l’institut d’archeologie de l’universite ... mikołaj budzanowski: the cult niches on the...

L’INSTITUT D’ARCHEOLOGIE DE L’UNIVERSITE JAGELLONNE DE CRACOVIE

RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUESNOUVELLE SERIE 1

KRAKÓW 2009

© Copyright by Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University

Kraków 2009

REDACTIONWojciech Blajer

CONSEIL EN REDACTION

Jan Chochorowski, Krzysztof Ciałowicz, Piotr Kaczanowski, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Jacek Poleski, Joachim Śliwa, Paweł Valde-Nowak

TRADUCTION

Piotr Godlewski, Romana Kiełbasińska et auteurs des articles

SECRETAIRE DE LA REDACTIONMarcin S. Przybyła

ILLUSTRATIONS

Urszula Bąk, Elżbieta Pohorska-Kleja, Urszula Socha et auteurs des articles

MAQUETTE DE COUVERTUREJacek Poleski

MISE EN PAGES

Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna “PROFIL” Magdalena Dzięgielewska

EN COUVERTURETrois figurines d’ivoire de site prédynastique de Tell el-Farkha

ADRESSE DE LA REDACTION

Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, ul. Gołębia 11, PL 31-007 Krakówwww.archeo.edu.uj.pl/ra

ISSN 0137-3285

Cette publication est financée aux moyens destinés à l’activité statutaire de la Faculté d’Histoire de l’Université Jagellonne

To Readers and co-Authors of „Recherches Archéologiques”

FOUILLES ARCHEOLOGIQUES EN POLOGNE

Bolesław Ginter, Marta Połtowicz-Bobak: Dzierżysław 35 – an open-air Magdalenian site in Upper Silesia (part III)

Paweł Valde-Nowak: Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians. Settlements at Łoniowa and Żerków

Piotr Godlewski: Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district, season 2005

Tobias L. Kienlin, Paweł Valde-Nowak: Bronzezeitliches Siedlungswesen im Vorfeld der polnischen Westkarpaten: Geomagnetische Untersuchungen und Geländebegehungen im Bereich des Dunajectals

Wojciech Blajer: Die Ausgrabungen an der Fundstelle 5 in Lipnik, Kr. Przeworsk (Siedlung der Trzciniec-Kultur, Gräberfeld der Tarnobrzeg-Gruppe), in den Jahren 2004 – 2006 (7.–9. Grabungssaison)

Anna Gawlik, Piotr Godlewski: Rescue excavations at site 1 in Witów, Proszowice district. Seasons 2004 – 2006

Ulana Zielińska: Bone material from the Lusatian culture settlement in WitówKarol Dzięgielewski, Urszula Bąk, Tomasz Kalicki, Barbara Szybowicz: Investigations

in 2004 – 2006 at the Bronze Age cemetery (site 3) at Zbrojewsko, district Kłobuck, voiv. Śląskie

Agnieszka Klimek, Łukasz Oleszczak, Zbigniew Robak: Forschungen an der Fundstelle der Lausitzer Kultur in Sufczyce, Fst. 8, Kr. Staszów, im Jahre 2005

Marcin S. Przybyła: Sondierungsausgrabungen auf der Siedlung aus der Bronzezeit und der römischen Kaiserzeit in Markowa, Kr. Łańcut, Fst. 85

Marzena J. Przybyła: Bericht von den Rettungsausgrabungen in Lipnik, Fst. 3, Gde. Kańczuga, Kr. Przeworsk, Woiw. Podkarpackie. Saison 2003 – 2004

Michał Grygiel, Jacek Pikulski, Marek Trojan: The research on the multicultural site no. 1 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie during the years 2003 to 2004

Michał Grygiel, Jacek Pikulski, Marek Trojan: Rescue excavations on the Late Roman period settlement on site 3 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie

Renata Madyda-Legutko, Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak, Joanna Zagórska-Telega: Prusiek, Fst. 25, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie – das erste Gräberfeld der Bevölkerung der Przeworsk-Kultur in den polnischen Karpaten

Renata Madyda-Legutko, Elżbieta Pohorska-Kleja, Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak: Pakoszówka, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie, Fst. 1 (Siedlung aus der Römischen Kaiserzeit)

Marcin Biborski: Abschließende Grabungsuntersuchungen an der Fundstelle 8 in Mokra, Gde. Miedźno, Kr. Kłobuck, Woiw. Śląskie

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CONTENU

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Jacek Poleski: Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice, commune Iwanowice, district Kraków, in the years 2004 – 2006

