linking biodiversity conservation and livelihoods of local ... · presentation in three parts...
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Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Livelihoods of Local People:
Experiences from PeriyarExperiences from Periyar
Introduction
Presentation in three parts
� Biodiversity in Kerala- management approachapproach
� Ecodevelopment programme in Periyar Tiger Reserve
� Assessment of this programme
FEATURES
� Indian landscape characterized by an intimate interspersion of human
settlements and forest.
� People have close economic, cultural and traditional linkages with the
forests.
� Due to changes at political, economic and social landscapes, the
relationship is now ‘confused
FEATURES OF INDIAN LANDSCAPES
AND MAJOR HUMAN ISSUES
relationship is now ‘confused
ISSUES
� The livelihoods of the fringe area communities and their negative
impacts on the ecological landscapes
� Weak stakes of local people in conservation and inadequate support for
ecologically rich areas.
� Existing poverty and development aspirations of local communities
Kerala at a GlanceTotal Area 38,863 sq.km (1-2 % of India’s area)
Population Density 819 per sq.km
Literacy 90.86 %
Per capita land area 0.122 ha.
Total Forest Area (a). RF 9410 sq.km (b). Other Forests: 1894 sq.km
11304 sq.km (29% of the geographical area of the State)
Per capita Forest Area 0.03 ha.
Biodiversity 24.7% of total Biodiversity of India
Protected Areas 3182.86 sq.km (28.25% of the forest area)
Forests type in Kerala
Forest Types Extent (Sq.km)
%
Southern Tropical Wet Evergreen & Southern Tropical Semi Evergreen
3389 35.60
Southern Tropical Moist Deciduous
4106 43.10Deciduous
Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous
100 1.01
Temperate Shola 70 0.73
Grassland 162 1.70
Plantations 1701 17.86
Altogether, about 82% of the forest area is managed with the thrust on biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services and livelihood options for the forest-dependent communities.
Biodiversity Wealth - Kerala
Our forests are endowed with rich and diverse flora and fauna. Many of which are endemic to this region
Floral DiversityCategory Nos.
Flowering plants - 4689
Faunal DiversityCategory Nos.Mammals - 145Grass - > 350
Bamboo - 15
Reed - 9
Orchid - 214
Gymnosperms - 4
Ferns and fern allies - > 330
Bryophytes - >350
Algae - > 860
Fungi - >4800
Lichens - > 520
Mammals - 145Birds (residents & migrants)- 502Amphibians - >93 Reptiles - >169Fresh water fishes - >222Insects - >6000
Species Nos. No. of No. of RET Endemics species
Mammals 145 12 21 Birds 502 16 31 Reptiles 169 69 44 Amphibians 93 64 46
Endemism and RET Status of species
Amphibians 93 64 46 Fresh Water Fishes 222 41 26 Flowering Plants 4689 1272 300
� Inspite of the growing pressure on limited land resource, state is protecting29% of the land area as forests.
� Nationalized private forests in 1971 - 1764 sq.km. was added to forest area.
� Clear felling of natural forest was stopped in 1981.
� Selection felling was discontinued in 1987.
� Nationalised 130 sq.kms of ecologically fragile lands.
Conservation Initiatives
� Nationalised 130 sq.kms of ecologically fragile lands.
� Creating network of Protected Area covering representative habitats extending over 3182.86sq.km which forms 28.25% of the forest area of the State.
� Currently 22 Protected Areas in the State which include:
� Wildlife Sanctuaries – 16 (including 2 Tiger Reserves), National Parks –5 and Community Reserve – 1
� State also has 4 Elephant reserves, 2 Biosphere Reserves and 3 Ramsar sites (nomination for World Heritage Sites under process).
