linux lab manual.doc
DESCRIPTION
basic Linux programTRANSCRIPT
Ex No: 6
Date:
UNIX EDITOR
1. Starting vi Editor
2. Inserting Text
ESC Press i Inserts before character
ESC Press I Inserts at Beginning of the Line
ESC Press O Puts Blank Line after the current line
ESC Press o Puts Blank Line after the current line
Esc Press a Appends after the cursor
Esc Press A Appends at the End of the Line
3. Moving Around
Esc Press k Moves up
Esc Press h Moves left
Esc Press l Moves right
Esc Press j Moves down
Esc Press w Moves forward by a word
Esc Press 5w Moves forward by a 5 words
4. Cutting,Copying and Pasting
ESC Press yy Copy a line into temporary storage
ESC Press nyy Copy n lines into temporary storage
ESC Press p paste the copied lines into current position of the cursor
5. Replacing Text
ESC Press r Replace a single character
ESC Press R Invoke insert mode and go on replacing till ESC is pressed
ESC Press s Deletes the current character and inserts character
ESC Press S Removes all the characters on the current line and allows the user to enter data
6. Undo Action
ESC Press u Undoing the pervious changes
ESC Press U Undoing all the changes in the current line
7. Screen Manipulation
ESC CTRL f scrolls a screen forward
ESC CTRL b scrolls a screen backward
ESC CTRL u scrolls half a screen backward
ESC CTRL d scrolls half a screen forward
ESC CTRL L Refreshes the screen
8. Getting out
ESC :q Quit vi
ESC :q! Quit vi without saving changes
ESC :w save and Continue working in vi
ESC :wq - Save the changes and exit from vi
ESC :x - save and exit from vi
ESC ZZ - Save the changes and exit from vi
9. Deleting Text
ESC x - Deletes one character
ESC nx - Deletes the next n characters
ESC dw Deletes one word at the cursor position
ESC n dw Deletes n words from cursor position
ESC dd - Deletes one line
ESC n dd Deletes the next n lines
10. Searching for Text
/mode Search for a pattern mode forward
?Mode Search for a pattern mode backward
Replaces one word with another word
To set the number for each line
Ex No: 5
Date:
FILTERS
1. Word/Line Count
[cse001@localhost dr2]$ wc -c sample.txt /*byte count */
22 sample.txt
[cse001@localhost dr2]$ wc -m sample.txt /* count characters */
22 sample.txt
[cse001@localhost dr2]$ wc -l sample.txt /* count lines */
1 sample.txt
[cse001@localhost dr2]$ wc -w sample.txt /* count words */
5 sample.txt
[cse001@localhost dr2]$ wc file sample.txt /* all counts */
1 5 22 sample.txt
1 5 22 total
[cse001@localhost dr2]$ wc sample.txt
1 5 22 sample.txt
2. Last N Lines : tail
[csea0030@localhost ~]$ cat sample.txt
1.f
2.r
3.e
4.k
5.w
6.q
7.p
8.a
9.s
10.l
11.o
12.u
[csea0030@localhost ~]$ tail sample.txt
3.e
4.k
5.w
6.q
7.p
8.a
9.s
10.l
11.o
12.u
[csea0030@localhost ~]$ tail sample.txt -n 5
8.a
9.s
10.l
11.o
12.u
3. First N Lines :head
[csea0030@localhost ~]$ head -5 sample.txt
1.f
2.r
3.e
4.k
5.w
[csea0030@localhost ~]$ head sample.txt
1.f
2.r
3.e
4.k
5.w
6.q
7.p
8.a
9.s
10.l
4. Sorting the File
[cse001@localhost ~]$ sort vegetables.txt
Brinjal
Chilli
Lady's Finger
Onion
Potato
Pumpkin
[cse001@localhost ~]$ sort -r vegetables.txt
Pumpkin
Potato
Onion
/* reverse order*/
Lady's Finger
Chilli
Brinjal
[cse001@localhost ~]$ sort -c vegetables.txt /* ordered */
sort: vegetables.txt:3: disorder: Onion
[cse001@localhost ~]$ cat numerical.txt
45
23
78
90
12
[cse001@localhost ~]$ sort -n numerical.txt /* numerical order */
12
23
45
78
90