Dariusz Niemiec: Fragment der städtischen Wehrmauer des Krakauer Kazimierz, freigelegt 2005 an der Podgórska-Straße im Bereich des Spitals der Barmherzigen Brüder

Dariusz Niemiec: Archäologische Grabungen im Bereich des Wróblewski-Collegium der Jagiellonen Universität in Kraków in den Jahren 2003 – 2005

Dariusz Niemiec: Archäologisch-architektonische Untersuchungen im Hof des Collegium Novum der Jagiellonen-Universität in Kraków in den Jahren 2005–2006

RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES A L’ETRANGER

Valery Sitlivy, Krzysztof Sobczyk, Margarita Koumouzelis, Panagiotis Karkanas: The New Middle Palaeolithic Human Occupations in Cave 1 in Klissoura, Greece. The Investigations in 2004 – 2006

Małgorzata Kaczanowska, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Adamantios Sampson: Results of investigations into the Early Mesolithic site of Maroulas on the island of Kythnos (Western Cyclades)

Marek Nowak, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Maria Lityńska-Zając, Tomasz Kalicki, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Georgiy I. Litvinyuk, Marian Vizdal: A settlement of the early Eastern Linear Pottery Culture at Moravany (Eastern Slovakia) – Preliminary report on seasons 2004 and 2006

Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz: Excavations of the Western Kom at Tell el-Farkha in 2006Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin: The catalogue of graves from Tell el-FarkhaEwdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Eugenia F. Redina, Jarosław Bodzek, Wojciech Machowski: The

Koshary Project (Ukraine, Odessa province), seasons 2004 – 2006Wiesław Koszkul, Jarosław Źrałka, Bernard Hermes: Archaeological Investigations

at Nakum, Peten, Guatemala: New Data on the Site’s Development and the Discovery of a Royal Tomb

Radosław Palonka, Kristin Kuckelman: Goodman Point Pueblo: Research on the Final Period of Settlement of the Ancestral Pueblo Indians in the Mesa Verde Region, Colorado, USA. The Preliminary Report, 2005–2006 Seasons

THESES DE DISSERTATIONS

Jacek Poleski: Frühmittelalterliche Burgen am DunajecGrażyna Bąkowska: Oriental elements in the iconography of magical gems

(1st – 3rd centuries A.D.)Marcin Biborski: Schwerter aus der jüngeren und spätrömischen Kaiserzeit sowie der

Frühphase der Völkerwanderungszeit aus dem Gebiet des europäischen Barbaricums und des Römischen Kaiserreichs. Typologie, Chronologie, Identifizierung römischer Erzeugnisse

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Mikołaj Budzanowski: The cult niches on the upper court of the temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari. Royal cult aspects in the Temple of Millions of Years Djeser-Djeseru during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut

Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin: Burial custom in Lower Egypt in the Pre- and Early Dynastic period

Anna Gawlik: Scythian influences on the western and north-western borderlands of Great Scythia

Dorota Gorzelany: Burial form vs. ideologia funeraria. Formation of monumental tombs in Macedonia in the Classical and Hellenistic periods and their impact on the funerary complexes of Alexandria

Wojciech Machowski: Kurgans in the necropoleis of ancient cities on the Black Sea northern coast

Jacek Pierzak: Mittelalterliche Topfhelme auf polnischem Boden im Hinblick auf WesteuropaAleksandra Zięba: The Middle Palaeolithic in Kraków region: Piekary IIa and Kraków

ul. Księcia Józefa sites, in European contextLeszek Zinkow: Legacy of the Ancient Egypt in Polish literature (until 1914)Jarosław Źrałka: Terminal Classic Occupation in the Maya sites located in the Triangulo Park

area and the problem of their collapseEwdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Wojciech Machowski, Marta Kania: Black Sea links: exhibition

and conference in Cracow

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Recherches ArchéologiquesSN 1, 2009, 83 – 99ISSN 0137 – 3285

The excavations carried out at site 1 at Witów, Proszowice district, during the sea-sons 2004 – 2006, were the continuation of earlier investigations, led in 2002 – 2003 (Gawlik, Godlewski 2006) by Anna Gaw-lik and Piotr Godlewski from the Institute of Archeology of Jagiellonian University. Field works were conducted in three loca-tions, designated as Area 1, 2 and 3 (Fig. 1, 2). In 2004 the first stage of rescue excava-tions within Area 1 and 2 was completed. In the following seasons (2005 – 2006), the works were confined only to Area 3 (Fig. 5), where archeological remains were en-dangered not only by sliding edge of the scarp, but also by agriculture destroying the remains of a medieval cemetery and the Bronze Age settlement.

In Area 1, 33 archeological features were explored, out of which 4 were partially in-vestigated already in 2003 (Fig. 1). Due to the location at the foot of a high promon-tory, a thick (reaching 2 meters) accumu-lation of deposits was recorded on the ex-cavated area. It was formed mostly not by cultural layers, but rather by layers of soil flow. Therefore, archeological material from these layers should be treated as be-ing on the secondary deposit. Due to erosion and land-slip processes, only bottom parts of features were usually recorded. Most of

settlement pits discovered in Area 1 should be attributed to the Lusatian culture. The exceptions are Neolithic pit 40 and fea-ture 72, connected with the Roman period. Among the Lusatian culture features, pits 85 and 88 diverge from typical settlement features. Pit 85 is an urn cremation burial. It was first recorded as a small, regular round pit with intensive dark fill, containing fine charcoals and scarce fragments of charred human bones. In the course of further ex-ploration an urn containing charred bones was found, covered by large fragments of biconical vessel with cuts on the carination. The urn was accompanied from the south by a small carinated bowl turned upside down, also containing charred bones. Proceeding from the pottery material, grave 85 should be dated to the Bronze Age Period IV. Pit 88 contained fully preserved skeleton of a young ungulate (a horse or a cow). Perhaps it was a kind of sacrifice pit, although this hypothesis requires further verification. Pits 96 and 93, dated to Period III, are the oldest Lusatian culture features. They contained, among other things, fragments of vessels (cups, vases) decorated with the Silesian type knobbed ornament. In addition, a layer of broken vessels was recorded in pit 96, containing fragments of at least three differ-ent forms.

Anna Gawlik, Piotr Godlewski

Rescue excavations at site 1 in Witów, Proszowice district. Seasons 2004 – 2006

84

Beneath the Lusatian culture features, all of the excavated area was covered with a 40 cm thick deposit (of dark-brown color) containing pottery fragments and flint

artifacts characteristic of the Younger Stone Age. Technologically uniform pottery mate-rial, including a few distinctive fragments decorated with a stamp, allow attributing this

Fig. 1. Witów 1, Proszowice district. Trenches and archeological features in Area 1. 1 – edge of the scarp at the depth of 140 cm; 2 – edge of the scarp at the depth of 80 cm; 3 – edge of the scarp at the depth of 20 cm


85Rescue excavations at site 1 in Witów, Proszowice district...

layer to a settlement of the Funnel Beaker culture. With this phase is also connected pit 40, strongly stratified, with a hollow-shaped profile, as well as probably 10 postholes recorded in section IV. They may be frag-ments of a larger construction, although due to a limited size of the excavated area this cannot be decided unambiguously. The Ne-olithic layer is, at the same time, the last ele-ment of a settlement sequence on Area 1.

In 2003, Area 2 was divided into three sectors (each of which formed a trench 3 meters wide) designated as sectors I, II and III, perpendicular to the line of fortifications discovered in 2002 (Fig. 2). Such arrange-ment allowed obtaining four cross-sections which was crucial for identifying the struc-ture and construction of the fortification. In 2004 the works were conducted in sector II (the central one). They confirmed most of the earlier hypotheses concerning the con-struction of the embankment (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; see interleaf). The discovered structures were the continuation of those known from sectors I and III. In central part of sec-tor II, a “palisade trench” with remains of five wooden poles was identified. It formed the center of the embankment. Large poles (20 – 30 cm in diameter) were fixed into the trench (160 – 180 cm deep), 50 – 70 cm one from another. Already in the course of ear-lier excavations it was noted, that the em-bankment was distinctly divided into two parts, with the inner part decidedly differ-ent from the outer one. To produce such an effect, the wooden construction in the cen-tre must have had the form of a fence, with poles joint by a plaiting, which separated earth heaped on both sides of the fence. The first (and the oldest) layer of the embank-ment, its “core”, was characterized by a spe-cific, spotted structure. This results from the fact that it was built using packets of turf, cut out together with earth. Such construc-tion enhanced the earthworks’ stability. We

Fig. 2. Witów 1, Proszowice district. Trenches and archeological features in Area 2