Periyar Tiger ReserveConservation Values &
Management IssuesPA VALUES
Ecological
� Water shed-tropical & subtropical rain forests
� 1980 plant species- 26% endemic, 7.5% threatened
� 63 mammals ( 7 endemic), 323 birds ( 14 endemic), 44 reptiles (18 endemic)
� Regional connectivity
Economic
MANAGEMENT ISSUES• Protection• Resource Dependence• Tourism & Pilgrimage• Inter- agency conflictsEconomic
� Subsistence & Supplemental income
� Irrigation & Power� Tourism
Cultural� Religious Sites� Historical Monuments� Indigenous people
• Inter- agency conflicts• Landscape issues• Plantations & Cash crops
Context of livelihood assets forFringe area tribals in Periyar
Human(Declining indigenous skills and lack of new
capacities )
SocialNatural
(Degradation of forests Social
(Weakening of leadership & community cohesion)
Physical(Land in the hands of
outsiders)
Financial(Weak economic condition &
money lenders)
(Degradation of forests resources)
Vulnerability Context
• Shocks• Trends• Seasons
• Traditional isolationist approach of PA management led to conflicts
• Integrated Conservation and Development Programme (ICDP) or
Ecodevelopment under Government of India’ scheme, followed by World Bank
assisted India Ecodevelopment Project (IEDP)
Coverage72 Local level institutions or ecodevelopment committees (EDCs)
Households: 5540
ApproachApproach-- past and presentpast and present
Unique FeaturesUsing threats as opportunities
Linking community benefits with park protection process oriented approach with social
engineering
Professional groupNeighbourhood User group
Major outputs of Major outputs of EcodevelpmentEcodevelpment in PTRin PTR
� Empowerment of tribals by removing debt trap
� Converting poachers to park protectors
� Managing pilgrimage with community
� Community based ecotourism
� Women Empowerment for protection
Community based Ecotourism programmes of Community based Ecotourism programmes of Periyar Tiger ReservePeriyar Tiger Reserve
Bullock cart Ride Nature walk Tribal heritage
Jungle Inn Tiger Trail Jungle patrol
Bamboo Grove Green Mansion
Bamboo Rafting
Vanambadikal -Folklore Theatre programme
Nature sensitization camps
Wildlife Week Celebrations-a local festival
Programmes for Guruswamis
Post Project Sustainability Post Project Sustainability
� Periyar Foundation
� FDAs
� Park welfare fund
� Linkages of institutions
� Decentralised resource mechanisms
� Capacity building and social capital.
PeriyarPeriyar FoundationFoundation
� Government owned public Trust
� Authority of the government and flexibility of a good NGO
� Objective is biodiversity conservation and community welfare in PTRAL and the Western Ghats – focus on landscapein PTRAL and the Western Ghats – focus on landscape
� Governing Body and Executive committee
� Resource mobilization-local, regional, national and international
� Ecodevelopment Surcharge
� Public representation
� Support of professionals
PTR MANAGEMENT
Current Institutional MechanismCurrent Institutional Mechanism
PERIYAR FOUNDATION
CONFEDERATIONS
ECODEVELOPMENT COMMITTEES
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Neighbourhood Ecotourism Pilgrimage User group
Before
After
Socio economic conditions of local communities
Household income (sampled EDCs)
Assessment of Assessment of ProgrammeProgramme
Inco
me
Rs.
Lak
hs
Household income (sampled EDCs)
•Overall increase 24%
• User group 70%
• Neighbourhood 30%
• Professional group 10%
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
Forest(Consumptive)
Forest (Nonconsumptive)
Non Forest
Income pattern
Inco
me
Rs.
Lak
hsbefore
after
Park Welfare Fund details for PeriyarINCOME
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Professional Programmes 2765702 3186750 4934100 3743498 4349900 3891225 8333540
Park Welfare fund (10%) from Other professional programmes
493676 623432 485203 693627 539903 579332 197259
Other Income 171918 297894 97168 13746 68329 48660 54788
TOTAL 3431296 4108076 5516471 4450871 4958132 4519217 8585587
EXPENDITURE
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Professional Programmes Expenses 1200076 1047878 1385301 2052065 1376627 1620847 2318969
Administration & Ecotourism expenses 154658 89500 301087 619343 401820 326859 558532
Support to Periyar East Division 453141 488585 975135 2033731 179690 553724 3374704
Medical support and Relief 1500 0 47768 20000 27357 54106 78931
Wildlife awareness 20000 11297 9474 7500 7992 55225 67404
Support Prof.EDC wages 504406 263033 1038835 778591 1246700 1035488 4844696
TOTAL 2333781 1900293 3757600 5511230 3240186 3646249 11243236
Income and expenditure from Periyar Foundation
Financial Year Income (Rs.) Expenditure (Rs.)
Ecodevelopment
2004-05 4247723 1789573
2005-06 7946700 5213120
2006-07 9370310 77146692006-07 9370310 7714669
2007-08 10495651 7724181
2008-09 11991344 11731150
2009-10 10254254 9585030
2010-11 11565257 8635144
Total 65871249 52388866 20980873
1.551.871.721.482.151.961.351.431.48
EDC Strength score
Socio economic conditions
Parameters: Housing, amenities, land, literacy, sanitation, health care & drinking water
2.5
3.0
Strength of EDC w.r.t. capacity
Well being
Chapter V
1.482.152.332.502.621.371.872.101.722.521.881.28
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Low Medium High
Stre
ngth (Sco
re)± S
D
Socio economic conditions
Cultural and societal revival and women empowerment
CategoryNeighbourhood EDCs
Professional Group EDCs
User group EDCs
Total
Ecotour. Pilgrim.
