultrafiltration technique (EUF) 98Elemental sulphur 437Elovich equation 99, 487Endocytosis 402Endodermis 192Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) 112Endotrophic mycorrhizal fungi 90Enzyme activation 498Epsom salts 551Ericoid Mycorrhiza 88Erucic acid 324Erosion 351, 360Erwina 399Escherichia freundii 459Essential amino acids 321Essential elements 2Essential nutrients IEthephon (2chloro ethyl phosphonic acid) 295Ethylene 276Ethylene diamine di o-hydroxyphenyl acetate (Fe-EDDHA) 568-570

Ethylene diamine tetra acetate (Fe-EDTA) 6, 7EUF (electro-ultrafiltration technique) 98Eutrophication 387Evapotranspiration 230, 376Exchangeable

Calcium 518cations 15-22Magnesium 541, 549Potassium 94, 486Sulphate 436

819

820

ExudationCut shoot 208-209Root to soil 84-88

F

Facilitated diffusion in ion transport 120, 126,419,521,576Farmyard manure (FYM) 36,355,356,358,391Farnesol 137Fatty acids

Saturated 324Unsaturated 324

Feldspars 481Ferredoxin 142, 167Ferromagnesium minerals 541, 553Fertigation 377-378Fertilizers

Agricultural production 378-381Agronomic efficiencyin N fertilizer usage 428Broadcast 366Controlled release 364-366Compound 477Crop requirement 340-341Energy consumption 382-383Environmental aspects

Drinking water and fertilizer use 384-387Greenhouse gases 392-396

Eutroph ication and fertilizers 387-389Inorganic and organic 389-391

Farmyard manure 36, 355, 356, 358, 391Foliar application 367-369Fertigation 377-378Gypsum 536Hyroponics 373-377Liquid 362-364Magnesium 551-552Micronutrient 570-571, 581, 582, 596-597, 610, 619, 635-636Mineral 354-355Nitrogen 427-434Nutrient film technique (Nl-T) 374Nutrient ratios and recommendations 369-372Organic and inorganic comparisons 389-392Organic manures and crop residues 355-362

Placement 367,477-478,511Potassium 509-511Sewage sludgeSlurries 356-358Split applications 366Techniques of application 366-367

Ficks first law 66Field capacity (of soil) 42Flavonoids 333Flocculation 40Flooded soils 351, 372, 422Flowing nutrient solution s 374Fluorine

Plant content 658Toxicity 659

Foliar application 367-369,570,581,619Forage crops

Crude fibre content 325Crude protein content 325Digestibility 325Fertili zation and sward composition 327Magnesium status 55 1-552Nitrate content 326Nitrogenous fractions 326Protein nitrogen 326Total nitrogen content 326Yield and quality 327-329Phosphate 473-478

Free living nitrogen fixing microorganisms 399Freezing tolerance 274Frost damage 504Fructans 257

Synthe sis 255Fructanfructosylstransferase(FFT) 257

Fructose I, 6-bisphosphate 246Fructose-6 -phosphate 246Fruit and vegetable quality 329-335Fruit crop nutrition

Calcium deficiency in 531-532Grapes 291-292, 332-335Nutrient removal by fruit crops 34 1Quality 333Tomatoes 293, 332Tree crops 29 1

Fulvic acids 35

821

822

Fusicoccin 11FYM (farm yard manure) 36, 355 356, 358

G

GA (gibberellic acid) 269, 282Gafsa phosphate 474Gapon coefficient 22, 485Gapon equation 22GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase) 173, 174Geographical information system (GIS) 352Gibberellic acid (GA) 269 ,282Gibberillins 269,287,295Gibbsite 18Gliadins 320Globul in 321Glucose I phosphate 258Glucosinolate free rape 451Glucosinolates 445

Synthesis of 445Glutamate 174, (formula) 176

2-0xoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) 173-175Dehydrogenase (GDH) 173, 174Synthase (GOGAT) 173-175Synthetase (GS) 173, 174

Glutathione 441 , 442 (formula)Glutamine 174 (formula), 176, 177Glutenins 320, 323Glycine 152Glycine betaine 227Glycoalkaloids 318Glycolipids 114Glycollate 152 (formul a)

Pathway 150-153Glycophytes 232Glycosylation 273Goethite 553GOGAT (Glutamate 2-oxoglutarate amino transfe rase) 173-175Gouy- Chapman layer 16Grain Crops

Assimilation and distribution of photosynthates 259Baking quality 320Crop density 279