86 Anna Gawlik, Piotr Godlewski

Fig. 5. Witów 1, Proszowice district. Trenches and archeological features in Area 3; a – Lusatian culture features; b – early Medieval graves

interpret the line dividing the above layer from the next one (already of homogenous, loess character) as the border of the first phase of constructing the fortifications. The rampart was probably crowned by addi-tional wooden construction – a palisade and a platform. This is evidenced by a row of big, single postholes running along the in-ner side of the embankment at about 2 me-ters from the central “palisade trench”. They were placed at 3 – 4 meters intervals, and destined probably to support a wooden plat-form for defenders. The earth embankment was 18 meters wide in the first construction phase. From the inner side it adjoined the cobbled area about 2 meters wide, running along the embankment’s edge, and partially overlaying its lower parts. Small pebbles were placed on a layer of grey-colored clay. The clay layer in turn laid directly on the original topsoil level, as the area inside the embankment had been leveled (this part of a promontory was slightly raising). The ac-quired earth was probably used for the em-bankment’s construction. The cobbled area

mentioned above should rather be not inter-preted as stabilizing the earthwork. More convincing seems another hypothesis, ac-cording to which it was a communication route – “a street” along the fortifications. The next layer of embankment (having a light-orange color) overlays the cobbled area and the “spotted” core. However, the eastern cross-section of sector I shows that in this place the layer in question does not cover the cobbled area, but is limited to the “spotted” core only. It is not possible to de-termine the chronological distance between those two construction phases. It could not be very long though, as there are no traces of any cultural layer on the cobbled area. The last layer (of light-yellow color) was recorded mainly on the inner side of the rampart, and was described as the second phase of exploitation. Only above this last layer was recorded a typical cultural layer containing pottery fragments. This pottery material is dated to classic phase of the Upper Silesia-Lesser Poland group, that is to Period V – HaC. Due to considerable


destruction of the embankment, it is impos-sible to asses its original height, although we can assume it could have reached 3 me-ters or even higher.

The works performed in the seasons 2005 – 2006 in Area 3 covered a total area of about 600 m2. There were 95 Lusatian culture features discovered, along with 16 medieval burials (Fig. 5). All of archeologi-cal features concentrate in SW and NE parts of Area 3. However, in our opinion this dis-tribution reflects the lay of the land rather than the site layout. Area 3 is on the top of a promontory and this fact is responsible for a considerable leveling of its central (high-est) part (erosion processes enhanced by ag-ricultural works and significant land-sliding processes). Archeological features are thus recorded only in lower parts of the prom-ontory. The above processes were intensive already in the prehistoric times as is evi-denced by the fact that some of the higher located medieval graves are dug into bottom parts of the Lusatian culture features, while the graves located lower not only do not touch the Bronze Age features, but grave pits themselves are preserved.

The Lusatian culture material from fea-tures found in Area 3, similarly to that ac-quired during the 2002 – 2003 seasons, is attributed to early and classic phases of the Upper Silesia-Lesser Poland group. Therefore it can be dated from Period III to HaC. Ceramics is obviously prevalent and contains both thin- and thick-walled ves-sels. Bronze artifacts are scarce and in most cases give no opportunity for their chrono-logical and even functional interpretation, owing to the state of preservation (e.g. frag-ments of bronze wire, plates and so on). An exceptional discovery (though found within the cultural layer, not in any feature) in season 2005 is a bronze pin with a disc-shaped head and a shaft thickened below the head, totally preserved and patinated.

The shaft is decorated in its upper part with thin horizontally incised lines. Similarly shaped pin comes from the barrow mound at Dacharzów, Sandomierz district, which is attributed to the Trzciniec culture (Florek, Taras 2003). Among the material found dur-ing the 2004 – 2006 seasons artifacts made of bone and antler are also important. They are known mostly from cultural layers. This group comprises awls, perforators, bone holders for bronze tools, or buttons (section XXXVII).

One can notice certain regularity among the Lusatian features identified in Area 3. Early Lusatian features are cut deep into the bedrock and their fill has a lighter or darker brown color, while the later pits, attributed to classic phase of the Upper Silesia-Lesser Poland group are, in majority, more shal-low and smaller, and their fill has intensive, dark color. It is not a rule, but such trend is clearly visible. The examples are features 138 and 123 (early Lusatian) into which (though only into their ceiling parts) fea-tures 139 and 76 were cut. This may suggest that younger features (deposited higher), together with accompanying cultural layers of the same age, had already been totally or partially destroyed. This observation can also explain why the remains of postholes discovered in sections XVIII, XX, XXXVII, XXXVIII and XLIII do not form any regu-lar arrangement, which could be identified with houses or other buildings.

