linked data and time – modeling researcher life lines by events

Linked Data and Time

Modeling Researcher Life Lines by Events

Johannes Trame, Carsten Keßler, Werner Kuhn

Sunday, September 8, 13

Persons

Patents

PublicationsProjects

Prizes

5 PCentral Research Information System @ WWU

Background


• Inflexible schema, difficult integration•Query capabilities limited to „who produced what?“

Persons

Patents


Prizes


Background


• Inflexible schema, difficult integration•Query capabilities limited to „who produced what?“

Persons

Patents


Prizes


➡ Linked Open Data University of MuensterBackground


•TIME and SPACE are missing (or implicit)•We are interested in „who did what, when, where ?“•add two P’s (Periods and Places)

Persons

Patents


Prizes


Background


Angela

WWU

dc:creator

dbpedia:hasOccupation dbpedia:Teacher

dbpedia:activeYearsStart „2008“

foaf:member

Paper456

foaf:based_near51.96, 7.62

Triples and Time

Background


Angela

WWU

dc:creator



foaf:member

Paper456


Paper123

ETH

„2010“

dbpedia:Professor

47.37, 8.54

Triples and Time

Background


? ?Angela

WWU

dc:creator



foaf:member

Paper456

How to add (represent) time and space meaningfully and usefully?


Paper123

ETH

„2010“

dbpedia:Professor

47.37, 8.54

Triples and Time

Background


Time as Meta-Information

example:Angela dbpedia:Professordbpedia:hasOccupation

- RDF Reication

Related Work




_:xxx

subject predicate object

dc:date„2008“

- RDF Reication

Related Work




_:xxx


dc:date„2008“


- Named Graphs

- RDF Reication

Related Work




_:xxx


dc:date„2008“


„2008“

example:NamedGraph123

dc:dateexample:NamedGraph123

- Named Graphs

- RDF Reication

Related Work


Time in RDF(S) extensions

• to model valid time, based on temporal database theory• extending the syntax and interpretation of the language

Temporal RDF GraphsMultidimensional RDF

Applied Temporal RDF stRDFRDF STT Temporal Quintuples

Related Work


Time in RDF(S) extensions

• to model valid time, based on temporal database theory• extending the syntax and interpretation of the language

Temporal RDF GraphsMultidimensional RDF

Applied Temporal RDF stRDFRDF STT Temporal Quintuples

Problems• time (and space) as a feature of the KR language• interaction with the open world assumption

Related Work


N-Ary Relations- conceptual reication

org:hasMembership

example:Angela example:WWUfoaf:member

foaf:Person org:Membership org:hasOrganization org:Organization

Related Work



org:hasMembership



org:Timeorg:Role

org:duringorg:role

Related Work


• the natural choice, but...

Problems• leads to ad-hoc proliferation of objects• lacks logical design patterns• no means to identify n-ary patterns as such


org:hasMembership



org:Timeorg:Role

org:duringorg:role

Related Work


Event-Oriented Modeling

Event Ontology (EO)

CIDOC CRMABC Ontology SEMF-Event ModelLODE

http://motools.sourceforge.net/event/event.html

sem:Event

sem:Actorsem:Place

sem:Time sem:EventType

hasTime

hasPlace hasActor

eventType

Related Work




Object - Event - Situation Participation

Object Event

Our Approach

= Entity

= Event

= Object= PhysicalObject= SocialObject

= Concept= Situation

Dolce Ultralite



participates

Object Event

Our Approach

= Entity

= Event



Dolce Ultralite



participates

Object Event

Concept

classifies

Our Approach

= Entity

= Event



Dolce Ultralite



participates

Object Event

Concept

classifies

Situation Descriptionaccording-to

Our Approach

= Entity

= Event



Dolce Ultralite


Multiple participants in events

PhysicalObject

!

InformationObject

- functional participation relations

e.g. a Person e.g. a Paper

Evente.g. writing a Paper

Our Approach



PhysicalObject

!

InformationObject




performs theme

Our Approach



PhysicalObject

!

InformationObject

idea of thematic roles from linguistics [Davidson etc.]:




performs theme

Our Approach



PhysicalObject

!

InformationObject

idea of thematic roles from linguistics [Davidson etc.]:• write (authorX, paper, pen, library, midnight)




performs theme

Our Approach



PhysicalObject

!

InformationObject

idea of thematic roles from linguistics [Davidson etc.]:• write (authorX, paper, pen, library, midnight)• e [write (authorX, paper, e) ^ with (e, pen) ^ in (e, library) ^ at (e, midnight)]




performs theme

Our Approach



PhysicalObject

!

