Linking Distributed Stormwater Capture toManaged Aquifer Recharge: A Systems Approach

Combining Hydrogeology, Geophysics,Geochemistry, and Microbiology

State: CAProject Number: 2015CA357GTitle: Linking Distributed Stormwater Capture to Managed Aquifer Recharge: A Systems

Approach Combining Hydrogeology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, and MicrobiologyProject Type: ResearchFocus Category: Groundwater; Water Quality; Water QuantityKeywords: Stormwater management, managed recharge, groundwater quality, groundwater supply,

microbiology, nutrient cycling, infiltration, vadose zone processes, climate changemitigation

Start Date: 9/1/2015End Date: 8/31/2018CongressionalDistrict: CA-020

PI: Fisher, AndrewProfessor, University of California, Santa Cruzemail: afisher@es.ucsc.eduphone: 831-459-5598

Co-PI(s): Saltikov, Chademail: saltikov@ucsc.edu

Abstract

We propose to take a systems approach that links distributed stormwater capture to managed aquifer recharge(DSC-MAR), to develop and apply innovative tools and improve the quantity and quality of groundwaterresources. This project spans a range of spatial and temporal scales, from basin to plot to individual microbialsamples, and from individual experiments lasting days to seasonal runoff and infiltration patterns, in order todevelop a holistic understanding of how to design, implement, and document benefits from the DSC-MARapproach. Proposed work will generate results in five critical (overlapping) areas: (a) assessing howinfiltration and groundwater recharge have been influenced by changes in climate, land use, and otherpractices; (b) evaluating placement options for collection of stormwater runoff from catchments having atypical area of 100-500 acres, followed by routing of stormwater into infiltration structures (DSC-MAR); (c)quantifying hydrologic system service benefits of DSC-MAR at field sites, including links between rates ofinfiltration and nitrate removal, and use of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs); (d) identification of controlson microbial ecology in infiltrating soils that contribute to water quality improvement; and (e) feeding resultsfrom field studies back into regional models to assess broader options and impacts. We propose a three yearproject comprising two years of field experiments, sampling, and data collection, with a third year for sampleand data analysis, modeling, and project documentation. Proposed work will leverage past successes andindependent research efforts currently underway, adding critical samples and data, to accelerate the pace bywhich new techniques are put into common practice. Research tasks will include regional GIS and hydrologic

Linking Distributed Stormwater Capture to Managed Aquifer Recharge: A Systems Approach Combining Hydrogeology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, and Microbiology1

modeling; field experiments with an autonomous percolation testing system to resolve gross and verticalinfiltration rates and heterogeneity in flow paths; analysis of nitrate removal rates during infiltration as afunction of fluid flow rate and the nature of soil substrate; co-located sampling and analysis of environmentalmicrobial samples; and integration of results to circle back to regional analyses, to calculate water supply andquality improvements that could result from broad application of DSC-MAR. This project will supporttraining for graduate and undergraduate student researchers, and will help to develop collaboration betweenUSGS and university researchers and staff. This work will also engage regional stakeholders through the"Community Water Dialog," a grass-roots group of land owners, growers, agency representatives, andregulators.

Abstract 2

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Linking Distributed Stormwater Capture to Managed Aquifer Recharge: A Systems Approach Combining Hydrogeology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, and Microbiology I. Regional, Interstate, and Multi-state Water Problems to be Addressed Groundwater satisfies an increasing fraction of global freshwater demand [1]. There have been significant recent improvements in water efficiency, particularly in agricultural and urban settings, but growing populations are offsetting reductions in per-acre and per-capita use. Groundwater generally meets ~40% of California’s water demand during "normal" water years, but this dependence exceeds 60% in dry years (including the ongoing drought) [2]. Groundwater overdraft occurs where aquifer outputs, including groundwater extraction, persistently exceed inputs. Overdraft contributes to land subsidence, permanent losses in aquifer storage, deterioration of water quality, increased pumping costs, and (near the coast) seawater intrusion [3]. Statewide CA overdraft during "normal" years is >4 million acre-feet (Maf, 5 × 109 m3), equivalent to domestic demand for 8-9 million families; statewide dry-year overdraft is exceeds 10 Maf (12 × 109 m3). California's water resource challenges are exacerbated by a shrinking snowpack and shifting precipitation patterns that result in more intense storms (increasing short-term runoff and decreasing infiltration and recharge); limited new surface water storage options; and an energy-intensive and over-allocated state-wide water conveyance system. Governor Brown signed the "Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)" in 2014, comprising the most extensive statewide groundwater management in California's history. Groundwater basins throughout the state are required to form Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs), who will develop and implement plans to bring flows and supplies back into hydrologic balance. This creates both a challenge and an opportunity to change how water resources are viewed and managed. We propose to link stormwater management and enhanced groundwater recharge to improve water supplies (quantity and quality), demonstrating the efficacy of new best management practices having broad application. Our proposed studies address high priorities for the NIWR Competitive Grants Program, and can have a transformative impact on water management more broadly. We will achieve ambitious project goals by: building from past accomplishments and ongoing projects; nurturing stakeholder relationships; developing new collaborations; and training the next generation of water resource professionals.

II. Statement of Results or Benefits We are developing methods for the positioning and creating systems that link distributed stormwater capture to managed aquifer recharge ("DSC-MAR"), using new tools to measure and quantify benefits, so that results can be applied across a range of settings. Quantification of flows and water quality improvements are important so that unconventional water supplies can be appropriately valued. Proposed work will generate results in five critical (overlapping) areas: (a) assessing how infiltration and groundwater recharge have been influenced by changes in climate and land use; (b) evaluating placement options for DSC-MAR systems; (c) quantifying hydrologic system service benefits[4], including links between rates of infiltration, use of permeable reactive barriers, and nitrate removal; (d) identification of controls on microbial ecology during infiltration that contribute to improved water quality; and (e) cycling field results back into regional models to account for broader impacts and options. Proposed work addresses these high-priority NIWR objectives: "Evaluation of innovative approaches to water treatment…infrastructure design…management;" "Advancement of …understanding of changes in the quantity and quality of water resources in response to a changing climate, population shifts, and land use changes;" and "Development and evaluation of

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processes and governance mechanisms for integrated surface/ground water management." Proposed work also touches on NIWR objectives associated with quantifying the magnitude of water supply, and assessment of water conservation (via stormwater management).

III. Nature, Scope, and Objectives of the Project, Including Timeline of Activities A. Setting and Project Overview Proposed work focuses on Santa Cruz and northern Monterey Counties, part of the Central Coast (CC) hydrologic region (one of 10 hydrologic regions defined by the CA Department of Water Resources), which uses groundwater to satisfy a greater percentage of freshwater demand (~85%) than any other hydrologic region in the state (Fig. 1). Within this region, there are three distinct hydrologic (surface and subsurface) basins: northern Santa Cruz County (San Lorenzo Valley), central Santa Cruz County (Aptos and Soquel Creek basins), and the Pajaro Valley (southern Santa Cruz and northern Monterey Counties). We are exploring development of DSC-MAR projects in all three basins. Earlier studies at the Harkins Slough MAR system quantified spatial and temporal changes in infiltration and recharge properties and processes during normal system operations, and quantified functional controls on nitrate transport and cycling [5-7]. In Summer 2014, a team from UCSC and the Resource Conservation District–Santa Cruz County (RCD-SCC) began a regional assessment of suitability for managed aquifer recharge, including development of geographic information system (GIS) data and work flows, and hydrologic modeling to assess availability of runoff. We will leverage and extend earlier and ongoing efforts as part of proposed NIWR work. Earlier monitoring and sampling at the Harkins Slough MAR site demonstrated important controls on infiltration and changes to water quality. Infiltration rates were highly variable spatially and with time, mainly as a result of differences and changes in shallow sediment hydraulic conductivity [5] (Fig. 2). Infiltration rates initially increased as soils became saturated and fine sediments were swept from pores, but subsequent sediment transport into infiltration systems resulted in a decrease in conductivity. At the same time, researchers documented a quantitative reduction in nutrient mass passing from the infiltration basin into the underlying aquifer, with up to 50% load reduction [6], a value commensurate with benefits from vegetation buffer strips, a commonly applied BMP). This load reduction was traced to denitrification within shallow soils, with a surprising finding that higher rates of infiltration resulted in monotonically higher rates of denitrification [7] (Fig. 3). However, once infiltration rates exceeded 0.6–0.8 m/day, denitrification virtually stopped, presumably because elevated dissolved oxygen (DO) levels penetrated to the base of the inverted water table. In fact, the specific controls on the efficiency of microbially-mediated denitrification were not demonstrated as part of earlier studies, an important gap we propose to fill as part of proposed work. In this new project, we will quantify relations between infiltration, soil substrate, microbial ecology, and denitrification, and link these to a regional assessment of DSC-MAR suitability. Connecting field and regional studies will contribute to basin-wide adaptation of new stormwater BMPs, helping to benefit both water supply and water quality, engage regional stakeholders, produce cutting-edge scientific studies, and train the next generation of water resource and agricultural specialists. B. Project Tasks We propose a three year project comprising two years of field experiments, sampling, and data collection, with a third year for sample and data analysis, modeling, and project documentation. Interaction with stakeholders and regulators will occur throughout the project period. Proposed work will leverage past successes and separate research currently underway, adding critical samples, data, and analyses, helping to put new techniques into common practice.

