Lipids Fats/Oils/Steroids

4 Categories of Organic Molecules

Molecules of LIFE

Biochemicals

(CHONPS)

ProteinsEnzymes/Structure/

Movement/Antibodies

Nucleic Acids(DNA/RNA)

CarbohydratesGlucose/Fructose

Starch/Cellulose

2.

3. 4.

1.

H

H

N

H

C

R

C

O

OH

Aminogroup

Carboxyl (acid)group

Sugar

OH

O P O

O

CH2

H

O

H H

OH H

H

N

N

HN

N H

HHN

Phosphategroup

Nitrogenousbase (A)

What is an example of a monomer and polymer?

Answer: starch is a polymer made from the monomer glucose.

What is peak enzyme reaction temp? What is peak reaction pH for pepsin and trypsin?

Factors Affecting Enzymatic Speed

• Temperature and pH• Substrate concentration • Enzyme concentration

The Water Molecule

Polarity – water is polar because of an uneven distribution of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen.

Covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen.

Electrons hang out more often near around the oxygen atom.

Slightly Negative (-)

Slightly Positive (+)

Hydrogen Bonds• Because of their partial charges water molecules become attracted to each other by weak hydrogen bonds•Hydrogen bonds are not as strong as ionic or covalent bonds

•Cohesion – attraction between molecules of the same substance

•Adhesion - attraction between molecules of different substances.

Other Unique Properties of Water

• High specific heat

• Expansion on freezing

• High surface tension

Cells and Cell Transport

Two categories of cellsProkaryotic Eukaryotic

-No Nucleus -Nucleus

-Smaller Ribosomes less complex

-Less complex

-DNA is linear

- Ribosomes larger and complex

-Membrane bound organelles

-Complex

-Cell wall (plants and bacteria)

-DNA is circular

-Cell membrane

-DNA

-Cytoplasm

-Ribosomes

Vesicles• Structure: membrane bounded sac• Function: transports and/or stores cellular products

Ribosomes• Structure: Small and grain-like, made of

large and small subunits• Function: produce proteins from

directions given by DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum• Structure: a maze of membranes• Rough ER: (ribosomes imbedded in

membrane) produces and transports proteins.

Golgi Apparatus• Structure: A stack of membranes• Function: to modify, sort and package

materials (often proteins) from the ER for storage or to be transported outside the cell.

Diffusion

Osmosis

Energy

You can’t go to the beach

and feel energized

by the sun – you need a

hot dog! Why?

Mitochondria “Powerhouse of the Cell”

Found: In the cytoplasmStructure: Rod-shaped with a folded

double membraneFunction: Provide the cell with energy.

ChloroplastFound: In plant cellsStructure: Stack of membranes that contain

photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll)Function: Use energy from the sun to make

carbs (photosynthesis)

Energy

Lightenergy

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

6 CO2 6+ H2O

Carbon dioxide Water

C6H12O6 6+ O2

Glucose Oxygen gas

C6H12O6 CO26 H2O ATPs

Glucose Oxygen gas Carbon dioxide

6

Water Energy

O26+ + +

PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

RESPIRATION:

Energy

– The DNA of the gene is transcribed into RNA• Which is translated into protein• The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to

Protein is called the CENTRAL DOGMA

DNA

Transcription

RNA

Protein

Translation

Protein Synthesis - Overview

Central Dogma - FLOW IS FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN

Protein Synthesis (Overview)

FLOW IS FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN

• Genes on DNA are expressed through proteins, which provide the molecular basis for inherited traits

• A particular gene, is a linear sequence of many nucleotides– Specifies a polypeptide (long protein made of amino

acids)

Protein Synthesis (Overview)

Genes - discrete units of hereditary information comprised of a nucleotide sequence found in a DNA molecule.

Protein Synthesis (Overview)

DNA to DNA

DNA to RNA

T A C T T C A A A A T C

A T G A A G T T T T A G

A U G A A G U U U U A G

Transcription

Translation

RNA

DNA

Met Lys PhePolypeptide

Startcondon

Stopcondon

Strand to be transcribed

RNA to protein– The subunits of a ribosome

• Hold the tRNA and mRNA close together during translation

Largesubunit

mRNA-binding site

Smallsubunit

tRNA-binding sites

Growing polypeptide

mRNA

tRNA

Codons

Genetics

• Alleles – different forms of a gene– Ex. From pea plants:

alleles T or t = tall (T) and short (t)• Homozygous – organisms that have 2

identical alleles for a particular trait• True-breeding for a particular trait

– Ex: TT or tt

Genetics• Heterozygous – organisms that have 2

different alleles for the same trait– Hybrid for that trait– Ex: Tt

Phenotype – physical characteristics

Ex: tall, short, yellow, greenGenotype – genetic make-up

Ex: TT, Tt, tt

Other Patterns of Inheritance

• Genes can act in various ways1. Dominant vs. Recessive – one allele

completely masks another allele.2. Incomplete Dominance

1. Definition : one allele is not completely dominant over anotherEx: flowers – white x red flowers = pink flowers

Beyond Dominant and Recessive

Codominance– Definition: both alleles contribute to the

phenotype of the organismEx: chicken feather – black and white alleles = black and white feathersColors don’t blend like incomplete dominance

Multiple Alleles• Definition: more than two alleles• (more than 2 alleles exist in a population

not an individual)Ex: rabbit’s coat colorEx: human’s blood type

blood-type donors and recipients

Polygenic Traits• Definition: traits that are controlled by 2 or

more genesEx: fruit fly red eyes - 3 genes involved in

making pigment– Diff. combo of genes produce different eye

colorsEx: Human skin color – more than 4 different

genes

Gene Mutations

Chromosomal Mutations• Types of chromosomal mutations:

– Deletion: The loss of all or part of a chromosome

– Duplication: A segment is repeated

– Inversion: part of the chromosome is reverse from its usual direction.

– Translocation: one chromosome breaks off an attaches to another chromosome.

Meiosis and Mitosis

Ecology -Levels of Organization

Food Chains and Food WebsSUN Autotrophs Heterotroph

1. Food Chain – energy trapped by producers passed on when organisms eat and are eaten

2. Food Web – relationship more complex than a chain

Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids

Evolution – Natural Selection

Evolution – Natural Selection