Grain filling 279, 280, 282Grain protein composition 289Grain size 280, 283Lysine rich maize cultivar 322Maize 285-286Malting grains 322Nitrogen nutrition 278Nutrient uptake 284Nutrition and grain quality 320-322Phytohormonal activity 279,282,283Rice 283-284Spikelet initiation and development 279Temperate cereals 278-281Thousand grain weight 282Water stress 279Yield components 278

Grape juice quality 335Grass tetany 329, 552Grassland sward

Botanical compositionEffect of fertilizer practice 327Effect of slurry application 328

Green back in tomatoes 332Green manure 59, 359, 389Greenhouse gases 350, 392, 394Grey speck (manganese deficiency) 579,582Growth and Nutrient supply

Rate and nutrient supply 276-278Effect of nitrogen 277-278

Growth Regulators 293-295Chloromequat chloride (chloro-choline-chloride) 294Ethephon (2-chloroethyl-phosphonic acid) 295Mepiquat chloride (I , I dimethyl piperidinium chloride) 295

GTP (guanosine triphosphate) 466Guard cells 491

Role of potassium in maintenance of turgor 494-496Guttation 199, 626Gypsum 513,536

Application 536

823

824

H

H+see under ProtonHaber Bosch process 398Haem

Complex 8 (formula)Compl ex synthesis 50 IEnzyme sys tems 561

Haematite 553Hall iwell-Asada reaction pathway 440, 441Halomorph ic soilsHalophytesHaulm stability 606Harve st Index 260, 277Heart rot in sugar beet (boron deficiencyHeavy metals 36 1, 442, 670, 673

Che lation ofCritical conce ntrations in animal diets 673Critica l concentrations for plants 673Critical concentrations in soils 673Detoxification of 442

Herbaspirillum 407Heterotroph ic microorganisms 412High affinity transporters see under Membrane Tra nsportHoeffler diagram 186, 188Hofmeister cation sequence 19, 37Hordein 321Hormones see phytohormonesHumate Fe(AI)P complexes 456-457Humates 35Hydrogen sulphide in soi ls 436 -437Hydraul ic conductivity 191 , 628Hydrolyzing enzymes 267Hydrolysable organic N in soil 101Hydroponics 373, 376Hydrostatic press ure 183, 184Hydroxamate 555Hydroxamic acid 555Hydroxyapatite 454Hydroxylamine 4 11Hydroxylation 603Hyperaccumul ator plant spec ies 672Hypomagnesaemia 552

I

IAA(indole acetic acid ) 266, 282, 522Oxidase 268

Illite 32, 482, 553Imazaquin 294Incubation methods for available soil nitrogen 101Indole acetic acid (IAA) 266, 282, 522Infection vacuole 403Inositol Phosphates 458

Hexaphoshate 468Tr iphosphate 526

Intensity factor in nutrient availability 74Invertase 255Iodine

Stimulating effec t on plant growth 657Toxicity 657

Iodine number 325Ion activi ties 19Ion exchange in soi ls 15-25Ion transport in soils 66-7 1

Diffusion 66, 67, 68-7 1Mass flow 66, 67

Ion Uptake by Plant Roots (see also Membrane Tran sport )Act ive and passive transport 120-1 24Accumulation against a concentration gradient IIIATPases 118-120Cation-anion balance 130-1 33Carr ier transport 128Cytosolic pH stabilization 130Electrochem ical poten tials 118-124Ion antago nism 134-135Ion channels 124-126Ion compartmentation in cells 128-130Ion pump s 118- 120Mechanisms of membrane transport 126-128Membranes 114- 117Membrane permeability 124- 126Michael is Menten kinetics 135-136Nutrient transport across membranes

Facilitated diffusion 120, 126,41 9,521,576Proton I nitrate cotransport 127, 4 19Proton I amino acid cotransport 127Proton Ication antiport 128

Nerns t Equation 12 1

825

826

Organic anion accumulation 132Se lectivity of uptake 111- 112

IronApplication to crops 570Availability in soils 565 -566Biochemi cal functions 560-564Chelate app lication to cro ps 570Chelates 555Chlorophyll synthesis 653Chlorosis 562, 569Conta ining enzymes 560-564Deficiency in plants 564In roots 558In so il

Ox ides 553Reduct ion 554Solubility 554

Lime induced chloros is 566-569Mobilizing Phytosiderophores

Aven ic acid 555Mug ineic acid 555

Mob ilizing sidero phores 555Toxicity 564Translocation in plants 559Uptake by plants 556, 557, 566, 576

Graminaceous monocots versus dicots 557Isobutylidenurea 364Isotopic di lution 96Isotopic equilibrium 96