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Figure 1. Topographic map based on newly compiled (3-m) digital elevation model (DEM), showing Santa Cruz and northern Monterey Counties, CA. This area comprises three distinct groundwater basin systems. Dots and photographs show two managed aquifer recharge (MAR) sites where UCSC researchers and collaborators have helped to develop and apply new tools and techniques: the Harkins Slough system (lower left), operated by the Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency, using diversions from a wetland; and a DSC-MAR system (upper right) developed in collaboration between UCSC, the RCD-SCC, and a local grower. Proposed work will occur at these sites, and two more DSC-MAR systems being installed at new sites in 2015.

Figure 2. Spatial and temporal variations in infiltration rates during MAR [5]. Infiltration rates were measured using heat as a tracer and time series analysis [8]. The area of most rapid infiltration migrates across the 7-acre basin at a lateral rate of ~2 m/day, most likely because of clogging by settling sediment (at NW end) and dissolution of trapped air (at SE end).

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Figure 3. Reductions in nitrate load, evidence for denitrification, and the relation between denitrification rate and infiltration rate during MAR. A. Nitrate load during MAR operations, comparing inflowing fluid samples (solid, thick line) to fluids from the upper 1 m of soil, illustrating a large reduction [6]. B. Isotopes of nitrate δ18O and δ15N, showing a trend consistent with microbially mediated denitrification [7]. C. Rates of denitrification versus rates of infiltration (using thermal method, Fig. 2), illustrating a higher rate of denitrification with greater infiltration rate, up to about 0.8 m/day. Denitrification stops at higher infiltration rates, presumably because of elevated DO levels that penetrate to the base of the inverted water table within shallow soils [7]. These results suggest that there may be an optimal infiltration rate for achieving simultaneous water supply and water quality goals.

We will extend a regional GIS and hydrologic modeling to assess how changes in land use and climate have influenced infiltration and groundwater recharge. This information will help to define hydrologic system services that could be used to set targets for best management practices (BMPs). Regional analyses will identify potential DSC-MAR sites, each generating ≥100 ac-ft/yr during a normal water year; 8-12 DSC-MAR operating sites of this kind could influence water balances in regional basins at the 10-30% level, improving water resources at relatively low cost. If we can demonstrate benefits, this approach as potential for broad application and impact. We will conduct field assessments of infiltration conditions and capacity using a newly-developed percolation testing system (Fig. 4), including geophysical assessment of flow pathways. This system will allow determination of long-term infiltration capacity at individual field sites, identify flow heterogeneity and distinguish between vertical and horizontal. These experiments will also allow development of functional relations between infiltration, the nature of soil substrate, denitrification, and microbial ecology, and applied to regional models.

C. Project Schedule Each project year begins with planning, instrument prep, and establishment of experimental and sampling baselines. The most intense field studies will occur in Summer of Yrs 1 and 2 and Winter of Yrs 2 and 3. Laboratory analytical work, modeling, and write up/presentation of results are focused in Project Yrs 2 and 3. Information transfer (scientific, technical, and practical) will occur throughout the project period, through meetings between collaborators and with representatives of agencies, municipalities, and stakeholder groups (described below). Year 1 (2016 Water Year). Expand regional assessment of DSC-MAR suitability, determine capture potential for individual sites, work with stakeholders to install and operate DSC-MAR field systems. Design experimental systems for infiltration, denitrification and microbiological sampling. Construct and install instrumentation for experiments (measure/sample fluid, temperature, water content, and electrical resistivity) and real-time logger/communication equipment, collect soil/microbial samples. Conduct controlled experiments in Summer 2016,

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with tests of at least four plots, including two with permeable reactive barriers. Each test will last ~7-14 days, with sampling at 1-2 times/day, and real-time data transmission.

Figure 4. Experimental percolation testing system, schematic plot design, example infiltration capacity data. A. Percolation system is a trailer mounted 1000-gallon water tank with autonomous pumps, valves, solenoids, and power, that delivers water to a test plot to desired depth (based on position of a float switch). B. Experimental plot is preconfigured with samplers and sensors to measure water depth and head gradient (P) and infiltration rate (T), and provide depth-limited samples of fluids (F) and microbial materials (by hand sampling). Field samples and data will be collected before, during, and after each experiment. C. Example of percolation data collected with this system during days 5-13 of a two-week test. Blue dots = total infiltration rates determined each time the pump was shut off by float switch, Red squares = last six minutes of each of these infiltration periods (with lower water level), Purple diamonds = vertical infiltration rates determined with heat as a tracer.

Analyze fluid, soil, and microbial samples and pressure, thermal, and electrical data. Assess results and plan for 2017 experiments and DSC-MAR system operations. Attend stakeholder meetings to present/discuss results. Year 2 (2017 Water Year). Complete similar experimental plan, using 4-6 field plots, including at least two with permeable reactive barriers. Each test will last 7-14 days with multiple sampling rounds and transmission of field data in real time. In addition, prior to start of the rainy season, instrument one DSC-MAR site for real-time transmission of flow, water level and quality data, conduct regular sampling, quantify locations, timing, and rates of infiltration and nitrate removal. Complete laboratory analyses of soil, fluid, and microbial samples; interpret thermal, pressure and water content data; develop numerical models of infiltration to assess hydrologic properties. Assess preliminary results and plan for 2018 DSC-MAR instrumentation,

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sampling, and system operation. Prepare initial reports/papers, attend stakeholder meetings and technical/scientific meetings to present/discuss results, solicit engagement. Year 3 (2018 Water Year). Complete analysis of samples and data collected during Summer 2017 infiltration experiments, modeling of field conditions/processes. Instrument DSC-MAR site for real-time transmission of flow, water level and quality data, conduct regular sampling, quantify locations, timing, and rates of infiltration and nitrate removal. Take results from percolation testing and DSC-MAR operations and extend to regional GIS analyses, using quantitative field results. Complete numerical models of infiltration processes to assess hydrologic properties, rates of denitrification, links to microbiology and use of PRBs. Prepare papers, attend stakeholder meetings and technical/scientific meetings to present/discuss results.

IV. Methods, Procedures, and Facilities A. GIS and Runoff Modeling to assess Potential for DSC-MAR An earlier GIS analysis assessed MAR suitability in the Pajaro Valley using a mixture of surface and subsurface data sets [9]. We are expanding this approach as part of proposed work, including evaluation of a larger region (Fig. 1), creation of new data sets (e.g., a digital elevation model [DEM] with 10x the resolution, historical and updated current land use, etc.), and linking GIS analyses to new hydrologic models to assess potential DSC-MAR project sites. We will use the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) to develop regional and catchment-scale hydrologic models to DSC-MAR suitability. PRMS is a modular, open-source, deterministic, distributed-parameter modeling environment developed by USGS researchers [10, 11]. The software is commonly used to evaluate the influence of precipitation, temperature, and land use on stream flow and basin hydrology; our application is novel (focusing on runoff and infiltration to select MAR sites), but PRMS is well suited for this task. PRMS simulates watershed-scale hydrologic processes by routing water through a series of flows and reservoirs. PRMS requires precipitation and minimum/maximum temperatures as input, along with information to define surface hydrologic conditions. We are developing PRMS data sets and incorporating them into the regional GIS. The model domain is divided into a network of discrete, irregularly-shaped Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs), the functional equivalent of model grid cells. For each time step, mass balance is performed for each HRU, defined based on catchment slope, aspect, elevation, vegetation density, soil characteristics, land use, and other data (Fig. 5). PRMS is run in "daily mode" or "storm mode," with the latter applied most commonly to assess event runoff. We will use historical (PRISM, CIMIS) hydrologic data sets to cast scenarios that include wet, normal, and dry conditions, including storms with variable intensity.

B. Percolation Testing and Geophysics to Assess Infiltration and Properties We have developed a field-scale percolation testing system as a screening tool for MAR site selection using test plots. We will operate the system under different conditions to resolve hydrologic properties and processes controlling infiltration, denitrificaiton, and microbial growth. This system comprises a significant improvement in field-testing to assess MAR potential relative to standard ASTM methods such as double-ring infiltrometers [12, 13]. The new system is applied by excavating a field plot (area of 1 m x 1 m generally works well), reinforcing the sides to reduce lateral flow, then delivering water from a trailer-mounted, 1000-gallon, food-grade water tank/pump system (Fig. 4). A float switch in the plot connects to a solenoid valve at the end of the hose to control water delivery. Water level is maintained within a narrow range (±30 cm), which can be adjusted by shifting the float switch. A digital flow meter

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monitors and records water delivery. Batteries charged with solar panels provide power. Tests can run continuously for as long as water is added (periodically) to the tank.

Figure 5. Data examples being developed for GIS and hydrologic analysis for DSC-MAR. A. High-resolution DEM (3-m pixels) based on regional LIDAR survey. B. Preliminary hydrologic response units (HRUs, >6000 in image) developed for hydrologic modeling using PRMS. C. Soil texture data (sand fraction) extracted from NRCS records of soil classification. More than 20 data sets are being developed, patched, smoothed, and compiled for this project.

