lisbon, portugal 1 rosário macário and josé viegas e xploring the c omplexity of p olicy d esign...

Lisbon, Portugal Lisbon, Portugal

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Rosário Macário and José Viegas

EXPLORING THE COMPLEXITY OF POLICY DESIGN


Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade Técnica de Lisboa

Duration: 48 monthsStarted: November 2010

Finish: October 2014


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Integrated strategies are implemented through the combination of sectorial policies and measures to achieve cumulative positive effects or to mitigate negative effects of any of them.

Integrated strategies can accrue synergies between policies and/or measures and that is the main reason for policy packaging

Policy packaging can also occur to increase public acceptability, by adding some compensation to social groups who would otherwise clearly be losing.

Not a new problem ! … But design and implementation of integrated strategies is still a challenge since there are numerous barriers to concerted decision processes

Motivation Motivation


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The ultimate goal of the ExPoD project is to: understand decision making processes in BRT systems and to develop a formal structure for retrospective analysis of the various

interplaying policy components, and finally develop a systems dynamic model to search for well designed

and promising policy packages.

Aim Aim


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Interaction with other BRT ALC projects Interaction with other BRT ALC projects

ExPod Decision processes and policy packaging

BRT system performance

BRT ALC

Institutional design


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Policies vs measures A first step in this process is to obtain a clear view on different types of

policies that can be devised. From the outset we propose to define policies as public initiatives

developed in different areas of responsibilities (or different decision areas, normally materialized by government bodies) with specific purposes and using measures as the main instruments of intervention.

In our definition one measure can be the instrument of more than one policy and some examples of policy areas re: land use and transport policy; energy policy; fiscal policy; innovation and technology policy; etc.

In literature (as well as in practice) we find a very blurred distinction between policies and measures

ExPoD approachExPoD approach


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The analysis of policy design and implementation require the understanding of a multi-agent complex system often with multiple levels of government

Policy packaging often means “cherry picking” components governed by different public sector areas, calling for negotiation and agreement whenever clear hierarchies are absent

The real worldThe real world


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A set of case studies where retrospective analysis of the various interplaying policy components is possible so that we can deepen the understanding on barriers to policy design and causes for policy underperformance

The use of inductive case studies will allow us to grasp these relations and hopefully find some qualitative and quantitative elements in support of our analysis.

The qualitative and quantitative information obtained will be the input to induce a system dynamics model to support the design of policy packages.

MethodMethod


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Life-style oriented measures, where intervention is only of subsidiary help since the basic element is a

change of attitude towards mobility and material consumption. Information and education play a strong role here since knowing the consequences (e.g. environmental damage, etc) of a given transport policy or the effect of certain transport choices may well influence behavioral change.;

Market oriented measures, which assume that people are willing to change their lifestyle or mobility

behavior if others do the same and no material disadvantage will result. In these cases measures like fiscal reforms or changed property rights might change the incentive structure. This approach relies on the public acceptance of price as a mechanism to allocate services and goods;

Grouping measures to implement policies (I) Grouping measures to implement policies (I)


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Regulation oriented measures, which rely upon legal and regulatory changes, technical standards and

norms (e.g. speed limits, maximum weight of vehicles, etc), on innovative planning methodologies (e.g. spatial planning and transport impact assessment) and on government reform. In general this approach is rather rationalist although it can be tempered with strong participatory processes to provide the argumentative element;

Provision of public infrastructure and public transport services, which is often adopted as a policy approach and seen as associated

with regulation oriented policies, with which it is also often confused.

Grouping measures to implement policies (II) Grouping measures to implement policies (II)


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The most critical element of this analysis is the ability to effectively assess performances, so that we can identify the best assembled policy packages and respective measures.

At the outset we consider that assessment has to cover both policies defined at the strategic level, and thus with a high level of abstraction, but also measures (policy materialization) defined at the tactical level (planning) and effectively implemented at the operational level, and by then with low (if any) level of abstraction

Feed-back cycles are the privileged instrument to assess the definition of strategic objectives against impacts and operational objectives against results and they rely on performance indicators

Critical elementsCritical elements


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ExPoD pillarsExPoD pillars

Own Approval

Approval by others

Own process

Others process

Decision-making

Man

agem

ent

Classification of processes in

ownership and approval

The ExPoD project builds in three main pillars: • Decision-making processes• Policies and packages of measures •Agents’ behavior


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WP1 Literature review WP2 Exploratory survey WP3 Inductive Case studies WP4 Analytical research on policy packaging WP5 Design and implementation of SD tool WP6 Deductive Case studies WP7 Guidelines on policy packaging for BRT systems

Work structureWork structure


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Preliminary Preliminary selection of casesselection of cases

BRT System / Location

BRT Type (1-BRT-lite to 5-

Full BRT)

Status (1-conception;

2- implementation

3-“cruise”; 4- “redevelop.”)

Network/ Geography

Political framework/ Ownership / Stakeholders

Notes

RetBus Barcelona, Spain

2?? 2 (due Jan/2011) System (11 routes) CENIT / TMB / Ajuntament de Barcelona

http://its.berkeley.edu/btl/2010/spring/Barcelona-BRT

Amadora, Portugal 5 1/2 (due on 2013) Single line CMAmadora, DolceVita (Shopping Mall Owner)

OrangeLine Los Angeles, USA

2 3 (2005) Single line

Paris (Val de Marne), France

3 3 1993) Single line

Transitway Ottawa, Canada

5 3 (1983) System (several routes)

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

5 1 / 2 System (3 routes) BHTRANS

RIT Curitiba, Brazil

5 4 (1973) System (12 routes) Transport/Land use coordination

Transmilenio Bogotá, Colombia

5 4 (2000) System

SIT-Optibús Leon, Mexico

5 4 (2003) System (3 routes) Market arrangement (13 historic concessionaires formed 4 new operators)

Transantiago Santiago, Chile


Several Systems Quito, Ecuador

?? 1995/2001/2004 System/Single line Several systems within the same city

Yutorīto Line, Nagoya, Japan

5 3 (2001) Single line (part of a wider system of normal buses)

Nagoya Guideway Bus

Includes a guided bus segment

Transjakarta Jakarta, Indonesia

5 3 (2004) System

Perth, Australia 5 (?) 2 Single line O-Bahn Adelaide, Australia

5 3 (1986) System (18 routes) Guided system

Kunming China



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Bus Rapid Transit Bus Rapid Transit Across Latitudes and CulturesAcross Latitudes and Cultures

VREF Center of ExcellenceVREF Center of Excellence

Thank you for your attention !

Rosário Macário

[email protected]

José Viegas

[email protected]

lisbon, portugal 1 rosário macário and josé viegas e xploring the c omplexity of p olicy d esign...

Documents

policy underperformance

technology policy

analysis of policy design

examples of policy areas

promising policy packages

jos viegas interaction

jos viegas e xploring

measures expod approach