J

Jasmonic acid 274

K

Kain ite 509Kaol inite 31Kieser ite 55 1Kranz type leaf anatomy 154

L

L value 97Labile phosp hate (in soil) 453Labile pool 96Laccase 604LAI (leaf area index) 299, 300Langmuir equation 25Law of the minimum 278Leaching of plant nutrients in soil 342-347Lead

Chelates 669Organic compounds 669

Tetraethyl 669Tr ialkyl 669Triethyl 669

Pollut ion 668Soil content 668Toxicity 668-669

LeafAbsc ission 275Analysis 103, 635Apoplast pH 224Area Index (LA I) 299 , 300Growth 2 18Senescence 270, 272Tipbum 64 1Turgo r 233Water potential 229

Lecithin 466Leghaemoglobin 169,402Legumes 327, 361, 403

Acidifying effect on soil 408Ligand exchan ge 23Light

Intensity and crop yield 302-305Use efficiency (LUE) 3 16

Lignin synthesis 604, 646Lime

Applicatio n 538Induced chlorosis 566-569

Liming in crop production 533-539Liming materia ls 537-539Lipids 11 4Lipoic acid 443

827

828

Liquid fertilizers 362Little leaf (zinc deficiency) 591Lodging of cereals 295,647Long distance transport of mineral nutrients 206-215Lutein 138Lupinus a/bus 407Lysimeters 308Lysine 321

M

MA (Mugineic acid) 7,555,556Macronutrients 2Magnesite 551Magnesium

Ammonium phosphate 551Appl ication 552ATP enzyme bridging reaction 7Available to animals in herbage 552Biochemical functions 544-546Content of plants 549, 550Content of soils 541- 542Critical levels in plants 549Crop requirements 548-550Deficiency in plants 546-548Exchangeable 549Fertilizers 551-552Forms in soils 541-542Hypomagnesaemia in ruminants 328-329, 552Ion competition in uptake 542-544In chlorophyll 544Limestone 537, 551Phloem mobility 212,214,543Tran slocation in plants 209,212,214,543Uptake by plants 542-544

Maize 280,285 ,321Malate 156Malic acid (formula) 157,Manganese

Application 551Availability in soils 582-583Biochemical functions 577-578Content of plants 13, 575

Content of soils 573Critical levels in plants 580Crop nutrition 581-583Cycle in soils 573Deficiency 578-580Exchangeable 574Fertilizer application 581Forms in soils 573-576In photosynthesis 577-578Oxides in soils 573Oxidising microorganisms 575Superoxide dismutase 577Translocation in plants 577Toxicity in plants 580-581Uptake by plants 576

Manganite 573Mass flow in nutrient transport in soils 67-68Mass flow of nutrients in the transpiration stream 206-210Matrix potential 183, 195Maximum economic yield 311Membranes

Composition 114-116Fluidity 116Stability 115Structure 114-116Turnover rate I 15

Membrane Transport see also Ion Uptake by Plant RootsActive and passive uptake 120-124Aquaporins 117ATPases 118Channel proteins 116Compartmentation of ions in plant cells 128-130Electrochemical potentials 120-124Ion channels 124-126Ion pumps 118-120Mechanism of membrane transport 126-128Nernst equation 121Proton pumps 119Rectifying K+ channels 125Transmembrane proteins 116Transporters 521High affinity 420, 438, 489Low affinity 420. 489,490Phosphate 464Potassium 490

829

830

Mepiquat chloride ( I, I dimethyl piperidinium chloride) 294, 295Mercury 673Meristemat ic growth 278, 493Meth ane

Greenhouse gas 392Oxidat ion in soils 393

Methanotroph s 392Methio nine 439

Synth ase 653Methylmanonyl-coenzyme mutase 652Micas 3 1, 482Michaelis-ment en curve 136Microbi ological methods in nutrient avai lability 110Micronutrient s 2Mineral Fertilizers 338, 339, 354

Co nsumption 379Minera lization of so il orga nic nitrogen 10 I, 408-4 10Minor vein system in leaves 252Mitochondria 113Mitsche rlich

Cur ve 306Equation 306Method of determ ining nutrient availability 110

MolybdenumApplication 6 19Biochemical functions 6 15-618Contents in plants 6 15Crop nutrition 6 18-6 19Deficiency 6 16-618Fertilizers 616 , 618Nitroge n fixation in legumes 616-618Soi l 6 13-6 14Toxicity in animals (molybdenosis) 6 11, 6 14,618-6 19Translocation in plant s 6 15Uptake by plants 6 14-6 15