Water level is measured with a pressure logger in a stilling well, providing bulk infiltration rate data, and vertical infiltration rates are determined using heat as a tracer using custom probes (instruments and methods developed at UCSC [8, 14]). Pressure loggers measure the head gradient, allowing calculation of saturated hydraulic conductivity (when combined with flow rate information). Vertical infiltration rates also allow rates of nitrate removal to be calculated in a Lagrangian framework, tracking water as it infiltrates with time (discussed in next section). Multi-channel electrical resistivity tomograms (ERT) will be used to assess infiltration rates, using an AGI R8 multichannel SuperSting receiver powered by two 12V marine batteries. Current is routed to a cable comprising 56 electrodes with 2 m spacing. To normalize and maximize contact resistance, each electrode will be attached to a 50-cm stainless steel spike that is driven into the ground. Electrical resistivity is measured by running constant current into the ground through two electrodes, then measuring the voltage difference at two potential electrodes down-cable. Data will be processed using AGI EarthImager software. Having independent information on total and vertical infiltration rates (using mass balance for the plot and the thermal data, respectively) will allow determination of horizontal versus vertical infiltration. Preliminary testing shows that a ratio of total:vertical infiltration of 10:1 is not unusual (Fig. 4). We will independently determine water content below and outside the test plot with resistivity instrumentation, to quantify both water storage and transport. Lateral infiltration is expected to occur even in isotropic soils, but will also provide a quantitative measure of soil anisotropy (a property that is otherwise difficult to determine experimentally).

C. Controls on Denitrification and Use of Permeable Reactive Barriers during Infiltration We will install nests of (custom) small piezometers at multiple depths, with a screen and coarse sand filter, backfilled with native soil, topped by a bentonite seal. Fluid samples will be collected using tubing that extends to the edge of the plot. Samples will be filtered in the field with 0.45-µmol filters for geochemical studies, and 0.22-µmol filters for microbiological studies.

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All materials will be acid-washed prior to use, and samples will be chilled/frozen immediately for transport back to the lab for analysis. Dissolved and total nutrient concentrations will be determined by colormetric flow injection analysis, and major ions/metals will be analyzed by IC, ICP-OES, and ICM-MS (all available at UCSC). The nitrate removal rate will be calculated from the difference in concentration at multiple depths (surface, piezometers at multiple depths) based on the distance and travel time, with the latter determined using heat as a tracer [8]. We will focus during the first project year on documenting bulk reductions in nitrate concentrations, incorporating nitrate isotopic analyses in Yrs 2 and 3 to resolve differences in denitrification associated with different rates of infiltration. We will collect soil samples before and after infiltration testing from multiple depths, to assess changes in soil texture, and evidence for enhanced microbial activity (analyzing organic carbon concentrations and microbial ecology). We will also test whether permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) can increase the load reduction and/or rate of denitrification. Denitrifying PRBs are used to remove nitrate from groundwater and agricultural systems [e.g., 15, 16]. Denitrification in groundwater is often carbon-limited, so the reactive medium in denitrifying PRBs usually includes a carbon source such as wood chips, sawdust, or wheat straw. We will run initial PRB studies with Redwood chips, a denitrifying garden amendment and is inexpensive and locally available, and analyze fluids for a suite of redox-sensitive species. We will focus initially on nitrate because it is a common contaminant that is readily sampled and measured, but denitrification is often associated with changes in redox state, which can involve cycling of elements such as iron, manganese, and uranium. Other PRBs have been used to remove inorganic compounds such as trace metals, which are common in shallow groundwater [17, 18].

D. Microbial Ecology and Function We will collect subsurface sediment to evaluate microbial activity when field plots are prepared, soon after infiltration, and on the final days of each test. Samples collected from native soils and from above, within, and below PRBs will be placed in sterile polypropylene tubes, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at –70˚C until they can be analyzed. For microbial analysis, we are particularly interested in the presence of 16S rRNA and microbial nitrogen functional genes. We will compare how the nitrogen-metagenome differs plot by plot and changes during MAR. For changes in microbial diversity, total DNA will be extracted and the 16S rRNA gene will be PCR amplified. DNA and RNA will be obtained from samples using PowerSoil isolation kits for DNA and RNA (MoBio). For microbial diversity, we will target three hyper-variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene (V1, V2, or V3) (467 bases). This technique will provide a proven estimate of species richness while moderating sequencing costs [19]. We identified seven primers sets targeting both denitrification (nirS, nirK and nosZ) and nitrification (nifH, chiA, AOB-amoA, AOA-amoA) pathways [20-22], and will use these primers in a pooled in a PCR to generate a sub-metagenome specific to the nitrogen cycle. The mRNA for nitrogen gene transcripts will be converted into cDNA with the primer pool containing the seven genes above. Illumina MiSeq will be used to sequence all the PCR products simultaneous, generating a massive amount of sequence data (up to 15 Gigabases per run). To facilitate computational parsing of the DNA sequences for each sample, a unique DNA "barcode" will be introduced to each PCR product pool prior to sequencing. Each primer (16S rRNA and nitrogen cycle genes) will be designed with a common adapter and the nitrogen primers will be pooled into one mixture. After cDNA synthesis, we will perform a second amplification with the corresponding forward nitrogen gene-specific primers containing a forward common adapter. Various combinations of barcoded primers will be used to re-amplify each cDNA (and 16S

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rRNA gene PCR) specific to each environmental sample. The barcoded reactions will be mixed in equal ratios and submitted for paired end sequencing. Each sample will be analyzed for unique 16S rRNA and nitrogen genes, to determine sequence richness and diversity. We expect to find an increase in the abundance of denitrification genes relative to those involved in nitrification, in association with quantitative increase in the nitrate load reduction and/or rate of denitrification.

E. Applying Results to Regional Analyses of Potential Benefits from DSC-MAR We will collect environmental data and samples at DSC-MAR sites during the rainy (winter) season of Project Yrs 2 and 3, and monitor field conditions in real-time using telemetered data to help in preparing and running field campaigns. These data and samples will be compared to those recovered from the controlled percolation experiments, to assess whether conditions and processes documented during the latter also occur as part of DSC-MAR operations. Stormwater flows are highly unpredictable, making it challenging to be on site at critical times for sampling and checking of experimental systems. In addition, flashy flows and rapidly changing infiltration rates will make it challenging to quantity controls on changes in water quality during MAR. Thus the experimental data from controlled percolation tests will be important for elucidating the functional controls of infiltration rate on nitrate load and denitrification. That said, data and samples from functional DSC-MAR systems will be essential for testing and generalizing the results determined with the experimental plots, and evaluating how these results can be extended to potential DSC-MAR sites around the region (and in other settings).

F. Facilities and Collaborators We have permission from the Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency (PVWMA) to run controlled percolation experiments in the Harkins Slough MAR infiltration basin. The project team is collaborating with the RCD-SCC, Community Water Dialog, and other groups develop and monitor new DSC-MAR sites. One such site is fully operational and two more will go online in Winter 2015 (in time for this study). We are designing field systems specifically to allow monitoring/sampling, including sustained access and real-time telemetry of field data. Project co-PIs and collaborators bring considerable field and laboratory expertise, instrumentation, and supplies to this effort. Fisher and students are experienced in development and application of methods to quantify surface water-groundwater interactions, especially infiltration and MAR. The hydrogeology group brings piezometers and well components, pressure gauges and loggers, autonomous thermal probes and custom software, water probes for single and multiple parameters, automated fluid samplers with glass and plastic bottles, pumps/batteries, and field vehicles for moving gear and personnel to and from experimental sites. Project co-PIs also maintain and have access to general wet chemistry laboratories, waste disposal and EH&S support, and chemical and glassware supplies. Analytic equipment includes high precision balances, refrigerators, freezers, filtration systems, a flow injection analyzer, and an Ion Chromatograph. Co-PIs contribute computational experience and equipment, including workstations, field computers, printers/plotters, RAID back-up systems, and standard and specialized software for modeling, analysis, and safe storage of data. Saltikov brings expertise in anaerobic microbiology and microbial ecology, with extensive experience in genetic manipulation of environmental microbes like Shewanella, known for their metabolic flexibility, including their abilities to respire. Saltikov has used next-generation sequencing tools to conduct transcriptome studies to identify gene expression patterns microbes grown under aerobic vs. anaerobic conditions, and to construct draft genome sequences of new arsenic-transforming anaerobes isolated from alkaline, hypersaline lakes (Mono Lake, CA and

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Big Soda Lake, NV). Saltikov is experienced in microbial ecology studies focusing on functional genes that impact biogeochemical cycles, and is working on new approaches that link sequencing technology and advanced computational biology tools required to analyze massive genetic datasets. Swarzenski brings to this project expertise in shallow geophysical methods and outstanding facilities, including a multi-channel electrical resistivity receiver and multiple streamers that can be used to assess infiltration rates and general lithologic and hydrologic conditions. He also has 12 radon field monitors that can be set up to collect time series radon data in either groundwater or surface water. At the USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Swarzenski manages a geochemistry lab that has two ultra low background HPGe gamma detectors, four Delayed Coincidence Radium Detectors, and 12 alpha detectors. He also has custom designed temperature rods with multi-depth sensors, and a suite of CTD loggers that can be used to monitor water levels, temperature and specific conductivity. The project team also includes Dr. C. Schmidt (please see support letter), who brings expertise in water quality sampling and analysis, and application of isotopic techniques together with hydrologic methods to link nitrogen cycling to infiltration rates and substrate materials.

