List of Common Digestive Diseases

To begin with we should say that the digestive system actually is very complex and it generally consists of several body organs each performing its specific function. The organs of the digestive system include the stomach, esophagus, large and small intestines, pancreas, liver, colon, bowel.

In case any problems and malfunctioning in the organs mentioned above happen, this can lead to different diseases of the digestive system. It is worth saying for better understanding that the digestive system is called also the gastrointestinal tract and the diseases attributed to it are called gastrointestinal diseases respectively. Most diseases of the digestive system result from wrong eating habits and abnormal digestion. Though, some other reasons may actually cause digestive system diseases. But on the other side, stomach and abdominal pains are most common signs of the diseases typical of the human digestive system. The given article tells about these diseases.

Common diseases of the digestive systemWhen speaking about digestive system disorders, it is crucial to know that some disorders of the human digestive system can show no signs or only mild symptoms. In most cases the symptoms are not noticeable or if they are present they normally remain not severe. Most people can experience such symptoms at some period of their lives. The mentioned below are most frequently noticed diseases of the digestive system.

Dyspepsia (indisgestion) Acid reflux Diarrhea Heart burn Hiatal hernia constipation Flatulence

Bacterial Diseases

Actually there are some diseases which take place when some undesired microbes and parasites get into the human digestive system via, for example, impure water and food. The most widely spread bacteria provoking diseases in people are represented by salmonella, helicobacter and campylobacter. The mentioned bacteria are known to cause microbial and bacterial diseases of the digestive system in most cases. These disorders are the following:

Shigellosis Food poisoning Cholera Leptospirosis Jaundice Typhoid Cholera Salmonellosis

Digestive diseases can interfere with the daily lives of people. Some people may put up with the often painful and uncomfortable symptoms, but treatment is available to get treat digestive disorders or to provide relief so people can live relatively normal lives. Some of the diseases may lead to serious damage to the digestive tract if left untreated.

Ulcers

Ulcers damage the lining of the stomach because of bacterial infections or adverse side effects of medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen or naporoxen, according to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. Spicy foods and stress may aggravate ulcers, but do not cause them. Antibiotics or antacids usually alleviate problems long enough for minor ulcers to heal.

Acid Reflux

Heartburn or acid indigestion results in stomach acid backing up into the esophagus to create a burning sensation or sour taste in the mouth. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects people who suffer acid reflux symptoms more than twice a week. Acid reflux occurs because the lower esophageal sphincter does not close properly. Some people may get more bouts of heartburn from certain foods, but each individual has different reactions to particular foods. Cigarette smoking contributes to heartburn by causing the esophageal sphincter to relax.

Celiac Disease

Celiac disease can affect children or adults. Symptoms include diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain, skin rash or a thinning of bones. In children it can cause growth failure. People with the disease are advised to eliminate foods with gluten, a protein that is found in wheat, rye and barley. Gluten damages the lining of the small intestine for people with the disease.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowl syndrome affects the muscles in the intestines. It can cause gas, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation. The syndrome can be painful and uncomfortable. It usually does not lead to further diseases. Most people can control symptoms through diet, stress management and medication.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. It leads to severe bowel problems, abdominal pain and malnutrition. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can be painful and debilitating, the Mayo Clinic states. Medication can eliminate symptoms and prevent flare-ups. Surgery may be needed in some cases to repair the colon.

Diverticulitis

The disease occurs when pouches in the large intestine become infected and inflamed, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians. Symptoms may include severe abdominal pain often in the lower left side of the abdomen, constipation, diarrhea, nausea or fever. People with the disease are advised to eat more fiber to help with proper digestion.

Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/93425-list-common-digestive-diseases/#ixzz2IgTEUZvb

Types of Digestive DiseasesPhoto Credit wheat image by ivan kmit from Fotolia.com

The digestive system consists of a group of hollow organs including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. This system functions to digest large particles of food into small molecules that become absorbed into the bloodstream to provide nourishment and energy to the cells in the body. In addition to the organs forming the digestive tract, the liver, pancreas and gall bladder perform important digestive functions. Because digestion involves so many different organs that span such a great length--the small intestines alone is approximately 20 feet long according to Colorado State University--it can become susceptible to many diseases that interfere with its normal functions.

Celiac Disease

Celiac disease, once thought to be a rare digestive disease, affects approximately 2 million people in the United States as reported by the National Digestive Diseases Information

Clearinghouse. Celiac disease is characterized by the inability to tolerate gluten, a protein commonly found in wheat, rye and barley products. For those with celiac disease ingesting gluten triggers the immune system which damages the villi, small finger-like projections that line the small intestine. The villi absorb the nutrients from the food into the bloodstream. Damaged villi cannot perform this function resulting in malnourishment.Celiac disease causes abdominal pain and bloating, chronic diarrhea, vomiting, constipation and weight loss. The National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse reports that adults may also experience anemia, fatigue, bone pain, arthritis, depression, seizures, numbness or tingling of the hands and feet and infertility.

