linked open (geo)data and the distributed ontology language – a perfect match

Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion

Linked Open (Geo)Data andthe Distributed Ontology Language

– a perfect match

Christoph Lange1

1Project ‘‘Formal Mathematical Reasoning in Economics’’,School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK

http://cs.bham.ac.uk/~langec

2013-09-20

Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 1

http://cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/formare/

http://cs.bham.ac.uk/~langec


“Hello, World!”–2011 Ph.D. (Jacobs University, with M. Kohlhase):

Enabling Collaboration on Semiformal MathematicalKnowledge by SemanticWeb Integration [Lan11]

2011/12 Univ. Bremen, with John Bateman, TillMossakowski: Ontology Integration andInteroperability (OntoIOp)↝ Distributed OntologyLanguage (DOL)

2012/13 Univ. Birmingham, with M. Kerber, C. Rowat:Formal Mathematical Reasoning in Economics(ForMaRE) [KLR]

2013– Univ. Bonn/Fraunhofer IAIS with S. Auer:Enterprise Information Systems, Linked Open Data



Overview

Linked (Open) Databasic principlesLinked Geo Data on the Weblogic and limitations

The Distributed Ontology, Modelling andSpecification Language (DOL)

basic principlesLOD conformance (distributed ontology level)LOD conformance (logic graph)

Geo Use Cases for DOL



Linked Data: Basic PrinciplesLinked Data: a set of best practices for publishingmachine-comprehensible structured data on theWeb[Ber06; Wik10]:

1 Use URIs to identify things.2 Use HTTP URIs (i.e. URLs) so that these things can be

referred to and looked up.3 Provide useful information about the thing when

its URI is dereferenced, using standard formats suchas RDF (Resource Description Framework)

4 Include links to other, related URIs.Linked Data puts the Semantic Web vision to work.



Linked Data: Benefits

Linked Data enables . . .decentralised, collaborativemanagementof big datasets,low-overhead information retrieval, andscalable reasoning.



Linked Open Data: Significance (2011)

As of September 2011

MusicBrainz

(zitgist)

P20

Turismo de

Zaragoza

yovisto

Yahoo! Geo

Planet

YAGO

World Fact-book

El ViajeroTourism

WordNet (W3C)

WordNet (VUA)

VIVO UF

VIVO Indiana

VIVO Cornell

VIAF

URIBurner

Sussex Reading

Lists

Plymouth Reading

Lists

UniRef

UniProt

UMBEL

UK Post-codes

legislationdata.gov.uk

Uberblic

UB Mann-heim

TWC LOGD

Twarql

transportdata.gov.

uk

Traffic Scotland

theses.fr

Thesau-rus W

totl.net

Tele-graphis

TCMGeneDIT

TaxonConcept

Open Library (Talis)

tags2con delicious

t4gminfo

Swedish Open

Cultural Heritage

Surge Radio

Sudoc

STW

RAMEAU SH

statisticsdata.gov.

uk

St. Andrews Resource

Lists

ECS South-ampton EPrints

SSW Thesaur

us

SmartLink

Slideshare2RDF

semanticweb.org

SemanticTweet

Semantic XBRL

SWDog Food

Source Code Ecosystem Linked Data

US SEC (rdfabout)

Sears

Scotland Geo-

graphy

ScotlandPupils &Exams

Scholaro-meter

WordNet (RKB

Explorer)

Wiki

UN/LOCODE

Ulm

ECS (RKB

Explorer)

Roma

RISKS

RESEX

RAE2001

Pisa

OS

OAI

NSF

New-castle

LAASKISTI

JISC

IRIT

IEEE

IBM

Eurécom

ERA

ePrints dotAC

DEPLOY

DBLP (RKB

Explorer)

Crime Reports

UK

Course-ware

CORDIS (RKB

Explorer)CiteSeer

Budapest

ACM

riese

Revyu

researchdata.gov.

ukRen. Energy Genera-

tors

referencedata.gov.

uk

Recht-spraak.

nl

RDFohloh

Last.FM (rdfize)

RDF Book

Mashup

Rådata nå!

