lipids
DESCRIPTION
LIPIDS. Daniel Bučánek Jan Gembík. Lipids. Fatty acids Glycerides Nonglycerol lipids Complex lipids. Types of lipids. Fatty acids Saturated Unsaturated. Glycerides Neutra Phospoglycerides. Nonglycerides Sphingolipids Steroid Waxes. Complex lipids Lipoproteins Glykolipids. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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LIPIDSDaniel Bučánek
Jan Gembík
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Lipids
• Fatty acids
• Glycerides
• Nonglycerol lipids
• Complex lipids
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Types of lipids
Fatty acids
Saturated
Unsaturated
Glycerides
Neutra
Phospoglycerides
Nonglycerides
Sphingolipids
Steroid
Waxes
Complex lipids
Lipoproteins
Glykolipids
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Lipid functions
• Creates a barrier for the cell• Controls flow of materials
Cell membrane structure
Energy storage• Fats stored in adipose tissue
Hormones and vitamins
• Hormones – communication between cells• Vitamins – assist in the regulation of biological
processes
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Fatty acids structureLong chain monocarboxylic acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOH• Size range: C12 – C14
• Always an even number of carbon
• Saturated – no double bonds
• Unsaturated – one or more double bonds
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Fatty acids structure
CH3
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
COH
O
CH3
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CHCH
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CHCH
CH2CH2
COH
O
Saturated
Unsaturated
CH3
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH CH
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH CH
CH2 CH2
C OH
Ocis
trans
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Some common fatty acids
Common name
IUPAC name MP °C Formula
Presence of double bonds reduced melting point. In nature, all double bonds are ´cis´.
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Steric acid
Oleic acid
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Reactions of fatty acidsReact like any other carboxylic acid.
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Unsaturated fatty acids eicosanoids
• All are unsaturated.• All have twenty carbons.• Some are essential fatty acids
Can´t be produced by the body.
examples: linoleic and linoleic acids
Eicosanoids
Three groups: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
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ProstaglandinsOriginaly isolated from seminal fluid.
All are derived from arachidonic acid.
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Prostaglandins
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Prostaglandins
• Stimulation of smooth muscles• Regulation of steroid production• Inhibition of gastric secretion• Inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipases• Inhibition / stimulation of plate aggregation• Regulation of nerve transmission• Sensitization of pain• Mediation of inflamantory response
Biological effect
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Blood clotting
Produced by platelets in blood.Stimulates constrictions of blood vessel.Aggregation of platelets.
Thromboxane A2
Prostacyclin
Produced by cells that line blood vessels.Reverses effects of throbmoxane A2
Aspirin therapy
Acts as anticoagulent – antiplatelet aggregation.
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Inflammantory response
Protective mechanism when tissue is damaged.
Ressults in swelling, redness, fever and pain.
Prostaglandins promote this response.
Drug like aspirin and ibuprofen
• Anti - inflammatories
• Block prostaglandins synthesis
• Cause reduction in this response
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Neutral glyceridesEster of glycerol and fatty acid.
Principal function is energy storage – fat or oil.
CH2
CH
CH2
OH
OH
OH
CCH2
CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH3
OH
O
CH2
CH
CH2
O
OH
OH
CCH2
CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH3O
+
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Fats and oils
• Both are triglycerides• Fats
• typically obtained from animals• solids at room temperature• made from saturated fatty acids
• Oils• typically obtained from plants• liquids at room temperature• made from unsaturated fatty acids
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Waxes
• Water insoluble and hard to hydrolyze• Often used to provide a protective coating
(leaves, skin, fur, hair….)• Bees wax and Sebum are examples• Ester of a fatty acid and a long chain alcohol
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Phospoglycerides
Lipids that contain a phosphate group.
Modified fat where a phospate replaces one of the fatty acid chain.
Uses
• production of cell membrenes
• emulsifying agents
Lecithin-phosphatidylcholin
Polar head
Nonpolar tail
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Nonglycerol lipidsSphingolipids• A type of phospolipid not derived from fat.• Used primarily in nerve tissue – myelin sheath.• In people, 25% of all lipids are sphingolipids.
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Steroids
Broad class of compounds that all have the same base structure.
Cholesterol
Principal membrane lipid for fluidity.
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Complex lipids
• Lipids bound to other molecules• Combination results in the structure
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Complex lipids
Four major classes of plasma lipoproteins
• Chilomikrons• Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)• Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)• High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
Each is composed of several types of lipids
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Composition of complex lipoproteins
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Composition of complex lipoproteins
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Function of lipoproteins
• Chilomikrons
Transport triglicerides from intestines to other tissue – except kdneys
• VLDL
Bind triglycerides in liver and carry them to fat tissue• LDL
Carry choresterol to peripheral tissue• HLD
Bound to plasma choresterol
Transport cholesterol to liver
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Transport of lipoproteins
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Source
• Some information from internet.
• Some information from lecture of Biochemistry.
• And some information from 12.Lesson with name Biochemistry.