V. Brief Overview of Related Research A. Stormwater Capture Linked to Managed Aquifer Recharge Stormwater runoff is a valuable, largely untapped water resource. Historically, stormwater is managed by routing water off the landscape as quickly as possible to minimize flood risk. Two alternative approaches are low impact development (LID) and regional collection/infiltration ("spreading grounds"). LID systems are small-scale structures that collect runoff close to its source, often in urban areas, and generally infiltrate small quantities (~1 ac-ft/yr per site) [e/e/, 23]. Regional spreading grounds centralize recharge from large (often developed) areas, collecting water behind dams and infiltrating the water in large percolation structures, yielding benefits of 104–105 ac-ft/yr per system [24, 25]. However, these systems are complex to design, may generate environmental concerns, and are often expensive to build and maintain. DSC–MAR bridges the gap between these practices, being designed to divert runoff from areas of 100–500 acres into a smaller region (typically a 1–3-acre infiltration basin or a system of dry wells). DSC-MAR systems are large enough to produce significant recharge benefit (on the order of 100–500 ac-ft/yr) but have a relatively small footprint. DSC–MAR has significant potential to help meet future water needs in many basins throughout California, can be developed and operated at relatively low cost, and can help to engage stakeholders water resource systems that are cryptic and poorly understood.

B. Denitrification during Infiltration, Groundwater Flow An earlier study of nitrate cycling during MAR indicated a monotonic, quantitative increase in the rate of denitrification during infiltration at higher fluid flow rates, up until an infiltration rate of ~0.6-0.8 m/day [7]. The water used in this earlier study came from an adjacent wetland, and was generally rich in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate, but low in ammonium and other nitrogen species. Rapid and large reductions in nitrate concentration in infiltrating water were accompanied by a decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO), consistent with the rapid formation of a steep redox gradient. The increase in denitrification rate with a greater fluid flow rate suggests that microbial communities in the shallow soil may be stimulated by the rapid introduction of nitrate and DOC-rich water. However, at fluid flow rates >0.6-0.8 m/day, there was little or no indication of denitrification in shallow soil, an observation we interpret to result

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from fluid flow that is so rapid that microbial ecosystems can not keep up with the introduction of DO-rich water. This suggests that microbial denitrification may be accomplished in this setting by facultative anaerobes, but we have no samples or observations to test this hypothesis. This gap will be addressed with the proposed studies.

C. Permeable Reactive Barriers Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) were first developed in the early 1990s to treat contaminants in groundwater, including nitrate [26, 27]. They are widely accepted as a less costly alternative to conventional pump-and-treat systems for in situ treatment of contaminated groundwater. The concept is to place a vertical "wall" of reactive medium perpendicular to lateral groundwater flow. As contaminated groundwater moves through the medium under its natural hydraulic gradient`, the medium reacts with contaminants through physical`, chemical`, and/or biological processes. The contaminants are transformed into less harmful compounds or fixated into reactive materials. PRBs are most effective for shallow groundwater contamination`, due to the prohibitive cost of installing a barrier at depth. One field study documented a denitrifying PRB that maintained nitrate removal within 50% of initial rates after 15 years of continuous operation [16]. Most studies of PRBs are laboratory-based, so this NIWR project will provide important field-based data to assess controls on contaminant removal using a PRB system, including infiltration rate and duration.

D. Genomic Tools Applied to Microbial Ecology Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies are revolutionizing microbial ecology

investigations in soil and sedimentary environments, with technologies/platforms such as pyrosequencing (454) and Illumina that generate massive data sets. By implementing DNA "barcoding" approaches, numerous samples can be sequenced at once. Recent studies have used barcoding-pyrosequencing to investigate bacterial community structure in 88 soils across the Americas [28], and a similar approach characterized impacts of soil pH on ammonia oxidizing bacteria in 65 soil samples [29]. Illumina HiSeq/MiSeq is especially promising because it is both cheaper than pyrosequencing and generates more (albeit shorter) sequencing reads, making it an enticing platform for multiplexing numerous samples. The Illumina sequencing approach generated nearly 12 million reads in a recent study of species diversity/richness in 272 clinical samples [30], and was applied in another study to investigate complex fungi communities in 16 soil samples [31]. These and other studies show that this approach can be used to assess "who's there" and "what are they doing" in diverse environments. We propose the first application of these genomic approaches to infiltration and MAR, with simultaneous and co-located hydrologic and geochemical analyses.

VI. Training Potential This project will support extensive student training for graduate and undergraduate students. Four outstanding PhD student researchers will be (partly) supported by NIWR funds, under the close supervision of Fisher, Saltikov, Swarzenski, and Schmidt. S. Beganskas and E. Teo will complete GIS and runoff analyses. Beganskas is managing DSC-MAR studies at one field site, and will be the lead graduate student in the initial phase of infiltration experiments. Teo and a G. Gorski, will lead subsequent infiltration experiments, including quantification of soil properties, fluid composition, controls on denitrification, and application of PRB technology. Gorski's expertise in isotopic techniques and will be applied to nitrate isotopics. J. Hernandez will be the lead student on environmental microbiological work. Graduate students will gain valuable experience in theory and methods, and practical application of state-of-the-art methods, as part of

A Systems Approach to Stormwater Capture and Managed Aquifer Recharge Page 12

a multidisciplinary team. The co-PIs have a strong history with undergraduate field and laboratory assistants, will involve at least two undergraduates researchers/year, to assist with lab and field work and complete senior theses, the foundation for professional/graduate work.

VII. Statement of Government Involvement The primary USGS research partner on this project is Dr. Peter Swarzenski, USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA. Swarzenski has extensive expertise in freshwater hydrogeology, including biogeochemistry and application of geophysical techniques. Swarzenski's role in the project will be to: 1) characterize scales and rates of MAR infiltration, using multi-channel electrical resistivity methods, and 2) collaborate on interpretation of geochemical/hydrologic data and links to microbiology. UCSC students will work in Swarzenski's lab and at UCSC, and the full project group will meet regularly to discuss design, process data and samples, analyze results, and prepare co-authored presentations and papers. Swarzenski will serve on graduate student committees and participate regularly in hydrogeology group meetings, which will be held both at UCSC and at the USGS (introducing graduate and undergraduate students to additional opportunities and expertise).

VIII. Information Transfer Plan The proposed research will provide immediate practical information that will be used directly to manage water supply and improve water quality in the study region, and will provide information on opportunities to improving water resources more broadly. Through this project, we are emphasizing two areas of water management that have traditionally been considered separately: stormwater runoff and groundwater. This project has been designed from the beginning to link (a) fundamental scientific research, (b) stakeholder, regulatory and resource agency interests, (c) student training and cross-institutional collaboration, and (d) outreach and communication of results. We have participated in efforts to improve understanding of groundwater conditions in this region for the last four years as part of the Community Water Dialogue (CWD), a grassroots organization that runs public meetings, organizes coordination groups, and highlights successes in best management practices. The CWD is managed collaboratively by Pajaro Valley residents and coordinated by the RCD–SCC. Our history of successful participation in the CWD, collaboration with the RCD–SCC and PVWMA, volunteer technical service with other regional water agencies, and engagement with individual stakeholders and stakeholder groups has helped us develop a positive reputation. Years of outreach efforts have helped us to gain enough trust to be allowed access to facilities and properties where proposed field studies will be completed, quasi-natural laboratories that allow simultaneous and co-located application of multidisciplinary tools and techniques. We will present results at CWD meetings and other public venues (Rotary Club, agency events, etc) and solicit input and participation to expand application of DSC-MAR. We will demonstrate the efficacy of the DSC-MAR approach, for improving both water supply and water quality, and help to establish this approach as a verifiable best management practice for this and other regions. In addition, research results will be presented in technical and educational seminars at the USGS, UCSC, and other institutions, at national scientific meetings, and in (graduate, undergraduate) theses and peer-reviewed papers. Data sets will be published (often as digital supplements) and posted online at SCC-RCD and UCSC websites, for use by regional stakeholders and other researchers.

References cited: Systems Approach to DSC-MAR Page 1

IX. Literature Citations/References 1. Wada, Y., L. P. H. van Beek, C. M. van kempen, J. Reckman, S. Vasak, M. F. P.

Bierkens, Global depletion of groundwater resources, Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, 1-5, 2010. 2. Department of Water Resources, “California Water Plan, Update 2009,” (Department of

Water Resources, 2009), 3. Konikow, L. F., E. Kendy, Groundwater depletion: A global problem, Hydrogeol. J. 13,

2005. 4. Brauman, K. A., G. C. Daily, T. K. Duarte, H. A. Mooney, The nature and value of

ecosystem services: an overview highlighting hydrologic services, Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour. 32, 67-98, 2007.

5. Racz, A. J., A. T. Fisher, C. M. Schmidt, B. Lockwood, M. Los Huertos, The spatial and temporal dynamics of infiltration during managed aquifer recharge, as quantified using mass balance and thermal methods, Groundwater doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00875.x, 2011.

6. Schmidt, C. M., A. T. Fisher, A. J. Racz, C. G. Wheat, M. Los Huertos, B. Lockwood, Rapid nutrient load reduction during infiltration as part of managed aquifer recharge in an agricultural groundwater basin: Pajaro Valley, California, Hydrol. Proc. doi: 10.1002/hyp.8320, 2011.