PSH

Product Types

Ontology

ProductDB

PBAC

Poké-pédia

patentsdata.go

v.uk

OxPoints

Ord-nance Survey

Openly Local

Open Library

OpenCyc

Open Corpo-rates

OpenCalais

OpenEI

Open Election

Data Project

OpenData

Thesau-rus

Ontos News Portal

OGOLOD

JanusAMP

Ocean Drilling Codices

New York

Times

NVD

ntnusc

NTU Resource

Lists

Norwe-gian

MeSH

NDL subjects

ndlna

myExperi-ment

Italian Museums

medu-cator

MARC Codes List

Man-chester Reading

Lists

Lotico

Weather Stations

London Gazette

LOIUS

Linked Open Colors

lobidResources

lobidOrgani-sations

LEM

LinkedMDB

LinkedLCCN

LinkedGeoData

LinkedCT

LinkedUser

FeedbackLOV

Linked Open

Numbers

LODE

Eurostat (OntologyCentral)

Linked EDGAR

(OntologyCentral)

Linked Crunch-

base

lingvoj

Lichfield Spen-ding

LIBRIS

Lexvo

LCSH

DBLP (L3S)

Linked Sensor Data (Kno.e.sis)

Klapp-stuhl-club

Good-win

Family

National Radio-activity

JP

Jamendo (DBtune)

Italian public

schools

ISTAT Immi-gration

iServe

IdRef Sudoc

NSZL Catalog

Hellenic PD

Hellenic FBD

PiedmontAccomo-dations

GovTrack

GovWILD

GoogleArt

wrapper

gnoss

GESIS

GeoWordNet

GeoSpecies

GeoNames

GeoLinkedData

GEMET

GTAA

STITCH

SIDER

Project Guten-berg

MediCare

Euro-stat

(FUB)

EURES

DrugBank

Disea-some

DBLP (FU

Berlin)

DailyMed

CORDIS(FUB)

Freebase

flickr wrappr

Fishes of Texas

Finnish Munici-palities

ChEMBL

FanHubz

EventMedia

EUTC Produc-

tions

Eurostat

Europeana

EUNIS

EU Insti-

tutions

ESD stan-dards

EARTh

Enipedia

Popula-tion (En-AKTing)

NHS(En-

AKTing) Mortality(En-

AKTing)

Energy (En-

AKTing)

Crime(En-

AKTing)

CO2 Emission

(En-AKTing)

EEA

SISVU

education.data.g

ov.uk

ECS South-ampton

ECCO-TCP

GND

Didactalia

DDC Deutsche Bio-

graphie

datadcs

MusicBrainz

(DBTune)

Magna-tune

John Peel

(DBTune)

Classical (DB

Tune)

AudioScrobbler (DBTune)

Last.FM artists

(DBTune)

DBTropes

Portu-guese

DBpedia

dbpedia lite

Greek DBpedia

DBpedia

data-open-ac-uk

SMCJournals

Pokedex

Airports

NASA (Data Incu-bator)

MusicBrainz(Data

Incubator)

Moseley Folk

Metoffice Weather Forecasts

Discogs (Data

Incubator)

Climbing

data.gov.uk intervals

Data Gov.ie

databnf.fr

Cornetto

reegle

Chronic-ling

America

Chem2Bio2RDF

Calames

businessdata.gov.

uk

Bricklink

Brazilian Poli-

ticians

BNB

UniSTS

UniPathway

UniParc

Taxonomy

UniProt(Bio2RDF)

SGD

Reactome

PubMedPub

Chem

PRO-SITE

ProDom

Pfam

PDB

OMIMMGI

KEGG Reaction

KEGG Pathway

KEGG Glycan

KEGG Enzyme

KEGG Drug

KEGG Com-pound

InterPro

HomoloGene

HGNC

Gene Ontology

GeneID

Affy-metrix

bible ontology

BibBase

FTS

BBC Wildlife Finder

BBC Program

mes BBC Music

Alpine Ski

Austria

LOCAH

Amster-dam

Museum

AGROVOC

AEMET

US Census (rdfabout)

Media

Geographic

Publications

Government

Cross-domain

Life sciences

User-generated content

http://lod-cloud.netLange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 6

http://lod-cloud.net


Linked Open Data: Significance (2011)


MusicBrainz

(zitgist)

P20

Turismo de

Zaragoza

yovisto

Yahoo! Geo

Planet

YAGO

World Fact-book

El ViajeroTourism

WordNet (W3C)

WordNet (VUA)

VIVO UF

VIVO Indiana

VIVO Cornell

VIAF

URIBurner

Sussex Reading

Lists

Plymouth Reading

Lists

UniRef

UniProt

UMBEL

UK Post-codes


Uberblic

UB Mann-heim

TWC LOGD

Twarql

transportdata.gov.