Modellin gCro p response to phosphate applicat ion 478-479Cro p response to potassium applica tion 507Nitroge n mineralization in soils 313-315Nitroge n turnover in soils and crop respo nse 430Ryegrass production 3 16-3 17

Monoamm onium phosphate 474Mucilage on roots 84, 662Mugeinic ac id (MA) 7, 88, 555Mulching 359

MUench Pressure Flow Hypothesis 253Muscov ite 482Mustard oi ls 445Mycorrhiae 88-92, 46 1-463

N

NADP (Nicotinamide aden ine dinucleo tide) 5NA DP reduction 5NADPH 5Natrophili c cro ps 509NCSOIL (nitrogen carb on dynamics in soils) 313NDVI (normalized difference vege tation index) 102Neem 41 6NFr (nutrient film technique) 374Neptunia 403Nems t aquation 121Net assimilation rate (NAR) 297,298Net nitrogen mineralization 3 15, 413, 427Neubauer method 110Neutra lizing value of liming materials 538-539Nickel

Content in plant s 664Content in soi l 662Esse ntia l micronut rient 664Serpent ine soils 663Toxicity 662 -664Urease constituent 664

Nicoti namine (NA) 555Nif genes (nitroge n fixation genes) 172Nitrapyrin 4 14

Degradation 415Nitrate

Ammonium compa riso n in ion uptake 132, 4 19Ammonium comparison in plant metabolism 420 -42 1Chlori de antagonism 135Content in dr inking water 384 ,Content in plants 329-33 1Content in vegetables 390Fertil izers 431Leach ing in soi ls 343-3 44Net uptake by plants 420Redu ctase activity 162-164

83 1

832

Reduction in plants 162-168, 615Site of reduction, shoo t versus root 166

Soi l 4 18-419Nitrification 410, 412Nitrificatio n Inhibitors 414-416

AM 2-amino-4 chloro-6-trimethypyrimidine 414, 4 15Calcium carbide (Ca

2Ca) 4 14,415

Dichlorophenyl succinic amide 4 14Dicyand iamide (DCD) 4 14Neem 415Nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6-trichlorome thyl pyridine) N Serve 414 ,41 5ST (2-sulphanilimide thioazole) 414Terrazole (5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl- l , 2,4 thiadiazole) 414

Nitrite reduct ase 167-168Toxicity in animals 384

Nitrochalk 432Nitrogenase 169,1 72, 615

Act ivity 403, 405Nitrogen Cycle 398Nitroge n Fertilization

Controlled release fertilizers 364-366Cro p response to 427-430Excess application 431Modelling response of crops to N 430Rates of application 430-43 1Types of ferti lizers 43 1-434

Nitroge n in PhysiologyAbsorp tion of gaseo us ammonia by leaves 42 1Absorption of nitrate and ammo nium nitrogen 4 19-421Amino acids and amides 175-177Ammonia assimila tion 173-175Ammo nia toxicity 421-423Deficiency symptoms 426Fractions in plants 424-425Supply and carbohydrate metabolism 420Symbiotic nitrogen fixation 397-406Translocation 425-426Urea absorption 423Ureides 425

Nitrogen in soilAmmonification 408-410Ammonium fixation 4 16-418Avai lability 397-4 18Biological fixation 397-408Denitrification 48, 59, 349-35 1, 386, 395, 4 13

Estimation of Available NitrogenElectro-ultrafiltration method 98-101Incubation methods 10IN min method 101-102Soil extraction with CaCI2 10I

Immobilization 410Mineralization 408-410Nitrate 411,418Nitrogen Cycle 398Nitrification 410 -413Nitrogen in soil solution 418Volatilization of ammonia 347-349

Nitrogen FixationAgronomic importance 406-408Allantoic acid 210 ,616Allantoin 210 , 616Anabaena 399Arospirillum 399Azotoba cter 399Bacteroid 169Biochemistry 169-172Blue green algae , Cyanobacteria 399Carbohydrate supply 172,400Cobalamin coenzyme B12 652Cobalt 173, 651Copper 173Free living microorganisms 399Infection 401-403Leghaemoglobin 169,Molybdenum 616Nitrogenase structure 169-170Nitrogenase activity

Effect of drought 406of nitrogen supply 406

Nitrogen fixation capabilities of different ecosystems 399Nitrogen transport forms in legumes 210 , 616Optimum conditions 400Oxygen protecting systems 172Phosphate 407Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species 401Rhizosphere acidification of legume roots 408Rice benefit of N fixed by Azolla-Anabaena 400

benefit of N fixed by Sesbania rotrata 408Root nodule s (Phaseolus vulgaris, Orithopus sativa, Alnus glutinosa) 404Sugar cane benefit of N fixing endotrophic bacteri a 407

833

834

Stem nodules (Sesbania ) 404Sulphur 451Ureide s (nitrogen transport form of tropical legumes) 210,616

Nitrophosphates 477Nitrosamines 384Nitrocystus 414Nitrosolobus 410Nitrosamonas 410 ,414Nitrosospira 410,414Nitric oxide 386Nitrou s oxid e 349, 350, 394, 395Non-cyclic photophosphorylation 146Normal ized difference vegetation index (NOV\) 102Nostoc 399NIP solutions 362NIS ratio in plant proteins 447N-ser ve 414Nucleic acids, conformation of 546Nucle otide triphosphates 467

Nucleus 113Nutrient

Availability in soil and determination 92-110Avail ability, factor s influencing 64-92Content of rainwater 353Cycl ing (soil-plant cycling) 337-3 39Depleti on pattern s around roots 68Film technique (NFf) 374Imbalance 338Ratios and recommendations 369-372Relati on to crop quality 317-335Removal by crop s 339-342Removal by leach ing 342-347Solutions 373Spray s 369Suppl y by precipitation and atmosphere 352-354Uptake 111-136

oOccluded phosphate in soil 457Oil crops

Oil content of 324Nitrogen nutrition of 324

Temperature effects on growth in 324Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in 324-325

Olivine 541Olsen method for available soil phosphate 95Opal phytoliths 646Opaque maize 322Opt imizing fertilizer rates 372Organelles of plant cells 11 2-1 14Organic acid (carboxylic acid) accumulation in plants 131

Calcium nutrition 523, 524Internal charge compensation 130-133Nitroge n nutrition 132Potassium uptake and recycling 2 14, 493

Organic acid (carboxylic) acid efflux from plant rootsAlum inium tolerance 66 1Phosphorus deficiency 463Proteiod roots 463

Organic manures 355-362Organic matte r in soil 34-38

C/N ratio 3 14,409,4 10Orni thine 176Osmoco te ferti lizers 365Osmosis 185Osmotic adjustment 187, 2 18, 226Oxaloacet ic acid 130Oxidases 602Oxygen radica ls 225Oxygen

Diffusion in plants 46In soils 45

p

P 682 141P 700 142Paddy soils 349, 649PAPS (adenosine 3 phosp ho 5 phosphosulphate) 177PAR (photosy nthetic active radiation) 304Part ially acid ulated rock phosphates 475Pascal (Pa) 4 1, 182Paspalum notatum 400Passive ion transport 120, 122Patch clamp techn ique 125

835

836

PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) 154, 155, 161Carboxykinase 161Carboxylase 155,577

PEP/Malate H+buffer system 130Peptides 410Pept ization 28Permanent wilting point 43, 19 1Peroxisomes 151pH of plant sappH of soilspH stat system 130Phaseolus vulgaris nodulation inPhenolase 603Phloem

Assimilates (photosynthates) 243-247Loading 245, 247-250Mechani sm of transport in 253-254Sap composition 211-213Tissue 250-252Transport of minerals in 2 11-2 13Unloading 254-256

Phosphatases 87, 11 8, 458Phosphatic fert ilizers 473-477Phosphoeno lpyruvate (PEP) 154, 155, 1613-phosphoglycera te 147Phosphokinases 577Phospholipids 114Phosphorus in Crop Nutr ition

Application 477 -479Availability in soil

Chemical estimations 95-96Tracer techniques 96-98

Crop requirements 470-473Fert ilizers 473-477Fertil izer recovery 471-473Modelling crop response 478-479

Phosphorus in PlantsAbsorpti on 464Biochemical functions 465-469Critical inorganic P levels 108-109Deficiency 469-470Translocation in plants 464-465Transporters in uptake 464Fractions in plants 465-469

Phosphorus in Soil

Adsorption 455-457Availability 95-96 ,470-473Buffer power 470Calcium phosphates 454Content 453Diffusion 69, 70Fixation 470Labile and non labile forms 453Fractions 453-454Leaching 343, 472Mineralization 458-459Mobility 69, 70Mycorrhizal plant root interaction 91, 461-463Occluded phosphate 454 , 457Organic phosphates 456-459Phosphatases 458Quantity/intensity concept 74-78Run-off 388Soil solution 460

Phosphorylation 118, 544Phosphotransferases 577Photo oxidants 550Photolysis 140Photophosphorylation 145,496Photorespiration 150, 152,297Photosynthate distribution in plants

Assimilate partitioning between source and sink 259-263Assimilate production in the physiological source 243-247Assimilate transport and phloem loading in the source 247-250Transport in the phloem 250-256Unloading and storage 256-259

PhotosynthesisC3 pathway 147-150C4 pathway 153-159Crassulacean acid metabolism 160-161Light absorption and electron flow 137-145Photophosphorylation 145-147Photorespiration 150-153Photosynthetic electron transport 140-144

Photosynthetic bacteria 388Photosystem I 144Photosystem II 144Phycobilins 138Phytin 468Phytoalexins 509

837

838

Phytochelatins 441Phytochromes 265Phytohormones

Auxins, indole acetic acid (lAA) 266-269Abscisic acid (ABA) 2 17,222,224,273-275,282,286Brassinosteroids 275Cytokinins 272-273Ethylene 274, 276Gibbere llins 269-272 ,282,287,295

Phytol 137Phytoremediation 672Phytosiderophores 88,555-557, 595Phytotoxic aluminium 100Pig slurry 356Plant analysis 103-1 10Plant cell 11 2-114Plant mineral contents 9-13Plant nutrient class ification 1-4Plant quality and nutrition 317-334Plasmalemm a 113

ATPase 118H+ pump 59, 267, 567K+ channels 275

Plasmadesmata 194, 247, 250, 254, 286Plasmolysis 186, 2 16Plastocyanin 141 , 602Plastoquinone 141Podzols 633Polyamines 500Polyphosphates 363,474Porphyrins 562Potassium in Crop Nutritio n

Chloride versus sulphate fertilizers 510Crop requirement and response 504-507Deficient soils and fixation 507-509Fertilizers and application 509-511Modelling crop response to K fertilizer application 507Plant disease 508-509Potato tuber quality 319

Potassium in PlantsCompetition with other cations in uptake 134Deficiency 503-504Enzyme activation 498-500Meristematic growth 493-494Photosynthesis and translocation of photosynthates 496 -498

Protein synthesis 499Recycling within the plant 2 12-2 14,492

Replacement by sodium 50 1-503Stomatal movement 203-206, 495Translocation 49 1-493Uptake 489 -49 1Water status 494 -496

Potassium in SoilsAdso rption and mobil ity 485-486Availabilit y 94-95, 98- 100Diffusion 68, 69, 70Exchangeable 94, 486Fixation 484Fract ions 486-489Intensity, quantity, buffer power 74-78Minerals and release 48 1-484Mobility 486Non exc hangeable 94, 487Soil solution 70-7 3

Potato 26 1, 288, 3 18Protein 322Tubers 275, 318

Potent ial ac idity 52Poult ry manure 358Powell ite 6 13Pressure-flow hypothesis 254Primary silicates 29Prolamin 322Proline 226

Betaine 227Protein

Bodies 256Degrad ation 424Quality 321Synth esis 221 , 236, 257 , 499

Proteoid roots 87, 463Proteolysis 426Protonat ion 5Putrescine 500Pyrolusite 573Pyrophosphate 11 9Pyrophosphate bond 465

839

840

Q

Q/I relat ionships in soils 74-78Quality of crops 3 17-334Quantity/ intensity concept 74-78

R

R/S ratio (rhizosphere/bulk soil, microbial dens ity ratio) 85Rainwater nutrient content of 353Redo x-potent ial 46, 554, 602Redistributi on of nutr ients in plants 210-215Resin coated fertilizers 365Respiration 297, 30 I

Cyanide resistant 298Cyanide sensitive 298

Rhizobium 169, 400,401Rhizobium-legume assoc iation 399-406Rhizobium species 40 IRhizosphere 84-88Ribonucl eotide reductase 653Ribosomes I 12, 468, 546Ribulose

Bisphosphate (RuBP) 147Bisphosphate carboxy lase (Rubisco) 148, ISO, 151,499, 545

Rice (Oriza Sativa) 46, 283, 300, 564 , 648Cultivars 38 1Modelling 315

RNA 467RNA polymerase 577, 590Rock phosphates 474-477Root

Absorbin g power 67Density 79, 80Depletion zonesElongation 272Exudates 84-88, 46 1Growth 78, 421Hair density 83Hairs 8 1Interception 65Length 80Morphology 78

Nodules 404-406Nutrient uptake by 111-136Pressure 199Sioughage 84Tips 81,566

Root CropsAssimilat e partitioning 259-263Carboh ydrate accumulation 254-259Crop quality 318-320Nitrogen nutrition 287, 290, 29 1, 3 19Photosynthate translocation 254-256Plant hormones in relation to 286-287Potatoes 287-290Storage processes 256-259Sugar beet 290-29 1, 320Sugar content 290Yield components of 286

Rubidium 68RuBP carboxylase 147RuBP oxygenase 547

s

Salicylic acid 274Saline soils (solonchak) 62, 232, 559Saline-sodic soils 63Salinity 62, 64, 232-233, 24 1

Crop production in saline soils 240-242Physiological effects 234-236Stress 228, 235

SaltAffected soils 62Tolerance 232,233 ,237,240,242Tolerant plant species 239, 237

SAR (Sodium Adsorpt ion Ratio) 63Saturated fatty acids 324Secondary 2 I clay minerals 483Selanate 438, 665, 666Selanide 665Selenium

Accumulator species 666Availability 665-666Cysteine 667

841

842

Deficiency in animals (white muscle disease) 667Rich site ecotypes 666Tolerant plant species 667Toxicity in animals(alkali disease) 667

Serpentine 54 1, 542, 662 , 663, 665Soils 663

Sewage sludge 356, 361, 662Siderophores 555 ,566Sieve

Cells 250Elements 2 10, 250Element-companion cell complex 247,250Plates 25 ITube s 253

SiliconAccumulator species 647Application as fertilizer 648

Response of rice 648Availability in soi l 643

Crop producti on 648Depositi on in cell walls 646Solub ility in soil 644Uptake 644-646Silica containing fert ilizers 649Transport in plants 645Uptake 645

Sinter phosphate 474Slaked lime 537Slow release

Fert ilizer 649Nitroge n fertilizer 345

Slurries 357Slurry applications 353Smectite s 3 1, 32Smith sonite 585Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 63Sodium

Essentiality for some C4 plants 502Substitution for potassium 501-503Uptake potent ial for various crops 502

Soft rock phosphates 475,476Soil

Analysis 92-102Anion adsorp tion 23-25Atmosphere 45-5 I

buffer capacity 76carbonate buffer 54cation adsorption and exchange 15-22colloids 27-28 ,516flooded rice 372microorganisms 370Moisture 41-45Nutrient availability, determination of 92-110Nuntrient availability, factors relating to 64-92Nutrient availability , in relation to soil pH 54Organic matter 34-38pH 51-60pH optimum range for crop s 57Phosphate estimations 95-96Redox potential of 46-50Reducing conditions in 47-50Salinity 62-64Sampling 93-94Solution 71-74Structure 38-40Tests, interpretation of 93-94Texture and clay minerals 29-34Water 41-45

Capillary 42Water adsorption 26-27

SoilActual 52Potential 52

Soilless culture 373Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC) 189,200

Root pressure 199Transpiration and water movement in the xylem 199-203Soil -plant water relationships 190-191Stomatal opening and closure 203-206Water potential 181-185Water release into xylem vessel s 198Water uptake by roots and centripetal transport 191-195

Solonchak (saline soils) 62Solonetz (black alkal i soils) 62Source-sink relationships 260Sphalerite 585Sphingolipids 114Spirillum 399Spodosols 633Starch 260, 287 , 318

843

844

Degradation 244Synthase 258Synthetase 499Synthesis 244, 259,468

Stem nodulated legumes 407Stomata 20 1-203

Opening and closing mechanism 203-206Role of potassium 495-496

StrawApplication to soil 360, 430Burning 360

Strengite 457Sucrose 246,247,286,291

K+cotransportPhosphate phosphatase 246Proton antiport 256Synthase reaction 262Synthesis 244Transport and phloem loading in source tissue 247-250Phloem unloadin g in the physiological sink 256-259Suffocation disease ofrice 48,554,641Sugar beet 256,290, 319,506,579

Sugar cane 256, 399, 506Sulphate reduction pathway 179Sulphur

Application to soilsAssimilation 177-179Balance in soils 448-450Biochemical function s 439-447Chemotrophic bacteria 436Coated fertilizers 452Content in plants 13, 446Cycle in nature 438Deficiency symptoms 447Fertilizers 452Glucosinolate synthe sis 445Forms in plants 447Hydrogen sulphide 437In soils

Adsorption (mononuclear and binuclear forms) 436Inorgan ic and organic forms 435-436Mineralization of organic S 437Reducti ve and oxidative processes 436-4 37Sulphate acid soils 437

Photosynthetic bacteria 438

Translocation in plants 439Toxicity 448Uptake by plants 438-439

Sulphur dioxide supply from the atmosphere 353Sunscald 144,589Superoxide dismutase 143,577,602Superphosphate 473Symplasm 192-194Symplastic pathway 192-194,247,254

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation 399-406

T

Tannins 333Target molecules 268TCA cycle 658Tea yellows 450Tellurium 673Terpal 295Terrazole 414Thiamine (vitamin BI) 444

Pyrophosphate 443Thiobacillus 437Thioredoxin 179,441Thiothrix 436Thylakoid 145,545

Membranes 137Throxine 657Tissue analysis 103-110Tocopherol (vitamin E) 324Tourmaline 621Toxicities in Plants

Aluminium 55Ammonia 422Chromium 665Lead 668Selenium 666Sulphur dioxide 448

Tracer techniques in nutrient availability 96Translocation

Assimilate transport 247-250Cycling and recycling of mineral nutrients 210-215Mechanism of phloem transport 253-256

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846

Nutrient loading of xylem vessels 196-198Phloem tissue and phloem loading 247-252Root pressure 199Stomatal opening and closure 203-206Transpiration coefficients 230Water movement in the xylem 199-203Water release into the xylem vessels 196-198Water and solute uptake by roots and their centripetal transport 191-196

Transamination 176Transpiration 190, 195, 200, 201, 230-232Transpiration coefficient 230Transporters see Membrane transportTrickle irrigation 376,377Tri iodobenzoic acid (TIBA) 522Triple superphosphate 422Tropical black earth soils 38Tryptophan 591Turgor 219,222,224,233,503Tyrosinase 603

u

UDP (Uridine diphosphate) 261UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase reaction 262Ultisols 644Unsaturated fatty acids 324Uptake of nutrients see individual nutrientsUrea 362, 368, 369, 423, 433

Formaldehyde polymers 364Urease 347,423Urease inhibitors 349Ureides 210,616Uridine triphosphate (UTP) 466

v

Vacuolar phosphate 464Vacuole 113,129,256VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorriza) 90Vanadium 654Variable charge of cation exchange in soils 30

Variscite 457V ATP ase 119Vegetables, nitrate concentration in 390Vegetative growth 291

Stage 277Veraison 264,292Vermiculite 32,482Vertical xylem transport 189Vesicular arbuscular mycorriza (VAM) 90, 461Viets effect 125,236,491Vine berry growth 292Vitamin

B 322B I(thiamine) 444B 12 (cobalamin) 651,652C 263 ,330E (tocopherol) 324

Vitam ins in fruits and vegetables 330Vivianite 457Volatile

N compounds 350S compounds 444

Volatilization of ammonia 347

w

Water see also (Soil Water and Soil - Plant - Atmo sphere-Continuum)Adsorption 26, 183Availability 43Content in plants 10Dipolar character of water molecule 26Flow 185, 193Holding capacity of soil 22, 41 , 42Movement in soil 197Movement through plants 190-206Osmotic adjustment to water stress 226-229Osmosis 185-188Physiological processes affected by water stress

Plant growth and cell wall properties 218-219Protein synthesis and enzyme activity 221-222Abscisic acid accumulation 222-225

Practical aspects of water stressEffects on grain yield in relation to nitrogen supply 229-230

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848

Transpiration and crop yield 230-232Potent ial 26, 4 1, 181, 183, 184Storage capacity in soil 44Supply 300, 428Tension in soil 41Use efficiency (WUE) 230, 303

Water potent ial 181-185Waterlogged soils 45-51Wheat 279,280,320,32 1Whiptail 6 16White muscle disease 667Wilt ing point 43Wine 333

Quality 332World population 378WUE (Water use efficiency) 230,303

xXylem

Cavitation 200Exuda te 207-209Loading 196- 198Sap compos ition 207-209Sap pH 274Solute potential 199Transport of nutrients and water 207-2 10Vessels 196

y

YieldCurves 305-3 12Depression 307, 309Maximum 308,3 12Plateau 308Responses and nutrition 307-312

z

Z scheme 142Zein 321Zinc

Availability in soils 594Biochemical functions 588-591Carbonic anhydrase 588-589Carbohydrate metabolism 590Contaminated sewage sludge 587Content in plants 586-587, 596Crop requirements 596Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase 589Deficiency in plants 591, 594, 596

Symptoms 591-592Fertilizer application 596Fertilizers 597In soils 585In xylem exudates 586Metalloenzymes 588-591Nitrogen metaboli sm 591Organic complexes in soils 585Phosphorus relationships 588Tolerance in plants 586Tolerant cultivars 586Toxicity 592Translocation in plants 586Tryptophan synthesi s 591Uptake by plants 586

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