InformationObject

idea of thematic roles from linguistics [Davidson etc.]:• write (authorX, paper, pen, library, midnight)• e [write (authorX, paper, e) ^ with (e, pen) ^ in (e, library) ^ at (e, midnight)]• e [write (e) ^ agent (e, authorX) ^ location (e, library) ^ time (e, midnight)]




performs theme

Our Approach


Temporal and Spatial Properties

hasTimeInterval

participates

Object

Interval

Event

PhysicalRegion

hasLocation

Our Approach


Temporal and Spatial Properties

hasTimeInterval eventPlace

participates

approxLocation

Object

Interval

Event

Place

PhysicalRegion

hasLocation

Our Approach


Temporal Relations

Our Approach


Temporal Relations

[precedes: (?object dul:isParticipantIn ?p)(?object dul:isParticipantIn ?q) (?p pres:eventTime ?a)(?q pres:eventTime ?b)notEqual(?a,?b)(?a pres:hasIntervalEndDate ?enda)(?b pres:hasIntervalStartDate ?startb)lessThan(?enda,?startb)

-> (?p temp:precedes ?q) (?q temp:follows ?p)

]

Our Approach


Application: CV

Application


SELECT ?start ?end ?rolename ?placename WHERE {

! cris:8220 dul:isParticipantIn ?event.

! OPTIONAL{ ?event pres:eventType pres:CareerEvent; } ! ?event pres:eventTime ?int. ! ?int pres:hasIntervalStartDate ?start. ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?int pres:hasIntervalEndDate ?end ! }.

! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?person pres:hasPersonRole ?role. ! ! ?role pres:isPersonRoleIncludedIn ?sit. ! ! ?sit dul:includesEvent ?event. ! ! ?role dct:title ?rolename. ! } . ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?event pres:eventPlace ?place. ! ! ?place pres:placeName ?placename. ! } } Application

Queries


http://data.uni-muenster.de/context/cris/person/8220

http://data.uni-muenster.de/context/cris/person/8220




! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?person pres:hasPersonRole ?role. ! ! ?role pres:isPersonRoleIncludedIn ?sit. ! ! ?sit dul:includesEvent ?event. ! ! ?role dct:title ?rolename. ! } . ! OPTIONAL{ ! ! ?event pres:eventPlace ?place. ! ! ?place pres:placeName ?placename. ! } }

in which events did a person participate?

Application

Queries







which (social) concept is assigned to the event?

Application

Queries








when did the event start and end?

Application

Queries







what social roles did the person play in the event?



Application

Queries







what social roles did the person play in the event?



where did the event take place?Application

Queries


Application: CV Browser

Application


Conclusions

• The event model based on DUL + DnS provides a solid base for representing time and space meaningfully and usefully• straight-forward design guidelines• overcomes typical spatio-temporal modeling problems • easy to extend• can be composed to more complex and/or domain specic

content patterns which interoperate

• In some situations the systematic introduction of events might be cumbersome but • provides us with a solid base for temporal reasoning• grounds entities for „difcult“ relations• allows for different interpretations of what is happening

Conclusion


Future Work

• vague time-intervals• event reasoning (analogy-based, identity)• inference (construction) of new events• computational issues• events beyond “academic” examples

Conclusion


"... events are primarily linguistic or cognitive in nature. That is, the world does not really contain events. Rather, events are the way by which agents classify certain useful and relevant pattern of change.“

*James Allen 1994

Thank you for your attention!

Gantt Chart designed by Jeremy Boatman, Patent designed by James Christopher, Globe designed by Hüsnü Koyuncu, City designed by Thibault Geffroy from The Noun Project


Epistemological KR Languages are ontological neutral

The Ontological Level - the „Missing“ Level

Level Primitive Constructs Main Feature Interpretation

Logical Predicates Formalisation Arbitrary

Epistemological Structuring Relations (Concepts and Roles)

Structure Arbitrary

Ontological Structuring Primitives Meaning Constrained

Conceptual Cognitive Primitives Conceptualisation Subjective

Linguistic Linguistic Primitives Language Subjective

* Guarino, N. (1994). The ontological level & Guarino, N. (2009). The Ontological Level : Revisiting 30 Years of Knowledge Representation







Structure Arbitrary





Person

Teacheris-A







Structure Arbitrary





Person

Teacheris-A

Courseteacher







Structure Arbitrary





Person

Teacheris-A

Courseteacher

➡Ontological commitment remains implicit


Todays Knowledge is kept in silos...

: Open silos and link data across silos

FormatsOrganizations Terminology

e.g

. Un

ive

rsit

y

e.g

. Lib

rari

es

e.g

. Go

vern

me

nta

l D

ata

BackgroundSunday, September 8, 13

Todays Knowledge is kept in silos...


FormatsOrganizations Terminology

e.g

. Un

ive

rsit

y

e.g

. Lib

rari

es

e.g

. Go

vern

me

nta

l D

ata


BackgroundSunday, September 8, 13

Space-Temporal Reasoning


linked data and time – modeling researcher life lines by events

Education

object event

angela dbpedia

hasoccupation dbpedia

angela example

event sem

role org

teacher dbpedia

creator dbpedia