uk

Traffic Scotland

theses.fr

Thesau-rus W

totl.net

Tele-graphis

TCMGeneDIT

TaxonConcept


tags2con delicious

t4gminfo

Swedish Open

Cultural Heritage

Surge Radio

Sudoc

STW

RAMEAU SH

statisticsdata.gov.

uk


Lists


SSW Thesaur

us

SmartLink

Slideshare2RDF

semanticweb.org

SemanticTweet

Semantic XBRL

SWDog Food


US SEC (rdfabout)

Sears

Scotland Geo-

graphy


Scholaro-meter

WordNet (RKB

Explorer)

Wiki

UN/LOCODE

Ulm

ECS (RKB

Explorer)

Roma

RISKS

RESEX

RAE2001

Pisa

OS

OAI

NSF

New-castle

LAASKISTI

JISC

IRIT

IEEE

IBM

Eurécom

ERA

ePrints dotAC

DEPLOY

DBLP (RKB

Explorer)

Crime Reports

UK

Course-ware

CORDIS (RKB

Explorer)CiteSeer

Budapest

ACM

riese

Revyu

researchdata.gov.


tors

referencedata.gov.

uk

Recht-spraak.

nl

RDFohloh

Last.FM (rdfize)

RDF Book

Mashup

Rådata nå!

PSH

Product Types

Ontology

ProductDB

PBAC

Poké-pédia

patentsdata.go

v.uk

OxPoints

Ord-nance Survey

Openly Local

Open Library

OpenCyc

Open Corpo-rates

OpenCalais

OpenEI

Open Election

Data Project

OpenData

Thesau-rus

Ontos News Portal

OGOLOD

JanusAMP


New York

Times

NVD

ntnusc

NTU Resource

Lists

Norwe-gian

MeSH

NDL subjects

ndlna

myExperi-ment

Italian Museums

medu-cator

MARC Codes List

Man-chester Reading

Lists

Lotico

Weather Stations

London Gazette

LOIUS

Linked Open Colors

lobidResources

lobidOrgani-sations

LEM

LinkedMDB

LinkedLCCN

LinkedGeoData

LinkedCT

LinkedUser

FeedbackLOV

Linked Open

Numbers

LODE


Linked EDGAR

(OntologyCentral)

Linked Crunch-

base

lingvoj

Lichfield Spen-ding

LIBRIS

Lexvo

LCSH

DBLP (L3S)


Klapp-stuhl-club

Good-win

Family


JP

Jamendo (DBtune)

Italian public

schools

ISTAT Immi-gration

iServe

IdRef Sudoc

NSZL Catalog

Hellenic PD

Hellenic FBD


GovTrack

GovWILD

GoogleArt

wrapper

gnoss

GESIS

GeoWordNet

GeoSpecies

GeoNames

GeoLinkedData

GEMET

GTAA

STITCH

SIDER

Project Guten-berg

MediCare

Euro-stat

(FUB)

EURES

DrugBank

Disea-some

DBLP (FU

Berlin)

DailyMed

CORDIS(FUB)

Freebase

flickr wrappr

Fishes of Texas


ChEMBL

FanHubz

EventMedia

EUTC Produc-

tions

Eurostat

Europeana

EUNIS

EU Insti-

tutions

ESD stan-dards

EARTh

Enipedia


NHS(En-


AKTing)

Energy (En-

AKTing)

Crime(En-

AKTing)

CO2 Emission

(En-AKTing)

EEA

SISVU

education.data.g

ov.uk

ECS South-ampton

ECCO-TCP

GND

Didactalia

DDC Deutsche Bio-

graphie

datadcs

MusicBrainz

(DBTune)

Magna-tune

John Peel

(DBTune)

Classical (DB

Tune)


Last.FM artists

(DBTune)

DBTropes

Portu-guese

DBpedia

dbpedia lite

Greek DBpedia

DBpedia

data-open-ac-uk

SMCJournals

Pokedex

Airports


MusicBrainz(Data

Incubator)

Moseley Folk


Discogs (Data

Incubator)

Climbing


Data Gov.ie

databnf.fr

Cornetto

reegle

Chronic-ling

America

Chem2Bio2RDF

Calames

businessdata.gov.

uk

Bricklink

Brazilian Poli-

ticians

BNB

UniSTS

UniPathway

UniParc

Taxonomy

UniProt(Bio2RDF)