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Diverticulitis

Diverticula, small bulging pouches, can form along the digestive tract but most commonly occur in the large intestine as reported by MayoClinic.com. Diverticula form in weak areas of the large intestine, a condition known as diverticulosis. If they become inflamed or infected the condition escalates to diverticulitis, which causes abdominal pain that is often severe, changes in bowel habits, fever, nausea, vomiting, constipation and diarrhea.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome, IBS, is one of the most common functional digestive diseases affecting approximately 15 percent of the adults in the United States, according to the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Self Help and Support Group. IBS causes a variety of symptoms including diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, an urgency to defecate, incontinence and straining during defecation. Many with IBS suffer from another digestive disease or disorder making diagnosis and treatment challenging.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

The stomach secretes digestive juices, which contain acid to aid in breaking food particles down. Food is ingested, chewed and swallowed beginning its journey through the digestive tract. It continues to move through the esophagus and enters the stomach through the lower esophageal sphincter---a ring of muscle that prevents food from moving backward into the esophagus, according to Medline Plus. Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs when the sphincter does not close properly or relaxes allowing the contents of the stomach to enter the esophagus. This causes a burning feeling in the chest known as heartburn, nausea and can lead to chronic coughing and difficulty swallowing.

Types of Digestive Tumors

Photo Credit prescription for cancer image by Keith Frith from Fotolia.com

The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas and gall bladder. It functions to break down food particles, transport them through the digestive tract and absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream. Tumors, an abnormal growth of cells, can affect many of the organs of the digestive system and interfere with these functions. The type of digestive tumor depends upon the organ affected and the cells from which it developed.

Colorectal Tumors

Colorectal tumors develop in the large intestine or rectum and begin as a small swelling on the surface of the intestinal or rectal lining. Because most colorectal tumors develop from the cells in the lining, doctors classify them as adenocarcinomas, according to Merck Manual. As the tumor grows it invades into the wall of the intestine and can spread to nearby lymph nodes. The blood supply in the large intestinal wall flows to the liver; therefore many colorectal tumors spread, or metastasize, to the liver.

Colorectal Polyp

A colorectal polyp describes a benign, or non-cancerous, tumor that protrudes from the lining of the colon or rectum. Doctors classify polyps into two main types; adenomatous polyps and hyperplastic polyps. Adenomatous polyps may develop into colon cancer, according to MedLine Plus and the National Institutes of Health, while hyperplastic polyps rarely develop into cancer.

Esophageal Tumor

Tumors can form in the esophagus, the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor that begins in the flat skin cells that lie just below the outer surface of the epidermis, occurs most commonly in the upper portion of the esophagus, according to the Merck Manual. Adenocarcinoma, tumors that arise from the mucosal lining of the esophagus, affects the lower portion of the esophagus. Esophageal tumors cause difficulty swallowing, chest pain and weight loss.

Pancreatic Tumor

The pancreas, a small gland located behind the stomach, produces digestive enzymes that secrete into the small intestine as well as hormones that release into the bloodstream. Exocrine tumors describe the tumors that form in the ducts leading from the pancreas to the small intestine. These tumors, classified as adenocarcinomas, account for the majority of pancreatic cancers, according to MayoClinic.com. Tumors can also form in the cells that produce the hormones, known as islet cells. Doctors classify these tumors as endocrine tumors.

Small Intestine Tumor

Many different types of tumors can affect the small intestine, including cancerous tumors and benign tumors. Although the Cleveland Clinic reports cancerous tumors are rare, they can include adenocarcina, sarcoma—tumors that arise from muscle cells, carcinoid tumors—tumors that begin in neuroendocrine cells, stromal tumors—rare tumors that start in specialized gastrointestinal cells known as interstitial cells of Cajal, and lymphoma—tumors that occur in the lymphatic cells of the immune system. Non-cancerous tumors include lipoma—tumors of the fat cells, neurofibromas—tumors of the nerve cells, fibromas—tumors of the connective tissue, and leiomyomas—tumors of the muscles cells.

Symptoms of Digestive CancersPhoto Credit Drugs image by __PeTe__ from Fotolia.com

While most stomach aches and pains are related to last night's dinner, digestive cancers can cause similar symptoms. Digestive cancers include cancer of any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Understanding the possible symptoms of digestive cancers can lead to early diagnosis and treatment and potentially be lifesaving.

Significance

Digestive cancers are a significant cause of mortality for patients over age 50. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. The number of deaths from colorectal cancer has decreased in recent years, likely because of earlier detection and treatment. While other digestive cancers are less common, each type is easier to treat in the earlier stages.

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Types

Symptoms of digestive cancers depend on the section of the digestive tract involved. Esophageal and mouth cancer may have symptoms of pain or difficulty with swallowing. Symptoms such as indigestion, stomach pain, nausea, loss of appetite and bleeding may be related to stomach cancer. Colorectal cancer may have symptoms of diarrhea, constipation, change in stool width, cramping abdominal pain, changes in appetite and bleeding. Symptoms of decreased appetite, fatigue, weakness and weight loss are common to all types of digestive cancers. While many of

these symptoms by themselves are harmless, a combination of more than one symptom is more likely to indicate a problem.

Diagnosis

When a patient experiences symptoms of a digestive cancer, diagnostic testing can be performed to determine the cause. Endoscopy can be performed to diagnose mouth, esophageal and stomach cancer. This test involves examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract with a camera at the end of a long, flexible tube. Colonoscopy is a similar examination performed to evaluate the lower gastrointestinal tract in which the camera is placed up the rectum so that the colon and rectum can be directly visualized. Both exams take place under sedation, and with each exam biopsies can be taken of any suspicious lesions to allow for diagnosis.

Treatment

The symptoms of digestive cancers are best treated by treating the underlying cancer. For most digestive cancers, surgery is performed if the cancer is localized. Radiation and chemotherapy are also often utilized depending on the type and stage of the cancer. Opiates such as morphine often provide relief from abdominal pain, and medications are also utilized to relieve symptoms of nausea.

Prevention/Solution

While preventing the symptoms of digestive cancers is difficult once cancer has developed, there are certain risk factors for digestive cancers that can be eliminated. