LIST OF AUTHORS

George Abraham Annanagar, Madras, India Gnomon in India

BaJa Achi National Museum, Abuja, Nigeria Construction Techniques in Africa

Michael Adas Department of History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A. Colonialism and Science Western Dominance: Western Science and Technology in the Construction ofldeologies of Colonial Dominance

Samuel A.M. Adshead Department of History, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Salt

Bilal Ahmad Department of Geography, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A. Ibn Ba~!iJ~a

S.M. Ahmad AI Al-Bayt University, Jubayha, Amman, Jordan Ibn Khurdadhbih Ibn Majid al-Idrisi

Mansour So lyman ai-Said Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, )<.lng Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Medicine in Islam

Claude Alvares The Other India Bookstore, Goa, India Irrigation in India and Sri Lanka Technology and Culture

Mehdi Aminrazavi Department of Philosophy, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Virginia, U.S.A. Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

Gene Ammarell Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, U.S.A. Astronomy in the Indo-Malay Archipelago

Munawar A. Anees Periodica Islamica, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ibn Z:uhr

Tian Se Ang Department of Language Studies, Faculty of Arts, Edith Cowan University, Mount Lawley, Western Australia Acupuncture Five Phases (Wuxing) Sun Zi Wang Xiaotong Xiahou Yang Xu Yue ZuChongzhi

Charles Anyinam Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Medicine in Africa

Roger Arnaldez Paris, France Ibn Butlan

R.K. Arora International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India Agriculture in India

Bernardo Arriaza Department of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A. Mummies in South America

Marcia Ascher Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. Ethnomathematics Quipu

Robert Ascher Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. Quipu

Kamel Arifin Mohd A tan Department of Mathematics, University of Agriculture Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Algebra in Islamic Mathematics

George Atiyeh Library of Congress, Near East Section, Washington, DC, U.S.A. al-Kindi

1063

1064 LIST OF AUTHORS

A. V. Balasubramanian Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems, Madras, India Knowledge Systems in India Metallurgy in India Yoga

Thomas J. Bassett Department of Geography, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking in Africa

Frances Berdan Department of Anthropology, California State University, San Bernardino, California, U.S.A. Aztec Science

Kenneth J.E. Berger San Diego, California, U.S.A. Environment and Nature: China

Bruce Berndt Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. Ramanujan

Richard Bertschinger Montacute, Somerset, England Huangdi Netjing Medical Texts in China Nanji11g Qia11jin Yaof"ang Shangha11 Lw1 Tangren Zhenjiu Shuxue T!Jjing Zhenjiu Dacheng Zhcnj i u ji a_1·iji ng

Lucie Bolens Faculty of Letters, Department of General History, University of Geneva, Switzerland Agriculture in the Islamic World Irrigation in the Islamic World

Annie L. Booth Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada

Environment and Nature: Native North America

Ahmed Bouzid Center for the Study of Science in Society, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A. al-Farghanl

Francesca Bray Manchester University, Manchester, England Agriculture in China

Sonja Brentjes Karl-Sudhoff-Institut, Universitat Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; and Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Elements- Reception of Euclid's Elements in the Islamic World al-Jawhari al-Nayrfzf

David Browman Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. Environment and Nature: the Andes

David M. Browne Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales Nazca Lines

Viggo Brun East Asian Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Medicine in Thailand

Amriah Buang Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Geography in the Islamic World

Anthony R. Butler Department of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland Chemistry in China

Charles Butterworth Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U.S.A. Ibn Khaldun

Cai J~ngfeng China Institute for the History of Medicine and Medical Literature, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

Chinese Medicine Medicine in China: Forensic Medicine

Emilia Calvo Department of Arabic Philology, University of Barcelona, Spain Abu' l-Fida' al-Damfrf Ibn al-Banna'

Ibn al-Bay!iir Ibn al-Zarqallu Ibn I:Iawqal Ibn Juljul Ibn Tibbon Ibn Wafid al-Majrl!( Yal:lya ibn Abl Man~ilr

LIST OF AUTHORS

Vicki Cassman Department of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A. Mummies in South America

Jose Chabas Brussels, Belgium Zacut, Abraham

A.K. C~akravarty Department of Mathematics, Mahishadal Raj College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India Calendars in India

Sami Chalhoub Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo, Syria Trigonometry in Islamic Mathematics

D.P. Chattopadhyaya Project of History of Indian Science. Philosophy and Culture, Calcutta, India Environment and Nature: Indian

1065

Karine Chemla Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques (CNRS), Histoire des Sciences, Paris, France; and Wissenschaftskolleg,

Berlin, Gennany Siyuan Yujian Suanxue Qimeng Zhu Shijie

Joseph Chen Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A. Acoustics in Chinese Culture Magnetism in Chinese Culture

Weihang Chen Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Yinyang Religion and Science in China

S. Terry Childs Conservation Analytical Laboratory, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Metallurgy in Africa

William C. Chittick Department of Comparative Studies, Program in Religious Studies, State University ofNew York at Stony Brook,

Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A. Ibn al-'Arabl

W.C. Clarke Eumundi, Queensland, Australia Agriculture in the Pacific Agroforestry in the Pacific

Michael P. Closs University of Ottawa, Department of Mathematics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Mathematics in Native North America Mathematics of the Aztecs Mathematics of the Maya

Christopher Cullen Needham Research Institute, Cambridge, England; and Department of History, School of Oriental and African

Studes, London, England Clocks: Astronomical Clocks in China Gait ian Huntian Zhoubi Suanjing Zou Yan

Roger B. Culver Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. Astronomy

Ahmad Dallal $adr al-Sharl'ah

Ubiratan D'Ambrosio University ofCampinas, Cidade Universitaria 'Zeferina Vaz', Campinas, Brazil Colonialism and Science in the Americas Americas: Native American Science

1066

Bhagwan Dash Ayurveda Rasashala Clinic, Delhi, India Alchemy in India A trey a Caraka Medicine in India: Ayurveda Susruta

LIST OF AUTHORS

Joseph W. Dauben City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, New York, U.S.A. The Gougu Theorem

William Davenport University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking: Marshall Island Stick Charts

Jean Debernardi Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Time in Chinese Thought

Catherine Delano Smith Institute of Historical Research, University of London, London, England Maps and Mapmaking in Asia (Prehistoric)

P.N. Desai University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Medical Ethics in India

Gregg DeYoung Science Department, American University in Cairo, Egypt Astronomy in Egypt Calendars in Egypt al-f:Iajjaj Jkhwan al-!fafa' Is~aq ibn f:Iunayn Maragha Metallurgy in Egypt Mummies in Egypt Observatories in the Islamic World Pyramids Qadi Zadeh ai-Rumi al-Samarqandi Textiles in Egypt

Alnoor Dhanani Lexington, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Atomism in Islamic Thought

Ahmed Djebbar Garches, France Combinatorics in Islamic Mathematics Ibn a!-Yasamln Mathematics of Africa: Maghreb al-Qala~adi

Yvonne Dold-Samplonius Institute of Mathematics, University of Heidelberg, Germany Abii'l-Wara' al-Mahanl al-Quhi ai-Sijzi Sinan ibn Thabit

Salimata Doumbia lnstitut de Recherches Mathematiques, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire Mathematics in Africa: West African Games

Laurence R. Doyle SET! Institute, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, U.S.A. Astronomy in Africa

Ashok Dutt Department of Geography, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A. Geography in India

Gloria T. Emeagwali History Department, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, Connecticut, U.S.A. Colonialism and Science in Africa Textiles in Africa

J. Worth Estes Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mas­sachusetts, U.S .A.

Medicine in Egypt

Nina Etkin Anthropology Department, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Medicinal Food Plants

LIST OF AUTHORS

Gillian R. Evans History Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England Abacus

Harmut Fahndrich Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Bern, Switzerland Ibn Jumay•

Richard Feinberg Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, U.S.A. Navigation in Polynesia

1067

Feng Li-sheng Institute for the History of Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Chinese Minorities

Edward W: Frank Santa Monica, California, U.S.A. Astronomy in Africa

Donald and Joan Gear Cato Ridge, South Africa Weights and Measure in Burma: The Royal Animal-shaped Weights of the Burmese Empires

Paulus Gerdes Universidade Pedagogica, Maputo, Mozambique Geometry in Africa: Sona Geometry Mathematics in Africa South of the Sahara Number Theory in Africa

Thomas F. Glick Department of History, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Leo the African

Christopher Glidewell Department of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland Chemistry in China

Nicholas J. Goetzfridt Madison, Wisonsin, U.S.A. Navigation in the Pacific Islands

S.D. Gomkale Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India Salt in India

Susantha Goonatilake East and West: India in the Transmission of Knowledge East to West

Gray Graffam Department of Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;

Irrigation in South America Metallurgy in the Andes

Paul Gregory Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada City Planning in India

Y. Guergour Departement de Mathematiques, Ecole Normale Superieure, Kouba, Algeria Ibn Qunfudh

Guo Shirong Institute for the History of Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Chinese Minorities

R.C. Gupta Ganita Bharati Academy, Ras Bahar Colony, Jhansi, India Aryabha!a Baudhayana Bhaskara II Brahmagupta Madhava Mahiivlra Pi in Indian mathematics Srldhara

Sami Khalaf Hamarneh ISTAC, P.O. Box 11961 , 50672 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ibn al-Majusl Ibn al-Quff(al-Karakl) al-Tabarl

S. Nomanul Haq Department of Religious Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A. Jabir ibn l::!ayyan

Hairuddin Harun Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Colonialism and Medicine in Malaysia Colonialism and Science in the Malay World

1068 LIST OF AUTHORS

E. Ruth Harvey Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ibn Hubal Ibn Sarabi (Serapion) Ibn Tufayl al-Jurjanl Qusta ibn Luqa Samtl'Iil ibn <Abbas al-Maghribl

Takao Hayashi Science and Engineering Research Institute, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan Algebra in India: Bijaganita Arithmetic in India: Pii(igaf1ita Bakhshall Manuscript Combinatorics in Indian Mathematics Number Theory in India

Roslynn D. Haynes English Department, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia Astronomy of the Australian Aboriginal People

Anton M. Heinen MOnchen, Germany Religion and Science in Islam II: What Scientists Said About Religion And What Islam Said About Science al-Suytltl

Martha L. Henderson The Evergreen State University, Olympia, Washington, U.S.A. Geography of Native North Americans

Donald R. Hill Deceased Bantl Mtlsa Clocks and Watches al-Jazarl Technology in the Islamic World

Richard L. Hills Institute of Science and Technology, University of Manchester, Manchester, England Windpower

Ho Peng Yoke Needham Research Institute, Cambridge, England Astrology in China Astronomy in China China Ge Hong Gunpowder Guo Shoujing Li Zhi Liu Hui and the Jiuzhang Suanshu Magic Squares in China Navigation in China Yang Hui

J.C. Hocquet Villeneuve d'Ascq, France Weights and Measures in Mexico

Jan P. Hogendijk Institute of Mathematics, State University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands Abu Ja<far Conics Mathematics in Islam al-Mu'taman ibn Hud Sharaf al-Din al-Tusl Ya'qub ibn Tariq

Lionel Holland Hadera, Israel Weights and Measures of the Hebrews

Hong Wuli China Institute for the History of Medicine and Medical Literature, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

Chen Yan Huangfu Mi Li Gao Song Ci Tang Shenwei

Jens Hoyrup Roskilde University Centre, Roskilde, Denmark

LIST OF AUTHORS

Algebra: Surveyors' Algebra Geometry in the Near and Middle East

Mathematics, Practical And Recreational

Mei-ling Hsu Department of Geography, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A. Geography in China

Hua Jueming Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China Metallurgy in China

Huang, H. T. Needham Research Institute, Cambridge, England Food Technology in China

Huang Yi-long Institute of History, National Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan Gan De

Nancy Hudson-Rodd Department of Community Health Nursing, Edith Cowan University, Churchlands, Western Australia Geographical Knowledge

Ake Hultkrantz Department of Comparative Religion, University of Stockholm, Lidingo, Sweden Medicine in Native North America Religion and Science in Native North America

Ekmeleddin !hsanoglu Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, Istanbul, Turkey Ottoman Science

Mohammad Ilyas Astronomy and Atmospheric Research Unit, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Calendars in Islam Qibla and Islamic Prayer Times

Albert Z. Iskandar Wellcome Institute, London, England J:Iunay!l Ibn Is~aq Ibn al-Nafis Ibn Ri~wan Ibn Rushd (Averroes) al-Razi

Mat Rofa bin Ismail Department of Mathematics, University of Agriculture Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Algebra in Islamic Mathematics

Shigeo Iwata Tokyo, Japan Weights and Measures in the Indus Valley Weights and Measures in Japan Weights and Measures in Peru

Danielle Jacquart Sciences Historiques et Philologiques, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France Ibn Masawayh Yii~anna

S.K. Jain National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Ethnobotany in India

Jennifer Jay Department of History and Classics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Li Chunfeng

Jeon Sang-woon Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea Korean Science

Jiang Xiaoyuan Shanghai Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Annillary Spheres in China Liu Hong Luoxia Hong Zhang Heng

Shigeru Jochi Japanese Center, Ming Chuan College, Taipei, Taiwan Aida Yasuaki Ajima Naonobu Hazama Shigetomi Seki Kowa Takebe Katahiro

1069

Timothy Johns Centre for Nutrition and the Environment of Indigenous Peoples, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada

Potato

1070 LIST OF AUTHORS

William T. Johnson University Libraries, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, U.S.A. Mathematics in the Pacific Physics in India

William D. Johnston Department of History, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, U.S.A. Medicine in Japan

Karen Louise Jolly Department of History, University of Hawaii at MAnoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Magic and Science

Carolyn Jones U Mut Maya, Bayside, California, U.S.A. Textiles in Mesoamerica

Tom Jones College of Arts and Humanities, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, U.S.A. Calendars in Mesoamerica Textiles in Mesoamerica Writing of the Maya

Gretchen W. Jordan Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. Roads in Native North America

George Gheverghese Joseph Faculty of Econometrics and Social Statistics, University of Manchester, Manchester, England Mathematics Mathematics in India Geometry in India

Carol F. Justus Linguistics Research Center, University ofTexas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A. Cuneiform

Ted Kaptchuk Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Qi

Ahmet T. Karamustafa Department of Asian and Near Eastern Languages and Literature, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.

Maps and Mapmaking: Islamic Terrestrial Maps

Margarita Kay Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. Childbirth

Jeanne Kay Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Environment and Nature: the Hebrew People

M.S. Khan Calcutta, India India: Medieval Science and Technology

Elaheh Kheirandish Department of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Optics in Islamic Science

Kim Yong Woon Department of Mathematics, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea ~ Mathematics in Korea

David A. King Institute for History of Science, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Astronomy in the Islamic World Astronomical Instruments in the Islamic World Ibn Yiinus al-Khalili Maps and Mapmaking: Islamic, Mecca-centered Maps al-Maridini, Jamal al-Din and Badr al-Din Religion and Science in Islam 1: Technical and Practical Aspects

Steven Klarer Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Qi

Christoph Koerbs Berlin, Germany East and West: China in the Transmission of Knowledge East to West

Samuel S. Kottek Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Medicine in the Talmud Abraham Ibn Ezra

E.C. Krupp Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Astronomy in Native North America

Dieter Kuhn Institute ofSinology, University ofWiirzberg, Germany Silk and the Loom Textiles in China

LIST OF AUTHORS

Deepak Kumar National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi, India Colonialism and Science in India

Paul Kunitzsch Institut fiir Semitistik, Universitat Miinchen, Miinchen, Germany Almagest: Its Reception and Transmission in the Islamic World Ibn Qutayba Lunar Mansions in Islamic Astronomy ai-Ma•miin Stars in Arabic-Islamic Science al-~ufi

Zodiac in Islam

Shigehisa Kuriyama International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto, Japan Moxibustion

Takanori Kusuba Osaka University of Economics, Osaka City, Japan Narayal).a Pal).~ita

Chi-Wan Lai Neurology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A. Epilepsy in Chinese Medicine

Yen-Huei C. Lai Neurology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A. Epilepsy in Chinese Medicine

Lam Lay Yong Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore Algebra in China Computation: Chinese Counting Rods Pi in Chinese Mathematics Zhang Qiujian Suanjing

Y. Tzvi Langermann Institute of Microfilmed Hebrew Manuscripts, Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem, Israel Abu'l-Barakat Astronomy of the Hebrew People Moses Maimonides

Gari Ledyard Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking in Korea

Richard Lemay New York, New York, U.S.A. Abu Ma'shar Astrology in Islam Ma•sha•allah

Angela Ki Che Leung ISSP Sun Yat-Sen Institute for Social Sciences and Philosophy, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan Medical Ethics in China

1071

Tony Levy CNRS (Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique ), Centre d'Histoire des Sciences et des Philosophies Arabes et Medievales, Vanves, France

Bar I:Iiyya I:Iasdai Crescas Mathematics of the Hebrews

G. Malcolm Lewis Sheffield, S. Yorkshire, England Maps and Mapmaking of the Native North Americans

Ch'iao-p'ing Li Department of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland Chemistry in China

Li Di Institute for the History of Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China Meteorology in China

Liao Yuqun Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China Ben Cao Gang Mu Bian Que

Ulrich Libbrecht Kluisbergen, Belgium Mathematics in China Qin Jiushao Shushu Jiuzhang

Liu Dun Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Wang Xichan

Richard P. Lorch Miinchen, Germany

1072

Jabir ibn Afla~ Quadrant

LIST OF AUTHORS

Lu Jing-Yan Associate Professor of Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Tribology in China

Murdo J. Macleod Department of History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. Crops in Pre-Columbian America Dyes

Martha J. Macri Department of Native American Studies and Anthropology, University ofCalifomia Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A. Astronomy in Mesoamerica

Tim McGrew Department of Philosophy, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, U.S.A. Physics in the Islamic World

William J. McPeak Lake Forest, California, U.S.A. Meteorology in Islam Military Technology

Vincent H. Malmstrom Department of Geography, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Geography in Mesoamerica Long Count Magnetism in Mesoamerica

J.L. Mancha Facultad de Filosofia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain Levi Ben Gerson

Bala V. Manyam Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A. Epilepsy in Indian Medicine

S. Parvez Manzoor Department of the Study of Religion and Worldviews, University ofUppsala, Uppsala Sweden Environment and Nature: Islam

Jean-Claude Martzloff Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saint-Denis, France Approximation Fonnulae in Chinese Mathematics Geometry in China Li Shanlan Mathematics in Japan

Zeina Matar Eutin, Germany Ibn <Abbad Ibn Tawiis

Ruben Mendoza Department of Anthropology, California State University at Monterey Bay, Monterey, California, U.S.A. City Planning: Maya City Planning Medicine in Meso and South America Metallurgy in Meso and North America Road Networks in Ancient Native North America Trephination

Raymond P. Mercier Needingworth, St. Ives, Cambridgeshire, England Geodesy Ibn al-A< lam Zij

Georges Metailie Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Musee National d'Histoire Nature\ (MNHN), Paris, France Ethnobotany in China

Yoshimasa Michiwaki Maebashi City College of Technology, Maebashi, Japan Geometry in Japan Magic Squares in Japanese Mathematics

Daniel E. Moerman Behavioral Sciences Department, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigar., U.S.A. Ethnobotany in Native North America

R.N. Mukherjee Bihar, India Zero

Barbara Mundy Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking in Mesoamerica

Nakayama Shigeru School oflnternational Business Administration, Kanagawa University, Kanagawa, Japan Asada Goryu Calendars in East Asia

I no Tadataka Japanese Science Shibukawa Harumi Shizuki Tadao

LIST OF AUTHORS

Azim A. Nanji Department of Religion, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.

Medical Ethics in Islam

Georges Niangoran-Bouah Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Universite d' Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire

Weights and Measures in Africa: Akan Gold Weights

Connie Nobles Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, U.S.A.

Mound Cultures

Yukio Ohashi Tokyo, Japan Astronomical instruments in India Astronomy in Tibet

Richard Okagbue National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Food Technology in Africa

Harold Olofson Graduate School and Area Research and Training Center, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines

Agroforestry

Arnold Pacey Addingham, Ilkley, West Yorkshire, England

Agroforestry in Africa Engineering Gender and Technology Qanat Rainwater Harvesting Technology

Pan Jixing Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China

Paper and Papermaking Rockets and Rocketry Song Yingxing and Tiangong Kaiwu

Deepa Pande Economics Department, Kumaon University, Naini Tal, India

Forestry in India

Cornelis Plug Department of Psychology, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

Celestial Vault and Sphere

Malcolm Potts School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

Abortion

Marvin A. Powell Department of History, Northern Illinois University, DeKaib, Illinois, U.S.A.

Sexagesimal System

Fabrizio Pregadio Venice, Italy Alchemy in China Chao Yuanfang Huangdi Jiuding Shendan Jing Li Shizhen Shen Gua Sun Simo Tao Hongjing Wang Chong Wei Boyang Zhang Zhongjing

1073

Jean-Pierre Protzen Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Design, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley,

California, U.S.A. City Planning: Inca City Planning Inca Stonemasonry

Edoardo Proverbio Osservatorio Astronomico, Milano, Italia

Gnomon in China

Jehane Ragai Science Department, American University in Cairo, Egypt

Calendars in Egypt Mummies in Egypt

1074 LIST OF AUTHORS

F. Jamil Ragep Department of the History of Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A. ai-Hashimi Hay'a Na~ir al-Din al-Tiisi

Mushtaqur Rahman Department of Geography, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A. ai-Mas'iidi al-Muqaddasi

A.S. Ramanathan Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, Madras, India Meteorology in India

Vijaya Ramaswamy Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Simla, India Textiles in India

Roshdi Rashed Centre d'Histoire des Sciences et des-Philosophies Arabes et Medievales, C.N.R.S.-E.P.H.E., Paris, France; and University ofTokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Ibn al-Haytham (Aihazen) Ibn Sahl Ibrahim ibn Sinan Science as a Western Phenomenon

Ulrich Rebstock Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg, Orientalisches Seminar, Freiburg, Germany Weights and Measures in Islam

Paul Richards Group for Technology and Agrarian Development, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Agriculture in Africa

James Ritter Departement des Mathematiques, Universite de Paris, Saint Denis, France Mathematics in Egypt

Lawrence H. Robbins Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A. Namoratunga

Amy Oakland Rodman California State University, Hayward, California, U.S.A. Textiles in South America

Christine M. Rodrigue Department of Geography and Planning, California State University, Chico, California, U.S.A. Animal Domestication

Boris A. Rosenfeld Mathematics Department, Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

ai-Fazari Geometry in the Islamic World Gnomon in Islam al-Kashi ai-Kharaqi <Umar al-Khayyam Na~ir-i Khusraw al-~aghani

Thabit ibn Qurra Trigonometry in Islamic Mathematics Ulugh Beg ai-<Ur~i

Henry Rutz Department of Anthropology, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, U.S.A. Time Time and the Maya Time in Africa

Seiji Sakiura Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Agriculture in Japan

Sema'am I. Salem Physics and Astronomy Department, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California, U.S.A. Alphabet Muslim Spain ~a<id al-Andalusi

Abdul Latif Samian Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor de Malaysia al-Biriini

Julio Samso Departamento de Arabe, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Abu'l-$alt Alfonso X al-Battani al-Bitruji Ibn al-Hii'im Ibn al-Kammad Ibn al-Raqqam Ibn Isl_laq al-Tunisi al-Khazini

Ziauddin Sardar London, England Environment and Nature: Islam Islamic Science: the Contemporary Debate Values and Science

LIST OF AUTHORS

K. V. Sarma Adyar Library and Research Centre, Adyar, Madras, India Acyuta Pi~arati Armillary Spheres in India Astronomy in India Calculus Candrasekhara Samanta Decimal Notation Desantara Devacarya Haridatta Jagannatha Samrat Jayadeva Kamalakara Lalla Lunar Mansions in Indian Astronomy Mahadeva Mahendra Siiri Makaranda MuniSvara Nilakal)tha Somayaji Pak!fa Paramesvara Paulisa Precession of the Equinoxes Putumana Somayaji Rationale in Indian Mathematics Sali.kara Variyar Satananda Sphujidhvaja Sulbasutras Suryasiddhanta Vtikyakarm;a Varahamihira Vatesvara Yavanesvara Yuktibhti!fti of Jye~thadeva

Nataraja Sarma Vigyan Society, New Bombay, India Time in India

Emilie Savage-Smith Well come Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Geomancy in the Islamic World Globes Maps and Mapmaking: Celestial Islamic Maps

Richard Evans Schultes Melrose, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Ethnobotany Ethnobotany in Mesoamerica

Joseph E. Schwartzberg Department of Geography, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.

1075

1076

Maps and Mapmaking in India Maps and Mapmaking in Southeast Asia Maps and Mapmaking in Tibet

LIST OF AUTHORS

Karl H. Schwerin Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A. Agriculture in South and Central America Swidden

Aaron Segal El Paso, Texas, U.S.A. Technology in the New World

Jacques Sesiano Department des Mathematiques, Ecole Polytechnique Federale, Lausanne, Switzerland Abu Kamil al-Karaji al-Khwarizmi Magic Squares in Islamic Mathematics Number Theory in Islamic Mathematics al-Uq!Idisi

Virendra Nath Sharma Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wisconsin Fox Valley, Menasha, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Jai Singh Observatories in India

Akhtar H. Siddiqi Department of Geography, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S.A. al-Biruni: Geographical Contributions

Yadhu N. Singh College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, U.S.A. Ethnobotany in the Pacific

Kripanath Sinha Department of Education, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India Sripati

Suliana Siwatibau Port Vila, Vanuatu Medicine of the Pacific Islands

A. Mark Smith Department of History, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A. Ibn Mu'adh

Julian A. Smith Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Architecture in the Islamic World Arithmetic in Islamic Mathematics Astrolabe Compass Physics Telescope

Michael E. Smith Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Albany, New York, U.S.A. City Planning: Aztec City Planning

Richard J. Smith Department of History, Rice University, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. Divination in China

Lawrence Souder Department of Rhetoric and Communication, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. l:fabash al-l:fasib

Leslie E. Sponsel Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Environment and Nature: Amazon Environment and Nature in Buddhist Thought

F. Richard Stephenson Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, England Eclipses Lunar Mansions in Chinese Astronomy Maps and Mapmaking: Celestial East Asian Maps

M.S. Stern Department ofReligion,University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada Time in Islam

Sun Xiaochun Institute for the History of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Stars in Chinese Science

Sun Xiaoli The Fourth University of Military Medicine, Xi-an, China !sa Tarjaman Li Bing

Frank J. Swetz The Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Geometry Surveying

LIST OF AUTHORS

Richard C. Taylor Department of Philosophy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

East and West: Islam in the Transmission of Knowledge East to West

Sevim Tekeli Ankara, Turkey al-Khujandl Pirl Reis Taql al-Din

Gerald R. Tibbets Eynsham, Oxford, England The Balkhl School of Arab Geographers

Christopher Toll University·ofCopenhagen, Denmark al-Hamdanl

Marina A. Tolmacheva Department of History, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A. East and West: Africa in the Transmission of Knowledge East to West Environment and Nature: Africa Navigation in Africa Navigation in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea

Vijaya Narayan Tripathi Varanasi, India Astrology in India

John Allen Tucker Department of History and Philosophy, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida

Environment and Nature: Japan

Dorothy Tunbridge Australian Institute for Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, Australia Environment and Nature: the Australian Aboriginal People

David Turnbull School of Social Inquiry, Arts Faculty, Deakin University, Gee long, Victoria, Australia Bamboo Knowledge Systems: Local Knowledge Maps and Mapmaking of the Australian Aboriginal People Rationality, Objectivity and Method

1077

B.L. Turner II Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Agriculture of the Maya

Christine Tuschinsky Institut fiir Ethnologie, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Jamu

Lawrence Tyler Office oflnternational Affairs, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, U.S.A. Medicine Wheels

Kazutaka Unno Mie, Japan Maps and Mapmaking in Japan

Ryan A. Uritam Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Physics in China

Edwin J. Van Kley Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.A. East and West

Robert M. Veatch Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.

Medical Ethics

Judith Vidal University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A. Food Technology in Latin America Sugar in Latin America

Hans Ulrich Vogel Seminar fiir Sinologie und Koreanistik der Universitiit Ti.ibingen, Ti.ibingen, Germany

Bitumen in Premodern China Natural Gas in China Salt in China Weights and Measures in China

John Walbridge Indiana University; Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A. al-Shlrazl

Jinguang Wang Hangzhou University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China Optics in China

1078 LIST OF AUTHORS

Caiwu Wang Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, U.S.A. Optics in China

Helen Watson-Verran Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Knowledge Systems of the Australian Aboriginal People Mathematics of the Australian Aboriginal People

John Whitmore University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking in Vietnam

Ruth Hendricks Willard San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Weights and Measures in Egypt

Denis Wood School of Design, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking

Yang DiSheng Tsing Hua University, Institute of Humanities, Beijing, China Knowledge Systems in China

Yano Michio International Institute for Linguistic Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan Kushyar ibn Labban Trigonometry in Indian Mathematics Zodiac in India

Cordell D.K. Vee St. Johns College, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking in China

H.K. Yoon Department of Geography, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Geomancy in China Maps and Mapmaking: Chinese Geomantic Maps

Michael Zeilik Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A. Time in Native North America

R. Tom Zuidema Department of ~nthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. Knowledge Systems of the Incas Time and the Incas

INDEX

A abacists 635 ABACUS I

Entries printed capitals refer to the articles in the Encyclopaedia. In the index all Arabic names starting with "al-" have been placed under

the letter A. To increase the readability of the index the diacritical marks have not been

included. For the correct spelling, the reader is refered to the main text.

Aclla sacrifice 498 acllas 498 Acolhua ofTexcoco 143, 200 acoustics 191, 815, 816

abacus 46, 60, 234, 607, 635 of bells, stone-chimes, and drums II Abbas 938 ACOUSTICS IN CHINESE CULTURE 10 Abbasid Caliphate 112, 365, 757, 925 acronical culmination 120 Abd al-Malik see al-Shirazi ACUPUNCTURE 12

1079

Abd a1-Salam al-Muhtadi al-Muhammadi 802 acupuncture 258,398,675,685,687, 700, 748, 756, 833, 9!8, Abd a1-Wahhab ibn Jamal a1-Din ibn Yusufa1-Maridani 801 abdominal paracentesis 684 abjad (alphabetical) numeration 637 Aboriginals/ Aborigines: see Australian Aboriginal People ABORTION 2 abortion 665, 666, 670 Aboulfeda see Abu'l-Fida Abraham bar Hiyya (Savasorda) see Bar Hiyya Abraham ibn Ezra see Ibn Ezra Abu Bakr see al-Karaji Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Muqaddasi 149 Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Zanati 362 Abu'l-Barakat a!-Baghdadi 6 Abu Ali ai-Marrakushi 86 Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi 142 Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus 272 Abu Hanifah al-Daynur 698 Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Istakhri 149 ABU JAFAR AL-KHAZIN 3 ABU KAMIL 4 ABUMASHAR 5 Abu Mashar 273, 395 Abu Mansur see al-Khazini Abu Nasr al-Farabi 739 Abu Rayhan al-Biruni see al-Biruni Abu Sahl al-Quhi 131, 792 Abu Shakir see Banu Musa Abu Uthman al-Dimashqi 272 Abu Zaid Ahmad ibn Sahl al-Balkhi 149 ABU'L-BARAKAT 6 Abu'l-Faraj 741 ABU' L-FIDA 7 Abu'l-Jud 639 Abu' l-Qasim Zahrawi 801 ABU' L-SALT 8 Abu'I-Salt al-Dani 8 ABU'L-WAFA 8 Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzajani 56, 131 ,365, 926 Abyssinia 556 Acacia albida 34, 35 Acacia senegal 35 Acarasangraha 807

984, 1054, 1055 anesthesia 675 needles 12 Neolithic Age 12 points 984 spinal chord 13

ACYUTA PISARATI 13 Adelard of Bath 273 Adshead 878 Africa

Agriculture 14 Agroforestry 34 Astronomy 96 Colonialism and Science 220 Construction Techniques 236 East and West: Africa in the Transmission of Knowledge

259 Environment and Nature 283 Food Technology 333 Geometry: Sana Geometry 367 Maps and Mapmaking 554 Mathematics: South of The Sahara 611 Mathematics: the Maghreb 613 Mathematics: West Africa 616 Medicine 679 Metallurgy 720 Navigation 759 Number Theory 781 Textiles 955 Time 972 Weights and Measures: Akan Gold Weights I 005

African art 611 Aghlabids 614 agni !53, 3 72 Agnivesa 142 Agricola's De re metallica 160 agricultural systems 453 agricultural technologies 951 AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA 14 AGRICULTURE IN CHINA 17 AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 19 AGRICULTURE IN JAPAN 23

1080

AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA 30 AGRICULTURE IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 20 AGRICULTURE IN THE PACIFIC 27 AGRICULTURE OF THE MAYA 24 agriculture 62 , 192, 351 , 843,936,937,947,951 Agriculture, Japan - modernization process 24 agro-ecosystems 28 AGROFORESTRY 33 agroforestry 936 AGROFORESTRY IN AFRICA 34 AGROFORESTRY IN THE PACIFIC 35 aguada 357 ahavaniya 917 ahimsa 664 Ahmad ibn !sa 798 Ahmes Papyrus 363 Ahrun of Alexandria 271 Ahsan al-taqasim 753 ahshi 834 Aida Ammei 3 7 AIDA YASUAKI 37 Aidi 195 ailment 146

of women and children 345 Ajima Chokuen 38 AJIMA NAONOBU 38 Akan people 783, 1005 akasa 81 7, 8 18 Akh 749 Akkadian 244, 245 Aksum 555 al-Ala ibn Sahl 639 Al-Andalusi 875 see Said al-Andalusi al-Antaki 698 al-anwa 424 al-Babadur 92 al-Baghdadi 51 al-Balkhi 356, 573 AL-BATTANI 152 al-Battani 56, 173, 273 AL-B! RUN! (PART I) !57 AL-BIRUNI (PART 2: GEOGRAPHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS)

!58 al-Biruni 9, 131, 272, 435, 576, 739, 808, 819, 934 AL-BITRUJI 160 al-Bitruji 132, 274, 396 al-Buzajani see Abu'! Wafa AL-DAMIRI 247 al-Farabi 272, 434 AL-FARGHANI 331 al-Farghani 273, 331 AL-FAZARI 331 al-Fazari 86, 394, 926 al-Ghafiqi 404 al-Ghazali 270, 801 AL-ijAJJAJ 392 al-Hajjaj 56 Al-Hakimi see Ibn Yunus AL-HAMDANI 393 a!-Hasan al-Hasib 832 AL-HASHIMI 394 ai-Hazen see Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) AL-IDRISI 442 al-Idrisi 404, ?73

al-Isharat wa ' l-tanbihat (The Book of Directives and Treatments) 434

al-Istakhri 573 al-jabr 48 al-Jaghmini 396 al-Jahiliya 979 AL-JAWHARI 470 AL-JAZARI 472 al-Jazari 208. 209 AL-JURJANI 474 AL-KARAJI 475 ai-Karaji 69, 638, 886, 926 AL-KASHI 476 al-Kashi 639, 802, 830 AL-KHALILI 477 AL-KHARAQI 478 ai-Khayyam 638, 894 al-Khayyani see Umar ai-Khayyam AL-KHAZINI 480 al-Khazini 925 AL-KHUJANDI 48 I AL-KHWARIZMI 482 ai-Khwarizmi 44, 68, 87, 112, 234, 365, 375, 395, 886 al-Khwarizmi (philosopher) 270 AL-KINDI 483 ai-Kindi 434, 739, 796 al-Kuhi see al-Quhi al-kura (sphere) 86 al-Mabda wa'l-maad (Book of Origin and End) 434 al-Maghribi see Samuil ibn Abbas AL-MAHANI 544 AL-MAJRITI 547 al-Majusi 434 a!-Malik al-Shirazi see ai-Shirazi AL-MAMUN 548 al-Mamun, Caliph 56, 82, 130, 271, 792 al-Mamun's Circle 130 al-Manazir 796 ai-Mansur, Caliph 126, 926 al-Mantiq (Logic) 434 AL-MARIDINI, JAMAL AL-DIN AND BADR AL-DIN 601 ai-Marrakushi 837 AL-MASUDI 604 al-mulakhkhas fi ' I-haya al-basita (Epitome of Plain haya) 396 AL-MUQADDASI 753 al-Muqaddasi 573 al-Mutabar 7 AL-MUTAMAN IBN HUD 753 AL-NAYRIZI 77.6 al-Nayrizi 392 al-Nazzam 141 AL-QALASADI 830 AL-QUHI or AL-KUHI 837 al ~Quhi 639 AL-RAZI 850 ai~Razi 272, 434, 697 al-rifq 930 AL-SAGHANI 874 AL-SAMARQANDI 881 al-Samarqandi 830 al-Sharif ai-Idrisi 555 AL-SHIRAZI 896 al-Shirazi 396, 600, 798 AL-SIJZI 898

al-Sijzi 639 AL-SUFI 915 AL-SUYUTI 928 AL-TABARI 930 al-Tathim fi sinaat al-tanjim 129 ai-Tusi 56 al-ulum al-awail (ancient sciences) 757 al-ulum al-shariyya (Islamic sciences) 757 AL-UQLIDISI 993 al-Uqlidisi 69, 234, 637 AL-URDI , 994 al-Waqt 979 al-Zahrawi 404, 697 al-Zarqallu 837 al-Zij al-Sabi !52 Ala al-Dawlah 434 Ala al-Din al-Tusi 801 Albertus Magnus 435 ALCHEMY IN CHINA 39 ALCHEMY IN INDIA 41 alchemy 191, 192, 193, 195, 265,267, 393,460,525, 933,

1004, 1045 alcohol 335, 337, 339 Aldebaran 95, 96, 106 Alemanus, Hermanus 274 Alexander of Hales 435 Alexander the Great 832, 938 Alexandria 8, 808 Alfonsine Tables 43 ALFONSOX 43 Alfraganus see al-Farghani Alfred of Sareshal 273 ALGEBRA IN CHINA 43 ALGEBRA IN INDIA: BIJAGANITA 47 algebra in India 155, 163 ALGEBRA IN ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS 48 ALGEBRA, SURVEYORS' 52 algebra 4, 46--48,52,67,68, 155, 162,231,232,476,482, 510,

512,513,627,628,831,886,898,908,931 algebraic

computations 370 equations 429, 903 operations 812

Alhazen 365, 740 see Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) alidade 74 see surveying Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas) see al-Majusi Ali ibn Khalaf 837 Ali Kusca 802 Aligarh School 457 alkaloids 694 allographs I 036 alloys 720, 722, 731, 732, 905 ALMAGEST: ITS RECEPTION AND TRANSMISSION IN

THE ISLAMIC WORLD 55 almanac 117, 183,249,517 almucantar 74 Alpetragius see al-Bitruji Alpha Centauri 123 ALPHABET 56 alphabet

Canaanite inscriptions 58 altar construction see Sulbasutras Altair 123 altepetl 590

alum 939 amavasya 806 amber 811 Ameghino, Florentino 60 AMERICAS: NATIVE AMERICAN SCIENCE 60 see also Native Americans

America's, the Aztecs see Aztec Incas see Inca Mayas see Maya

America, Meso see Meso America America, North

Astronomy in Native North America I 00 Colonialism and Science in the Americas 221 Environment and Nature: Native North America 302 Ethnobotany in Native North America 321 Geography of Native North Americans 358 Maps and Mapmaking in Native North America 592 Mathematics in Native North America 651 Religion and Science in the Native Americas 865 Road Networks in Ancient Native America 868 Technology in the New World 951 Time and Native Americans: Pueblo Indian World 983 Weights and Measures in Mexico I 023

America, South Agriculture in South and Central America 30 Calendars in South America 180 Crops in Pre-Columbian Agriculture 241

1081

Environment and Nature: South America - The Amazon 305 Environment and Nature: South America- The Andes

307 Food Technology in Latin America 338 Irrigation in South America 452 Metallurgy in South America 733 Nazca Lines 777 Sugar in Latin America 915 Textiles in South America 967 Weights and Measures in Peru I 026

amicable numbers 476 ammat 184 amniocentesis 670 Amoghavajra 78 amputation 398 amulets 612, 727 Analects of Confucius 833, 855 analgesics 893 analogous sundials 921 anaphoric clock 74 Anasazi I 0 I, 366, 984 Anatolia 799, 80 I anatomy 199, 435, 699, 927

ofOrgans 43 1 ancestor worship 526 ancient China 666

Egypt 259, 828 Egyptian metallurgy 721 Persia 665 textiles 967

Andalusia 22, 87,613,802 Andalusian and Castilian measures I 024 Andean civilization 180, 825

culture 496 Highlands 951 textiles 967

1082

Andes 62 Aristotle 346, 377, 393, 395, 434, 809, 820, 821 Andromeda I 060 Analytics 376 anesthetics 435, 986 concept ofthe infinite 241 Angkor 923 De Caelo 395 anicut 450 Physics 821 ANIMAL DOMESTICATION 64 ARITHMETIC IN INDIA: PATIGANITA 67 animal protein I 7 ARITHMETIC IN ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS 68

representations I 008 arithmetic 44, 61, 67, 128, 155, 162, 193,606,607,615,620, shaped weights I 008 633,645,908,934,993

animals 945 algebraic calculation 83 I animism 524 art 662 Aniruddha 883 arithmetical progression 48, 147, 533 ankapasa 68 Arizona 843, 936 Ankor 3 armaments 939 annato 252 ARMILLARY SPHERES IN CHINA 70 annealing 726, 731 ARMILLARY SPHERES IN INDIA 71 Antares 95, 120, 562 armillary sphere 43, 84, 110, 194, 416,927 anti-atomists 139 armor 727 antidotes 440 arrobas I 024 anu 817 arsenic 195 Anushirwan 395 art of medicine 930 anwa 429, 520 see Ibn Qutayba and Astronomy in the Islamic artofnumbers 614

World art of printing 191 anwahamzamath 126 Artemisia 189, 684, 748 Anyang 191 artesian wells 452 Aobo tu 878 Artha-sastra 42, 83 Apache 359 artificial generation of life 460 Apastamba 917 hybridization 905 Aphorismi 425 iron-making 725 Aphorisms, Moses Maimonides 745 lakes 447 aphrodisiacs 184, 882 I ight sources 793 Apollonius of Perga 49, 235, 365, 406, 753 mummification 750 apparitions of stars 120 respiration 893 APPROXIMATION FORMULAE IN CHINESE ARYABHATA 72

MATHEMATICS 65 Aryabhata 83, 364, 394, 780, 827, 924 aqnan 424 Aryabhatiya 71, 72,249,364, 394, 780, 807,827, 845,924 Aquarius 92 Aryapaksa 72 Arab merchants 196 ASADA GORYU 73

navigation 767 asana 1046 starlore 126 Asayaprakasini 752 world Ill, 938 Ashok Jhunjhunwala 269

Arabia 109, 843 Asia Arabic see Islam Calendars in East Asia 164 Aramaic 112 Geometry in the Near and Middle East 380 archaeoastronomy 747, 755 Korean Science 502 archaeology I 09, 191, 719 Maps and Mapmaking: Celestial East Asian Maps 562 Archimedean screw 949 Maps and Mapmaking in Southeast Asia 594 Archimedes 4, 209, 406, 544, 639, 753 , 820, 920 Assyria-Babylonia 665

Lemmas 377 Assyrian law 665 On the Sphere and Cylinder 365, 838 Assyrians 742 principle 810, 813 astamaya 116

architecture 63, 191, 236 asterisms 79, 109, 114, 123, 191,429,516, 520,910 area 53,234,381, 1020, 1026 see also constellations

computation 380 asteroids 91 measures 380, 1017 astral map 563, 564 metrology 380 medicine 525 oflunes 406 ASTROLABE 74

Aries 92 astrolabe 8, 74, 85, 86, 87,331,356,377,404,413,445,481, Aristotelian natural philosophy 745 572,776,838,923,926

psyche 435 myrtle 75 Ptolemaic models I 003 astrology 76, 110, 143, 144, 151,265,395,520,525,602,758, scholastics 240 867, 896, 993, 999, 1057, 1058

Aristotelian ism 240, 814 and folklore 440 Aristotelians 820 tianwen 265

ASTROLOGY IN CHINA 76 ASTROLOGY IN INDIA 78 ASTROLOGY IN ISLAM 81 astromancy 76 ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS IN INDIA 83 ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE ISLAMIC

WORLD 86 astronomical Bureau 390

ephemerides 404 geography 149 handbook 1057 instruments 110, 460, 926, 994 knowledge, Oceania 769 model 395, 758 observations 838, 894, 896, 983 observatories 505 tables 356, 408,426, 858, 896, 993, 1050, 1057

for timekeeping 439 timekeeping 858

ASTRONOMY 88 astronomy 8, 76, 81, 108, 144, 151, 155, 191, 193, 196, 197,

232,400,605,636,719,745,755,809,837,867,875,898, 931,934,977,999, 1050, 1061

Abu Jafar al-Khazin 88 Almagest 55 Armillary spheres in China 70 Armillary spheres in India 71 Celestial vault and sphere 184 Clocks: astronomical clocks in China 211 Eclipses 275 heavenly clockwork II 0 Lunar mansions in Chinese astronomy 516 Lunar mansions in Indian astronomy 519 Lunar mansions in Islamic astronomy 520 Maps and mapmaking: celestial East Asian maps 562 Maps and mapmaking: celestial Islamic maps 565 Precession of the equinoxes 827 Zodiac in India 1058 Zodiac in Islamic Astronomy I 059

ASTRONOMY IN AFRICA 96 ASTRONOMY IN CHINA I 08 astronomy in China 197 ASTRONOMY IN EGYPT Ill ASTRONOMY IN INDIA 114 ASTRONOMY IN MESOAMERICA 134 ASTRONOMY IN NATIVE NORTH AMERICA 100 ASTRONOMY IN THE INDG-MALA Y ARCHIPELAGO

117 ASTRONOMY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 125 ASTRONOMY IN TIBET 136 ASTRONOMY OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL PEOPLE 105 ASTRONOMY OF THE HEBREW PEOPLE 112 asymptotic analysis 844 ata (span) I 019 Atahuallpa 495 atezcath 926 Atharva Veda 153, 267, 669 Athir al-Oin al-Abhari 600, 881 atolls 37 ATOMISM IN ISLAMIC THOUGHT 139 atomism 810,812,814,817 atomists 139 ATREYA 142

Atri 142 Augustinian Gundisalvo 435 Augustinian-Platonism 888 aural observation 70 I Aurillac, Gerbert of I aurora borealis 109 Australia 771 Australian Aboriginal People

Astronomy I 05 australian territories 562 Environment and Nature 287 Knowledge Systems 490 Maps and Mapmaking 560 Mathematics 619

Austronesian 118 Avendeuth 435 Averroes see Ibn Rushd (Averroes) Avicenna 740 see Ibn Sina (Avicenna) avoidance of suffering 664 Avyaktaganitadhyaya 908 awls 747 axis mundi 559, 594, 596 ayana-calana 827 ayantu 97 ayllus 498, 780 Aymara 497, 968 Ayurveda 42, 502, 664, 669 Ayurvedic literature 268 azimuth 791, 835, 934, 991

circles 838 AZTEC SCIENCE 142

City Planning 200 Mathematics of the Aztec People 622

Aztec 366, 666, 952 City Planning 200 codices 624 doctors 703 herb cihuapatle 189 herbal 703 Mathematics 622 zodiac 93

B ba gang (Eight Rubrics) 686 ba-yin classification 11 Ba 749 Babylon 54, 56, 173, 387 Babylonian Code of Harnmurabi 665

cuneiform maps 551 geometry 363 mathematical corpus 65 zodiac 911

backstrap loom 90 l, 963, 965 Bacon, Francis 191,942 Bacon, Roger 272, 435, 884 Baconian empiricists 847 Badarayana 906 Baffin Island 935 Baghdad 5, 6, 82, !50, 389, 938 Bahvrcaprayascitta 827

1083

1084

Bai Hu Tong 333 Bai Yue 197 Baijini 763 Baiman 197 Baipu 197 bajra 19 BAKHSHALI MANUSCRIPT 147 Bakongo of Zaire 556 bakufu 700 Bal Gangadhar Shastri 224 balance 820, 1010, 1014, 1018 Balboa 803 Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen 39 Balkan countries 799 BALKHI SCHOOL OF ARAB GEOGRAPHERS 149 Balkhi school of geographers 555, 573 ball and chain patterns 559 ball bearing 987 Balobaloang 123 Bambara 781 BAMBOO 150 bamboo 389, 743 Barnum 556 Ban Gu 352 banana 35, 936 Banu a!-Nun 875 Banu Amajur 130 BANU MUSA 150 Banu Musa 130 Bao Jing 345 Baopuzi 344, 345 Baopuzi neipian (Esoteric Chapters of Solidarity Master) 40,

195 Baopuzi waipian (Preservation-of-Solidarity Master) 344 Baraitha di-Mazalot 112 Baraitha di-Shmuel 112 Barbara 760 BAR HIYYA, ABRAHAM (SAVASORDA) !51 Bariba 189 bark paintings 554, 560 Barth, Heinrich 556 base 20 system 606 basin irrigation 947 basmuvakkitlik 800 Batak maps 594 BAUDHAYANA 153 Bayezid II 802 Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom) 271, 739 bead I, 48 bean- or vine-creeper 957 beer 335 beet sugar 915 Beiji Qianjin Yaofang (Recipes Worth a Thousand Gold) 685 Beke, Charles 556 Belize 25 Bellatrix 96 BEN CAO GANG MU 154 Bencao gangmu (the Great Pharmacopoeia) 161, 196,512 bencet 119 Ben Ezra see Abraham Ibn Ezra Bengal 939 beri-beri 2 12, 345 Bering Strait 60 Bernoulli numbers 50, 891

beta Centauri beta Delphini Bezout, Etienne

123 168

46 Bhadipika 807 Bhagola 71 Bhangi 752 Bhangivibhangi 752 Bhaskara I -72, 116 BHASKARA II (BHASKARACARYA) 155 Bhaskara II 83, 117, 365, 752, 756, 845, 883, I 000, I 049 Bhasvati 883 bhavacakra (wheel of life) 596 Bhavadhyaya 1044 Bhavadipika I 044 Bhujantara 115 Biafra 189 BIAN QUE !57 Bian Que 194 Bian Que Nei ling 157 Bian Que Wai Jing !57 Bianjing 389 biao 924 Biblical fractional units of length I 016 bidan kampung 188 Big Hom Medicine Wheel I 02, 118, 719 Bihar 843 Bijaganita see Algebra in India bilisti 768 bimaristan 800 binary multiplication I 015

notation I 045 binomial coefficients 473

expansion 49 biodiversity 16 biological control of pests 214 biomedicine 683 Birla temple 42 birth chart 81 BITUMEN IN PREMODERN CHINA 160 black calculation 136

fortnight 79 magic 524, 526 mummies 750 oil (moqiyou) 161

Black Sea 803 blast furnaces 938 blowing 708 boats 935 see navigation Bodhayana 917 see Baudhayana body-count systems 657 body painting 560

substances 670 Boehmeria nivea L. 957 Boethius 272

Arithmetica bomb technology 743 bomor 213 bone fractures 668

setters 680 tools 747

Book of Changes see Yijing Book of Choice 420 Book of Demonstration and Memorization 614 Book of Feasts 40 I

Book of Healing 435 Book of Ingenious Devices !51 Book of Number 632 Book of the Birds 5 Book of Viziers 40 I Book on India 445 Book on Pharmacy and Materia Medica 445 Book on the Simple Medicines 438 Borana 97, 755

calendar 96 Bose,J.C. 819 Bose-Einstein equation 225 botanists 345 botany 258 see Ethnobotany

and British Colonialism 227 in the Malay Peninsula 227

Bougie 640 Boyle, Robert 488 Brahe, Tycho 802 BRAHMAGUPTA 162 Brahmagupta 83, 271, 924 Brahmanas 664 Brahmasphutasiddhanta (Correct Astronomical System of

Brahma) 71, 126, 162,331,364,907,924 brass 720, 721, 725 braza 1024 breadfruit 36, 37

cultivars 35 Brhad-Yoga-Yatra 1000 Brhadvivaha-patala 1000 Brhajjataka 906, I 000 Brhatsamhita 906, I 000 brick making technology 634

measures 380 brine 876, 88 1 bronze 503, 720, 721

age 503, 741, 938 artifacts 191 clepsydra II 0 making technology 503 mmors 794, 81 0 type print 505 vessels 192

Brosimum alicastrum 26 Bu-ston Rin-chen-grub 136 Bucaillism 456 Buddhism 40, 78, 193, 196,290, 526,664,667,918 See also

medical ethics Bugi script 595 Buginese 763 Bugis 122, 123

navigators 122 Bukhara 434 Bulanda 781 bunggul 493 burning instruments 432

mmors 407,810,816 Bursa 799, 800 Buzhong Yiqi (Benefiting-Interior Reinforcing-Qi) 511 Byblos (Jbayl) 58

c Cabukayantra 752 cacao 242, 339 caesarean see Childbirth Cahokia 103, 746 Cahuachi 779 Cairo 125, 389 caisson see Military Technology calculating board 67, 626 calculation 49, 437, 831, 886 see computation

rod 644 CALCULUS 164 calculus 512,513 CALENDARS IN EAST ASIA 164 CALENDARS IN EGYPT 167 CALENDARS IN INDIA 168 CALENDARS IN ISLAM 171 CALENDARS IN MESOAMERICA 173 CALENDARS IN SOUTH AMERICA 180 calendar 38, 94, 144, 164, 390, 479, 520, 855, 894

365 day 168 for the year 134 BC 194 making 165 calendar, Pranatamangsa 121 reform 479, 896 round date 178

calendrical astronomy I 056 calculation II 0, !51, 181 , 822, 1003 conversion I 057 markers 357 mathematics I 7 8 science 166, 168, I 060 systems 94, 974

camasca 666, 704 Cameroun 556 Campeche 25 canals 390, 447, 452, 937, 938, 947 cancer 92 candle clocks 472 Candra-Vakyani (Moon Sentences) 522 Candrabharanahora I 044 Candracchayaganita 780 CANDRASEKHARA SAMANTA 182 Cannabis sativa L. 957 canoe design 774 canon law 247 Canon of Medicine 435 Cantongqi (The Kinship of the Three) 195 Cao Yuanfang 685 Capac Raymi 181 capitanias 222 Capricornus 92 Cara 115 CARAKA 183 Caraka-samhita 142, 183, 664, 671 Cardano, Jerome 191 carga 1024, I 025 Caribs 666 Carion, Johann 803 Caroline Islands 772 carpets see textiles carriages and shipbuilding 905

1085

1086

Carthage 760 children 666 cartographic progress 549 diseases 668

school 573 illnesses and surgery 675 cartography 356, 558 see Maps and Mapmaking Chile 197 Casas Grandes 869 Chimu 952 Caspian Sea 434 CHINA 191 cassava 35, 334, 338 China Cassini, Jaques 800 Acoustics in Chinese Culture I 0 catena 15 Agriculture 17 catheterization 684 Alchemy 39 caturbuja 908 Algebra 43 Cavalieri's principle 370 Approximation Fonnulae in Chinese Mathematics 65 ceiling on land holdings 24 architecture in China 199 celestial Arrnillary Spheres 70

distances 392 asparagus 195 equator 71 Astrology 76 globe 383, 563, 572, 915 Astronomy 108 landscape I I 8 Bitumen in Premodern China, mapping 383, 562 Chemistry 185 maps 559 Minorities 197 phenomena 93, 95,400, 747,911 Clocks: Astronomical Clocks 211 river 563 Computation: Counting Rods 233 sphere 91, 356, 400, 928 Divination 249

CELESTIAL VAULT AND SPHERE 184 East and West, the Transmission of Knowledge 261 Celiang i tung 925 Environment and Nature 291 centers of gravity 432 Epilepsy in Chinese Medicine 309 Centiloquium 82 Ethnobotany 312 Central America 35, 936 Food Technology 336 Central and south-eastern America 803 Gas: Exploitation and Use in Premodern China 342 Central Europe 799 Geography 351 ceques 489,499 Geomancy 360 cesarean 715 Geomantic Maps 570 Ceva 754 Geometry. 368 Ceyuan haijing (Sea Mirror of Circular Measurements) 513 Knowledge Systems 494 Ch'omsongdae observatory 503 Lunar Mansions in Astronomy 516 Ch'onhado 582 Magic Squares in Mathematics 528 Chaco Canyon I 02 Magnetism 540 Chamberlain, Joseph 212 Maps and Mapmaking 567 Changan II 0, 196 Mathematics 626 Chang Heng see Zhang Heng Medical Ethics 667 Changlu 879 Medical Texts 673 Changsha 109, 195 Medicine 683 channel theory 684, 686 Medicine: Forensic Medicine 688

tropisms 687 Metallurgy 725 chants 618, 669 Meteorology 735 CHAO YUANFANG 185 Navigation 762 chariot 19 1, 742 Optics in Chinese Science 793 charlatans 195 Physics 814 Charles I! 227 Pi in Chinese Mathematics 822 chartmakers 555 see also Maps and Mapmaking Religion and Science 852 chedyaka 988 Salt 877 chemistry Stars in Chinese Science 908

chemical industry 939, 950 Sundials 920 CHEMISTRY IN CHINA 185 Textiles 957 Chen Meidong 66 Time 974 Chen Menglei 78 Weights and Measures I 0 I 0 Chen Shaowei 40 chinampas 201, 241 Chen Zhuo 192, 909 Chinchorros 75 1 CHEN YAN 187 Chinese Chiapas 25 acoustic theory 816 Chia Hsien see Jia X ian body science 1045 chicken 64 drawloom 90 I CHILDBIRTH 187 geomantic map 570 childbirth 834 Hippocratic Oath 664

luni-solar calendar 166 magic squares 528 mathematical astronomy (lifa) 265 medicalliterature 893 medical theory 397 medicine 398, 495, 664, 683 metrology I 019 opticians 810 porcelain 256 sailors 542 science 852, 853

of geomancy 264 sighting tubes 954 sky 908 technology 503 traditional medicine 1045

CHINESE MINORITIES 197 Chiu Zhang Suan Shu see Liu Hui and The Jiuzhang Suanshu Chokwe 724 chong-cha 366 chou: counting rods 890 Chou Pei Suan Ching see Zhoubi Suanjing chronic diseases 677 chronology 128, 157, 623, 647 Chu Shih-chieh see Zhu Shijie chu-tshod 137 Chun Qiu Fan Lu 333 Chunqiu 192 Chunyu Yi 684 cinchona tree 227 cinnabar 40, 185, 186 cintli 624 circle 380,513,612,822,823, 891,907

maps 555 circular houses 238 Ciriaco d'Ancona 801 Citrabhanu 883 CITY PLANNING: AZTEC CITY PLANNING 200 CITY PLANNING: INCA CITY PLANNING 202 CITY PLANNING IN INDIA 204 CITY PLANNING: MAYA CITY PLANNING 205 Clapperton, Hugh 556 Clavius's commentary on Euclid's Elements 370 clepsydra 74, 84, 85, 168, 194, 210, 211, 390, 810, 920 see

Clocks and Watches, water clock clockmaking 810 clock mechanisms 940 CLOCKS AND WATCHES 208 CLOCKS: ASTRONOMICAL CLOCKS IN CHINA 211 cloud pattern brocade 959 Coahuiltecan 653 coal, alum and copper production 905 cochineal 252 Code of Manu 353 Codex Badianus 703 Codex Xolotl 591 coffee 339 cognitive perspectives and navigational methods 769 coin weights I 019 coins 725 Colliget 431 colonial botany 227 COLONIALISM AND MEDICINE IN MALAYSIA 211 COLONIALISM AND SCIENCE 215

1087

COLONIALISM AND SCIENCE IN AFRICA 220 COLONIALISM AND SCIENCE IN INDIA 223 COLONIALISM AND SCIENCE IN THE AMERICAS 221 COLONIALISM AND SCIENCE IN THE MALAY WORLD

226 Columbian cultures 61 Columbus, Christopher 60, 222, 803, 824 combinatorics 428, 538, 633, 785, 844 COMBINATORICS IN INDIAN MATHEMATICS 229 COMBINATORICS IN ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS 230 commercial 898

crops 30 farmers 32 transactions 482, 898

COMPASS 232 compass 191, 260, 356, 542 see also magnetic compass compendia (leishu) 191 Compendium of Simple Drugs and Food 404 Compilatio astronomica 331 composite magic squares 536 compound medicines 438 COMPUTATION: CHINESE COUNTING RODS 233 computation 4, 165, 1056

Abacus I calculator 9, 114 Calculus 164

Comte, Auguste 884 conception 408, 882 concrete sciences (shixue) 371 condensation 897 cones 381 Confucianism 664, 667, 854

and medicine 668 and science see Religion and Science in China

Confucian principles 494, 668 Confucius 192, 833, 854, 910 congenital malformations 666 congshu 191 conical mounds 746 CONICS 235 conics 4, 235, 49, 406, 441, 479, 838, 891, 894 See also Ellipse conjunction 91, I 71, 480, 544

ofplanets 164 consonant 243 Constantine the African 273 constellations 78, 144, 519, 563, 565, 911, I 060 see also

asterisms positions offixed stars 1057

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES IN AFRICA 236 contagious diseases 71 7 continued fractions 844 Cook, James 770, 773 cooking oil 334 coolies 226 Copernicus 73, 396, 412, 758, 802, 803, 934 copper 720,721, 727, 728,734, 741

minerals 725 mines 939 mining 725 smelting 721, 725

and casting 720 Cordoba 875 coriander 190 cosmic order 10 I, 983

1088

400 planetarium time-reckoning

cosmical culmination cosmogram 174

981 120

cosmographic diagrams 551 maps 556, 596 paintings 572

cosmography 400, 758 cosmology 39, Ill, 144, 443, 853, 926, 1004

in Islam see Hay'a cotton 955, 956, 960, 963 see also textiles

cloth 939 twining 967

counting see arithmetic, computation board 626 chou: counting rods 890 finger counting 9, 651 gesture counting 782 rods 1056

court robes (chaofu) 959 Crab Nebula 92, 109 Crab supernova I 02 Crete 57, 803 CROPS IN PRE-COLUMBIAN AGRICULTURE 241 crossed-warp weave technology 958 crown prince 76 crucible process 730 crude sugar 916 Crusades 7, 260, 765 Crux 120, 123 cube root 44, 234 cubic equation 3, 236, 390,476, 479, 544, 638, 639, 894 cubits 1016 Cui Fang 196 Cullen, Christopher II 0, 194 cultigens 146 CUNEIFORM 243 cuneiform script 52, 56, 57 cupellation 725 curacas 498 cutting and dressing 912 Cuzco 180, 202, 498

calendar 181 cyclic (cakravala) method 785 cyclic quadrilateral 162, 374, 908

calendar 1034 concepts of time 982

cyclicism 157 cyclone 738

proof buildings 150 Cytotec 2

D d' OIIone, Henry 556 Da-lin bell I 0 Da-Shi II Da-Tang Kaiyuan zhanjing II 0 Dadu 390 Dahuoquan River 390 Dai 197

Dai Nam 598 Dai-Nihon Enkai Yochi Zenzu (Maps of Coastlines of Great

Japan) 579 Dai-Nihonkoku Zu (Map of Great Japan) 578 Dai Viet 597 daksina 917 Daksinottara Bhitti yantra 790 dal-rkan 137 Darning 390

calendar I 061 Damingli 390 Damodara 883, I 048 dams 947 dan (elixir) 40 Dangxiang 197 Danishnamah-yi Alai (The Book of Knowledge) 434 Dao 193,814,853 Dao De Jing 10, 39 Daoism 193,667,814,856,916,918, 1041 Daoist 345, 664

ceremony and magic 528 philosophers 192 religion 185 writings 191

daoyin 185, 688 Daozang (Daoist Canon) 39, 191, 195 Daozang jiyao (Essentials of the Daoist Canon) 39 Darani scripture 504 darsanas 669, 1046 Darulfunun 804 Darulhadis 800 Darulkurra 800 darussifa 800 Dasagitika 72 Dayak maps 594 Dayanli 110

calendar 194 dbyans- 'char 136 De mineralibus 435 De Roy, Louis 226 December solstice 181 deception 666 DECIMAL NOTATION 247 decimal 626, 630, 1041

base 635 fraction 44, 932, 935, 993 notation 147, 626, 898 numbers 69 places 784 system 1017 weighing units lOll

decline of Eastern scientific and technological superiority 226 deep drilling 343, 510, 878, 880 defense map 580, 587 deforestation 28 Delhi 939 Democritus deng steelyard DESANTARA

376 lOll 248

Desantara 115 desiccation 750 determinant stars I 09 DEVACARYA 248 Devacarya 827

dextrose 915 Dhanistha 169 Dharma 153 dhat al-kursi 86 dhatusamya 670 Dhundiraja 548 Dhuwa 491 di fang zhi 352 Di Li Zhi (Treatise of Geography) 352 diameter of the moon 392 diet 420, 425, 882

and health 676 dietary fiber 677

laws 714,716 dietetics 409,425,918, 716 Dieudonne 886 ding (fixed differences) 510 Dingling 197 Diodorus Sciculus 57 Diophantus 54, 607 Dioscorides 271, 404, 405, 421, 433, 438 direction of Mecca 477, 577 distance numbers 178, 64 7

to Mecca 577 distillation 43, 195 distiller's yeasts 905 distribution of grains 514 district map 585 ditches 67 Divakara 548 divination 191, 193,249,362,680,681,975,982, 1041 DIVINATION IN CHINA 249 divination manual I 004

techniques 249 diviners 714 division 44, 786, I 041 dog 64 Dogan of Mali 99 Dog on star I 00 domesticating plants 346 domestication of animals 64, 936 see animal domestication Dominicus Gundissalinus (Domingo Gundisalvi) 273 Dong Yuan Shi Xiao Fang (Dongyuan's Trial Effective Recipes)

511 Dong Zhongshu 249 Dorotheus 898 double and triple cropping 23 Doubts About Ptolemy 396 Draco 93 drag-gza' 137 dragger of the rope 923 dragon robes (longpao) 959 drainage 28

tunnels 452 works 28

Drake Well 161 Dravyavardhana 1000 Drdhabala 184 dream divination 249 dreaming 105, 349, 865 Dresden Codex 135, 174, 179, 648

Venus Table 180 Drgganita 780, 828

School 807

Drkkaranam I 048 drugs 154, 199, 258, 502, 692, 694, 934 see ethnobotany

foods and 431 dry compasses 233, 542

materials I 024 natron 750 season 973

dualistic thinking about time 970 Duke of York Islands 658 Duliyusijing 78 dunjia 77 Duns Scotus 435 Dus-tshod 139 dusk 120 Duveyrier, Henri 556 DYES 251 dyes 252, 905, 939, 940, 955, 964

E Earth-Replenishing School 511 earthenware 263 earthquake II 0

detection see Zhang Heng measurement I 052 proof housing 150

earth-sky 9 5 EAST AND WEST 253 EAST AND WEST: AFRICA IN THE TRANSMISSION OF

KNOWLEDGE 259 EAST AND WEST: CHINA IN THE TRANSMISSION OF

KNOWLEDGE 261 EAST AND WEST: INDIA IN THE TRANSMISSION OF

KNOWLEDGE 266 EAST AND WEST: ISLAM IN THE TRANSMISSION OF

KNOWLEDGE 270 East-West communication 259 ECLIPSES 275

1089

eclipses 38, 76, 77, 78, 91, 109, 116, 144, 164, 179, 191, 192, 275,407,447,480,508, 518,776,905, 1057

ecliptic 76, 94, 109, 137,480,481,897, 1003 ecology 21,145,213,929,973 economic botany 227 ecosystem 929 edema 834 Edirne 799, 800 educational games 616 see games egalitarian society 751 Egypt 57,95,260,665, 799,801,802,937

Astronomy I II Calendars 167 Egyptian geometry 363, 381, 608 Mathematics 629 Medicine 689 Metallurgy 726 Mummies 749 Textiles 959 Weights and Measures 1012

Egyptian map 555 mathematics 61 0

1090

papyrus 58 pyramids 98 reckoner 4 scribes 57 textiles 959

Egyptians I, 56, 93, 387 EightElements 514 Ekanatha 752 electrochemical replacement 732 ELEMENTS- RECEPTION OF EUCLID'S ELEMENTS IN

THE ARABIC WORLD elements 395, 817

ancient Greek 193 first 460 five elements 138, 139,332,905 second elements 460

elephant-shaped weight 1008 elevation 934 elixir

ofimmortatity 185 recipes 345

ellipse 235, 546 emetics 707 Emmanuel ben Jacob 113 emmenogogues 2 Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou 161 Enga 658 engenhos 916 ENGINEERING 280 engineering 936, 93 7

constructions I 003 Enuma Anu Enlil 275 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: AFRICA 283 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: THE AUSTRALIAN

ABORIGINAL PEOPLE 287 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: BUDDHISM 290 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: CHINA 291 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: THE HEBREW PEOPLE

293 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: INDIA 295 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: ISLAM 296 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: JAPAN 298 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: NATIVE NORTH

AMERICA 302 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: SOUTH AMERICA- THE

AMAZON 305 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: SOUTH AMERICA- THE

ANDES 307 ephemeral maps 556, 557 epidemic 14,213,696,717,851 EPILEPSY IN CHINESE MEDICINE 309 EPILEPSY IN INDIAN MEDICINE 310 equal-hour civilian day 835 equations 47, 147, 232, 476, 608

indeterminate 14 7 linear 147 of higher degrees 48, 514 of the sun, moon, and planets I 057 quadratic 14 7 simple 147

equinox 94, 114, 116, 134, 755, 934 Erlitou I 09, 192 Eskimos 62 see Native Americans ethics

Adab al-tabib (Practical Ethics of the Physician) 665, 672 Ethiopian Highlands 16

manuscript 555 ethnoastronomy 118 ETHNOBOTANY 311 ethnobotany 695 see also drugs, herbs, medicinal foods and

herbs materia medica 409, 934

ETHNOBOTANY IN CHINA 312 ETHNOBOTANY IN INDIA 315 ETHNOBOTANY IN MESOAMERICA 317 ETHNOBOTANY IN NATIVE NORTH AMERICA 321 ETHNOBOTANY IN THE PACIFIC 323 ETHNOMATHEMATICS 326 Euclid 272,371,375,376, 377,514,753,758,776,796,881

Elements 4, 52, 198,365,366,371,382, 387,392,406,426, 444,455,460,470,479,509, 544,609,627,633, 637,638, 776,777,886,969

fifth postulate 365, 758 Discussions which Remove Doubts about Parallel Lines 365

Optics 794 Euclidean algorithm 784, 932

geometry 258 Eudoxus 396 Europe 132, 799, 803 European 28, 940

crops 30 expansion 348 farmers 30 mapping traditions 557 Renaissance and Scientific Revolution 267 science 804, 884

and technology 258, 804 university 804

euthanasia 666 Eutocius of Ascalon 4 evaporation of brine 876 evening star 90, 124 evenly even/odd 533 Excellent Qualities of New Year's Day 401 exorcisms 526 explosives 389 see gunpowder, Military Technology eye, nose and throat problems 345, 1055 eyes 193

F fabrics see textiles faith-healers 680 Fakhr at-Din al-Razi 7, 758 falsafa 139, 820 fanegas 1024 fang cheng 44, 46, 628 fangtian 514 Far East 227 farsakh 577 fasting 103 Fat Boys 543 fate calculation 77 Fathullah ai-Shirwani 801

Fatih Kulliye 799 Federated Malay States 212 fei 160 fellahs 452 feng-shui 264, 360 see geomancy in China fenye (field allocation) 265 Fernal, Jean 191 fiber 18 Fibonacci, Leonardo 640 field-and-grove systems 34 Fihrist 6 Fipa 723 Fiqh al-hisab 231 fire 161

altars 917 emitting lance 389 Star 562 well in Linqiong 343

firearms 191, 505, 940 firecrackers 389, 390, 872 see gunpowder First World War 1031 Firuz Shah Tuglaq 546 fitr 184 five phases 39, 193, 250, 676, 686, 815, 975, I 010, I 060 FIVE PHASES (WUXING) 332 flame throwers 161 flax 956,960 fleshers 747 floating gardens Florentine Codex floss-wadded robes flour 337

241 135, 144, 964

958

flying fire lance 389 fog 735 folk astronomy 520, 857 FOOD TECHNOLOGY IN AFRICA 333 FOOD TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA 336 FOOD TECHNOLOGY IN LATIN AMERICA 338 Forbidden City 76 forest farming 34, 341 see agroforestry FORESTRY IN INDIA 340 forging 722, 728 fortification technology 742, 937, 898 foundry sites 191 four natures 460

diagnostic methods 684 fluids 420 Images 909 major schools of the Jin-Yuan period 511

fractions 67, 69,234,631,784,891,892,931, 1053 Francesco Berlinghieri 801 Frederick II 274 French Restoration philosophers 885 Fryer, John 186 Fu Xi 924 fuel 811 fuke 668 Fukyu Tetsu-jutsu (Inductive Methods) 932 Fulani 783 Fulbe 783 Fumban 556 Funerary Architecture 237 Fur people 34 Furong (Ziliu jing) 880

G GAITIAN 342 Gaitian (Canopy Heaven) 265, 345 Galen 399, 404, 409, 421, 430, 433, 438, 745, 851 galena 722 Galilean telescopes 954 Galileo 809, 821, 884, 953 gall bladder 193, 435 Gallegus, Petrus 274 gamblers 65 see also games game laws 341 games 612,617

mathematical see Mathematics in Africa of the Devil 616 of the Sorcerer 616 of the unknown stone 617 riddles and puzzles 612, 618 word games 618

Gamma 616 GAN DE 342 Gan De 109, 192,909 Gan Shi 908 Ganaka 114 Ganesa Daivajna 752 ganita (mathematics) 47, 67, 79, 162 Ganita-nyaya-sangraha I 048 Ganitakaumudi 68, 756 Ganitapada 72 Ganitaprakasa 752 Ganitasarasamgraha 365 Ganitatilaka 908 Ganitayuktayah 845 Ganma 491 Ganymede, discovery 342 gao 987 Gao Ping 389 gar 973 gardenia-nut oil (zhiziyou) 161 garhapatya 917 garlic 669 GAS: EXPLOITATION AND USE OF NATURAL GAS IN

PREMODERN CHINA 342 gasohol 917 gauging rivers 949 Gautama Siddhartha 78, II 0 gauzes (sha) 958 Gbundi 783 GE HONG 344 Ge Hong 40, 186, 195, 196, 345, 397, 684 Ge Zhiquan 344 Gemini 92, I 06 GENDER AND TECHNOLOGY 346 Geng Shouchang 514 Gennadious 801 GEODESY 346 geodesy 149 geoglyphs 777 see Nacza lines GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE 347 GEOGRAPHY IN CHINA 351 geography in China 198 GEOGRAPHY IN INDIA 352 GEOGRAPHY IN MESOAMERICA 357

1091

1092

GEOGRAPHY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 354 GEOGRAPHY OF NATIVE NORTH AMERICANS 358 geomancy 264, 580 GEOMANCY IN CHINA 360 GEOMANCY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 361 geomantia 361 geomantic institutes 36!

tableau 362 GEOMETRY 363 GEOMETRY IN AFRICA: SONA GEOMETRY 367 GEOMETRY IN CHINA 368 GEOMETRY IN INDIA 372 GEOMETRY IN JAPAN 378 GEOMETRY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 374 GEOMETRY IN THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST 379 Gcorgios Amirutzes 80 I Gerard of Cremona 56, 27 3 Gerber! of Aurillac 75 Germanic animism 524 Gerson ides see Levi ben Gerson Ghana 190 Gimlette, J.D. 214 Giovanni di Verrazano I 0 I glassmaking 221, 810 GLOBES 383 glucosides 694 gnomon 83. 119, 356, 368, 390, 541, 921 see sundials GNOMON IN INDIA 384 Gnomonics see sundials Go-Tenjiku Zu (Map of the Five Indies) 579 goat 64 Gola 1000 Gola-yantra 71 Goladhyaya 155 Goladipika 71 Golapada 72 Golasara 780 gold 42,186,191,195,196,345,393.720,721,723,725, 727,

730. 733, 734 Golden Chersonese 226 GOU-GU THEOREM 386 gougu 515 goulou 345 Govinda 807 Govindasvami 845 graduated float 21 I graffiti 571 grahacara 114 Grahacaranibandhana 995 Grahananimaya 780 Grahanastaka 807, 828 Granada 800 Grand Music Masters, Da-Shi II graphic notation systems 552 Greek 1, 57, 60, 387 see also hellenistic green-bean o il (ludooyou) 161 Green Com Ritual I 03 Gregorian calendar 164, 168, 173 grenades 389 Grhya 153 Grosseteste, Robert 274 gu qin 11 gua 1004 Guan Zi (The Book of Master Guan) II

Guatemala 25 Gudea of La gash 923 guest star I 09 Guide for the Perplexed 633 see also Maimonides gum arabic 35 Gumulgal 606 GUNPOWDER 388 gunpowder 186, 191, 196, 254,255,446,743, 872, 937, 938,

940 alchemist 389 charcoal 389

GUO SHOUJING 390 Guo Shoujing 66, Ill Guo Yong 390 Guo Yu 10 gurrutu recursion Gyoki-type maps gZa' 139

H

619,620,621 578

HABASH AL-HASIB 392 Haci Halife 803 Haci Pasa (Celaleddin Hidir) 801 Hadith 834 Hafiz-i Abru 575 Haidao suanjing (Sea Island Mathematical Manual) 194, 366,

369,515,924 Hajj 171, 980 Halley, Edmund 110

comet 109, 192,518 Hamadan 393, 434 Hamd Allah Mustawfi 575 hammerstones 912 Han China 193

scholars 77 Shu (History of Han Dynasty) 352, 1010

Han Wudi 195 Handy Tables 128 Hangzhou 390 Harappa 364, 924

civilization 372 Hari Keshavji Pathare 224 HARIDATTA 394 Haridatta 828, 995 harmonic numbers 633 Harmony of Nature 192 harpedonaptae 923 harpoons 935 HASDAI CRESCAS 240 Hashimi 394 Hausa 554, 677, 678 Hawaii 27 HAYA 395 Hayat al-alam (Configuration of the World) Hayy ibn Yaqzan (Son of the Living Awake) Hebei 513 Hedong 878 Hegel 884 helicoidal ramps 829 Hellenistic see also Greek

396 434,437

(Alexandrian) astrology and Roman mythology astronomy I 060 base 60 128 culture 81 fire 389, 743

78,602 90,92

mathematic 54, 758, 797 medicine 271,435 philosophy 434

and science 271, 884 science 841, 886 thought 672

hematite 722 hemispheric map of the world 585 Henan 109, 191, 192,513 Henkei Jutsu 379 heptagon 639 herb healers 666 herbal cures 713

drugs 933 medicine 683, 700, 712, 893 preparations 669 treatments 713

herbalism 706, 708 herbalists 680, 713 Herbology 933 Herbology of Compiled Categories 187 herbs 226, 258, 339, 713, 717, 718 see ethnobotany Hermes 898 Hermeticism 525 Hero 382 Herodotus I, 923 Hetu 193 Hevea brasiliensis 227 hexagon 612 Hibbur ha-meshiha we ha-ishboret 151 hidden vapors (yinqi) 343 Hideyoshi, Toyotomi 744 hieroglyph 56, 57, 245, 1034 see also writing systems hieroglyphics see Writing of the Mayas high carbon steel 728 highland civilizations 222 highlands of Mexico 62 Hijrah 172, 980 Hill complex 99 Hindu see India Hinduism 526 Hindu--Arabic numeral system 44, 46, 68, 234 Hindu- Buddhist maps 594 Hipparchus 74 Hippocrates 82, 271, 411, 421 Hippocratic Oath 663, 664 Hiranyakesin 917 hiro (fathom) 1019 Hittites 56, 245, 742, 937, 938 Hobbes, Thomas 488 Hocazade 80 I Hokule'a 774 holism 682, 705 hollow measures 380 holly 707 homo faber 941 , 946 Hondius 804 Honduras 25

1093

honey 692 Hong Kong 77 Hongmen 342 Hooker, Joseph 227 Hopewell Culture 746 Hopi 94, 359, 843 Horasastra 1000 horizon 71

calendar 983 horizontal sundials 921 Horner, William George 45, 46, 66. 628

approximation theorem 644 horoscope 5, 81, 82, 265, 564, 898, I 059 horticulture 452 Houb, Emile 556 Hsia Hou Yang see Xiahou Yang Hua Tuo 684 huacas 499, 751 Huai Nan Zi (Book of the Prince of Huainan) 368 Huaibei 879 Huainan wanbishu (Arts of the Prince of Huainan) 195 huandan (Elixir of Return) 40 see also elixirs Huang Daopo 346 Huang-ting jing 41 Huangdi jiuding shendan jing (Book of the Nine Elixirs) 40 HUANGDI JIUDING SHENDAN JING 397 HUANGDI NEIJING 397 Huangdi neijing 12, 193

(Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor) 185, 684 (The Yellow Emperor's Manual of Corporeal Medicine) 195

HUANGFU MI 398 Huangfu Mi 684 huangzhong pitch-pipe 1010 Huanuco Pampa 202 huascar 495 Hubaysh ibn al-Hasan 271 Hubei province 194 Huihe 197 Huihui Yaofang (Collection of Muslim Prescriptions) 454 Huimin Heji Ju (Bureau of Compounding Remedies for

Benevolence) 685 huixing 95 Hulagu Khan 196 Hunan 109 HUNAYN IBN ISHAQ 399 Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius) 271, 273, 454, 697 Hunayn's Missive 399 HUNTIAN 400 huntian (spherical heaven) 345 hunyi (armillary spheres) 510 Huo Fa Ji Yao (Essentials of Flexible Methods) 511 Huolongjing (Fire Dragon Manual) 390 Husser! 884 hydraulic civilizations 44 7, 93 7

engineering 346, 894, 947, 994 mortar-mill I 061 project 405

hydraulics 191 hydropower 949 hydrostatics 406 hyksos 742

1094

I lban 121 IBN ABBAD 40 I IBN AL-ALAM 401 IBN AL-ARABI 402 lbn-al-Awwam 925 IBN AL-BANNA 404 Ibn al-Banna 231 IBN AL-BAYTAR 404 Ibn al-Baytar 698 IBN AL-HAIM 405 ibn a!- Hasan al-Hasib al-Karaji 926 IBN AL-HAYTHAM (ALHAZEN) 405 Ibn al-Haytham 184, 272, 365, 396, 638, 740, 753, 796, 797 IBN AL-KAMMAD 408 Ibn al-Khammar 272 IBN AL-MAJUSI 409 Ibn al-Nadim 271 IBN AL-NAFIS 409 Ibn al-Qifti 125 IBN AL-QUFF (AL-KARAKI) 411 IBN AL-RAQQAM 412 Ibn al-Salah 55, 56 Ibn al-Sanbadi 125 Ibn al-Sarraj 83 7 IBN AL-SHATIR 412 Ibn al-Shatir 396 IBN AL-YASAMIN 414 IBN AL-ZARQALLU 415 IBN BATTUTA 416 Ibn Battuta 417 IBN BUTLAN 417 IBN EZRA, ABRAHAM 418 IBN HAWQAL 419 Ibn Hawqal 7, 573 IBN HUBAL 419 IBN ISHAQ AL-TUNISI 420 IBN JULJUL 421 IBN JUMA Y 421 IBN KHALDUN 422 Ibn Khaldun 270 IBN KHURDADHBIH 423 IBN MAJID 424 IBN MASAWAYH, YUHANNA 424 Ibn Maymun see Moses Maimonides IBN MUADH 426 Ibn Muadh 639 IBN MUNIM 427 Ibn Munim 231 IBN QUNFUDH 428 IBN QUTAYBA 429 Ibn Qutayba 429 IBN RIDWAN 429 IBN RUSHD (AVERROES) 431 Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 272, 274, 740, 801 IBN SAHL 432 Ibn Said al-Maghribi 7 IBN SARABI (SERAPION) 433 Ibn Shakir see Banu Musa IBN SINA (AVICENNA) 434 Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 7, 272, 392, 434, 435, 697, 757 IBN TAWUS 436

IBN TIBBON 437 IBN TUFAYL 437 IBN WAFID 438 IBN YUNUS 438 Ibn Yunus 129, 276, 835 IBN ZUHR 440 Ibn Zuhr 697 Ibn Zurah 272 lbo mother I 90 IBRAHIM IBN SINAN 441 Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit 365, 375, 753 idai 466 Ijmali position 457 IKHWAN AL-SAFA 443 Ilahayyat (Metaphysics) 434 ilm 158,270

al-raml 361 al-miqat 834

Ilmiye 799 Ilya ibn Abram al-Yahudi 802 imperialism see Colonialism and Science impetus 813 Inca 62, 180, 222, 666, 839, 952 see City planning,

Stonemasonry Atahuallpa 222 calendar 180 City Planning 202 civilization 841 culture 180 doctor-sorcerers 666 Knowledge Systems 495 mythology 497 sacrifices 666 Stonemasonry 912

incendiaries 743 incendiary arrow 389 incense clocks 920 indeterminate

analysis 476, 627, 898 equation 47, 48, 147, 533, 786, 891

INDIA: MEDIEVAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 444 India

Agriculture 19 Alchemy 41 Algebra: Bijaginata 4 7 Arithmetic: Patiganita 67 Armillary Spheres 71 Astrology 78 Astronomical Instruments 83 Astronomy I I 4 Calendars 168 City Planning 204 Colonialism and Science 223 Combinatorics in Indian Mathematics 229 East and West: the Transmission of Knowledge 266 Environment and Nature 295 Epilepsy in Indian Medicine 310 Ethnobotany 315 Forestry 340 Geography in India 352 Geometry in India 372 Gnomon in India 384 Medieval Science and Technology 444 Irrigation in India and Sri Lanka 447

Knowledge Systems 500 Lunar Mansions in Indian Astronomy 519 Magic Squares in Indian Mathematics 536 Maps and Mapmaking 571 Mathematics 634 Medical Ethics 669 Medicine: Ayurveda 693 Metallurgy 728 Meteorology 737 Number Theory 784 Observatories 788 Physics 817 Pi in Indian Mathematics 823 Rationale in Indian Mathematics 845 Salt 880 Textiles 960 Time 977 Trigonometry 987 Zodiac 1058

Indian algebra 608, 635 astrology 77, 78 astronomers 475 astronomy 162,394,395,519,637,758,943 calendar II 0, 196, 988 costumes 962 geometry 609 innovations 68 learning 196 mathematics 69, 784, 907 measures I 024 medical ethics 664 monks 196 music 230 Ocean 799,803 salt industry 881 textiles 943, 961 zodiacal signs 1059

Indianists I 09 Indians 62, I 024 Indians, American see Native Americans indigo 939 Indo-European Aryans 742 Indonesia 35, 118

traders 936 Indo-Tibetan Astronomy 136 Indus 205

civilization 571, 1017 river 205 valley 205, 340

infanticide 666 infinite 784

divisibility of space 820 quantity 241 series 374, 844, 891

inheritance algebra 476 INO TADATAKA 447 intercalary month 806, 983, intercalation 171, 191 interpolation 891 Inuit 62, 359, 935, 936, 940 see Native Americans iqlim 574 iqta 21 Iran 637, 799, 832, 937 Iraq 938

iron 503, 720, 721 age 742 fabrication 221 implements 23, 726 mold casting 725 ores 728 plates 192 production 938 smelting 199, 723, 728 see metallurgy weapons 937

irrational numbers 38, 69, 784 IRRIGATION IN INDIA AND SRI LANKA 447 IRRIGATION IN SOUTH AMERICA 452 IRRIGATION IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 450 irrigation 15, 22, 63, 192,390, 509,936.937,951

canals 948 schemes 947

lsa ibn Yahya 271 !SA TARJAMAN 454 Isfahan 434 Ishak Efendi 804 lshango bone see Mathematics in Africa ISHAQ IBN HUNAYN 454 lshaq ibn Hunayn 56 lshinpo 185 Isidore 421

1095

ISLAMIC SCIENCE: THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE 455 Islam 434, 526, 665, 695 Islam, the Islamic World

Agriculture 20 Algebra 48 Almagest 55 Arithmetic 68 Astrology 81 Astronomical Instruments 86 Astronomy 125 astronomers 129, 392 Atomism in Islamic Thought 139 Balkhi School of Arab Geographers 149 Calendars I 71 calendars 392 Combinatorics in Islamic Mathematics 230 dams 949 East and West: the Transmission of Knowledge 270 Elements- Reception of Euclid's Elements 277 empires 255 Environment and Nature 296 Geography 354 Geomancy 361 geometric works 375 Geometry 375 Irrigation 450 Islamic Science: The Contemporary Debate 455 lunar calendar 993 Lunar Mansions in Islamic Astronomy 520 Magic Squares in Islamic Mathematics 536 Maps and Mapmaking: Celestial Maps 565 Maps and Mapmaking: Terrestrial Maps 573 Maps and Mapmaking: World Maps Centered on Mecca 577 mathematicians 68 Mathematics 637 mathematics 70 Medical Ethics 672 Medicine 695

1096

Meteorology 739 Number Theory in Islamic Mathematics 786 Observatories 792 Optics 795 physicians 434 Physics 819 Qibla and Islamic Prayer Times 834 Religion and Science 1: Technical and Practical Aspects 857 Religion and Science II: What scientists said about religion and what Islam said about science 861 Stars in Arabic-Islamic Science 910 Sundials 921 Technology 947 Time 979 Trigonometry in Islamic Mathematics 990 Weights and Measures I 019 Zodiac in Islamic Astronomy I 059

island blocks and screens 769 Ismail al-Jurjani (sayyid Ismail) see al-Jurjani Ismailis 434, 757 Istanbul 799, 800, 80 I, 803

Observatory 934 University 804

istle 963 isvara pranidhana I 046 itaga 335 Izapa 543 Iznik (Nicaea) 799

J JABIR IBN AFLAH 459 JABIR IBN HAYYAN 459 Jabir ibn Hayyan 272 Jabirian natures 460 jacking mechanism 829 Jacob Anatoli 113 Jacob ben Machir 837 jade 191 JAGANNATHA SAMRAT 460 Jagannatha Samrat 365 JAI SINGH 461 Jai Singh 56, 116, 788, 793 Jaina 229, 364

magic square 529 philosophy 230 school 364

Jaipur Observatory 788 Jamshedji Tata 225 JAMU 463 janya 546 JAPANESE SCIENCE 464 Japan

Agriculture 23 Environment and Nature 298 Geometry 3 78 Japanese Science 464 Magic Squares in Japanese Mathematics 538 Maps and Mapmaking 578 Mathematics 640 Medicine 698

Weights and Measures I 019 J artoux, Petrus I 98 Jataka 81 Jatakapaddhati 14, 807 Jatakdesa-marga 828 Java 389 Jaya Prakasa 788, 790 JAYADEVA 472 Jayasimha see Jai Singh Jehangir 752 jemaa 21 jen (loving people) 494 Jericho 937 Jia Dan 567, 568 JIA XIAN 473 Jia Xian 45, 46 Jian Yi 70 jiang 337 jiang you 337 Jiangling, Hubei province 515 Jiangsu province 192 Jianyan Fa (Method for Examination) 689 Jiao 852 Jiaozheng Yishu Ju (Bureau for Reviewing Medical Publications)

685 Jie An Shi (Pattern for Winding Up a Case) 689 Jigu suanjing 44, 1002 jin brocade 958 Jinglo system 12 jingluo 756 Jingmo system 13 Jingui Yaolue (Synopsis of Golden Chamber) 684 Jinshu (Official History of the Jin Dynasty) 345 Jingui yaolue see Shanghan lun jiu 337, 749 Jiu zhang suan shu 44, 234 Jiuzhang suanshu (Nine Chapters on Mathematical Arts) 65,

191, 194, 366, 369, 625, 836, 924, I 002 Jiuzhili 988 John Pappademos 809 jowar 19 judicial astrology 76 Jueyin 893 Jula 554 Julian calendar 180 June solstice 119 junk 764 junshu 514 Junzi 855 Jupiter 6, 90, I 09, II 0, 115, 194, 342, 911 Jurchen 513 Jyesthadeva 14, 845 Jyopatti 156 jyoshi (love suicide) 665 Jyotinnimamsa 780, 845 Jyotihsastra see Mathematics in India

K Ka 749 Kaaba 171, 834, 859

kacchaputa 529 Kadizade-i Rumi see Qadi Zadeh al-Rumi Kaihuang calendar I 002 Kaisei Sampo 38 Kala-kriyapada 72 Kalacakra astronomy 136 Kalacakra-tantra 136 Kalacakra-yana Buddhism 136 Kalam (Islamic theology) 139, 141, 758 Kaliyuga 73, 170 Kalopalo Indians 189 Kalpa Sutras 153 Kalyanavarman 906 kama! 768 Kamal al-Oin al-Farisi 50 Kamal at-Din ibn Yunus 894 KAMALAKARA 475 Kamalakara 752 Kanada 817 kancha 203, 204 Kangnido 581 Kaniska era 169 kanpo (kampo) see Medicine in Japan Kant 884 Kan te see Gan De Kao Gong Ji (The Artificers' Record) II Kapala yantras 790 Karana system 79, I 36, 162 Karanapaddhati 827, 845 Karanaratna 248, 827 Karanasara 883, 1000 karkhana 939 karma 664,671,818 Kasyapa I 10, 808 katapayadi 827 Katip Celebi 803 katun round 649, 982 Katyayana 91 7 Kautilya 353 Kaya culture 503 Kaye, G.R. 364 Kayseri 800 Kebra Nagast 555 kedundung 228 Keicho map 579 Kenki Sampo 931 Kenya 936 Kenyah-Kayan complex 121 Kepler 954 Kerala 636 kermes 252 Ketu 78, 110, 115 Kew 227

Bulletin 228 Kewa 658 kexing 95 khams 138 khanda-khadyaka 162 Kharif 20 Khayyam, Omar see Umar al-Khayyam khazans 447 Khitan 197 Khorasan 3, 434 khyughr 72

1097

ki (digit) 1019 kidneys 193 Kimhae culture 503 King Njoya 556 King ofMalacca 226 Kingdom of Kush 98 k'inob 178 kishvars 423 Kitab al-adwiya al-mufrada 8 Kitab al-ayn 231 Kitab al-buldan (The Book of Countries) 355 Kitab al-filahah 20 Kitab al-fusul fi'l-hisab at-hindi 234 Kitab al-hidayah (The Book of Guidance) 434 Kitab al-hiyal 151 Kitab al-manazir (Book of Optics) Kitab al-nijat (Book of Deliverance) Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) Kitab al-tair 5 Kitab al uqud wa'l abniyah 926

740 434 434

Kitab fi marifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya (Book of Ingenious Devices) 208

Kitab sanaat al-asturlab wa 1-amal biha 926 Kiyoshi Yabuuchi 78 knight move 529, 433, 538 knots see quipu knowledge systems in Africa see Environment and Nature: Africa KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN CHINA 494 KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN INDIA 500 KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS OF THE AUSTRALIAN

ABORIGINAL PEOPLE 490 KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS OF THE INCAS 495 KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS: LOCAL KNOWLEDGE 485 knowledge transmission see East and West Koan, Mori 579 Kochab 93 Ko Hung see Ge Hong Kongo cosmos 556 Konya 800 Korea I, 23, 77, 938 Korean 744

bronze instruments 503 KOREAN SCIENCE 502 koshin 700 kostha 529 koti zigi game 783 Koumiss 684 Kriyakramakari 883, 1049 Krpakara Misra 548 Kuala Lumpur Pathological Institute 212 Kujadi-panca-graha-maha-vakyas 995 Kumara 110 kunija 926 Kuo Shou-ching see Guo Shoujing Kush 98 Kushitic pyramids 98 KUSHYAR IBN LABBAN 506 kuttaka 47, 68, 533 Kuvera Misra 883 Kuwait Document 665 kwanbangdo 580 Kyoku Dai 379 kyuri 468 Kyushu 389

1098

L Ia dieta 190 La Quemada 869 Lagadha 78 Laghubhaskariya 807 Laghujataka 1000 Laghumanasa 828 Laghumanasa of Munjala 807 lake salt ( chiyan) 877 Laksmi-Narayana 42 LALLA 508 Lalla 83 lamina universal 43 Lan Shi Mi Cang (Clandestine Collections in Orchid Mansion)

511 Lao Zi 10 Laonikas Chalcondyle 804 Lapidario 43 Latadeva 808 lateen sail 260 lathes 938 latifundio 31 Latin America 189 Laugaksi 917 lawh 768 Law of Medicine 697 Le dynasty 598 Le Thanh-tong 597 lead 40, 195, 397

tin bronze 725 Legalism 814 legumes 101 Lei Xiao 684 Leibniz 46, 193 Leigong Paozhi lun (Master Lei on Drug Processing) 684 length see Weights and Measures leno (luo) 958 lenses 816, 953

hyperbolic 236 parabolic 236

Leo 92 LEO THE AFRICAN 508 lever 813,820 LEVI BEN GERSON (Gersonides) 113, 509 Lewis, David 770 IHun-grub-rgya-mtsho 136 li (Nature's pattern) 193, 197 L1 BING 509 L1 CHUNFENG 510 Li Chunfeng 110, 909 L1 GAO 511 Li Ji (Record of Rituals) 688 Li Kao see Li Gao Li Kexiu 513 Li Peng see Li Bing Li Rong 344 LI SHANLAN 511 Li Shanlan 193 Li Shih-Chen see Li Shizhen L1 SHIZHEN 512 LiShizhen 161 , 685 Li Ting 664

Li Ye 45 LI ZHI 513 Li Zhi I94 lianhualou (lotus clepsydra) 390 Liao 197 Liber 30 differentiarum (Book of 30 Chapters) 331 Liberia 556 Libra 92 Libro de las Cruzes 43 licorice 195 Lienzo of Zacatepec 591 lienzos 590 Lilavati (The Beautiful) 155,365, 752, 756, 807, 883, 1049 Lindeli l IO linear astrolabe 894

equations 44 indeterminate equation 784, 786 measurements I027 measures I 0 I 7

linen 955, 959 Ling Shu (Miraculous Pivot) 12, 397 Lingshu jing see Huangdi Neijing Ling well 343 Linnaeus 513 Linyi 194 Liu An 195 Liu Bei 343 Liu Chenggui 101 I LIU HONG 514 LIU HUI AND THE JIUZHANG SUANSHU 514 Liu Hui 193, 194, 366,387,388, 514,924 Liu Xiang 195 Liu Yi 44, 194 Liu Yiming 41 Liujuanzi Guiyi Fang (Recipes Bequeathed from a Ghost) 684 liuren 77 Llipata 779 Lo-'gros 138 Lo Hsia Hung see Luoxia Hong Loboda people 658 lock gates 938 lodestones 233, 540, 81 1 logarithms 39 logic see Rationality, Objectivity, and Method logogram 244 Loha-gola-khandana 752 Loha-golasamarthana (Refutation of the Loha-gola) 752 Lokoto 616 London School of Tropical Medicine 212 long fallow 928 LONG COUNT 515 long count I 77 loom 900, 936, 960 see also silk, textiles looping 967 Lothal 364 low carbon steels 728 Lu Ju II Lu Shi Chun Qiu (Master Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals) II,

233,688 Lu Xiangshan 193 Lu You 160 Luancheng 513 Luba of Zaire 554, 556 lukasa memory devices 554

Lun Qi 905 Luna, William of 274 lunar calendar 121, 857 see calendar lunar and planetary latitudes 128

eclipses 276, 544 mansions 77, 83, 108, 109, 126,424, 563 month 171 phases 94 rituals of Camay Quilla 182 theory 413 visibility 1044

lunar lodges see lunar mansions LUNAR MANSIONS IN CHINESE ASTRONOMY LUNAR MANSIONS IN INDIAN ASTRONOMY LUNAR MANSIONS IN ISLAMIC ASTRONOMY lunette 920 lungs 193 Lunheng (Balanced Discussions) 1002

516 519

520

luni-solar calendar 38, 109, 171, 191, 194, 197,520,896,975, 1056

Luo Hongxian 568 Luo Tianyi 511 Luofoushan Mountain 345 Luoshu (Luo Chart) 193 LUOXIA HONG 520 Luoxia Hong 70 Lupaca 497 lusona 367 lute II Luxuan Gonglun 664

M Macasarese 763 Macauley, Lord Babington 943 Machu Picchu 62, 203, 923 madder 939 MADHAVA OF SANGAMAGRAMA 522 Madhava of Sangamagrama 365, 883

sine table 989 madrasas 436 Mae Enga 658 mafei powder 684 Magellan 226, 803 Magellanic Clouds 106 Magha 114 MAGIC AND SCIENCE 523

ancestor worship 526 magic 191, 192, 195, 692

circles 891 figures 533 lanterns 955 squares 68, 198,427,528, 533,612,618,619, 785,891,

1042 MAGIC SQUARES IN CHINESE MATHEMATICS MAGIC SQUARES IN INDIAN MATHEMATICS MAGIC SQUARES IN ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS MAGIC SQUARES IN JAPANESE MATHEMATICS magical thinking 188 magnetic compass 232, 254,541,811,8 16

declination 816

528 529

536 538

polarity 541 magnetism 811, 815,895 MAGNETISM IN CHINA 540 MAGNETISM IN MESOAMERICA 543 magnetite 232 magnifying glasses 955 Mahabhaskariya 72, 385, 807 mahabhutas 694 MAHADEVA 543 Mahadevi 544 Mahasiddhanta 72, 126 MAHAVIRA 545 Mahavira 365, 756 Mahendra La! Sarkar 225 MAHENDRA SURI 546 Mahendra Suri 85 Mai Jing (Classic of Sphygmology) 684 Mailu 658 Maimonides see Moses Maimonides Maitrayana 917 maize 338 MAKARANDA 547 Makaranda's tables Makhwa 781 malachite 722 Malay ethnobotany

folk taxonomy materia medica medicine 214

548

228 228 213

medicine man 213 Peninsula 226 poison 214

Malays 226 see also Astronomy in the Indo-Malay Archipelago

Malaysia 118, 188, 189, 190 Malian sorcerers 526 malt 337

sugar 337 Mamakodate (Josephus question) 891 Mamluk caliphate 389 man pit ren 76 Man of the Cattle 973 Manava 917 Manchu 197 mandala 533, 596 manioc (cassava) 936 Manson, Patrick 212 mantra 669, 1047 Mantra Yoga 1047 Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 591 mapmaking (Japan) 447 MAPS AND MAPMAKING 549 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN AFRICA 554

1099

MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN ASIA (PREHISTORIC) 558 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN CHINA 567 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN INDIA 571 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN JAPAN 578 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN KOREA 580 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN MESOAMERICA 589 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN NATIVE NORTH AMERICA

591 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 594 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN TIBET 595 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN VIETNAM 597

1100

MAPS AND MAPMAKING OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL PEOPLE 560

MAPS AND MAPMAKING: CELESTIAL EAST ASIAN MAPS 562

MAPS AND MAPMAKING : CELESTIAL ISLAMIC MAPS 565

MAPS AND MAPMAKING: CHINESE GEOMANTIC MAPS 570

MAPS AND MAPMAKING: ISLAMIC TERRESTRIAL MAPS 573

MAPS AND MAPMAKING: ISLAMIC WORLD MAPS CENTERED ON MECCA 577

MAPS AND MAPMAKING: MARSHALL ISLAND STICK CHARTS 587

maps Balkhi 149 MARAGHA 599 Maragha 131 , 196, 413,757

observatory 454, 758, 994 Marco Polo 253, 261, 766

Cathay of 257 marhala 149 Marici 752, 845 maritime exploration 763

trade 763 Marquis Yi set-bells 10 Mars 6, 90, 90, 106, 110, 115,911 Marseilles Tables 875 Marshall Islands 587 Marshallese stick charts 769 Martino Martini 257 Marutse empire 556 Masaka Sulbasutra 917 Masarjawayh 271 MASH A' ALLAH 602 Masha'allah 273 , 926 masjids see mosques massage 688, 700, 708, 714, I 054

abortion 2 Master Ramchandra 224 Masudic Canon 445, 991 matchlock 744 mathematical

astrology astronomy atomism geography manuals symbolism

128 128,405, 857,988, 1061

376 128

510 429

tables 631 zero I 051 see also zero

mathematicians 645, 886 MATHEMATICS 604 mathematics 3, 38, 54, 110, 151, 191, 193, 196, 198,513,514,

632,634,830,843,875,931,934 Abu Kamil 638 Algebra in Islamic mathematics 48 Approximation formulae in Chinese mathematics 65 Arithmetic in Islamic mathematics 68 Combinatorics in Indian Mathematics 229 Combinatorics in Islamic Mathematics 230 Elements 227 Ethnomathematics 326 Geometry 363 Magic Squares 528

Number theory in Islamic mathematics 786 Pi in Chinese mathematics 822 Pi in Indian mathematics 823 Rationale in Indian mathematics 845 Trigonometry in Islamic mathematics 990

MATHEMATICS IN AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA 610

MATHEMATICS IN CHINA 625 mathematics in China 198 MATHEMATICS IN EGYPT MATHEMATICS IN INDIA MATHEMATICS IN ISLAM MATHEMATICS IN JAPAN MATHEMATICS IN KOREA

629 634 637 640 643

mathematics in Meso and South America see Mathematics, Aztec and Mathematics, Maya

MATHEMATICS IN NATIVE NORTH AMERICA 650 MATHEMATICS IN THE PACIFIC 657 MATHEMATICS IN WEST AFRICA: TRADITIONAL

MATHEMATICAL GAMES 616 MATHEMATICS OF AFRICA: THE MAGHREB 613 MATHEMATICS OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL

PEOPLE 619 MATHEMATICS OF THE AZTEC PEOPLE 622 MATHEMATICS OF THE HEBREW PEOPLE 632 MATHEMATICS OF THE MAYA 646 MATHEMATICS, PRACTICAL AND RECREATIONAL 660 Matrakci Nasuh 575 Matricaria 190 matrilineal societies 189 matrix notation 44, 46 Mattang chart 587, 590 Mawangdui, Hunan province 194, 195

tombs 109 Maya

Agriculture 24 Agroforestry 25 City Planning 205 Mathematics 646 Time in Maya Culture 981 Writing 1034

measurement see Weights and Measures Astrolable 74 Trigonometry in India 987 Trigonometry in Islamic mathematics 990

measures see Weights and Measures meat fermentation 335 Mecca 75 , 392,402,413,424,480,776,834,990 mechanical clock 21 0, 920 Mecmu-i menazil 575 meddo charts 587 medical astrology I 050

botany see Ethnobotany encyclopedia 409, 411, 420, 506 practice 834 publications 674 research 224 specialists 704 specialization 704 theories and practices 698 theory 1055 university 685 works 195, 230, 756

MEDICAL ETHICS 663, 666

MEDICAL ETHICS IN CHINA 667 MEDICAL ETHICS IN INDIA 669 MEDICAL ETHICS IN ISLAM 672 MEDICAL TEXTS IN CHINA 673 MEDICINAL FOOD PLANTS 676 medicinal foods 676 see ethnobotany

herbs 445 , 463, 505, 679, 718 see ethnobotany plants see Ethnobotany properties 656

medicine 145, 191, 199, 229, 268, 404, 434, 463 , 851, 930, 1054

Acupuncture 12 Cactus 707 Epilepsy in Chinese Medicine 309 Epilepsy in Indian Medicine 310 man 213, 706, 709, 865,866 North American Indians 719 Thai traditional 717 Trephination 985 Wheel 867

MEDICINE IN AFRICA 679 MEDICINE IN CHINA: FORENSIC MEDICINE 688 MEDICINE IN EGYPT 689 MEDICINE IN INDIA: AYURVEDA 693 MEDICINE IN ISLAM 695 MEDICINE IN JAPAN 698 MEDICINE IN MESO AND SOUTH AMERICA 702 MEDICINE IN NATIVE NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

706 MEDICINE IN THAILAND: TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN

THAILAND 71 7 MEDICINE IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS 709 MEDICINE: TALMUDIC MEDICINE 714 MEDICINE W.HEELS 719 medrese 799, 800, 804 Mehmed II 799, 80 I Mehmed the Conqueror 80 I Meiji Restoration 24 mektep 799 Melanesia 773 Melanesians 710 memory boards 556 Memory Games: The Ye Gonan 618 see games Mende 783 Mendeleef's Periodic Table 225 Mendocino Codex 623 Mendoza Codex 964 Menelaus 991 Menelaus' theorem 8, 970 Meng Chi Pi Than (Dream Pool Essays) 809 Meng Shen 195 mensuration 9, 54, 67, 155,375,380, 907,908 see Weights and

Measures Mercator 804 mercury (element) 40, 42, 195,267,345,397 Mercury (planet) 88, 90, 90, I I 0, 115, 776, 91 I mercy killing 665 meridian 71

Greenwich merkhet 923 Meroe 98 Merv 937 Mesoamerica

Astronomy

248

63, 143 134

1101

Calendars I 73 Ethnobotany 317 Geography 357 Long Counts 515 Magnetism 543 Maps and Mapmaking 590 Medicine in Meso and South America 702 Metallurgy in Meso and North America 730 Textiles in Mesoamerica

Mesopotamia 56, 109,937 cuneiform system 57 geometry 380

message sticks 560 metal bush 987

ores 722 ornaments 733 tools 727

metallic art 733 metallurgical tradition 731 metallurgy 725, 741 , 940

casting and 905 METALLURGY IN AFRICA 720 METALLURGY IN CHINA 724 METALLURGY IN EGYPT 726 METALLURGY IN INDIA 728 METALLURGY IN MESO AND NORTH AMERICA 730 METALLURGY IN SOUTH AMERICA 733 meteor 92, I 08, 192, 91 I Meteorologica 739 meteorology 82, 191,407, 505, 776 METEOROLOGY IN CHINA 735 METEOROLOGY IN INDIA 737 METEOROLOGY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 739 meter 231 methodology see Rationality, Objectivity, and Method metonic cycle 976 metric system I 023 metrics 229, 375 Metrika 65 metrological system 630, I 041 metrology 380,381,630, 1041 see Weights and Measures metrosophy I 0 10 Metsuke-ji 891 Mexica 143, 200

Tenochtitlan 143 Mexican highlands 200 Mexicans 190 Mexico 25, 142, 843, 936 Miao 197 mica 195 Micronesia 772, 773 Micronesians 118, 710 microscopes 955 Middle America 189 Middle Books 758 Mide master scroll 657 Midewewin 656 Midrash 112 midwife 189 see Childbirth milcocoli 624 military affairs 898

architecture 238 compendium 389 industrial complex 996

1102

innovations 254 science 191 technology 446, 505, 742

MILITARY TECHNOLOGY 741 military technology

alchemist 743 armor 727 anus 199,937 bomb technology 743 cannon 389,743,938

Milky Way 91 , 93, 99, 104, 106, 123, 135,563, 740 millet 34, 35 millstones 938 Milngurr 491 mineral acids 460

deposits 540 minerals 263, 435, 445 Ming 77 Mingantu 198 Minhaj 247 minifundios 31 mining 725, 726 Minoan hieroglyphs 57 Mirim Celebi 802 mirrors 895

concave 810 convex 794

Mishneh Torah 113 mist (yanqi) 343 mixin 250 Mixtec 554 mizan 21 mnemonic devices 556, 769 mo 748 Mo Jing 794 Moche 952, 968 modes of thought see Knowledge Systems passim modular equations 844 Moerbeke, William of 274 Mohenjo-Daro 364, 924 Mohism 369,810,814 Mohist Canon (Mozi) 192, 366

logic 369 Mohit 926 Moise! 556 molds 503 Molla Lutfi 802 Mongol empire 253, 757 Mongols 7, 196, 197,389 Monks Mound I 03 Monophysites 271 monsoon 159, 766 montane arteries 580 moon 90, 91 , 101, 106, 110, 115, 165, 171, 179, 194, 275,508,

522, 928, 973 see also lunar mansions, eclipses cusps 508 new 90, 171 phases 104

morality see ethics, medical ethics Moorish Spain 743 Moose Mountain Wheel 720 Mordecai Comtino 11 3 Moreira, Ignacio 579 Mori 579

morning star 90, 107, 124 Morocco 843, 936 mortar and pestle 951 mortars 743 mortuary traditions 750 Moscow Papyrus 363,381,608 MOSES MAIMONIDES 744 Moses Maimonides 113, 240, 697 mosques 238, 800 mosquito control 214 mosquitoes 214 MOUND CULTURES 746 Moundville 746 mouth 193 MOXIBUSTION 748 moxibustion 12,258,675,684,700,748,918, 1054, 1055 Mozi 192 mu'assah 930 Muayyad al-Oin ai-Urdi 396, 599 mudda 979 Mudkarat 6 Mughal Empire 938 Muhammad 365 Muhammad ibn Hawqal 149 Muhurtaratna 807 muhurtas 386 Muhurtastaka-dipika 807 Muhyi al-Oin al-Maghribi 600 Mukhtasar Tarikh al-bashar 7 mulberry trees 900 Mumford, Lewis 346, 937, 938 mummies 690 MUMMIES IN EGYPT 749 MUMMIES IN SOUTH AMERICA 750 mummification 750 Mumtahan Zij 130 MUNISVARA 752 Munisvara 845 Munjala 827, 828 muqanni 948 Muqattam Hills 131 Murad III 802 mural sextant 921 Musa ibn Hamun 802 Musa ibn Khalid 271 music 193, 193, 230 musical instruments I 0

stone-chimes I 0 pitch 1010 sound 816 theory 897

Muslim see Islam, Islamic world Muslims Ill, 389, 665 Mussau Islands 36 mutahayyiz 140 mutakallimun 141 Mutazila theology 431 Mutual Conquest Order 332, 8 15

Production Order 8 15 muvakkithane 800 muwaqqit 4 77

N Nadivalaya 788, 790 nag-rtsis 136 Nagakubo's maps of Japan 579 Nahua 554 Nahuatl language I 024 Najm al-Oin al-Qazwini 600 naksatra 79, 109, 169 see Lunar Mansions in Indian Astronomy naksatra-darsa 114 naksatra system 519 Naksatracudamani I 044 Nam Tien 597, 598 NAMORATUNGA 755 Namoratunga 96 Nan Ching see Nanjing NANliNG 756 Nan Jing (Classic of Questioning) 684 Nandisvaradvipa 572 Nanfang caomuzhuang (Plants and Trees in the Southern Region)

345 Nanhai (modern Guangzhou) 390 Nansembushu Dai-Nihonkoku Shoto Zu (Map of Great Japan)

578 naphtha 389 NARAYANA PANDITA 756 Narragansett Indians 101 Nasca culture 777 NASIR AL-DIN AL-TUSI 757 Nasir al-Oin al-Tusi 196, 365, 396, 599, 638, 792, 830 NASIR-I KHUSRAW 759 Nasuh al-Silahi ai-Matraqi 802 National Agricultural Experiment Station 24 Native Americans

Americas: Native American Science 60 Astronomy in Native North America 100 Colonialism and Science in the Americas ~221

Environment and Nature: Native North America 302 Ethnobotany in Native North America 321 Geography of Native North Americans 358 Maps and Mapmaking in Native North America 592 Mathematics in Native North America 651 Medicine in Native North and South America 706 Metallurgy in Meso and North America 730 Religion and Science in the Native Americas 865 Road Networks in Ancient Native America 868 Technology in the New World 951 Time and Native Americans: Time in the Pueblo Indian World

983 Nativities 82 natural astrology 76

environments 64 gas 811, 878,880 history 145, 191, 508 laws 820 magic 525 mummification 751 phenomena 145, 332, 928 philosophy 468, 905 solar year 1019 square 533 supernatural continuum 865 world 865

nature see environment nature

metaphysical 214 of science 846

nautical almanac 995 astronomy 424 manuals 768

Navagraha 78, II 0, 529 Navajo 188, 190 navigation 122, 424, 542

between Middle East and China 766 manual 824

NAVIGATION IN AFRICA 759 NAVIGATION IN CHINA 762 NAVIGATION IN POLYNESIA 773 NAVIGATION IN THE INDIAN OCEAN AND RED SEA

765 NAVIGATION IN THE PACIFIC 769 navigational star systems 771 Nazca 952 NAZCA LINES 777 Near Eastern cultures 665

1103

Needham,Joseph 10, 11 ,39, 75, 109,110,191, 26 1,343,809, 815

needle supporting methods 541 needles 935 see also acupuncture needling 748, 749 needling technique 756, I 054, I 055 negative numbers 47, 49, 147, 234, 784 Negev Desert 843, 936 Nehru, J. 819 Nei Wai Shang Bien Huo Lun (Endogenous and Exogenous

Disorders) 511 neidan 39, 265 Nekematigi 677 neo-Confucianists 193 Neolithic 503, 936, 937

culture in Japan 23 Neoplatonism 418, 434,443, 820 Nestorian 78, 196, 271 neuroanatomy 715 New Guinea 657

World 63, 803 Zealand 771

Newton, Isaac 809, 954 Newton's formula 628, 891 Newtonian dynamics 897 Nguyen dynasty 598 Nicephorus Gregoras Nicestas Acominate Nicomachus of Gerasa Nidanas 78 Niger River 556 Nigeria 35

804 804

272

Nihon Bun'iki Shisho Zu (Atlas of the Regions of Japan) 579 Nihon Bun'ya Zu (Astronomical Map of Japan) 579 Nihon Bunkei Zu (Map of Japan Divided into Parts) 579 Nilakantha 883, 988 NILAKANTHA SOMAYAJI 780 Nilakantha Somayaji 845, 1048

Tantrasangraha of 845 Nilambara 548 Nile 179 nilometer 923, 1014

1104

Nin-byed-snan-ba 136 Nine Chapters on Mathematical Arts see Liu Hui and The

Jiuzhang Suanshu nine stars 138 Nirguna 1051 nirvana 596 Nisrstarthaduti 752 Nogyo Zensho 24 non-instrumental voyaging, Oceania 769 Nongshu 18 Nongzheng quanshu 18 nonlinear equations 627 noon shadow 385 noria 949 North Africa 799, 843 see also Africa North America 666, 763 North American Indian and Inuit Maps 591, 592

astronomy I 0 I medicine 719

North Pole 76 northern hemisphere 89 Northern and Central America 803 Northern Qi 195 Northern Song 70 northwestern Africa 803 see Africa nose 193 notion (yi) of fire 344 novae 77, 109, 191 Nrsimha Daivajna 845 Nuer 972

age-sets 973 Nuh ibn Mansur 434 number 1010

systems 651 theory 784, 786 words 651

NUMBER THEORY IN AFRICA 781 NUMBER THEORY IN INDIA 784 NUMBER THEORY IN ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS 786 numeral 646

system 620, 635, I 053 numerals 191, 623, 646 numeration 606

system 635, 781 numerical bases 658

coefficients 623 equations 473

Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi' khtiraq al-afaq 555 Nuzhen 197 Nyaya-Vaisesika school 817 Nyayaratna 827 Nyoro 724

0 Oath of the Doctor 665 oaths of initiation 664 obi 188 observational astronomy 834

records 76 OBSERVATORIES IN INDIA 788 OBSERVATORIES IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 792

obstetrics 715, 927 occult knowledge 656

phenomena 525 science 76

oceanic navigation 774 oceanic settlement pattern 770 oceanography 424 odd and even 533 Odoric of Pordenone 261 Old Babylonian period 380

texts 52 Saka Era 169 World crops 30

Ollantaytambo 202 Olmec 366, 926, 952 Omar ibn Sinan al-Izniki 803 Omar Sifai 803 On Anatomical Procedures 399 On Measurement and Geometry 5 On Multiplication and Division 9 On Ratio 9 On the Absolute Sincerity of Great Physicians On the Method of the Preservation of Health Ondulu 724 Onkar Bhatt Joshi 224 ophthalmology 410 Opium War 468,627 optical illusions 814 optics 407,432, 815,934 OPTICS IN CHINESE SCIENCE 793 OPTICS IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 795 oracle bone 109, 191,249 orbs 395 organic and holistic world views 935, 940

forces 418 Orhan Bey 799 Orion 92, 120, 122, 124, 779, 1060

Belt 96, 106 Ottoman Empire 799, 801, 803,938

maps and mapmaking 575 medicine 80 I medreses 802 science 801 State 804 Turkey 743, 804

OTTOMAN SCIENCE 799 ouden 1052 out-in Complementary Principle 387, 388 Outlines of Astronomy 5 I 2

p

Pachacuti Inca 496 Pacific

Agriculture 27 island soils 27

Agroforestry 35 Ethnobotany 323

664 430

Maps and Mapmaking: Marshall Island Stick Charts Mathematics 657 Medicine 709

587

Navigation 769 islanders 971

Pad-dkar-zal-lun 136 Padmanabha 85 paediatrics 927 Paitamaha 1000 PAKSA 806 Paleography see Writing Palermo Stone 923 Pampa de Nazca 778

de San Jose 779 pan-diagonal 529, 536

magic squares 533, 537 numbers 538

panacas 498 panacea 345 panamacani 704 panca-anga 995 Panca-bodha 827, 883 Pancamahabhuta Theory 694 pancanga I I 7 Pancasiddhantika 71,385,808, 883,977, 1000 Pandanus 37 Paninian aphorisms 501 Papago 843 paper 254

and ink making 905 production 150

PAPER AND PAPERMAKING 806 papiani 704 Pappus 754 Papua New Guinea 27 papyrus 689 parabola 235,375, 432,441 ,479 see also conics paraboloid 406 Paracas Peninsula 967

textiles 967 Paracelsus 267, 803 Parahita 394, 828 parallax 128, 74 1,776, 1057 Paramananda Thakkura 548 PARAMESVARA 807 Paramesvara 780, 845, I 048 paribhasa 756 parikarma 756 Pascal triangle 45, 46, 49, 50, 229, 473 , 608, 627, 1043 pati 155 patiganita 155, 907 see also Arithmetic in India Patisara 752 patrilineal societies 189 patterned fabrics 957. PAULISA 808 Paulisa Siddhanta 808, 1000 Paulus-ul-Yunani 808 paurnamasya 806 pawang 213 pearl 433

and jade exploitation 905 pediatrics 184,675,918 Pegasus 1060 Pei Xiu 567, 568 Pell's equation 48, 68 Pen Tsao see Ben Cao Gang Mu, Pen Tshao Kang Mu (Great

Pharmacopoiea)

1105

Pen Tshao Kang Mu (Great Pharmacopoiea) 811 Penasco Blanco I 02 Peradeniya Gardens in Ceylon 227 Peri plus of Hanna 760 Persia 434, 665, 939 see also Iran

astronomy 395, 1044 solar calendar 993

Peru 62,936 Peruvian jungle 226 Peten 25 petrol flame-thrower 389 petroleum 343 Peurbach, Georg I 13 peyote 707 phalaka yantra 75, 85 phaonindra yantra 546 pharmaceutical campi lations 154 pharmaceuticals 463, 699 Pharmacographia Indica 445 pharmacology 158, 435, 440, 918 pharmacopoeia 145, 191 , 195,438,678,682,685 phases of the moon 144, 134 see also lunar and planetary

latitudes, moon phenology 736 philosophers stone see alchemy Philosophus Autodidactus 438 phlebotomy 473 phlogiston theory 460 Phoka 724 phyi-rkan 137 PHYSICS 808 PHYSICS IN CHINA 814 PHYSICS IN INDIA 817 PHYSICS IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 819 physiology 12, 699 pi (n) 68, 73,364,365, 366,373, 381, 522,639,891,907, 932,

106 1 PI IN CHINESE MATHEMATICS 822- 824 PI IN INDIAN MATHEMATICS 823, 824 Pi Wei Lun (On Spleen and Stomach) 511 pictorial books 143 picture maps 558 pig 64 pile fabrics 959

loop brocade 958 pineapples 227 ping (floating differences) 510 pinhole images 794 Pires, Tome' 228 PIRI REIS 824 Piri Reis 803 Pirqei di-Rebbe Eliezer 11 2 Pisces 77, 92 Pitamaha Siddantha 977 pitch (frequency) 816

of musical instruments I 0, I 06 1 Piute 359 Pizarro 803 plane figures 67 plane transversal theorem 898 planetarium 898 planetary and astral conjunctions 508

computations 508, 522 equations 1057

1106

hypotheses 395 longitudes 416 motions I 003 stations 128 tables 544, 927 theory 412

planets 76, 77, 78, 90, I 0 I, 134, 194 planimetry see geometry planisphere 74 planning, urban see City Planning platinum 732 Plato 267, 434, 820