SGD

Reactome

PubMedPub

Chem

PRO-SITE

ProDom

Pfam

PDB

OMIMMGI

KEGG Reaction

KEGG Pathway

KEGG Glycan

KEGG Enzyme

KEGG Drug

KEGG Com-pound

InterPro

HomoloGene

HGNC

Gene Ontology

GeneID

Affy-metrix

bible ontology

BibBase

FTS

BBC Wildlife Finder

BBC Program

mes BBC Music

Alpine Ski

Austria

LOCAH

Amster-dam

Museum

AGROVOC

AEMET


Media

Geographic

Publications

Government

Cross-domain

Life sciences



MusicBrainz

(zitgist)

P20

Turismo de

Zaragoza

yovisto

Yahoo! Geo

Planet

YAGO

World Fact-book

El ViajeroTourism

WordNet (W3C)

WordNet (VUA)

VIVO UF

VIVO Indiana

VIVO Cornell

VIAF

URIBurner

Sussex Reading

Lists

Plymouth Reading

Lists

UniRef

UniProt

UMBEL

UK Post-codes


Uberblic

UB Mann-heim

TWC LOGD

Twarql

transportdata.gov.

uk

Traffic Scotland

theses.fr

Thesau-rus W

totl.net

Tele-graphis

TCMGeneDIT

TaxonConcept


tags2con delicious

t4gminfo

Swedish Open

Cultural Heritage

Surge Radio

Sudoc

STW

RAMEAU SH

statisticsdata.gov.

uk


Lists


SSW Thesaur

us

SmartLink

Slideshare2RDF

semanticweb.org

SemanticTweet

Semantic XBRL

SWDog Food


US SEC (rdfabout)

Sears

Scotland Geo-

graphy


Scholaro-meter

WordNet (RKB

Explorer)

Wiki

UN/LOCODE

Ulm

ECS (RKB

Explorer)

Roma

RISKS

RESEX

RAE2001

Pisa

OS

OAI

NSF

New-castle

LAASKISTI

JISC

IRIT

IEEE

IBM

Eurécom

ERA

ePrints dotAC

DEPLOY

DBLP (RKB

Explorer)

Crime Reports

UK

Course-ware

CORDIS (RKB

Explorer)CiteSeer

Budapest

ACM

riese

Revyu

researchdata.gov.


tors

referencedata.gov.

uk

Recht-spraak.

nl

RDFohloh

Last.FM (rdfize)

RDF Book

Mashup

Rådata nå!

PSH

Product Types

Ontology

ProductDB

PBAC

Poké-pédia

patentsdata.go

v.uk

OxPoints

Ord-nance Survey

Openly Local

Open Library

OpenCyc

Open Corpo-rates

OpenCalais

OpenEI

Open Election

Data Project

OpenData

Thesau-rus

Ontos News Portal

OGOLOD

JanusAMP


New York

Times

NVD

ntnusc

NTU Resource

Lists

Norwe-gian

MeSH

NDL subjects

ndlna

myExperi-ment

Italian Museums

medu-cator

MARC Codes List

Man-chester Reading

Lists

Lotico

Weather Stations

London Gazette

LOIUS

Linked Open Colors

lobidResources

lobidOrgani-sations

LEM

LinkedMDB

LinkedLCCN

LinkedGeoData

LinkedCT

LinkedUser

FeedbackLOV

Linked Open

Numbers

LODE


Linked EDGAR

(OntologyCentral)

Linked Crunch-

base

lingvoj

Lichfield Spen-ding

LIBRIS

Lexvo

LCSH

DBLP (L3S)


Klapp-stuhl-club

Good-win

Family


JP

Jamendo (DBtune)

Italian public

schools

ISTAT Immi-gration

iServe

IdRef Sudoc

NSZL Catalog

Hellenic PD

Hellenic FBD


GovTrack

GovWILD

GoogleArt

wrapper

gnoss

GESIS

GeoWordNet

GeoSpecies

GeoNames

GeoLinkedData

GEMET

GTAA

STITCH

SIDER

Project Guten-berg

MediCare

Euro-stat

(FUB)

EURES

DrugBank

Disea-some

DBLP (FU

Berlin)

DailyMed

CORDIS(FUB)

Freebase

flickr wrappr

Fishes of Texas


ChEMBL

FanHubz

EventMedia

EUTC Produc-

tions

Eurostat

Europeana

EUNIS

EU Insti-

tutions

ESD stan-dards

EARTh

Enipedia


NHS(En-


AKTing)

Energy (En-

AKTing)

Crime(En-

AKTing)

CO2 Emission

(En-AKTing)