A particularly interesting group of fea-tures discovered in 2005 are pits 120, 123, and 138. They are clustered in SE part of the site, near the scarp and at the natural edge of the promontory. Being located in lower part of the plateau they were preserved from ero-sion. This is also why they were covered by a thick (1–1.5 meter) layer of run-off depos-its. All three features are counted among the biggest and the deepest pits discovered in Area 3. Feature 138 has a typical trapezoid


profile, slightly less obviously noticeable in its upper part (Fig. 6). Counting from the lev-el where it was first recorded, the feature is 130 cm deep, and its diameter at the bottom reaches 200 cm. However, a horizontal pro-jection of the bottom part of pit 138 is not a circle: there is a kind of “depression” at SW side, giving the feature a characteristic “kid-ney-like” shape (Photo 3). This is caused by close proximity to pit 123. When digging pit 138, its constructors must have became aware of the existence of pit 123. To avoid digging into it, they gave this characteristic shape to feature 138. This situation consti-tutes a model example of relative chronol-ogy, where stratigraphical results prove that pit 123 is older than pit 138. In the course of exploration of pit 138, a human skeleton was found in northern part, at the depth of 240 cm. Therefore the excavation method was changed and the remaining part of the feature was explored stratigraphically. Fur-ther exploration allowed concluding that pit 138 was not a settlement feature but a grave. On the bottom, near the western wall, hu-man remains were preserved, in contracted position on the left side, with head pointing to SW. The skeleton was incomplete, bones of the lower limb were lacking, the femoral bone was broken at half the length. A frag-ment of the missing limb (knee joint) was discovered at the same level, about 100 cm to the east from the skeleton. The deceased was equipped with grave goods consisting of 6 vessels (Fig. 7) placed in direct prox-imity to the body and at the SE wall (Fig. 6). One of them – a small amphora (Fig. 7:5) – was placed by the chest. Vessels were fully preserved. Both the body and vessels were covered by a layer of soil mixed with dark-grey ash, lumps of yellow loess and very fine fragments of charcoal. Smaller or bigger fragments of the daub were also numerous, including those bearing traces of wooden rods or planks, sometimes with

smooth surfaces of a whitish color. In ad-dition, this layer yielded 16 fragments of bronze artifacts. The majority of them were small scraps of an indefinite shape. Only in a few cases their form and function could be identified. This applies to, for example, a spearhead fragment (?) and a set of 3 bronze fishing hooks of different sizes (presently under conservation). The discussed layer formed a characteristic cone (with the high-est point in central part of the pit). This shape was repeated in subsequent fills de-posited directly over it. These structures, of beige or light-brown color (prevalence of loess), do not seem to be the alluvial ones (this concerns also the ceiling part). Both in bottom and ceiling parts of the fill numer-ous pottery shards were found, more or less evenly distributed. An analysis of pottery material showed that often they were frag-ments of one and the same vessel scattered on different levels. With much probability the above remarks allow assuming that pit 138 was purposely and in short time filled up (there are no traces of precipitation). The bottom layer (a cone) most probably comes from a burned sacrificial pyre (?) or a whole wooden construction (house?) of similar destination (house of the dead?). It is not the remains of a funeral pyre or ashes from us-trina, because pit 138 contained no charred bones, neither human nor animal.

An analogical character and function can be attributed to pit 120, also characterized by a trapezoid profile, 180 cm deep (from the level of the first recording), with a regu-lar, round bottom 230 cm in diameter. Dur-ing the exploration of level 260 – 270 cm, human bones arranged in anatomic order were discovered in eastern part of the pit. After excavating this level (270 cm) over the entire surface of the pit, a human skel-eton laying in a slightly contracted position on the right side with its head pointing to the east was discovered (Photo 4). There were


Fig. 6. Witów 1, Proszowice district. Feature 138 – layout and cross-section. 1 – pottery sherds

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no artifacts which could be unambiguously identified as grave goods. About 10 cm be-low the level in question, it means already on the bottom of the pit, other human re-mains were found (Photo 5). This time they were two considerably incomplete skeletons without skulls. The right side of the chest and the right upper and lower limbs were missing. In both cases the left lower limb lacked the foot and part of the calf. Besides, in one of the skeletons also the left hand and lower part of the forearm were missing. Moreover, at some distance form the skele-tons, the bones of one arm and fragments of one leg (knee joint) lying in anatomic order were discovered at this level. The arrange-ment of the bodies suggests that they were thrown into the pit (hence their position not at the walls but near the center of the pit). Grave equipment was not found. Fragments of ceramic vessels and animal bones were recorded both in bottom and ceiling parts of pit 120 fill. At the bottom, fragments of the daub (some with imprints of wooden rods) and charcoal occurred more frequently and near the N wall a fragment of hollow-shaped quern accompanied by a stone grinder were found. Layers constituting pit 120 fill were of beige-brown color, with lumps and intru-sions of yellow loess. Among them (par-ticularly in bottom part of the feature), thin layers of slime were identified, which are evidence of precipitation.