Republic of 902 Plato of Tivoli 273 Platonic idealism 814 Pleiades 95, 96, 101, 106, 120, 121, 144 Pliny 57 Plotinus 434 Plough (constellation) 76 plow (agricultural implement) 346 Plukenet, Leonard 56 plus symbol 147 pneuma 193 po tolo 99 pochotes 952 Polar Star 76 Polaris 93, 95 polygonal masonry 913 polymath 8 Polynesian voyaging 771, 772, 773, 774 Polynesians 92, 95, 710, 770 polynomial 45, 46, 414. 785, 903, 914, I 056 Porno 654 Pope Sylvester II popular astronomical and meteorological knowledge 429 porcelain 505, 938 portable equatorial sundials 920 portolan 555, 824 POTATO 825 potato 242 potential salt 876 potter's wheel 936, 938 pottery 191, 192,346,747, 936 power 556 power series 68, 785 powers of ten 784 practical astronomy 522

geometries 382 learning 645 mathematics 9, 907

pramanu 817 prana 193 pranayama I 046 Prasnasatapancasika 807 Prasnavidya 906 Pravesaka 14 prayascitta 827 pre-colonial African maps 554 pre-Columbian period 61 pre-industrial technology 941 pre-Islamic Arabia 7 pre-Renaissance Europe 92 pre-Shona Calendar 99 pre-smelting rituals 724

PRECESSION OF THE EQUINOXES 827 precious metals 730 see also gold, silver precipitation 738 precision balances I 0 I 8 prediction of eclipses 636 see also Eclipses

planetary occultations I 003 Presler John 253 prime numbers 38

vertical 71 meridian 475

primum mobile 1003 non nocere 664

pnntmg 254, 505, 940 probabilistic number theory 844 progressions 785 prohibitions on killing 664 projection 433, 837 prophetic medicine 672 prophylaxis 12 proportions and percentages 514 prosody 229 proto-porcelain wares 191 prototrigonometry 627 Prthuyasa 78 Ptolemaic and Aristotelian systems 434, 573

astronomy 152, 874 cartographic traditions 555, 569 parameters 416

Ptolemy 55, 60, 73, 74, 127,271,346,356, 377,395,408,412, 413,423,776,797,802,803,860,898,902,915,934,953, 970, 989, 1057

Almagest: Its Reception and Transmission in the Islamic World... 50, 55, 73, 127, 133,331,392,392,394,395, 402,416, 444,455,459,460,470,520, 544,547,633,636, 637,776,899,91 I, 969,987,988,991, 1044, 1058

Geography 482, 801 map 443 Optics 432, 797 Planetary Hypotheses 127, 396 Planispherium 547 Rulers 792 Tetrabiblos 82, 507, 776

Puding 228 Pueblo 101

Bonito 101 people 983 time 983

Pueraria thunbergiana 957 Punarvasu 142 Punjabi midwives 189 punting 764 Puranas 353 Purusottama Bhatta 548 Purusottamapuri 883 PUTUMANA SOMAYAJJ 827 Putumana Somayaji 845 pyramidal mounds 746 PYRAMIDS 828 pyramids 63,358, 381,937,951, 1014 Pythagoras 267, 376, 609

theorem 54,364,369,372,381,382,386,609,784,970 triples 364, 381, 784

Pythagoreanism 814

1107

Q Qusta ibn Luqa 272, 273 , 798 Qutb al-Oin al-Shirazi see al-Shirazi

q-series 844 Q 4 QADI ZADEH AL-RUMI 830 Qadi Zadeh al-Rumi 801 , 802 QANAT 832

R qanat 452, 926, 947 Qanun al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine) 434 Qazwin 434 qedet 1015 Ql 13, 157. 165, 192, 332, 370,466,541,571,685,748, 816,

832, 833, 856, 897, 905, 985, 1046 energy 397 four 687 gong (breathing therapy) 673, 688, 856 han 345 of fire 344 orthodox 686

Qian Han shu 234 QIANJIN YAOFANG 833 Qianjin Yao Fang (Thousand Golden Remedies) 185, 664

Rabi 20 Rabi ben Ezra see Abraham Ibn Ezra Raf al-hijab 231 raffia palm 956 Raffles, Sir Stamford 227 ragi 19 rahmah 930 Rahu 78, 93 , II 0 rain 193, 735, 736

basin (yupan) 343 forest 936 gauge 737

rainbow 735, 814, 895 rainfall 73 7 rainforest 35

QIBLA AND ISLAMIC PRAYER TIMES 834 RAINWATER HARVESTING 843 qibla 9, 392, 424, 477, 776, 859, 864, 925, 990, 993 see also

Mecca charts 574 determination 480 table 480

rainwater harvesting 936 Rajasthan 843, 939 rajju 924 Rama yantra 788, 791 Ramacandra 85

Qichun (Hubei) 512 Ramakrsna 883 Qidan 197 Qimin yaoshu 18

Raman, C.V. 819 RAMANUJAN 843

qin (half-tube zither) II ramie 957 QIN JIUSHAO 836 rami 362 Qin Jiushao 45, 193, 194, 513, 925 ramon 26 Qin Shihuangdi 192, 195 Qin Yueren 194

Raqqa 152 rasa 670

Qinding gujin tushu jicheng 78 Rasail 401 qu 336, 337 Rasail Ikhwan al-Safa see Ikhwan al-Safa QUADRANT 837 quadrant 87, 356, 475, 934

of Israel 437

Rasayana therapy 268 Rasigolasphutaniti 845 RATIONALE IN INDIAN MATHEMATICS 845

quadratic equations 44, 47, 48, 163, 387, 515, 785, 786, 907, RATIONALITY, OBJECTIVITY, AND METHOD 845 1003

quahuitl 624 quantity surveying 948

Ravivarman, King ofVettattunatu 14 Rayy 434 reaction-vessel 195

quarrying 912 quartic equation 513

realgar oil (xionghuangyou) 161 recreational mathematical problems 660, 661

quartz 816 rectangle 52, 612 quasi-natural measures 380 Qubilai Qan 390, 513

red copper 725 see also copper red mummies 751

Quetzalcoatl 94 Red Sea 803 Quibiao 793 reflecting telescopes 954 Quiche of Momostenango 134 reflection 236 quinine 226, 227 reflectors 793, 794 Quintana Roo 25 refracted ray 407 quinteros 21 refraction 236,407,432, 740,814 QUJPU 839 Regiomontanus 758 quipu 60,489,496,605,1026 regula falsi 68, 147 quipucamayu 605 regular pentagons 612 Qunawi 402 reiyaku-jutsu 932 Quran 456, 672, 696, 834, 858, 930 relief maps 894 see also Maps and Mapmaking

Abortion 2 RELIGION AND SCIENCE IN CHINA 852 QUSTA IBN LUQA 841 RELIGION AND SCIENCE IN ISLAM I 857

1108

RELIGION AND SCIENCE IN ISLAM II 861 RELIGION AND SCIENCE IN THE NATIVE AMERICAS

865 religious ablutions 451

architecture 237 effigy 746 sciences 270, 443 taboos 65

remainder theorem, Chinese 110, 194 resonance phenomenon of Lu Ju 11 retting 333 rgya-rtsis 136 rhetorical algebra 607 Rhind Mathematical Papyrus 381, 1014 Ricci, Matteo 46, Ill, 264, 366, 569, 925 Riccioli, Giovanni 56 rice 16, 23, 122 rice-soup oil (mitangyou) 161 Rigel 95 right-angled triangles 51, 386, 380, 513, 515, 903, I 003 rilib 588 rim-min 137 rim-pa 137 rings 891 riparian veins 580 Risala (Epistle) 6 Risala fi'l-amal bi'l-asturlab 8 Risalat al-tair (Treatise of the Bird) 434 ritha 42 rituals 174, 372, 865, 865, 977 road measures I 024 ROAD NETWORKS IN ANCIENT NATIVE AMERICA 868 roasting 334 Roberto Valtorio 80 I Robinet, Isabelle 39 Robinson, Kenneth I I roca 928 rock art 102, 560

salt 877, 880, 881 ROCKETS AND ROCKETRY 872 rockets 389, 937 rod numeral system 44, 46, 234, 608 rom 491 Romaka 808. I 000 root approximation formula 147, 784

of a polynomial 4 76 rosemary 1 90 Rouran 197 Rouzhi 197 rtsis 136 Ru Jia 854 ruba 356 rudder 764 Ruisbroek, William of 26 1 rule of ethnocentricity 556

false position 44, 234 inverse operations 68 inversion 147 three 44, 67, 147,234,514 two errors 476

Russia 804, 938 Rutherford, E. 995 Ryazau 389 Ryusen, Ishikawa 579

s Sabuncuoglu Serefeddin 802 Saccheri's quadrangle 479 Sacred Direction 858

fire 917 maps 596

sacrificial altars 609 fire 977

SADR AL-SHARIAH 874 Safar-nameh (Book on Travels) 759 Safavid medicine 80 I Sagittarius 92 Sahara Desert 938 Saharan Africa 14 Sahel 34, 936 Sahn-i Seman Medreses 799 SAID AL-ANDALUSI 875 Saijo-ryu 38 Saint Thomas the Apostle 253 Saiph 96 Saka 121 Sakas 169 sal ammoniac 460 Salih ibn Nasrullah 803 saline earth 876

lakes 876 soil 876

SALT 876 salt 1025

and sugar making 905 lake 878

Xiezhou 878 manufacture 881 Range 877 trade 836

SALT IN CHINA 877 SALT IN INDIA 880 saltiness (xian) 877 saltpeter 196, 388,389,937,939 see also gunpowder Sama-veda 153 Samanid dynasty Samarkand medrese Samarqand observatory Sampo Tensei-ho Shinan

434 801

396 38

Samratyantra 788 SAMUIL IBN ABBAS AL-MAGHRIBI 882 Samuil al-Maghribi 50 samurai 469 San Lorenzo 543 San Yin Ji Yi Bing Zheng Fang Lun (Three Pathogenic

Categories) 187 sand sculptures 56 Sangamagrama-Madhava see Madhava of Sangamagrama sangaku 38, 466 · Sanizade Ataullah 803 Sankara Variyar I 048 SANKARA VARIYAR 882 sanku 924 Sanming tonghui 77 Sanskrit prosody 230 Sanson- Flamsteed method 44 7 saqiya 949

Sarada script 147 Sarajevo 799 Sarasvati Amma, T.A. 364 Saravali 906 Sardulakamavadana 77, 136 Sarton, George 513 Sasthams'a yantra 790 SATANANDA 883 Satawal 772 satin weave (duanwen) 958 Saturn 6, 90, 90, 109, 110, 115, 194,603,911 Satyasadha 917 saumya-yantra 546 saunas 718 Saura Siddhanta 808, I 000 Savasorda see Abraham Bar Hiyya (Savasorda) Sawai Jai Singh see Jai Singh Sayyid Ismail see al-Jurjani scapulomancy 362 Schaeffner, A. II Schall von Bell, Adam 264, 390, 910 Schlegel, Richard I 08 scholasticized knowledge 660 School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine 688 science and art 888

and Civilisation in China 191 , 809 education 220 of calculation 427, 615 of inheritance 830 in Islamic Polity 456 of Shadows 412 of Ultimate Reality 456

SCIENCE AS A WESTERN PHENOMENON 884 scientific bodies 224

innovations 254 knowledge 485 method 846, 848 practice 849 renaissance 889 research 224 revolution 525, 553, 809 thought in Islam 403

Scorpio 92, I 05, 106, 120 Scot, Michael 274 sculpture 62 sea salt (haiyan) 877, 878 seafaring 776 see navigation searchlights 955 seasonal changes 165

cycle 975 hours 837

Sedillots 132 Sefer ha-Ibbur 152 Sefer surat ha-ares we-tavnit kaddurey ha-raqia 151 Seiryoki 24 seismograph II 0 see Zhang Heng seismological principles I 052 seismoscope I 052 SEKI KOWA 890 Seki Kowa 46, 513 Sekisui, Nagakubo 579 Seleucid cuneiform algebra texts 53 Self-destruction of the Self-destruction 820 Semseddin ltaki 803

Sepopo 556 Sergi us the son of Elias 56 Seri 189, 190 sericulture 192, 905 serpent mound 746 seven climata scheme 574

desiderata for rationality Emotions 187 kishvar system 574 Luminaries 77

Seventeen Rules of Enjuin SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM sexagesimal computations sextant 934 Seydi Ali Reis 803 Shache 197 shaduf 937, 949 Shah Zij 126 Shahjehan 752 Shahpur I 55 Shahriyaran 126 shakkaziya 83 7 shaku-kan system I 019

846

665 892

70, 506

shamans 194, 195, 249, 526, 698, 708, 865, 866 Shamhaji Bapu 224 shamila (universal instrument) 481 Shams al-Dawlah 434 Shan Mu Gong 10 Shandong province 194 Shang dynasty 191

1109

Shang Han Hui Yao (Collected Essentials of Disease Due to Cold Evil) 511

shanggong 514 Shanghan Xuepai (School of Disease Due to Cold Evil) 685 SHANG HAN LUN 893 Shanghan Lun (On Diseases Due to Cold Evil) 684 Shangqing (Supreme Purity) 41, 933 Shanhai jing (Classic of Mountains and Seas) 582 Shao Yong 193 shaoguang 514 Shaoyang 893 Shaoyin 893 SHARAF AL-DIN AL-TUSI 894 Sharaf al-Oin al-Tusi 75, 638 Shaykh al-Rais 434 Shaykh Muhammad Abduh 862 sheep 64 shekels 1014 Shen Gu 10 Shen Guo 46 Shen Kua see Shen Gua Shen Kuo 567, 568 Shen Nong 684 SHEN GUA 894 Shen Gua 160, 809 sheng-ji 360 Shengji Zonglu (Imperial Encyclopedia of Medicine) 674 Shengyang Yiwei (Ascending Yang Replenishing-Sfomach)

511 Shennong Bencao Jing (Divine Husbandman's Classic of

Herbology) 195, 196, 684 shi 337 Shi Ji (Historical Record) 157, 684 Shi Shen 109, 192, 909

1110

Shi Shi 908 Shi-zen 349 Shi'ite 757 shiatsu (pressure point massage) 984 shibr 184 Shibu suanjing 627 SHIBUKAWA HARUMI 895 Shifa 434, 435 Shigeru, Nakayama Ill Shiji 76 Shijing (Book of Odes) 192, 516 Shilla mathematical system 643 shinjyu (group suicide) 665 Shinto rite of purification 190 Shintoism 526 ships see navigation Shisi Jing Fahui 12 SHIZUKI TADAO 897 Shoho map of Japan 579 Shona 724 short cubit 381 Shoshone 359 Shosoin 578 Shoushili 390 Shoushili calendar Ill, 194 shu 756 Shugaisho (Collection of Oddments) 578 Shujing (Book of Documents) 108, 192 Shusheng 197 shushu 625 Shu Shu Chiu Chang see Shushu Jiuzhang Shu Shu Jin Zhang see Qin Jiushao Shushu jiyi (Recording Omitted Items in Mathematics) 194 SHUSHU JIUZHANG 898 Shushujiuzhang 45,836, 898,925 Shuwen 12 shuxue (mathematics) 192, 193 shway arlay (gold weights) 1007 si nan shao 232 Si Maqian 157 Siberia 935 Sicillian school 435 Siddhanta 79, 116 Siddhanta-siromani 71 , 155 Siddhanta system 136 Siddhanta-Tattvaviveka 4 75 Siddhantadarpana 780 Siddhantadipika 845 Siddhantaraja 116 Siddhantasarakaustubha 117 Siddhantasarvabhauma 116, 752 S iddhantasekhara 71, 908 Siddhantasindhu 116 Siddhantasiromani 79, 116, 183 , 752 Siddhantasudha 548 Siddhantatattvaviveka 117 Siddhantic calendar 170 Siddhartha I I 0 Sidi al-Chelebri 926 Sierra Leone 15 sifahanes 800 sifr 69 sighting tubes 953 signs of the zodiac 78, I 058

SILK AND THE LOOM 900 silk 256, 900, 956, 957

fabric 191 reeling frames (saochechuang) 900 trade 255

silkworm 900, 905 see also sericulture silsa kusi 506 silver 42, 345, 393, 725, 730, 733 Sima Qian 684, 909 Simenjing 78 simple addition and subtraction 908

arithmetic 482 drugs 404, 435, 445, 698

simultaneous congruences 370 linear equations 46, 234, 515, I 053 polynomial equations 45

SINAN IBN THABIT 902 Sinai 57, 843 Sindhind 126, 33 I. 395 sine 68, 392, 988, I 044 Singapore 227 Singh, Sawai Jai see Jai Singh Sinicae historiae decas prima 257 Sinologists I 09 Sirak 645 sirhak 506 Sirius 95, 96, 98, 99, 120 Sisyadhivrddhida 71 Siuai 658 Siva 800, 907 Six Excesses 187 Sixth Crusade 389 SIYUAN YUJIAN 903 Siyuan yujian 45,914 skar-rtsis 136 skar-ma 139 slash and bum 25, 928 see also swidden sliding bearings 987

callipers 1011 sluices 448 small-scale agriculture 32 Sme-ba 138 smelting 726, 733, 905 see Metallurgy Smith Sound Inuit 3 sna-rkan 137 Sokkuram grotto 504 Sokoto Caliphate 556 Solanum (spp. esp. tuberosum) 825 solar and lunar eclipses see Eclipses

rituals in Peru · 181 calendar I 71 mean motions 128 position 835 year 416

soldering 727 solid form (xing) of fire 344 Solomon Island 658 solstices 94, 116, 134, 755,827 solsticial colure 71 sona 363, 367 soncoyoc 666, 704 Song capital, Linan 390 SONG CHI 904 Song China 193

1111

Song dynasty 194 squares 539 Song-Jin 743 use in navigation 769 SONG YINGXING AND THE TIANGONG KAIWU 904 STARS IN ARABIC-ISLAMIC SCIENCE 910 Song Yingxing 344 STARS IN CHINESE SCIENCE 908 Songshi (Official History of the Song Dynasty) 389 steel 730, 743, 943 Sorcerer's Apprentice 616 stick charts 587 sorghum 34, 35 stirrup 937 sound 10, II , 816 Stoicism 77 South and central America stomach 193

Agriculture 30 stone age 936 Calendars 180 candles (shizhu) I60 Environment and Nature 305, 307 juice (shiye) 160

south China 23 oil (shiyou) 160 south controlling spoon 232 Stonehenge 102, 118, 755, 923 Southeast Asia 937, 938 "Stonehenge U.S.A." 102 Southern Cross 95 stonemasonry 239, 828 southwestern Europe 803 STONEMASONRY, INCA 912 soybean 337 storage techniques 448, 951 span 1016 storms 738 sPar-kha 138 SuSong 110,194,211 spear thrower map 561 Suanjing shishu (The Ten Computational Canons) 640 spectacles 810, 953 suanpan (abacus) 890 see also Abacus sphere 508, 522, 544, 1061 spherical astronomy 128,439, 477, 993, 1057

suanshu 625 Suanshushu (Book on the Art of Arithmetic) 194, 515

earth 110 SUANXUE QIMENG 914 triangles 477, 990 Suanzi suanjing 110 trigonometry 8, 390 sub-aeon 394

SPHUJIDHVAJA 906 sub-Saharan Africa 260; 666 Sphujidhvaja I 044 sublimation 43, 195 Sphutacandrapti (Computation of True Moon) 522 subsistence I 8, 20 Sphutanirnaya 14 subterranean water 476 spice trees 226 sucrochemical industry 917 spices 256, 339 Sudan 34,35,98 spindle 963

wheel (fangche) 900 Sufism 403, 456 SUGAR IN LATIN AMERICA 915

spinning 956, 960 sugar 339 and weaving 346, 905 suicide 665, 666, 671 wheel 938, 968 Suishu lOll

spirit (shen) of fire 344 spleen 193

SULBASUTRAS 917 Sulbasutras (Rules of the Cord) 364, 372, 501, 609, 923

Spleen-Stomach Benefiting 685 Suleyman the Magnificent 800, 802 Spring-and-Autumn Period 194 Suleymaniye Kulliye 800 square root 44, 234 sulfur 196, 267, 345, 388 squash 338 mercury theory 460 Srauta Sutras 153 oil (liuhuangyou) 16 1 sri arJay (king 's weights) I 007 sultan Muhammad 7 SRIDHARA 906 Sultan Bello 556 SRIPATI 908 Sultan ofKedah 212 Sripati 83, 807, 1000 Sultan Selim II 802 Ssu Yuan Yu Chien see Siyuan Yujian Sultani Zij 128 stacking 67 Sumatra 937 standard unit of measurement 634 Sumer, Sumerian 56, 244, 742, 937 star 76, 101, 191,910,915,928 see also asterisms, sumi 514

constellations summer solstice 99 calculation 136 sums of divisors 786 calendar 881 sun 62, 77, 90, 91,101, 106, 110, 115, 165, 179, 194, 275,508, catalogs 763 603,928 coordinates and magnitudes 915 Sun Chief 101 divination 76 Sun Circle at Cahokia 103 gazer 114 Sun Dance 103 map 581 sun-moon 89 of Bethlehem I 09 Sun Priest 983 positions 518 SUN SIMO 918 Sirius B 99 Sun Simo (Sun Simiao) 185, 195, 196, 664, 685, 833