EEA

SISVU

education.data.g

ov.uk

ECS South-ampton

ECCO-TCP

GND

Didactalia

DDC Deutsche Bio-

graphie

datadcs

MusicBrainz

(DBTune)

Magna-tune

John Peel

(DBTune)

Classical (DB

Tune)


Last.FM artists

(DBTune)

DBTropes

Portu-guese

DBpedia

dbpedia lite

Greek DBpedia

DBpedia

data-open-ac-uk

SMCJournals

Pokedex

Airports


MusicBrainz(Data

Incubator)

Moseley Folk


Discogs (Data

Incubator)

Climbing


Data Gov.ie

databnf.fr

Cornetto

reegle

Chronic-ling

America

Chem2Bio2RDF

Calames

businessdata.gov.

uk

Bricklink

Brazilian Poli-

ticians

BNB

UniSTS

UniPathway

UniParc

Taxonomy

UniProt(Bio2RDF)

SGD

Reactome

PubMedPub

Chem

PRO-SITE

ProDom

Pfam

PDB

OMIMMGI

KEGG Reaction

KEGG Pathway

KEGG Glycan

KEGG Enzyme

KEGG Drug

KEGG Com-pound

InterPro

HomoloGene

HGNC

Gene Ontology

GeneID

Affy-metrix

bible ontology

BibBase

FTS

BBC Wildlife Finder

BBC Program

mes BBC Music

Alpine Ski

Austria

LOCAH

Amster-dam

Museum

AGROVOC

AEMET


Media

Geographic

Publications

Government

Cross-domain

Life sciences


http://lod-cloud.netLange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 6

http://lod-cloud.net


Logic of Linked Open Data: RDFRDF = Resource Description Framework

Movie Description (using schema.org)Movie Avatar Person

James Cameron

August 16, 1954Science fiction../movies/. . .

type name

directorgenre

trailer

type

namebirthDate


http://schema.org


Logic of Linked Open Data: RDFRDF = Resource Description Framework

Movie Description (using schema.org)@prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> .@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

:avatar a schema:Movie ;schema:name "Avatar" ;schema:genre "Science fiction" ;schema:trailer <../movies/...> ;schema:director [ a schema:Person ;schema:name "James Cameron" ;schema:birthDate "1954-08-16"^^xsd:date ] .


http://schema.org


Linked Geo Data Sets

Dataset Source #triples (late 2012)LinkedGeoData OpenStreetMap 2 ⋅ 1010DBpedia Wikipedia 1 ⋅ 109GeoNames — 1.5 ⋅ 108



LinkedGeoData

http://linkedgeodata.org/

OpenStreetMap data as RDFlinked to GeoNames, DBpedia and othersGeoKnow FP7 project (http://geoknow.eu,2012–) provides tools and methods to easilyintegrate and process data across a wide range ofdata sources on the Web of Data.


http://linkedgeodata.org/

http://geoknow.eu


Semantic Web Geo Standards

W3C Basic Geo Vocabulary(points using WGS84 coordinates)GeoRSS Simple (lines, rectangles, polygons),GeoRSS GML (Geographic Markup Language)GeoOWL ontology(reuses more flexible GML notions)NeoGeo Geometry Ontology (→ later)GeoSPARQL: RDF data insertion and query (→ later)


http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/

http://georss.org/

http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/geo/XGR-geo-20071023/#owl

http://geovocab.org/

http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/geosparql


Limitations of RDF for Geo Data

GeoSPARQL, a non-ontological extension to the SPARQLRDF query language [BK12]SELECT ?a WHERE {?a a ex:Attraction;geo:hasGeometry ?ageo .FILTER(geof:within(?ageo,"POLYGON((-77.089005 38.913574,-77.029953 38.913574,-77.029953 38.886321,-77.089005 38.886321,-77.089005 38.913574))"^^sf:wktLiteral)) }

Note: WKT = “Well-known text”



Advantages and Disadvantages of RDF

DisadvantageLow expressivity (binary predicates, no quantifiers)

AdvantageAn RDF graph downloaded from its URI does notentail more than one can find there [Hay04].



Logic of Linked Open Data: RDF??

RDF data and RDFS vocabularies do not suffice forcomplex formal models – so . . . ?

☀ make your stuff available on the Web(whatever format) under an open license

☀☀ make it available as structured data (e.g.,Excel instead of image scan of a table)

☀☀☀ use non-proprietary formats (e.g., CSVinstead of Excel)

☀☀☀☀ useURIs to denote things, so that peoplecan point at your stuff

☀☀☀☀☀ link your data to other data to providecontext [12]

Who says it needs to be RDF?