Feature 123 did not yield human remains. Its fill, of beige-brown color, was similar to that of pit 120. It contained fragments of pottery and animal bones.

Pit 138 yielded a numerous set of pottery. One of the most characteristic vessels is a small amphora decorated with 6 knobs of the Silesian type (Fig. 7:2). An analogical form is known from the settlement at Kraków-Mogiła 62 (Bazielich 1992, plate XV:2). This kind of ornament corresponds to early phase of the Lusatian culture in Silesia, that

is to the Bronze Age Period III (Gedl 1979, plate XVII:11). To early phase of the Lu-satian culture one should also attribute the remaining part of grave inventory. It com-prises a small amphora (Fig. 7:5) and four cups of different sizes (Fig. 7:1,3,4,6). Only one of these vessels – a cup – is decorated. The upper part of the belly is adorned with three rounded depressions, arranged alter-nately with four vertical ribs located on the carination. In top view, the cup’s body is a polyhedron (similarly to the amphora with knobbed ornament mentioned above). The cup (as well as another one of similar size and shape but not decorated) has a hole in the bottom, which is also characteristic of early Lusatian grave pottery (Gedl 1992, 12 – 13). Interesting are also the fragments of other vessels found in pit 138 fill. We can mention here, among other things, a sharply carinat-ed cup, decorated above the carination with five round depressions surrounded by dots (Fig. 8:1). The vessel has well smoothed surfaces of brick-red color and the temper is fine-grained. The analogical type of orna-ment is met on early Lusatian vessels from Slovakia, and even on earlier Piliny culture pottery (Kujovský 2004). A fragment of an elongated tub-shaped vessel from feature 138 (Fig. 8:4) corresponds to very similar finds from the Lusatian settlements located in the precincts of Kraków (Rook 1960, plate III:4; Rachwaniec 1985, plate XVI:5; Bazielich 1993, plate 15:12; Górski 1995, plate I:1; 1997, fig. 8:h). The discussed form is oval, with everted rims. On the preserved fragment, at its outer side, there is a small depression near the narrower end. One can also notice the base of strap handle (?) in the middle of the vessel’s longer side. We lack parallel finds from other areas covered by the Lusatian culture in present day Poland. However, tub-shaped vessels occur among the early Lusatian materials from Mora-via (Spurný 1988). The function of these



Fig. 7. Witów 1, Proszowice district. Feature 138 – vessels accompanying the burial


vessels, related to their unusual shape, re-mains unknown. All of the above mentioned specimens should be linked with early phase of the Lusatian culture. A fragment of an analogical vessel was also discovered in pit 120. Bronze artifacts from pit 138 cannot be treated as chronological indicators.

Analysis of pottery material proved that feature 138 is a Lusatian culture skeleton burial dated to the Bronze Age Period III. This permits to accept similar dating for fea-tures 120 and 123 (the latter older than fea-ture 138, but most probably used contem-poraneously for some time). Archeological dating is also supported by radiocarbon dates obtained for features 120 and 1381. Two samples come from feature 138: Poz-24263 (charcoal) and Poz-23999 (bone). There are also two samples from feature 120: Poz-24000 (bone) and Poz-24001 (bone).

Anthropological analyses were conducted for human remains from both burials. The skeleton from pit 138 turned out to belong to a woman at Adultus age. The first skeleton from pit 120 was also of a woman (Adultus/Maturus). Two skeletons found at the bot-tom of pit 120 were incomplete and lacked the skulls, but most probably belonged to adult women too.

However, the above-mentioned features (138 and 120) are not the only ones in Area 3 that yielded human remains. Human skull was discovered an the bottom of pit 152. Anthropological analyses proved that it belonged to a child (Infans I/Infans II). Pot-tery material from this pit can be attributed to the classic phase of the Upper Silesia-Lesser Poland group, that is to Period V or HaC.

Grave pits from the early medieval cem-etery were rectangular, with rounded angles. The arrangement of burials in rows (though

1 Dates by Prof. T. Goslar, Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory.

irregular) was confirmed. Part of the graves was discovered directly under the topsoil, at the depth of about 20 – 30 cm. The present intensive agriculture in this part of the prom-ontory caused considerable destruction of grave pits and skeletons (e.g. feature 109). All of the grave pits were oriented along the east-west axis. Except for only 3 individu-als (from features 131, 135, 175), who had their heads pointing to the east, the dead were laid with their heads pointing to the west. According to the Christian ritual most of the burials lacked any kind of equipment. Grave inventory was found only in few cas-es, and it contained small head adornments like temple rings (grave no. 128, 155, 179). One of the better equipped graves was fea-ture 140, where a bronze (silver?) pendant in the form of a sphere with tiny protrusions was found in upper part of pit fill (above the skeleton). Near the skeleton were discovered five bronze temple rings, a bronze ring, and fine beads (85 pieces) made of pottery mass (?), which probably had decorated a fabric or leather hair band. Bottom layer of grave 140 fill yielded also a fragment of a bronze spiral. However, as grave 140 had disturbed the older Lusatian culture features, this lat-ter find cannot be indisputably included into the grave inventory. Anthropological results showed that in grave 140 a girl at Juvenis/Adultus age was buried2.