7. Schmidt, C. M., A. T. Fisher, A. J. Racz, B. Lockwood, M. Los Huertos, Linking denitrification and infiltration rates during managed groundwater recharge, Env. Sci. Tech. dx.doi.org/10.1021, es2023626, 2011.

8. Hatch, C. E., A. T. Fisher, J. S. Revenaugh, J. Constantz, C. Ruehl, Quantifying surface water - ground water interactions using time series analysis of streambed thermal records: method development, Wat. Resour. Res. 42, 10.1029/2005WR004787, 2006.

9. Russo, T. A., A. T. Fisher, B. S. Lockwood, Assessment of managed aquifer recharge potential and impacts using a geographical information system and numerical modeling Groundwater, doi: 10.1111/gwat.12213, 2014.

10. Markstrom, S. L., L. E. Hay, C. D. Ward-Garrison, J. C. Risley, W. A. Battaglin, D. M. Bjerklie et al., “Integrated Watershed-Scale Response to Climate Change for Selected Basins Across the United States,” (U. S. Geological Survey, 2012),

11. Markstrom, S., R. Niswonger, S. Regan, D. Prudic, P. Barlow, “GSFLOW: Coupled groundwater and surface-water flow model based on the integration of the precipitation-runoff modeling system (PRMS) and the modular groundwater flow model (MODFLOW-2005),” (U. S. Geological Survey, 2008),

12. Bouwer, H., Intake rate: Cylinder infiltrometer, in Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I, Physical and Mineralogical Methods. (American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, 1986), vol., Agronomy Monograph 9, pp. 825-855.

13. Bagarello, V., M. Castellini, S. Di Prima, M. S. h. p. d. b. i. e. a. d. h. o. w. p. G. Iovino, 492–501 (2014). Soil hydraulic properties determined by infiltration experiments and different heights of water pouring, Geoderma 213, 492-501, 2014.

14. Hatch, C. E., A. T. Fisher, C. Ruehl, G. Stemler, Spatial and temporal variations in streambed hydraulic conductivity quantified with time-series thermal methods, J. Hydrol., doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.05.046, 276-288, 2010.

References cited: Systems Approach to DSC-MAR Page 2

15. Fryar, A. E., F. W. Schwartz, Hydraulic-conductivity reduction, reaction-front propagation, and preferential flow within a model reactive barrier, J. Contam Hydrol 32, 333-351, 1998.

16. Robertson, W. D., D. W. Blowes, C. J. Ptacek, J. A. Cherry, Long-term performance of in-situ reactive barriers for nitrate remediation, Groundwater 38, 689-695, 2008.

17. Jurgens, B. C., M. S. Fram, K. Belitz, K. R. Burow, M. K. Landon, Effects of Groundwater Development on Uranium: Central Valley, California, USA, Ground Water, no-no, 2009.

18. Obiri-Nyarko, F., S. J. Grajales-Mesa, G. Malina, An overview of permeable reactive barriers for in situ sustainable groundwater remediation, Chemosphere 111, 243-259, 2014.

19. Schloss, P. D., The effects of alignment quality, distance calculation method, sequence filtering, and region on the analysis of 16S rRNA gene-based studies, Plos Computational Biology 6, 2010.

20. Inoue, D., J. Pang, M. Matsuda, K. Sei, K. Nishida, M. Ike, Development of a whole community genome amplification-assisted DNA microarray method to detect functional genes involved in the nitrogen cycle, World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 30, 2907-2915, 2014.

21. Zhang, X., W. Liu, M. Schloter, G. Zhang, Q. Chen, J. Huang et al., Response of the abundance of key soil microbial nitrogen-cycling genes to multi-factorial global changes, Plos One 8, 2013.

22. Hai, B., N. H. Diallo, S. Sall, F. Haesler, K. Schauss, M. Bonzi et al., Quantification of key genes steering the microbial nitrogen cycle in the rhizosphere of sorghum cultivars in tropical agroecosystems, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 4993-5000, 2009.

23. Newcomer, M. E., J. J. Gurdak, L. S. Sklar, L. Nanus, Urban recharge beneath low impact development and effects of climate variability and change, Wat. Resour. Res. 50, 1716-1734, 2014.

24. Bouwer, H., Artificial recharge of groundwater: hydrogeology and engineering, Hydrogeol. J. 10, 121-142, 2002.

25. Bouwer, H. P., R. D. G. Pyne, J. Brown, D. St. Germain, T. M. MNorris, C. J. Brown et al., “Design, operation, and maintenance for sustainable underground storage facilities,” (American Water Works Association Research Foundation, 2009),

26. Schmidt, C. A., M. W. Clark, Efficacy of a denitrification wall to treat continuously high nitrate loads, Ecol. Eng. 42, 203-211, 2012.

27. Schipper, L. A., W. D. Robertson, A. J. Gold, D. B. Jaynes, S. C. Cameron, Denitrifying bioreactors—An approach for reducing nitrate loads to receiving waters, Ecol. Eng. 36, 1532-1543, 2010.

28. Lauber, C. L., M. Hamady, R. Knight, N. Fierer, Pyrosequencing-based assessment of soil pH as a predictor of soil bacterial community structure at the continental scale, App. Env. Microbiol. 75, 5111-5120, 2009.

29. Hu, H. W., L. M. Zhang, Y. Dai, H. J. Di, J. Z. He, pH-dependent distribution of soil ammonia oxidizers across a large geographical scale as revealed by high-throughput pyrosequencing, J. Soil and Sed. 13, 1439–1449, 2013.

30. Gloor, G. B., R. Hummelen, J. M. Macklaim, R. J. Dickson, A. D. Fernandes, R. MacPhee et al., Microbiome profiling by illumina sequencing of combinatorial sequence-tagged PCR products, PLoS One 5, e15406, 2010.

References cited: Systems Approach to DSC-MAR Page 3

31. Schmidt, P. A., M. Bálint, B. Greshake, C. Bandow, Illumina metabarcoding of a soil fungal community, Soil Biol. Biochem. 65, 128-1321, 2013.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Andrew T. Fisher Professor University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) Earth and Planetary Sciences Department 1156 High Street Santa Cruz, CA 95064

Email: afisher@ucsc.edu Phone: (831) 459-5598 Fax: (831) 459-3074

(a) Professional Preparation i. Stanford University Geology B.S. (1984) ii. University of Miami, RSMAS Marine Geology and Geophysics Ph.D. (1989) (b) Appointments 2003-pres. Professor: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, UCSC

Affiliated with Departments of Environmental Studies, Ocean Sciences, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, and Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology

1999-03 Associate Professor: Department of Earth Sciences, UCSC 1995-99 Assistant Professor: Department of Earth Sciences, UCSC 1994-95 Graduate Faculty: Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University 1993 Visiting Assistant Professor: Department of Geophysics, Texas A & M University 1989-93 Adjunct Assistant Professor: Department of Geophysics, Texas A & M University 1989-93 Staff Scientist: Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A & M University 1988 Exploration Geologist, Shell Western Exploration and Production, Inc., Houston TX

(c) Publications (out of 122 papers published or in press) Five publications most relevant to proposed project (•student/former student co-author):

*Russo, T. A., A. T. Fisher, and B. S. Lockwood (2014), Assessment of managed aquifer recharge potential and impacts using a geographical information system and numerical modeling Groundwater: doi: 10.1111/gwat.12213.

*Schmidt, C. M., A. T. Fisher, A. J. Racz*, C. G. Wheat, M. Los Huertos, and B. Lockwood (2011), Rapid nutrient load reduction during infiltration as part of managed aquifer recharge in an agricultural groundwater basin: Pajaro Valley, California, Hydrological Processes, doi: 10.1002/hyp.8320.

*Schmidt, C. M., A. T. Fisher, A. J. Racz*, B. Lockwood, and M. Los Huertos (2011), Linking denitrification and infiltration rates during managed groundwater recharge, Environmental Science and Technology, dx.doi.org/10.1021: es2023626.

*Racz, A. J., A. T. Fisher, C. M. Schmidt*, B. Lockwood, and M. Los Huertos (2011), The spatial and temporal dynamics of infiltration during managed aquifer recharge, as quantified using mass balance and thermal methods, Ground Water, doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00875.x.

*Hatch, C. E., A. T. Fisher, J. S. Revenaugh, J. Constantz, and C. Ruehl (2006), Quantifying surface water - ground water interactions using time series analysis of streambed thermal records: method development, Water Resources Research, 42(10): 10.1029/2005WR004787.

Five other significant publications (•student/former student co-author):

*Russo, T. A., A. T. Fisher, and D. W. Winslow* (2013), Regional and local increases in storm intensity in the San Francisco Bay Area, USA, between 1890 and 2010, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 18: 1-10, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50225.

*Russo, T. A., A. T. Fisher, and J. W. Roche (2012), Improving riparian wetland conditions based on infiltration and drainage behavior during and after controlled flooding, Journal of Hydrology,

doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.02.022.

*Hatch, C. E., A. T. Fisher, C. Ruehl, and G. Stemler (2010), Spatial and temporal variations in streambed hydraulic conductivity quantified with time-series thermal methods, Journal of Hydrology(389): doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.1005.1046, 1276-1288.

*Ruehl, C., A. T. Fisher, M. Los Huertos, S. Wankel, C. Kendall, C. Hatch, and C. Shennan (2007), Nitrate dynamics within the Pajaro River, a nutrient-rich, losing stream, J. North Am. Benth. Soc., 26(2): 191-206.