Logic of Linked Open Data: RDF??

RDF data and RDFS vocabularies do not suffice forcomplex formal models – so . . . ?

☀ make your stuff available on the Web(whatever format) under an open license

☀☀ make it available as structured data (e.g.,Excel instead of image scan of a table)

☀☀☀ use non-proprietary formats (e.g., CSVinstead of Excel)

☀☀☀☀ useURIs to denote things, so that peoplecan point at your stuff

☀☀☀☀☀ link your data to other data to providecontext [12]

Who says it needs to be RDF?Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 13


Think URIs, not RDF!

How to achieve an integration of . . . ?complex formal models (expressive logics)big datasets (scalability before expressivity)

Ad hoc extensions of RDF exist (e.g. for CSPs in productrange specification at Renault [BSP11])

My approachsystematically base expressive logics beyond RDFand OWL on the URI foundation of LODthus enable large-scale data/knowledge integration



Different Representations at one URIhttp://sws.geonames.org/2944388/

HTML RDF/XML


http://sws.geonames.org/2944388/


Different Representations at one URI II$ wget --header=’Accept: text/html’ -O /dev/null↩-S http://sws.geonames.org/2944388/

$ wget --header=’Accept: application:rdf+xml’ ...

HTTP ContentNegotiation [The06]

RDF/XML is mostwidely understood byLOD clientsHTML is most widelyunderstood by humans. . . but one can extendthis to other formats!



The Big Picture of Interoperability

Ontology

Ontology Language/Logic

Knowledge Software Agents

written in

Concepts/Data/Individuals

represented in terms of

Service Description

Service Descr. Language

written in

Service

satisfies

processes

refers to

Target (Device)accesses

Service-Oriented Architecture

Smart Environment

Target Description

conforms to

Device

Target Descr. Language

written in

Ontology

Ontology Language/Logic

Concepts/Data/Individuals

Service Description

Service Descr. Language

Service Target (Device)

Target Description

Device

Target Descr. Language

Knowledge Infrastructure

map

ping

s fo

rin

tero

pera

bilit

y

Hardware

Data

Models

Metamodels

For now we focuson the “content”/“knowledge”column



The OntoIOp Initiative

OntoIOp (Ontology Integration andInteroperability) initiative

head: Till Mossakowskistarted in 2011 with ISO, now continued with OMGRequest for Proposals to be issued this autumnproposals due Dec. 2014

50 experts participate, ∼ 15 have contributedRelevant communities represented:

different ontology languages and logicsconceptual and theoretical foundationstechnical foundationsapplications: manufacturing, business rules,model-driven software engineering



Distributed Ontology Language (DOL)“distributed” means . . .

logically heterogeneousmodularinterlinked: interpretations, equivalences, alignmentsdecentrally maintained

DOL: a logic-agnostic meta-language for onto-logies, modeling and specification [MKL12; Lan+12]

supports ontologies in several relevant languagesframework can be decentrally extendedwith newlanguages, logics, serializations, translations

Tool support:Hets: syntax check, theorem proving, model findingOntohub:web-based repository engine

http://ontoiop.orgLange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 19

http://ontoiop.org


LOD Conformance (Distr. Onto. Level)

use URIs to name things (actually IRIs: Unicode!)concrete syntax uses prefixes to abbreviate URIsmany DOL constructs (e.g. interpretations,alignments) must have names,

. . . others (e.g. extensions) may have names.also useful for external annotation

use URIs to refer to other things. . . but implementations should be prepared forexternal ontologies not to be LOD-conforming!need a catalog to map “identifier URI” to “retrieval URL”http://project.org/onto#↦http://project.org/repo/onto-v1.3.owl



LOD Conformance (Basic Onto. Level)need to refer to symbols within ontologies:

rename symbols in a basic ontologyrestrict a basic ontology to some signature

Are symbol names URIs?“semantic web” languages (e.g. OWL): yesCommon Logic: sometimesCASL, TPTP, . . . : no

DOL injects prefix bindings into basic ontologies:verbatim fragments, as well asreferenced remote ontologies

In the basic ontology, bindings are applied . . .as if declared inside (sem. web languages)to all globally-scoped identifiers (other languages)



LOD Conformance (Logic Graph)ontology languages, logics, serializations,translations identified by URIwe maintain a central “OntoIOp Registry”; othersmay decentrally extend itOntoIOp Registry is a (small) linked open datasetsee, e.g.,http://purl.net/dol/languages/OWL2/DL(nicer withhttp://linkeddata.uriburner.com; soon inOntohub)Agents can easily find out what an ontologylanguage can be translated to.


http://purl.net/dol/languages/OWL2/DL

http://linkeddata.uriburner.com


The OntoIOp Registry (Subset)

Common Logic

SROIQDL-LiteR

CLIF

XCL

Manchester Syntax

OWL 2 XML

RDF / XML

Turtle

OWL 2 DL

RDF

RDFS

Common Logic

RDFS

RDF

OWL 2 QL

OWL 2 RL

OWL 2 EL

DL-RL

EL++

Serializations Ontology Languages Logics

supports serialization sublanguage of

induced translation exact logical expressivity

translatable to

sublogic of



Reusing Linked Open Datasets%prefix(productdb: <http://productdb.org/ean/>pizza: <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#>

)%

ontology SmartFreezer ={ pizza: hide along proj:SROIQtoRDFand productdb:

then language lang:RDF syntax ser:RDF/Turtle : {productdb:4001724819806 pizza:hasTopping[ a pizza:TomatoTopping ],[ a pizza:MozzarellaTopping ] .

} with translation trans:RDFtoOWL2DLthen { pizza:then syntax ser:OWL2/Manchester : {Individual: productdb:4001724819806Types: pizza:hasTopping exactly 2 }



DO-ROAM: Ontology-driven Map UIData andOnto. driven Route-findingOfActivity-orientedMobility web service(http://do-roam.org, [Cod+11])

places taggedw/ terms from aligned OWL onto’smap-based UI w/multiling. labels↔ onto. terms

DOL port in progress:

coherently representaligned ontologies asone distr. onto.

maintain labels asannotations insideontology


http://do-roam.org


DO-ROAM in DOL: Complex Alignments,Multilingual Labels%prefix( do-roam: <https://raw.github.com/doroam/planning-do-roam/master/>activ: <https://raw.github.com/doroam/planning-do-roam/master/↩

Ontology/activities.owl#>tags: <https://raw.github.com/doroam/planning-do-roam/master/↩

Ontology/tags.owl#> )%

language lang:OWL2/DLalignment do-roam:ActivitiesToTags : activ: to tags: =activ:Restaurant = ∃ tags:has_k_amenity . tags:v_restaurant,%% "=" is equivalence as defined in the Alignment APIactiv:ChargingStation =∃ tags:has_k_amenity . tags:v_charging_station

⊔ (∃ tags:has_k_amenity . tags:v_fuel⊓ ∃ tags:has_k_fuel:electricity . tags:yes),

...ontology do-roam:ActivityTranslation =activ: hide along proj:SROIQtoRDFthen language lang:RDF syntax ser:RDF/YAML :do-roam:config/locales/de.yml



NeoGeo: Connecting RCC to RDFNeoGeo (http://geovocab.org/) integrates RegionConnection Calculus (RCC; 1st-order logic theory ofspatial relations) with RDF [Har+13]: data in context!


http://geovocab.org/


NeoGeo: Connecting RCC to RDF IIPart of RCC semantics can be mapped to OWLRest covered in SWRL (OWL + FOL rules)

full first order theoryobtained from composition table, . . .more expressive than composition table

accommodate open (OWL) vs. closed (RCC) worldassumption (concrete domain)detect inconsistent RCC assertions


http://www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/


Conclusion

Linked Open Data (LOD): best practice forpublishing data on the WebDistributed Ontology, Modelling and SpecificationLanguage (DOL): meta-language for logicallyheterogeneous, modular, interlinked ontologies

LOD and DOL: a perfect matchDOL scales thanks to LOD principlesLOD gets semantics beyond RDF thanks to DOLWeb of Data has many geo use casesDOL enables spatial reasoning over datasets


References

References I

5 star Open Data. Apr. 3, 2012. url:http://5stardata.info/ (visited on 2013-09-18).

T. Berners-Lee. Design Issues: Linked Data. July 27,2006. url: http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html(visited on 2010-01-20).