1112

SUN ZI 919 Sun Zi suanjing (The Mathematical Classic of Sun Zi) 194, 234 Sundararaja 995 Sundararajaprasnottara 780 sundials 87, 194, 356, 412, 413, 441, 788, 793, 838, 920, 921,

990 analogous sundials 921 gnomons 118

SUNDIALS IN CHINA 920 SUNDIALS IN ISLAM 921 Sung Neo-Confucianism 814 Sungnam maps 584 Sunni theology 820 sunspots 77, 109 sunya 24 7, I 050 supernova 92 surface

area of a sphere 164, 426 of the sky 184 phenomena 81 I

surgery 184,409,435, 690,927,986 SURVEYING 922 surveying 514 surveyors' algebra 663 surveys 224 SURYASIDDHANTA 926 Suryasiddhanta 71, 83, 116, 183, 475,636,807, 827,883,927 suspension bridges 940 SUSRUTA 927 Susruta 267 Susrutasamhita 664 sutra 153,472,919 suttee 253 Suwar al-kawakib 129 Suwen (Plain Questions) 397 Suzuki Hikosuke 37 svadhyaya 1046 Svalpa-samhita I 000 Svalpa-vivaha-patala 1000 Svalpa-yatra I 000 svarodaya 136 Swettenham, Frank 213 SWIDDEN 928 swidden 25, 929 see also slash and burn swivel weaving method 959 swnw 690 syllable ·57 symbolic algebra 566, 607, 644, 908 symbolism 6 15,831 symbols 47

for integers 892 symmetrical arrangements 368 symmetries 6 11 syncopated algebra 607 syncretism 526 syndrome manifestation (bian zheng) 686 synodic month 164 Syria 389, 799, 832, 937, 938

irrigation technology 948 systems of teachings and beliefs 852 Szigetvar 803

T Tabaqat al-Umam 876 tabby weave 957 tabhane 800 Tabiiyyat (Natural Philosophy) 434 Tacitus 57 Tadataka, !no 579 Tadhkira fi ilm al-haya (Memoir on Astronomy) 396 Taedong yojido (Terrestial Map of the Great East [Korea]) 585 Tafakkur 863 Taghlib 875 Tai Chu Li (Tai Chu Calendar) 520 Tai Yi Shu (Imperial Academy of Medicine) 685 Taiji Quan (Supreme Ultimate Boxing) 673, 688 Taiweiyuan 76 Taiyang 893 taiyi 77 Taiyin 893 Takakazu 890 TAKEBE KATAHIRO 931 tally 233, 620, 782 Talmud 112

medicine in 716 tambo 871 Tamil Nadu 995 Tanbih al-albab 231 Tang Dynasty 70, II 0, 352 Tang Fu 389 Tang Lu (Law of the Tang Dynasty) 688 TANG SHENWEI 933 Tang Shenwei 512 tangents 5 13 Tangshan earthquake 76 tank reservoir 449 Tantrasangraha 780, 883, I 048 Tantric monks 78, I 00 Tanzania cave symbols 98 TAO HONGJING 933 Tao Hongjing 41, 195, 196 Taoism see Daoism tapas 114, I 046 tapestry (kesi) 959 TAQJ AL-DIN 934 Taqi al-Oin 793, 800, 802 Tasmania 771 tasyir 507 tatkalika-gati 164 Taurus 92 taxation 17, 2 1,514, 553 te de manzanilla 188 tea 256, 338 technology 254

China 199 China, Western 261 transfer see East and West

TECHNOLOGY 935 TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE 940 TECHNOLOGY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 947 TECHNOLOGY IN THE NEW WORLD 951 tecoani 704 Tectihuacan 952 telemetry 898

TELESCOPE 953 telescope 462, 810 telling time 837 temascal 190 temetzlepilolli 926 temixiuitiani 704 Templo Mayor 20 I Tenjiku Zu (Map of India) 579 Tenochtitlan 145, 200, 201,926 Teotihuacan 357, 366, 869, 870, 926 Tepaneca ofTlacopan 143 terra cotta warriors 192 terracing 25 see agriculture terrestrial longitude 248, 768 Tetrabiblos 78 tetsu-jutsu 39, 932 Texcoco 200,201 texoxtl 704 textile

printing 940 technology 939

textiles 936, 962 TEXTILES IN AFRICA 955 TEXTILES IN CHINA 957 TEXTILES IN EGYPT 959 TEXTILES IN INDIA 960 TEXTILES IN MESOAMERICA 963 TEXTILES IN SOUTH AMERICA 967 Tezkereci Kose Ibrahim Efendi 802 THABIT IBN QURRA 969 Thabit ibn Qurra 56, 272, 273, 365, 375, 392, 455, 753, 786 Thailand 938 than kas 596 Theodosius' Sphaerics 633 Theon's Canon 394 Theorica 113 thirteen zodiacal constellations 135 thorny fire balls 389 thousand-mile boat 1061 throat-and-girth harness 192 Thuban 93 thunder-crash bomb 389 thyroid 834 ti-li 360 Tiahuanaco 913 Tiangong Kaiwu see Song Yingxing and the Tiangong Kaiwu tian yuan shu 45 Tian mu bi lei cheng chu jie fa 925 Tiangong kaiwu (Exploitations of the Work of Nature) 191 Tianshiyuan 77 Tiantai school 41 tianwen 76 tianyuanshu 37,513,629 tibabah 930 tibb 930 Tibet 136, 197

astronomy 136 calendar 139 mapmaking 551

ticitl 145 tides 76 Tiele 197 Tigre 555 tillage techniques see agriculture

timbre 816 TIME 970 time 657

Calendars in East Asia 164 Calendars in Egypt 167 Calendars in India 168 Calendars in Islam 171 Calendars in Mesoamerica I 73 Calendars in South America 180 keeping Ill, 168,477,920 ofday 834 of Muslim prayer 477 reckoning 515, 926 Sundials in China 920 Sundials in Islam 921

1113

TIME AND NATIVE AMERICANS: TIME IN THE PUEBLO WORLD 983

TIME IN AFRICA 972 TIME IN CHINA 974 TIME IN INDIA 977 TIME IN MAYA CULTURE 981 TIME IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 979 tin 720, 728

bronze 725 Tinjau Belukar 228 tipi rings 719 Tirawahat 93 tithi 79, 169, 806 Tiv 555 tlacanyotl 624 tlacatlacuiloli 624 tlahuahuanoloni 926 tlahuelmantli 624 tlamatepatli 704 tlanacazanimi 926 tlayolloanaloni 926 Toas 560 token-impressed tablets 245 Tokugawa period 23 Toledan Tables 131, 133,416,875 Toledo 875 toloache 190 Toltec 143, 366, 926, 952 tonalpohualli 174, 623 tone quality I 0,. I 00 Tonga 555 Tongjian Gangmu (Comprehensive Mirror) 257 TONGREN ZHENJIU SHUXUE TUJING 984 tongue 193 tonification 756, I 055 tool making 746, 936 topographic features 357, 552, 556 tortoise boats 744 tou fu 337 town planning see City Planning toxic effects I 95, 694 toxicology 184, 927 Trabzon 801 trans-oceanic navigation 761 transhumance 22 transmission of disease I 055

ofknowledge from East to West 259, 261,266,270,272 transmutation of metals 43 , 460 transport 952

1114

trapezium 380, 513, 908 trapiches 916 treadle-operated loom Uiaotaji) 900 trebuchets 389 TREPHINATION 985 trephination 704, 707 triangulum 96 TRIBOLOGY 987 trichord 10 trigonometry 87, 128,392,426,636,639,758, 812,858,991 ,

I 044, I 057 see also sine TRIGONOMETRY IN INDIA 987 TRIGONOMETRY IN ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS 858, 990 Tripoli, Philip of 274 Trisatika 907 trisecting an angle 838 tropical forest 25 tropical medicine 211, 258 true planets 183 tshes 139 tshes-zag 13 7 tsolk'in 174 tsuka (palm) 10 1 9 Tsu Keng-Chih see Zu Chongzhi tsutsugamushi 684 tuber 825 tubers 241 tucapus 496 tucricuc 498 tumbaga 731 tumi knife 986 Tunisia 555, 843 tunob 178 Turin 555 Turk 197 Turkestan 799, 801 Turkey 799 turtle ships 505 Tusi couple 758 twelve animal cycle 77 twelve-year cycle 138 twill damask 958 two-stage rockets 872 Tycho Brahe 390 Tychonic geostatic models 1003 Tyrian purple 252

u Udayantara 1 15 Ugarit 57, 58 Ujjain 248, 883 ULUGH BEG 993 UlughBeg 129, 475,793,800,802,830 UMAR AL-KHAYYAM 479 Umar al-Khayyam 365 Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, Caliph 87 Umayyad Mosque 396 uncountable 784 uniform circular motion 758 unit fraction 63 1

universal horoscope 5 unknown number 47, 48 Unschuld, Paul 664 Upanisads 267 Upapatti 845 Uparagakriyakrama 14 Upvana 341 Ur 346 uranometry 128 Uranus 90 urban organization 221 urbanization 223 Urjuza 414 Ursa Major 779 Ursa Minor 93 usat 930 usnu 203 ustaralava 75 uterus 189 Uyguy 197 Uyun al-hikmah (Fountain of Wisdom) 404, 434

v Vadhula 917 Vagbhata 664 Vagbhava (Corrections to be Applied to Planets from AD 523)

394 vague year 174 Vakrapaksa-syena altar 373 Vakya-karana 827 Vakyadipika 807 VAKYAKARANA 995 Vakyakarana 807 Valley of Mexico 142, 200 VALUES AND SCIENCE 995 vara 79, 1024 Varaha 91 7 VARAHAMIHIRA 999 Varahamihira 78, 83, 808, 883, 906 Vararuci 995 Varela, Francisco 269 vargaprakrti 68 Vasanabhasya 845 Vasco da Gama 255 Vasistha Siddhanta 808, I 000 Vatakanika I 000 VATESVARA 1000 Vatesvara-siddhanta I 000 Vatican Codex 624 Veda 83 Vedanga 83 Vedanga-jyotisa 83, 168, 977 Vedas 114, 11 5, 153, 500 vedi 153, 372 Vedic priests 827

texts 664 Vega 95, 813 vegetable oils 905 Venus 90, 92, 95, 106, 107, 109, 110, 115, 124, 135, 144, 152,

179, 194, 603, 911

Venvarohastaka 828 Vespucci, Amerigo 60 Viete 194 Vietnam 597

cartography 595 vigesimal numbers 624 Vikramaditya 1000 village kin communities Virgo 92 visceral manifestations visibility of tbe new moon vision see optics Visnu 93 vitamins 677, 678 Vitruvius 74 void 241

972

686 172

volume 234,363,364,375,381,514, 1019, 1021, 1026 measures 380 of granaries I 003

von Linne, Carl (Linnaeus) 513 vyavaharas 756 Vyktaganitadhyaya 908

w wafq al-aad 536 Wahlstadt 389 waidan 39, 265

bencao (Pharmacoepia of Operative Alchemy) 196 waike 668 Waitai Miyao (Essentials from an Imperial Library Curator)

685 wall painting 551

patterns 612 Wan Minying 77 Wan Shuhe 684 wang tong 924 WANGCHONG 1002 Wang Chong II Wang Ling II 0 Wang Mang period 10 II Wang Shouren 193 WANG XIAOTONG 1002 Wang Xiaotong 44 WANG XICHAN 1003 Wang Xun 390 Wang Zhe 41 Wang Zhen 18, 939 waqf 799, 800 war magic 526 warfare 937,938 warp-faced patterns 901,957,958 Warring States period 195, 352 wasan 379, 466 see Mathematics in Japan watches see Clocks and Watches water clock 208,211,472, 810,920,978 see also clepsydra

communication systems 390 control 28 see also irrigation holding capacity 27 level 510 lifting machines 473, 947

locks mirrors power

390 794

947 510 resources

storage system 448 wheel 110, 194 works 509

bureau 390 waterways 389 wave energy 588 wawa 621 wear of surfaces 987 weather 95, 250, 910 see meteorology

forecasting 82, 193, 735 science 737

weaving 611, 900, 956, 960 see loom, silk, textiles weft-faced patterning 958 wei qi 919 WEI BOYANG 1004 Wei Boyang 41, 195 weights and measures 634 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN AFRICA 1005 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN BURMA 1007 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN CHINA 1010 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN EGYPT 1012 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN THE INDUS VALLEY

1017 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN JAPAN 1019 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN ISLAM 1019 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN MEXICO 1023 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN PERU 1026 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE HEBREWS 1014 weir 450 well salt (jingyan) 510,877,880 well windlass 949 Wenbing Xuepai (Seasonal Febrile Disease School) 685 Wenxuandi 195 West Africa 35 West Indies 60 WESTERN DOMINANCE 1028 wet metallurgy 726

season 973 wetland cultivation 25 wheat gluten 337 wheel 938, 982 white magic 524 William of Auvergne 435 winalob 178 wind 735, 738

as an energy source I 032 powered prayer wheels I 033 protection 36 rose 555

windmill 938, 940, 1032 WINDPOWER 1032 wine 335, 337

container 192 making 192

winter solstice 89, 168 Wiredu 666 witchcraft 681 witches 706 Wittrey, Warren L. 103 woad 251

1115

1116

wool 956 wootz steel 729 word 57

magic 524 world geography 423

maps 824 Soul 444

Writing Alphabet 56 glyphs 1034 petroglyphs I 02, 551, 558 Phoenician alphabet 57, 58 pictographs I 02 scribal texts 55 wedge-shaped cuneiform signs 57

writing material 243 systems I 034

Mesoamerican 591 WRITING OF THE MAYAS 1034 wu wei 815 wu yun liu qi (Five Activities and Six Climatic Factors) 686 WuXian 109,186 Wu Xing Xing Du Jie I 003 Wu-Yi bell 10 Wu Yuan Lu (Free of Wrong Cases) 689 Wu Zuo 689 Wubei zhi (Treatise on Military Preparations) 569 Wuchang 512 Wuhuan 197 Wujing zongyao (Collection of the Most Important Military

Techniques) 389 Wuman 197 Wusun 197 Wuxian Shi 908 Wuxing see Five Phases (Wuxing) Wuxingzhan I 09 wuyi 194 Wuzhen pian (Awakening to Reality) 41 Wyoming's Medicine Mountain 102

X Xi Yang Xin Fa Lin Shu 1003 Xi Yuan Ji Lu Ping Yuan Lu (Reassuring the Wrong Cases) 689 Xi Yuan Ji Lu (Washing Away the Wrong Cases) 689 Xi a dynasty I 09, 192 XIAHOU YANG I 041 Xian 192, 196 Xianbei 197 xiang gan (mutual influence) 541 Xiang Ke 332 Xiang Sheng 332 Xiao An Xin Fa 1003 Xiao Ge Xianweng 344 Xin Xiu Ben Cao (Newly Revised Herbology) 685 Xinghai 880 Xingjing (Star Manual) 518 Xingxiangyunqitu 109 Xintai 390 Xinzhou _ 390 Xiongnu 197

xiu 516,909 Xiuyaojing 78 Xixia 390 Xiyuan Jilu 904 Xochicalco road network 869, 870 Xu Daozang 78 Xu Deqing 344 Xu Guanggi 366, 910, 925 Xu Juyi 77 XuShang 514 Xu Xiage Yuji (Diary of The Travels ofHsu) 352 XU YUE 1041 Xu Yue 194 Xuanzong 110

y

Yahya ibn Adi 272 Yahya ibn ai-Bitriq 739 Yahya ibn Harun 271 YAHYA IBN ABI MANSUR 1043 Yahya ibn Abi Mansur 395 Yajur-veda 153 yam 338,936 yamya-yantra 546 yang viscera 686 YANG HUI 1043 Yang Hui 44, 45, 46, 194,473, 925 Yangming 893 yantra 529 Yantra-raja 75, 85 Yantrarajaracana 75 Yao Lei Fa Xiang (Pharmaceutical Normalcy) 511 yaofu 195 yapa 621 YAQUB IBN TARIQ 1044 Yaqub ibn Tariq 395 Yaqui 189 Yavana 1044 Yavanajataka 1044 Yavanaparijata 1044 Yavanapura 808 Yavanasamhita 1044 YAVANESVARA 1044 Yavanesvara 906 Yayoi 23 Yellow Emperor 397 Yellow River 17, 390 Yelu Chucai 198 Yesodey ha-tevuna u-migdal ha-emuna !51 Yi 197 Yi-xing 194 Yi Xue Fa Ming (Medical Inventions) 511 Yi Yuan Zhi Zhi (Treatment on the Basis of Etiology) 187 Yigu yanduan (New Steps in Calculation) 513 Yijing (I Ching, Book of Changes) 85, 192, 193, 195, 249, 345,

370,921, 1004, 1010 yin lu see also sound, pitch 10 yin viscera 686 yin-zhi, see also tone quality 10 yin-nourishing 685

yingbuzu 44,514 yingnu 514 YINYANG 1045 yin yang 13, 193, 250, 332, 360, 541, 643, 685, 905, 975, I 010 Yirritja 490, 491, 493 Yisunsin 744 Yixing II 0, 924 YOGA 1046 yoga 79 yogataras see Lunar Mansions in Indian Astronomy Yogindra 883 Yolngu 490 Yong Yao Xin Fa (Mastery of Drug Application) 511 Yongtong well 344 yongyi (common practitioners) 668 Yoruba numeration 606 Yu Gong (The Tribute ofYu) 351 Yuji tu 568 Yu Shu 10, II Yu the Great 924 Yuanshi 66 Yucatan 25, 951 Yueling (Monthly Observances) 517 yuga 169 Yuhanna ibn Masawayh 271 Yuki 651, 653 Yukti 845 YUKTIBHASA OF JYESTHADEVA 1048 Yuktibhasa 845 Yuktidipika 845, 883, I 049 Yumen oi I field I 61 Yunyu 77

z ZACUT, ABRAHAM I 050 Zacuto, Abraham I 13 Zambezi River 556 Zang-shu 360 Zeila 760 Zeng Gongliang 389, 939 ZERO 1050 zero I, 67, 69, 147, 247,626,647, 784,812,892, 898

meridian 248 Zhang Boduan 4 I Zhang Cang 514 ZHANG HENG 1052 Zhang Heng II 0, 568 ZHANG QIUJIAN SUANJJNG I 053 Zhang Sui II 0 Zhang Wenqian 390 Zhang Yuansu 511 ZHANG ZHONGJING I 053 zhen 749 Zhen He 198 Zhen ling (Needling Classic) 397 zheng 735 Zheng Yin 345 Zhengzhou I 91 zhenjiu 749 ZHENJIU DACHENG I 054

1117

Zhenjiu Da Cheng 12 Zhenjiu Jia Yi Jing 12 ZHENJIU JIAYJJING 1055 Zhenjiu Jiayi Jing (Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion)

684 Zhenjiu Ju Ying 12 Zhenjiu Zi Sheng Jing 12 zhenren (Authentic Man) 39 Zhenyuan miaodao yaolue (Dao of the True Nature of Things)

389 zhi 987 Zhiquan Zhenren 344 Zho Zhuan II Zhou dynasty 193 Zhou Jiu 10 Zhou Li II ZHOUBI SUANJING 1056 Zhoubi suanjing (Mathematical Manual of Zhoubi) II 0, 194,

366,369,609,626,822,924 Zhouhou jiuzufang (Handbook of Medicine for Emergencies)

345 Zhouyi cantong qi 41 Zhu-bing yuanhou lun (On the Origin and Symptoms of Diseases)

185 ZHU SHIJIE I 056 Zhu Shijie 45, 46, 194, 914 Zhu Siben 568 Zhu Xi 193, 257 Zhu Yuanzhang 390 Zhuang 197 Zhuang Zi (The Book of Master Zhuang) II , 39 Zhubing Yuan Hou Lun (Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All

Diseases) 685 Zhuge Liang 343 zhun 924 zi-ba'i-gza' 137 ZIJ 1057 zij (astronomical handbooks with tables) 128, 394, 40 I, 404,

405,412,420,439, 463 , 470, 547, 639, 792, 830, 896, 1043 ai-Arjabhar 72 al-Safaih 88 al-Sindhind al-kabir 126 Ilkhani 758

Ziliujing 344 zinc 728 Ziping method 77 Ziweidoushu 77,78 Ziweiyuan 76 Zla-ba 139 zodiac 14, 91 , 126, 152, 519,976 ZODIAC IN INDIA I058 ZODIAC IN ISLAMIC ASTRONOMY I 059 zodiacal signs 137, 383, 518, 566, I 058, I 060 Zoroastrianism 665 ZOUYAN 1060 Zou Yan 192, 195 Zouaras, J. 804 Zouhou Beiji Fang (Handbook of Prescription for Emergency)

684 ZU CHONGZHI I 060 Zu Chongzhi 194, 366 Zuishu 194 Zuni 94 Zun Yen see Zou Yan