[cse001@localhost ~]$ cat numerical.txt
45
23
78
90
12
45
78
[cse001@localhost ~]$ sort -u numerical.txt /* removes duplicates records */
12
23
45
78
90
[cse001@localhost ~]$ cat vegetables.txt
Potato
Onion
Lady's Finger
Chilli
Pumpkin
Brinjal
[cse001@localhost ~]$ sort -b vegetables.txt /* removes blank spaces */
Brinjal
Chilli
Lady's Finger
Onion
Potato
Pumpkin
[cse001@localhost ~]$ cat >list.txt
FIRST
SECOND
THIRD
FOURTH
[cse001@localhost ~]$ sort -f list.txt /* folds uppercase */
FIRST
FOURTH
SECOND
THIRD
5. List Spelling Errors : spell
6. Selecting Fields form Files : cut
[user31@localhost ~]$ cat data.txt
Jovitha 1979 2.10
Varsha 1980 15.0
Suthan 1978 17.4
[user31@localhost ~]$ cut -f 1,3 data.txt
Jovitha 2.10
Varsha 15.0
Suthan 17.4
[user31@localhost ~]$ cut -c 1,2 data.txt
Jo
Va
Su
7. Pasting Files : paste[user31@localhost ~]$ cat f1.txt
a
b
c
d
[user31@localhost ~]$ cat f2.txt
1
2
3
4
5
6
[user31@localhost ~]$ paste f1.txt f2.txt
a 1
b 2
c 3
d 4
5
68. Adding Line Numbers: nl
[user31@localhost ~]$ nl editor
1 The vi Editor is a screen editor which is available in almost all unix systems. It is a fast and powerful editor
2 Basic Modes of operation
3 Command Mode
4 Insertion Mode
5 Last Line Mode
9. SED Filter
[user31@localhost ~]$ cat teaormilk.txt
India's milk is good
Tea Red-Label is good
Tea is better than the coffee
[user31@localhost ~]$ sed 's/good/fine/g' teaormilk.txt
India's milk is fine
Tea Red-Label is fine
Tea is better than the coffee
[user31@localhost ~]$ cat apple.txt
Core
Worm seed
Jewel
[user31@localhost ~]$ cat apple.txt | sed -e 's/e/WWW/'
CorWWW
Worm sWWWed
JWWWwel
[user31@localhost ~]$ cat animals.txt
Tiger
Monkey
Bear
Deer
[user31@localhost ~]$ cat animals.txt | sed -e 's/e/J/g'
TigJr
MonkJy
BJar
DJJr
10. AWK Filter[user31@localhost ~]$ cat fruits.txt
cherry order 4
mango good 10
apple ok 12
banana good 5
[user31@localhost ~]$
[user31@localhost ~]$ awk '/good/{print $3}' fruits.txt
10
5[user31@localhost ~]$ cat basket.txt
Layer1 = potato
Layer2 = lemon
Layer3 = radish
Layer4 = cauliflower
Layer5 = tomato
[user31@localhost ~]$ cat basket.txt | awk -F = '{print $1}'
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
Layer5
[user31@localhost ~]$ cat basket.txt | awk -F = '{print"Has :" $2}'
Has : potato
Has : lemon
Has : radish
Has : cauliflower
Has : tomato
11. GREP Filter[user31@localhost ~]$ cat hello.txt
Hello world
Cartoons are good
Especially toon like tom
They love us
I too
[user31@localhost ~]$ grep "too" hello.txt
Cartoons are good
Especially toon like tom
I too[user31@localhost ~]$ cat >birds.txt
pigeon
bulbul
parrot
duck
[user31@localhost ~]$ grep bulbul birds.txt
bulbulEx No 7.16(a)To print Even Numbers up to N
echo "Enter the Range"
read n
i=2
echo "The Even Numbers are"
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
echo $i
i=`expr $i + 2`
done
OUTPUT
[user31@localhost ~]$ sh ev.sh
Enter the Range
10
The Even Numbers are
2
4
6
8
10Ex No 7.16(b)To print Odd Numbers up to N
echo "Enter the Range"
read n
i=1
echo "The Even Numbers are"
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
echo $i
i=`expr $i + 2`
done
OUTPUT
[user31@localhost ~]$ sh od.sh
Enter the Range
10
The Even Numbers are
1
3
5
7
9
Ex No 7.16(c)To print Natural Numbers up to N
echo "Enter the Range"
read n
i=0
echo "The Numbers are"
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
echo $i
i=`expr $i + 1`
done
OUTPUT
[user31@localhost ~]$ sh nn.sh
Enter the Range
5
The Numbers are
0
1
2
3
4
5
Ex No 7.17Security Commands
if [$# -lt 1 ]
then
echo "invalid usage"
exit
fi
if [ -x $1 ]
then echo "$1 has executable permission"
else
echo "$1 has no executable permission"
chmod u+x $1
ls -1 $1
fi
OUTPUT
[user31@localhost ~]$ cat >p
hai
hello
[user31@localhost ~]$
[user31@localhost ~]$ sh se.sh p
p has no executable permission
p
Ex No 7.18To find whether the given year is leap or notread year
if [ `expr $year % 4 ` -eq 0 ]
then
echo "$year is a leap year"
else
echo "$year is not a leap year"
fi
OUTPUT
[user31@localhost ~]$ sh leap.sh
2010
2010 is not a leap year
[user31@localhost ~]$ sh leap.sh
2020
2020 is a leap year
Ex No 7.19Combinations of 1 2 3for i in 1 2 3
do
for j in 1 2 3
do
for k in 1 2 3
do
echo "$i $j $k"
done
done
done
OUTPUT
[user31@localhost ~]$ sh ott.sh
1 1 1
1 1 2
1 1 3
1 2 1
1 2 2
1 2 3
1 3 1
1 3 2
1 3 3
2 1 1
2 1 2
2 1 3
2 2 1
2 2 2
2 2 3
2 3 1
2 3 2
2 3 3
3 1 1
3 1 2
3 1 3
3 2 1
3 2 2
3 2 3
3 3 1
3 3 2
3 3 3
Ex No 8.1C Programs- File Handling- Reading and Writing Data in a File#include
int main()
{
FILE *fptr;
char s1[50],s2[50];
printf("\nEnter Any String:");
gets(s1);
fptr=fopen("abc.txt","w");
fputs(s1,fptr);
fclose(fptr);
fptr=fopen("abc.txt","r");
fgets(s2,50,fptr);
printf("\nThe Given String:");
puts(s2);
}
OUTPUT
[user31@localhost ~]$ cc f1.c[user31@localhost ~]$ ./a.out
Enter Any String:Hi,How ru?
The Given String:Hi,How ru?
Ex No 8.2C Programs- File Handling- Copy the Contents of one File to another File
#include
#include
main()
{
FILE *fp1,*fp2;
int c;
char fname1[40],fname2[40];
printf("Enter the source file:");
gets(fname1);
printf("Enter the target file:");
gets(fname2);
fp1=fopen(fname1,"r");
fp2=fopen(fname2,"w");
if(fp1==NULL)
{
printf("Cannot open %s for reading\n",fname1);
}
else if(fp2==NULL)
{
printf("Cannot open %s for reading\n",fname1);
}
else
{
c=getc(fp1);
while(c!=EOF)
{
putc(c,fp2);
c=getc(fp1);
}
fclose(fp1);
fclose(fp2);
printf("\n File Copied\n");
}
}OUTPUT
[user31@localhost ~]$ cc f2.c
[user31@localhost ~]$ ./a.out
Enter the source file:ss.txt
Enter the target file:ee.txt
File Copied
[user31@localhost ~]$ cat ee.txt
Hi, how ru?
Fine
Ex No 8.3C Programs- File Handling- To count Characters and lines in a file
#include
#include
#include
main()
{
FILE *fp;
int c,nc,nlines;
char filename[40];
nlines=0;
nc=0;
printf("To count the characters and lines in a given file\n");
printf("Enter the File name:");
gets(filename);
fp=fopen(filename,"r");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("cannot open %s for reading \n",filename);
}
c=getc(fp);
while(c!=EOF)
{
if(c=='\n')
nlines++;
else
nc++;
c=getc(fp);
}
fclose(fp);
if(nc!=0)
{
printf("There are %d characters in %s\n",nc,filename);
printf("There are %d lines\n",nlines);
}
else
printf("The file %s is empty\n",filename);
}
OUTPUT
[user31@localhost ~]$ cc f4.c[user31@localhost ~]$ cat >yy.txt
"SED" stands for stream editor.The sed acts like a UNIX filter.
It takes input from a file and send its output to standard output.
[user31@localhost ~]$ ./a.out
To count the characters and lines in a given file
Enter the File name:yy.txt
There are 129 characters in yy.txt
There are 2 lines
Ex No 9
C Programs- Signal Handling
#include
#include
void cntl_c_handler(int dummy)
{
printf("you just press ctrl c\n");
signal(SIGINT,cntl_c_handler);
}
main()
{
int i,j;
signal(SIGINT,cntl_c_handler);
for(j=0;j