*Ruehl, C., A. T. Fisher, C. Hatch, M. Los Huertos, G. Stemler, and C. Shennan (2006), Differential gauging and tracer tests resolve seepage fluxes in a strongly-losing stream, Journal of Hydrology, 300: 235-248. (d) Synergistic Activities (5 example activities)

• Member of technical advisory committees (volunteer) for Soquel Creek Water District, Community Water Dialog, Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency, Scotts Valley Water District, Monterey County Water Resources Agency.

• Supervised >40 undergraduate researchers, including seven REU scholars. • Forty-three invited presentations during 2008-13, including 18 to non-scientific groups. • Founder of The Recharge Initiative (www.rechargeinitiative.org). • Organized the largest education and outreach (E&O) program on a regular ODP/IODP

drilling expedition; organized similar programs on two follow-up expeditions. (e) Collaborators and Co-Editors (not at UCSC and not part of this project) Becker, K. (U Miami); Clark, J. F. (UCSB), Davis, E. E. (PGC); Edwards, K. (USC), Fisk, M. (OSU); Gable, C.W. (LANL); Harris, R.N. (OSU), Hulme, S. (MLML); Inderbitzen, K. (UAF); Jannasch, H. (MBARI); Los Huertos, M. (CSUMB); Nielsen, M. (Harvard); Popa, R. (U. Hawaii), Tsuji, T. (Kyoto U.), Villinger, H. (U. Bremen), Von Herzen, R.P. (WHOI); Wang, K. (PGC) (f) Graduate Advisor K. Becker (U. Miami, RSMAS) (g) Graduate Student Supervision (24 total) Current: D. Winslow (UCSC), B. Daniels (UCSC), A. Lecher (UCSC), S. Beganskas (UCSC), E. Teo (UCSC), K. Young (UCSC) Past: A. Racz (Schaaf & Wheeler); P. Ganguli (WHOI); T. Russo (Penn State); C. Schmidt (USF), C. Hatch (U Mass, Amherst), M. Hutnak (RightOnQ Hydrology), R. Sigler (CSUMB), A. Powers (Neilson Consulting), G. Ricco (unknown); G. Stemler (AMEC Environmental), C. Ruehl (CARB), P. Friedmann (Marina Coast Water), G. Spinelli (NMT), E. Giambalvo (Sandia), J. Stein (Sandia), D. Widemann (Sonoma County School District), J. Lear (MPWMD), J. Erskine (Granite Rock) (h) Postdoctoral Scholar Supervision (3 total) R. Lauer (UCSC, current), A. Cherkaoui (Sodexo), P. Stauffer (LANL)

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH For Chad W. Saltikov Name: Chad W. Saltikov Email: saltikov@ucsc.edu

Position: Professor of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology

Education and Training Institution and Location Degree Year(s) Field

University of California at Santa Barbara B.S./B.S 1995 Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Aquatic Biology

University of California at Irvine Ph.D. 2001 Environmental Toxicology California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, CA Postdoc 2001-2004 Geological Sciences Research and Professional Experience: 2014-present Professor of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California,

Santa Cruz. Research focuses on how microorganisms alter the fate and transport of pollutants with a specific emphasis on arsenate-reducing and arsenite-oxidizing bacteria in extreme environments.

2010-2014 Associate Professor of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz.

2004-2010 Assistant Professor of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz.

2001-2004 Postdoctoral Scholar at Caltech. My research was aimed at determining the genetic basis for microbial arsenate respiration. I worked in the laboratory of Professor Dianne Newman in the Earth and Planetary Sciences department.

1995-2001 Graduate Student Researcher at UC Irvine. I did my PhD thesis work in Professor Betty Olson’s laboratory at UC Irvine. My thesis research aimed at understanding the microbial ecology of arsenic resistant bacteria in hot spring environments.

Products: Publications relevant to proposal(* corresponding author) 2014 Amend, J.P., Saltikov, C.W, Lu, Guang-Sin and Hernandez, Jaime. Microbial Arsenic

Metabolism and Reaction Energetics. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 79 391-433, doi:10.2138/rmg.2014.79.7

2013 Price, R. E., Lesniewski, R., Nitzsche, K. S., Meyerdierks, A., Saltikov, C.W., Pichler, T., & Amend, J. P. (2013). Archaeal and bacterial diversity in an arsenic-rich shallow-sea hydrothermal system undergoing phase separation. Frontiers in Microbiology, 4(158), 1–19. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00158

2012 Zargar K, Conrad A, Bernick DL, Lowe TM, Stolc V, Hoeft S, Oremland RS, Stolz J, Saltikov CW* ArxA, a new clade of arsenite oxidase within the DMSO reductase family of molybdenum oxidoreductases. Environ Microbiol 14:1635–1645 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02722.x

2011 Dhar, R. D., R. K., Zheng, Y., Saltikov, C. W., Radloff, K. A., Mailloux, B. J., Ahmed, K. M. and van Geen, A., Microbes enhance mobility of arsenic in Pleistocene aquifer sand from Bangladesh. Environmental Science and Technology 45, 2648-2654.

2010 Zargar, K., Hoeft, S., Oremland, R. S. and Saltikov, C. W.*, Identification of a novel arsenite oxidase gene, arxA, in the haloalkaliphilic, arsenite-oxidizing bacterium Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii strain MLHE-1. Journal of Bacteriology 192: 3755-3762. 10.1128/JB.00244-10

2010 Reyes, C. and Murphy, J. N., and Saltikov, C. W.*, Mutational and gene expression analysis of mtrDEF, omcA and mtrCAB during arsenate and iron reduction in Shewanella sp ANA-3. Environmental Microbiology 12(7), 1878-1888.

2009 Oremland, R.S., Saltikov, C.W., Wolfe-Simon, F., and Stolz, J.F., Arsenic in the Evolution of Earth and Extraterrestrial Ecosystems, Geomicrobiology Journal, 26:1-15

Synergistic Activities: Service:

1. Guest Editor, Saltikov and co-Conveners from an AGU (2006) meeting were guest editors for a special journal issue on Biogeochemical Gradients to be published in Applied Geochemistry (issued in 2007).

2. Invited Talks and Workshops: USGS, University of California (Santa Cruz, Irvine, Merced, Berkeley) USC, Caltech, Gordon Conferences (Bioinorganic Chemistry and Molybdenum/Tungsten Enzymes), Telurride workshop on geomicrobiology of iron (2008 and 2010), Hartnell Community College, University of the Pacific, and conferences sponsored by ACS, AGU, EGU, and SSSA.

3. Manuscript/Proposal Reviewer: Review of articles for journals, such as J. Bacteriology, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Geobiology, Molecular Microbiology, Environmental Science and Technology; and others; Grant proposal review for NSF and NASA Exobiology, and NIEHS. NASA Exobiology proposal review panelist for 2009 and 2010. Panel Chair in 2012 for NASA Exobiology.

4. Meeting Organization: Saltikov has organized and convened two meetings in 2010: ASM Microbe Meddling with Metals and Metalloids (2010) with Professor Chris Rensing (Arizona State); the Goldschmidt Conference (2010) with Brandy Toner, Matthew G., and Carolina Reyes; Saltikov co-convened the AGU (2014) session, Geogenic Groundwater Contamination and Its Impact on Agriculture and Public Health, with Rebecca Neumann, Benjaim Bostik, and Brian Mailoux.

Other Service: I also teach a course at a high school summer science camp called COSMOS, which is hosted by UC Santa Cruz. Students (~170) live on campus for 4 weeks and take a variety of courses. I teach a hands-on, lab based course on Environmental Toxicology for 18 students.

Collaborators and Other Affiliations: Last 24 months: Jan P. Amend (University of Southern California), Ryan Lesniewski (University of

Southern California), Guang-Sin Lu (University of Southern California), Anke Meyerdierks (Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen), Katja S. Nitzsche (Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen), Thomas Pichler (University of Bremen)

Last 48 months: Kazi M Ahmed (Dhaka University), Jan P. Amend (University of Southern California), Jodi Blum (United States Geological Survey), Ratan K Dhar (Queens College), Alexander van Geen (Columbia University), Jeffrey A Gralnick (University of Minnesota-Twin Cities), Sukkyun Han (University of California, Riverside), Shelley Hoeft (United States Geological Survey), Linda Jahnke (NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field), Thomas Kulp (United States Geological Survey), Brian Lanoil (University of Alberta, Canada), Sean Langely (University of Ottawa), Ryan Lesniewski (University of Southern California), Yat Li (UC Santa Cruz), Brian J Mailloux (Barnard College), Anke Meyerdierks (Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen), Katja S. Nitzsche (Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen), Ronald Oremland (United States Geological Survey), Thomas Pichler (University of Bremen), Roy E. Price (University of Southern California), Fang Qian (UC Santa Cruz), Yongqin Jiao (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), Kathleen A Radloff (Columbia University), Michael Schlömann (TU Bergakademie Freiberg), Anne-Christine Schmidt (TU Bergakademie Freiberg), Jana Seifert (TU Bergakademie Freiberg), Viktor Stolc (NASA Ames), John Stolz (Duquesne University), Munawar Sultana (Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh), F. Robert Tabita (The Ohio State University), Susann Vogler (TU Bergakademie Freiberg), Gongming Wang (UC Santa Cruz), Brian Witte (The Ohio State University), Kamrun Zargar (UC Santa Cruz), Yan Zheng (Columbia University)

Graduate Advisor: Prof. Betty H. Olson (UC Irvine) Postdoctoral Advisor: Prof. Dianne Newman (California Institute of Technology) Graduate Student Advisees: Kamrun Zargar (UC Santa Cruz) (PhD 2010), Carolina Reyes (PhD 2011),

Jeanie Ramos (MS 2010) (UC Santa Cruz), Alison Conrad (MS 2014), Jaime Hernandez (PhD candidate UC Santa Cruz, 4th year), Pamela Watson (PhD UC Santa Cruz 4th year), Jesica Navarette (UC Santa Cruz, 3rd year)

Visiting Scholars (at UCSC): Past scholars: Prof. Munawar Sultana (Bangladesh) International Fulbright Fellow, Prof. Prabagaran (India), Prof. Esra Ersoy (Turkey)

BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH  

Peter  W.  Swarzenski  Senior  Research  Oceanographer    U.S.  Geological  Survey    400  Natural  Bridges  Dr  Santa  Cruz,  CA  95060  Tel:  831-­‐460-­‐7529  

  pswarzen@usgs.gov    

(a)  Education    Environ.  Geology  Univ.  Colorado  1985  B.S.  