In grave 174 (burial of a man at Adultus age) a silver coin was discovered near the right hip of the deceased (Photo 1). The specimen was probably originally put in a pouch of organic material fastened to a belt. It is a very precious, royal coin issued by Bolesław the Bold and minted in the Kraków

2 Anthropological analysis of human remains from Witów, site 1, from seasons 2004 – 2006, was conduc-ted in the Department of Anthropology of Jagiellonian University by Wojciech Smoroń, Arkadiusz Wrębiak and Kinga Pacocha, under the supervision of Dr. Anita Szczepanek.


Fig. 8. Witów 1, Proszowice district. Feature 138 – vessel fragments from pit’s fill


mint (type 2 according to Suchodolski 1973, 12) (Photo 2/2). On its averse there is the king’s bust (left profile), with a sword in his left hand. There is also a mintmark in the form of a letter “Z” (other mintmarks are lacking). The head is disproportionately big compared to the rest of the representation. The reverse (unevenly pressed, inclined by about 9 degrees) represents a building with three towers crowned with domes. This artifact, together with the prince’s coin of Bolesław the Bold discovered in 2002 (Gawlik, Godlewski 2006, 117) (Photo 2/1), confirms the dating of the cemetery to the second half of the 11th century. Such dating is also supported by two other coins discov-ered in 2003 and belonging to the so called cross denarii. These denarii occur in variety of types and variants, and have a broad dat-ing (second half of the 10th – beginning of the 12th century) (Kiersnowski 1960, 197). The coin from grave 60 is a denarius with the so called pearl cross representation, type V according to Gumowski (Gumowski 1939, 148 – 150) (Photo 2/3). On its averse

a pearl cross with single dots between the arms (mintmark) is represented. On the reverse, there is a cavalry cross with simi-lar dots. This specimen can be dated to the second half of the 11th century. The second cross denarius, or rather a half of the coin, comes from grave 39 (it was divided before deposition in the grave). The state of pres-ervation renders its more precise identifica-tion impossible (Photo 2/4).

Works conducted in Witów in the years 2004 – 2006 confirmed the immense scien-tific value of the site. Vast area, fortifica-tions and the settlement intensity (espe-cially during the Bronze Age) make the site unique against the background of the whole southern Poland. Further investigations can contribute, among other things, to the studies on the Lusatian culture develop-ment in Kraków region. This comprises particularly the issues of genesis of the Lusatian culture in the area. Due to the continuous destruction of the site, rescue excavations will be continued in following years.

Sample: before calibration: calibrated, 68.2% probability calibrated 95.4% probability

poz-24263 2990 ± 35 BP1300 BC (57.2%) 1190 BC 1180 BC (5.7%) 1160 BC 1150 BC (5.3%) 1130 BC

1380BC (95.4%) 1110 BC

poz-23999 2980 ± 35 BP 1270 BC (68.2%) 1120 BC1380 BC (3.7%) 1340 BC1320 BC (90.4%) 1110 BC1100 BC (1.4%) 1080 BC

poz-24000 2960 ± 35 BP 1260 BC (68.2%) 1120 BC 1310 BC (95.4%) 1050 BC

poz-24001 2880 ± 35 BP 1120 BC (68.2%) 1000 BC 1210 BC (91.2%) 970 BC960 BC (4.2%) 930 BC

Table. 1. Witów 1


References

Bazielich M., 1992 Osada kultury łużyckiej w Nowej Hucie-Mogile na stan. 62. Część I – Materiały, Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty, 15, pp. 73 – 136.

1993 Osada kultury łużyckiej w Nowej Hucie-Mogile na stan.62. Część II, Materiały, Materiały Ar-cheologiczne Nowej Huty, 16, pp. 103 – 146.

Florek M., Taras H., 2003 Dacharzów. Cmentarzysko kultury trzcinieckiej, Lublin.