R. Battle and D. Kolas. “Enabling the geospatialSemantic Web with Parliament and GeoSPARQL”. In:Semantic Web 3.4 (2012), pp. 355–370. url:http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/content/enabling-geospatial-semantic-web-parliament-and-geosparql.


http://5stardata.info/

http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html

http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html

http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/content/enabling-geospatial-semantic-web-parliament-and-geosparql



References

References II

F. Badra, F.-P. Servant, and A. Passant. “A SemanticWeb Representation of a Product Range Specificationbased on Constraint Satisfaction Problem in theAutomotive Industry”. In: Proceedings of the 1stWorkshop on Ontology and Semantic Web forManufacturing, Extended Semantic Web Conference.(Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, May 29, 2011). Ed. byA. García Castro, C. Toro, L. Ramos, and L. Schröder.CEUR Workshop Proceedings 748. Aachen, 2011,pp. 37–50. url: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-748/.


http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-748/

References

References III

M. Codescu, G. Horsinka, O. Kutz, T. Mossakowski, andR. Rau. “DO-ROAM: Activity-Oriented Search andNavigation with OpenStreetMap”. In: GeoSpatialSemantics (GeoS) -- 4th International Conference.GeoSpatial Semantics (GeoS) -- 4th InternationalConference. (Brest, France, May 12–13, 2011). Ed. byC. Claramunt, S. Levashkin, and M. Bertolotto. LectureNotes in Computer Science 6631. Springer, 2011,pp. 88–107.


References

References IV

A. Harth, J. Salas, A. Rula, B. Villazón-Terrazas,J. Škrbec, and C. Fortuna.Modelling and ProcessingContextual Aspects of Data. Deliverable D2.3.PlanetData Network of Excellence, 2013. url:http://www.planet-data.eu/sites/default/files/D2.3.pdf.

P. Hayes. RDF Semantics. W3C Recommendation.World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Feb. 10, 2004.url: http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/.


http://www.planet-data.eu/sites/default/files/D2.3.pdf

http://www.planet-data.eu/sites/default/files/D2.3.pdf

http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/

http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/

References

References VM. Kerber, C. Lange, and C. Rowat. ForMaRE. FormalMathematical Reasoning in Economics. url: http://cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/formare/(visited on 2013-02-10).

C. Lange, T. Mossakowski, O. Kutz, C. Galinski,M. Grüninger, and D. Couto Vale. “The DistributedOntology Language (DOL): Use Cases, Syntax, andExtensibility”. In: Terminology and KnowledgeEngineering Conference (TKE). (Madrid, Spain,June 20–21, 2012). Ed. by G. Aguado de Cea,M. C. Suárez-Figueroa, R. García-Castro, andE. Montiel-Ponsoda. 2012, pp. 33–48. arXiv:1208.0293 [cs.AI]. url: http://oeg-lia3.dia.fi.upm.es/tke2012/proceedings.




http://arxiv.org/abs/1208.0293

http://oeg-lia3.dia.fi.upm.es/tke2012/proceedings

http://oeg-lia3.dia.fi.upm.es/tke2012/proceedings

References

References VI

C. Lange. “Enabling Collaboration on SemiformalMathematical Knowledge by Semantic WebIntegration”. PhD thesis. Jacobs University Bremen,2011.


References

References VII

T. Mossakowski, O. Kutz, and C. Lange. “ThreeSemantics for the Core of the Distributed OntologyLanguage”. In: Formal Ontology in InformationSystems. 7th International Conference (FOIS 2012).(Graz, Austria, July 24–27, 2012). Ed. by M. Donnellyand G. Guizzardi. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligenceand Applications 239. (The paper has won the bestpaper award. Also published at IJCAI 2013 track on BestPapers in Sister Conferences.) Amsterdam: IOS Press,2012, pp. 337–352. url:http://interop.cim3.net/file/pub/OntoIOp/Publications/FOIS_2012/paper.pdf.


http://interop.cim3.net/file/pub/OntoIOp/Publications/FOIS_2012/paper.pdf

http://interop.cim3.net/file/pub/OntoIOp/Publications/FOIS_2012/paper.pdf

References

References VIII

O. Thereaux. Content Negotiation: why it is useful, andhow tomake it work. Feb. 21, 2006. url:http://www.w3.org/blog/2006/02/content-negotiation/.

Wikimedia Foundation, ed. Linked Data. FromWikipedia, the free encyclopedia. June 18, 2010. url:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linked_Data&oldid=459835053 (visitedon 2010-08-11).


http://www.w3.org/blog/2006/02/content-negotiation/

http://www.w3.org/blog/2006/02/content-negotiation/

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linked_Data&oldid=459835053

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linked_Data&oldid=459835053

linked open (geo)data and the distributed ontology language – a perfect match

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