  Chem.  Oceanography  LSU  1992  M.S.       Chem.  Oceanography  LSU  1997  Ph.D.            

(b) Appointments  2007-­‐present   USGS-­‐Santa  Cruz,  CA,  Senior  Research  Oceanographer      2007-­‐present   UCSC  Research  Associate  and  Lecturer,  Institute  of  Marine  Sciences  2007-­‐present   Assoc.  Editor;  Journal  of  Hydrology,  Estuarine  Coastal  Shelf  Science    2013-­‐present   Editor-­‐in-­‐Chief;  Journal  of  Hydrology-­‐Regional  Studies    1999-­‐2007     USGS-­‐St.  Petersburg,  FL,  Research    Oceanographer      1998-­‐1999     USGS-­‐St  Petersburg,  FL,  Postdoctoral  Fellow    

 (c) Publications  (out  of  100+  published)  

Five  publications  most  relevant  to  proposed  project  (•student/former  student  co-­‐author):  

Densmore,  JN,  Izbicki,  JA,  Murtaugh,  JM,  Swarzenski,  PW,  and  Bullen,  TD.  2014.  Alpha-­‐emitting  isotopes  and  chromium  in  a  coastal  California  aquifer.  Applied  Geochemistry  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.09.016  

*Ganguli,  PM,  Swarzenski,  PW,  Dulaiova,  H,  Glenn,  CR,  and  Flegal,  AR  2014  Mercury  dynamics  in  a    coastal  aquifer:  Maunalua  Bay,  Oahu,  Hawaii.    Estuarine,  Coastal  and  Shelf  Science  140  (2014)  52e65.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.01.012  

Swarzenski,  PW.,  Baskaran,  M.,  Rosenbauer,  R.,  Edwards,  B.,  Land,  MA,  2013,  A  Combined  Radio-­‐  and  Stable-­‐Isotopic  Study  of  a  California  Coastal  Aquifer  System.  Water,  5,  480-­‐504;  doi:10.3390/w5020480  

*Null,  KA,  Dimova,  N,  Knee,  KL,  Esser,  BK,  Swarzenski,  PW,  Singleton,  MJ,  Stacey,  M,  and  Paytan,  A.  2012.  Submarine  groundwater  discharge-­‐derived  nutrient  loads  to  San  Francisco  Bay:  Implications  for  future  ecosystem  changes.  35,  1299-­‐1315.  http://dx.doi:10.1007/s12237-­‐012-­‐9526-­‐7  

Izbicki,  JA,  Swarzenski,  PW,  Burton,  CA,  Van  DeWerfhorst,  LC,  Holden,  PA,  and  Dubinski,  EA,  2012,  Sources  of  fecal  indicator  bacteria  to  groundwater,  Malibu  Lagoon,  and  near-­‐shore  ocean  water,  Malibu,  California.  USA    Annals  of  Environmental  Science.  Vol  .  6,  35-­‐86.  

 Five  other  significant  publications  (•student/former  student  co-­‐author):  

Swarzenski,  PW,  Dailer,  ML,  Glenn,  CR,  Smith,  CG  and  Storlazzi,  CD  2013,  A  geochemical  and  geophysical  assessment  of  coastal  groundwater  discharge  at  select  sites  in  Maui  and  Oahu,  Hawaii.    In,  Groundwater  in  the  Coastal  Zones  of  Asia  Pacific.  Ed  C.  Wetzelhuetter  Springer  Pp.  27-­‐46.    

*Smith,  CG.  and  Swarzenski,  PW.  2012,  An  Investigation  of  submarine-­‐groundwater-­‐borne  nutrient  fluxes  to  the  west  Florida  Shelf  and  recurrent  harmful  algal  blooms.    Limnology  and  Oceanography,  doi:10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.000  

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Weinstein,  Y,  Shalem,  Y,  Yechieli,  Y,  Burnett,  WS,  Swarzenski,  PW,  Herut,  B,  2011,  What  is  the  nutrient  contribution  of  Submarine  Groundwater  Discharge  to  the  coastal  seawater?  An  example  from  Dor  bay,  Israel.  Environmental  Science  and  Technology.  45:  5195-­‐5200      doi:  10.1021/es104394r  

*Santos,  IR,  Burnett,  WC,  Misra,  S,  Suryaputra,  Froehlich,  P,  Chanton,  J,  Dittmar,  T  and  Swarzenski,  PW,  2011,  Submarine  groundwater  discharge  as  a  sink  for  U  and  a  source  for  Ba  at  a  site  of  the  Florida  Gulf  Coast.  Chemical  Geology,  287:  114-­‐123    doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.06.005  

Swarzenski,  P.W.  and  Izbicki,  JA.  2009.  Examining  coastal  exchange  processes  within  a  sandy  beach  using  geochemical  tracers,  seepage  meters  and  electrical  resistivity.  Estuarine,  Coastal  and  Shelf  Science,  83,  77-­‐89,doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.03.027      

 

(d)  Synergistic  Activities  (5  example  activities)    

• Member  of  the  science  advisory  council  for  USGS  PCMSC  • PI  of  a  USGS  project  on  coastal  aquifers  (~  5+  papers  /  yr;  ~3+  invited  talks  /  yr)    • Member  of  the  USGS  Coastal  and  Marine  Geology  Program  Strategic  Science  Plan  • Member  of  an  international  scientific  team  that  addresses  water  –  energy  nexus  processes  for  Ring  of  

Fire  countries    • On  an  interdisciplinary  science  team  that  uses  geophysics  and  geochemistry  to  look  at  groundwater    -­‐  

active  layer  /  permafrost  dynamics      

(e)  Collaborators  and  Co-­‐Editors  (not  at  UCSC  and  not  part  of  this  project)    

    Ferdinand  Oberle,  (MARUM);  Carlos  Green  (Universidad  Nacional  Autonoma  de  Mexico);  Mark  Baskaran,  (Wayne  State  University);  Mike  Beck  (TNC);  Ate  Viusser  (LLNL);  Henrieta  Dulaiova  (University  of  Hawaii);  Hans  Peter  Broers  (University  of  Amsterdam);  Kenneth  Coale  (CSU-­‐MB);  Gualbert  Oude  Essink  (Utrecht  University);  John  Melack  (UCSB);  Ivano  Aiello.  (CSU-­‐MB);  Karne  Johannesson,  (Tulane);  Jason  Gurdack,  (SFSU);  Craig  Glenn  (University  of  Hawaii),  Makoto  Taniguchi,  (Kyoto  -­‐  RIHN);  Matt  Charette  (WHOI);  Patrick  Wilhems  (KU  Leuven);  Okke  Batelaan  (Flinders  U);  Denis  Hughes  (Rhodes  University  -­‐  IWR)  

 

(f)  Graduate  Advisor    

  Brent  Mckee  (UNC-­‐Chapel  Hill)  

 

(g)  Graduate  Student  Supervision  (12  total)    

Zhiqiang  Chen;  Christina  Stringer;  Jim  Schneider;  Jason  Greenwood;  Eric  Davis;  Robyn  Comny;  Rita  Bowker;         Tess  Russo;  Priya  Ganguli;  Christina  Volpi;  Neil  Foley;  Christina  Richardson    

    (h)  Postdoctoral  Scholar  Supervision  (7  total)  

Kevin  Kroeger  (WHOI;  now  permanent  at  CMG-­‐WH);  Lee  Florea  (USF;  now  at  Ft.  Lauderdale,  FL;  Chris  Smith  (LSU;  now  permanent  at  CMG-­‐SP);  Natasha  Divoma  (FSU,  now  at  U  AL)  Chris  Conaway  (UCSC  now  at  USGS);  Kimberley  Null  (UCSC-­‐ES);  Kingsley  Odigie  (UCSC,  now  at  USGS)  

     

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Calla M. Schmidt, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor Environmental Science Department, University of San Francisco

cischmidt@usfca.edu (415) 422-4460

Education University of Oregon Geology B.S., 2004 University of California, Santa Cruz Earth Science Ph.D., 2011 Appointments

• Assistant Professor, Environmental Science Department, USF. (1/2013 – present) • Delta Science Post Doctoral Fellow, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park. (10/2011-

12/2012) • Graduate Student Researcher, University of California, Santa Cruz. (9/2005- 9/2011)

Publications Schmidt, C.M., Fisher, A.T., Racz, A., Los Huertos, M., Wheat, C.G., Sharkey J., Lockwood, B., (2013) Rapid nutrient load reduction during infiltration of managed aquifer recharge in an agricultural basin, Pajaro Valley, California, Hydrological Processes, doi: 10.1002/hyp.8320

Schmidt, C.M., Racz, A., Fisher, A.T., Los Huertos, Lockwood, B. (2011). Linking denitrification and infiltration rates during managed aquifer recharge, Environmental Science and Technology, 45(2), doi:10.1021/es2023626

Racz, A.J. Fisher, A.T., Schmidt, C.M., Lockwood B.S. Los Huertos, M. (2011) Spatial and temporal infiltration dynamics during managed aquifer recharge. Ground Water, doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.