Gawlik A., Godlewski P., 2006 Ein Bericht von den Ausgrabungen an der Fundstelle 1 in Witów, Gde. Koszyce in der Saison 2002 – 2003, Recherches Archéologiques de 1999 – 2003, pp. 113 – 118.

Gedl M., 1979 Stufengliederung und Chronologie des Gräberfeldes der Lausitzer Kultur in Kietrz, Zeszyty Naukowe UJ, 72, Prace Archeologiczne, 27.

1992 Wczesnołużyckie cmentarzysko w Kietrzu. Część II, Kraków.

Górski J., 1995 Osada z II i III okresu epoki brązu w Nowej Hucie-Pleszowie, stanowisko 49, Mate-riały, Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty, 18, pp. 25 – 43.

1997 Główne etapy rozwoju kultury trzcinieckiej na obszarze Nowej Huty na tle przemian tej kultury w Zachodniej Małopolsce, Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty, 20, pp. 7 – 37.

Gumowski M., 1939 Corpus Nummorum Poloniae, Kraków.

Ratownicze badania wykopaliskowe na stanowisku 1 w Witowie, pow. Proszowice, sezony 2004 – 2006

Badania na stanowisku nr 1 w Witowie, pow. Proszowice, w latach 2004 – 2006 stanowiły kontynu-ację ratowniczych prac wykopaliskowych rozpoczętych w 2002 roku. Wykopy objęły trzy obszary stanowiska najbardziej narażone na zniszczenie. U podnóża cypla (wykop 1) odsłonięto sekwencję nawarstwień kulturowych datowanych od neolitu (KPL) poprzez epokę brązu (kultura łużycka) aż do okresu wpływów rzymskich. Na wykopie 2 kontynuowano prace nad odkrytymi w latach poprzed-nich pozostałościami fortyfikacji (wał ziemny z elementami konstrukcji drewnianych) wiązanych z kulturą łużycką. W obrębie wykopu 3 odkryto dalsze obiekty osadowe kultury łużyckiej oraz wcze-snośredniowieczne groby szkieletowe. Do najciekawszych odkryć w prezentowanym okresie zaliczyć trzeba łużyckie pochówki w jamach trapezowatych, odsłonięte na wykopie 3. Zarówno ze względu na wyposażenie (m.in. ceramika w stylu guzowym) jak i datowania C14, wiązać je należy z począt-kami kultury łużyckiej. Ciekawymi znaleziskami były też srebrne monety (denary) pochodzące z cmentarzyska średniowiecznego. Badania z sezonów 2004 – 2006 potwierdziły większość wniosków sformułowanych w sezonach poprzednich: wielokulturowy charakter stanowiska, dużą intensywność osadnictwa kultury łużyckiej, oraz obecność wiązanych z tą ostatnią kulturą fortyfikacji. Potwierdziły one również dużą rangę i wyjątkowy charakter stanowiska, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do okresu roz-woju kultury łużyckiej.


Kiersnowski R., 1960 Pieniądz kruszcowy w Polsce wczesnośredniowiecznej, Warszawa.

Kujovský R., 2004 Sídlisko lužickej kultúry v Trenčíne a počatky lužickej kultúry na Slovensku, (in:) J. Bátora, V. Furmánek and L. Veliačik (eds), Einflüsse und Kontakte alteuropäischer Kulturen. Festschrift für Jozef Vladár zum 70. Geburtstag, Nitra, pp. 359 – 370.

Rachwaniec A., 1985 Materiały archeologiczne ze starszego okresu epoki brązu oraz kultury łużyc-kiej z rejonu Kopca Wandy w Nowej Hucie-Mogile, Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty, 9, pp. 89 – 191.

Rook E., 1960 Zabytki kultury łużyckiej z Pleszowa (Nowa Huta) z badań w latach 1954 –1955, Ma-teriały Archeologiczne, 2, pp. 179 – 196.

Suchodolski, 1973 Mennictwo polskie w XI i XII wieku, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdańsk.

Spurný V., 1988 Vaničkovité nádobky v moravských nálezech doby bronzove, Sbornik Kruhu přátel Muzea hlavího města Prahy, 1, pp. 33 – 39.


Photo. 1. Witów, site 1, commune Koszyce. Area 3. Feature 174 - early medieval grave

Photo. 2. Silver coins from early medieval cemetery at Witów, site 1. 1 – coin of Prince Bolesław the Bold, 2 – royal coin of Bolesław the Bold, 3 – 4 cross denarii


Photo. 3. Witów, site 1, commune Koszyce. Area 3. Feature 120


l’institut d’archeologie de l’universite ... mikołaj budzanowski: the cult niches on the...

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