Conservation and culture
Over 70% respondents showed desire to re-establish their old traditions
Over 80% of the Neighbourhood EDCs linked conservation with their local festivals
Chapter V
Women involvement in sampled EDCs
Total households studied 230 23 7 5 265
Women members 113 0 0 5 118
Women executive members 45 5 0 5 55
Women headed households 3 4 0 0 7
Women exclusive EDCs 0 0 0 1 1
Women SHGs 43 0 0 2 45
Women SHG members 652 0 0 25 677
Women SHG capital (Rs lakhs) 7.27 0 0 0.27 7.54
Women SHG money in hand (Rs lakhs) 2.41 0 0 0.15 2.56
Women SHG money in circulation (Rs lakhs)
4.86 0 0 0.11 4.98
Resource use patterns
Fuel wood
Significant decline in fuel-wood pressure
(Paired T-test, t = 3.37, df = 20, p < 0.01)
Overall reduction - 57%
User group - 85%
Neighbourhood - 56%
Professional group - 22%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Anak
allu
Atta
thod
u-1
Kutti
kkay
amKu
zhim
avu-
1M
oozh
icka
lM
ukka
mpa
tty-2
Cey
lon
Col
ony
Cho
ttupa
raG
andh
iNag
arM
anna
kudy
-1M
attu
ppet
ty-2
Paliy
akud
ySa
thra
m C
oony
Sprin
gVal
ly-1
Valla
kada
vu-2
KFD
C K
ochu
Pam
baVa
liyan
avat
tam
Exvy
naTh
ekka
dy P
ETS
Trib
al T
rekk
ers
1
Kolla
mpa
ttada
(W)
Qua
ntum
mt p
er a
nnum
Change in quantum of fuel wood collection before and after IEDP
Professional group - 22% Atta
thod
u-1
Kutti
kkay
amKu
zhim
avu-
1M
oozh
icka
lM
ukka
mpa
tty-2
Cey
lon
Col
ony
Cho
ttupa
raG
andh
iNag
arM
anna
kudy
-1M
attu
ppet
ty-2
Paliy
akud
ySa
thra
m C
oony
Sprin
gVal
ly-1
Valla
kada
vu-2
KFD
C K
ochu
Pam
baVa
liyan
avat
tam
Thek
kady
PET
S
Trib
al T
rekk
ers
1
Kolla
mpa
ttada
(W)
Before After
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Anaka
lluAtta
thod
u-1
Kuttik
kaya
mKuz
himav
u-1
Moozh
ickal
Muk
kam
patty
-2
Ceylon
Col
ony
Chottu
para
Gandh
iNaga
r
Man
nakud
y-1
Mat
tupp
etty-
2Pal
iyaku
dy
Sathr
am C
oony
Spring
Vally-
1
Vallak
adav
u-2
KFDC Koc
hu P
amba
Valiya
nava
ttam
Exvyn
a
Thekk
ady
PETS
Tribal
Trek
kers
1
Kollam
patta
da (W
)
Before After
Number of persons engaged in fuel wood collection before and after IEDP
Significant decline in number of fuel-wood collectors-134 to 91
Resource use patterns
Fodder and grazing
0.0050.00
100.00150.00200.00250.00300.00350.00400.00
Ana
kallu
Atta
thod
u-1
Kut
tikka
yam
Kuzh
imav
u-1
Moo
zhic
kal
Muk
kam
patty
-2C
eylo
n C
olon
yC
hottu
para
Gan
dhiN
agar
Man
naku
dy-1
Mat
tupp
etty
-2P
aliy
akud
yS
athr
am C
oony
Spr
ingV
ally
-1Va
llaka
davu
-2
KFD
C K
ochu
Pam
ba
SA
PP
Val
iyan
avat
tam
Exv
yna
Thek
kady
PE
TS
Trib
al T
rekk
ers
1
Kol
lam
patta
da (W
)Qua
ntum
of f
odde
r (M
T)
Before
After
Quantum of fodder use in sampled EDCs
Overall reduction –87%
(t = 3.09, df = 20, p < 0.01
Muk
kam
patty
-2C
eylo
n C
olon
y
Sat
hram
Coo
nyVa
llaka
davu
-2
KFD
C K
ochu
Pam
ba
SA
PP
Val
iyan
avat
tam
Thek
kady
PE
TS
Trib
al T
rekk
ers
1
Kol
lam
patta
da (W
)
010203040506070
AnakalluAtta
thodu-1
Kuttikka
yamKuzh
imavu
-1Moozhick
al
Mukkampatty
-2
Ceylon C
olonyChott
upara
GandhiNagar
Mannakudy-1
Mattupp
etty-2
Paliyakudy
Sathram C
oony
SpringVa lly-1
Vallaka
davu-2
KFDC Koch
u P...