Synergistic Activities and Professional Service • In 2015 I was accepted into the Water Leaders Class organized by the Water Education

Foundation.

• In 2012 I participated in the Institute of Science and Engineer Educators Professional Development Program in inquiry based teaching. Following this training I lead a four-day inquiry based learning experience for students transferring to UC Santa Cruz in STEM fields.

• From 2010 to 2013 I served as a board member for the Coastal Watershed Council, which is a Santa Cruz based non-profit working to promote water quality and watershed stewardship through citizen science. I served as a technical communication advisor to this organization which produces technical storm water quality reports for Santa Cruz County.

• Instructor for the Expanding your Horizons Workshops at UC Santa Cruz. These are workshops designed to introduce high school girls from underrepresented groups to careers in Science (2008-2010).

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• I am engaged with the scientific community through memberships in the American Geophysical Union, Association for Women Geoscientists, National Ground Water Association, and Groundwater Resources Association of California. I also serve as a reviewer for the journals: Environmental Science and Technology, J. of Hydrology, and Water Research.

• Coordinator the UC Santa Cruz Earth Science Department Speaker Series. (2010)

• Graduate representative to the faculty of the UC Santa Cruz Earth Science department.

(2007-2008)

Collaborators and Other Affiliations • Collaborators: Brian Lockwood (Pajaro Valley Groundwater Management Agency), Marc

Los Huertos (California State University, Monterey Bay), Steve Silva (United States Geological Survey), Andrew Racz (University of California, Santa Cruz), Tess Russo (Columbia University), Geoff Wheat, (University of Alaska Fairbanks), Megan Young (United States Geological Survey), Chris Green (United States Geological Survey),

• PhD. Thesis Advisor: Andrew Fisher, University of California, Santa Cruz • Postdoctoral Advisors: Carol Kendal, United States Geological Survey

Raphe Kudela, University of California, Santa Cruz

Budget SummaryProjectNumber: 2015CA357G

Project Title: Linking Distributed Stormwater Capture to Managed Aquifer Recharge: A Systems ApproachCombining Hydrogeology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, and Microbiology

Cost Category Federal1st Year

Non-Federal1st Year

Federal2nd Year

Non-Federal2nd Year

Federal3rd Year

Non-Federal3rd Year Total

Salaries and Wages 41185 22765 42420 23447 43692 24151 197660Fringe

Benefits/LaborOverhead

5351 3933 5562 4076 5784 4226 28932

Tuition 9724 4862 10696 5348 11766 5883 48279Supplies 22975 0 21800 0 19600 0 64375

Equipment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Services/Consultants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Travel 1320 0 3686 0 3870 0 8876Other Direct Costs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total Direct Costs 80555 31560 84164 32871 84712 34260 348122Indirect costs on

federal share XXXXXX 36509 XXXXXX 38205 XXXXXX 37850 112564

Indirect costs onnon-federal share XXXXXX 13591 XXXXXX 14129 XXXXXX 14553 42273

Amount Proposed 80555 81660 84164 85205 84712 86663 502959

Budget Summary 1

United States Department of the Interior U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

PACIFIC COASTAL AND MARINE SCIENCE CENTER 400 Natural Bridges Drive

Santa Cruz, CA 95060

February 13, 20014 Drs. Andrew Fisher and Chad Saltikov Departments of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064

Dear Andy and Chad, I am writing this Statement of Government Involvement to indicate my commitment to collaborate with you both on the following NIWR National Competitive Grant project titled, "Linking Distributed Stormwater Capture to Managed Aquifer Recharge: A Systems Approach Combining Hydrogeology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, and Microbiology." Developing this new collaboration is a logical progression of our shared interests and expertise, and it also represents an excellent opportunity to develop state-of-the-art hydrologic techniques to address California’s water resources issues. Should this NIWR proposal be successful, I will collaborate with you by 1) assisting with the characterization of scales and rates of managed aquifer recharge, using both multi-channel electrical resistivity methods and radon as a natural groundwater tracer, and 2) assisting in the geochemical interpretation. The experimental design of this NIWR project will advance our understanding of distributed storm water capture and managed aquifer recharge (DSC-MAR), thus enhancing water availability. My role in this project will be to assist in experimental design and in field campaigns, and I intend to mentor with you at least one UCSC student. I understand that no NIWR funds would be used to support my participation. I bring decades of research experience and a suite of geochemical and geochemical equipment to this collaborative research effort. Given California’s new water laws and dependency on highly stressed water resources, the timing is ideal to undertake the project, and the results have broad implications. Best wishes with the NIWR proposal.

Sincerely,

Peter W. Swarzenski

Research Oceanographer, USGS PCMSC, Santa Cruz, CA

PAJARO VALLEY WATER MANAGEMENT AGENCY

36 BRENNAN STREET WATSONVILLE, CA 95076

TEL: (831) 722-9292 FAX: (831) 722-3139

email: info@pvwater.org http://www.pvwater.org

February 11, 2015

Dear Andy, I am writing to express support for the NIWR proposal titled, 'Linking Distributed Stormwater Capture to Managed Aquifer Recharge: A Systems Approach Combining Hydrogeology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, and Microbiology.’ The PVWMA is pleased to have partnered with UCSC researchers and students in an earlier study involving the Harkins Slough managed aquifer recharge system, to assess the potential for improving water quality during managed recharge. Earlier findings, that rates of denitrification can be increased as rates of infiltration/recharge increase, are intriguing, and we would like to know more about how both water supply and water quality improvement objectives might be achieved. In particular, there could be benefit to optimizing system operations for simultaneous improvements to both supply and quality. However, we don't know if results from earlier studies can be replicated, or what microbial and biogeochemical processes may occur in soils that facilitate the observed improvements to water quality. We also don't know how permeable reactive barriers might be used more broadly to achieve greater improvement to water quality. The new proposal can help address these gaps in understanding, and should allow results to be adapted to application at other sites.

If this proposal is approved, the PVWMA will provide access to managed recharge facilities so that your team can complete controlled field experiments on application of reactive barrier technology to increase the efficiency of denitrification, and assess what microbial communities and processes are associated with water quality improvements. I understand that the proposed experiments would be run during the dry season when the managed recharge system is not being used to augment water supply, and that you and your team will work around the PVWMA operational schedule. I will coordinate with you and your team to assist with scheduling and testing at the field site. We can discuss more of the details once you hear about review of this proposal.

Best wishes for a successful submission.

Sincerely,

Brian Lockwood, MS, PG, CHg Senior Hydrologist

 

Department of Environmental Science College of Arts and Sciences 2130 Fulton Street San Francisco, CA 94117-1080 Tel 415.422.6553 Fax 415.422.6387

 Calla Schmidt

Assistant Professor Environmental Science Dept.

cischmidt@usfca.edu (415) 422-4460

February 15, 2015 Dear Andy, I am writing to express support and interest in collaborating on your proposed NIWR project titled, "Linking Distributed Stormwater Capture to Managed Aquifer Recharge: A Systems Approach Combining Hydrogeology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, and Microbiology." We collaborated successfully on an earlier study involving the Harkins Slough managed aquifer recharge system, to assess changes in nutrient loads during infiltration of wetland water. That project produced exciting and unexpected results, showing large load reductions as a result of rapid denitrification during infiltration through shallow soils. The earlier project also showed that rates of denitrification increased as rates of infiltration/recharge increased, and we would like to know more about how both water supply and water quality improvement objectives might be achieved in groundwater recharge systems fed by captured stormwater. However, we don't know if results from earlier studies can be replicated, if they will apply to stormwater systems, or what linked microbial and biogeochemical processes may occur during stormwater infiltration. We also don't know how permeable reactive barriers might be used more broadly to achieve greater improvement to water quality. The new project can help address these gaps in understanding, and should allow results to be quantified and applied at other sites as part of best management practices. If this proposal is approved, I will collaborate with your team of researchers, students, and stakeholders at no cost to this project. I have separate funding that will support my participation and that of my students during this collaboration. I understand that much of the fieldwork is to be completed initially during the summer, through a series of controlled field experiments, and that later work will include sampling during the rainy season, followed by laboratory analyses. I am confident that we can complete essential water analyses with a combination of laboratory work at UCSC, USF, and the USGS. Sincerely,  

 

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