SAPP Valiyana
v...Exv
yna
Thekkady
PETS
Triba l T
rekkers 1
Kollampatta
da (W)
Num
ber
of c
attle
Before
After
Number of cattle in sampled EDCs
Number of cattle
reduced from 224 to
180
Protection of Tiger ReserveProtection of Tiger Reserve
Involvement in protection
0
10
2030
40
50
6070
80
90
Neighbourhood
EcotourismPilgrimage
User groupTotal
Leve
l of p
artic
ipat
ion
(in %
)
Plastic removal Fire protection Information giving Patrolling
Programmes Additional Patrolling(Man hours)
Guest Guids Staff
Tiger Trail 9960 22200 4440
Bamboo Rafting 22563 12645 2529
Jungle Patrol 7557 1662 831
Border Hiking 7965 5544 1386 Plastic removal Fire protection Information giving Patrolling
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006-
Cases booked Cases charged
Border Hiking 7965 5544 1386
Nature Walk 7746 1014 0
Jungle Inn 636 636 0
Total 56427 43701 9186
* Data available only up to 2001
Year Number of cases
Number of persons arrested
1998 18 21
1999 7 5
2000 9 14
2001 6 7
Total 40 47
Attitudes and Institutions
Change in Attitudes
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
Understanding Participation Ownership Mutual Trust Impact of IEDP
Leve
l of c
hang
e
P & D Officers C & S Officers Executive Officers
Frontline Staff Supporting Staff NeighbourhoodFrontline Staff Supporting Staff Neighbourhood
Ecotourism Pilgrimage Usergroup
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Anakk
allu
Attatho
du 1
Ceylon
Colo
nyCho
ttupara
Gandh
i Nag
arKut
tikay
amKuz
himav
u 1
Mannak
udi 1
Mattupe
tty 2
Mooka
mpetty
2Moo
zhika
lPali
yaku
di
Sathra
m C
olony
Spring
valle
y
Vallak
kada
vu 2
Ex-Vay
ana
KFDC-Koc
hupa
mba
PETS T
hekk
ady
Tribal
Trac
kers
SAPP Vali
yana
vatta
m
Kollam
patta
da (W
)
EDCs
Str
engt
h (A
vera
ge S
core
)
Institutional strength
Livelihood security of dependent tribals and other poor
Human Capital
(capacities)
TIP Creation of these opportunities
is important, but for sustainability we need continuous efforts
of social engineering
Natural
Capital
Physical Capital
(agriculture and
alternatives)
Social Capital
(institutions
and awareness)
Financial Capital (CDFs and
regular incomes)
Some prominent statements of
stakeholders during assessment studies� Generation of poachers and hunters is gone now. Even if
department reduces its inputs there is no question of our destroying this forests. We are now emotionally involved
--Neighborhood EDC members� Ecodevelopment programme has given us a unique mini
bank. It is very crucial for us and we know it is because of Periyar
--Women self help groups� If nothing else it has strengthened the trust between staff � If nothing else it has strengthened the trust between staff
local people. We now command more respect from EDC members.
--Front line staff� We had been continuously taking from Periyar and it is now
our turn to give it back--Ex Poachers EDC members
� Prgramme has really lifted the image of the areas. For us the gain is that number of night stays of the visitors have increased. Previously it use to be a touch and go destination.
--Hotel owners
What We Have Achieved?� At PA Level
� Improved Protection and community support/ attitude s� Offence, resource use, social fencing
� Efficiency� Ecosystem health, PA Management and Resource use
� Equity� Benefits to local poor and women and livelihood support
� Empowerment� Economic, social and political
� Empowerment� Economic, social and political
� At State level� Lessons for Ecotourism � Replication in other PAs
� Eravikulam National Park� Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary
� Lessons for Ecotourism
� At National Level� Emerging model of PA Management� Policy implications
� Concept of PA level Foundations� PA Management Effectiveness� Ecotourism Policy for PAs
Important Future Issues
� Internalization by FD� Social capital among the communities� Expansion in time & scale� Legal and Administrative framework� Specialized capacities � Specialized capacities � Linkages
1. Other programme2. Biodiversity conservation
Thank you
..let us mainstream
biodiversity into
livelihoods and
development aspirations
of local communities…. Thank youThank youThank youof local communities…. Thank youThank you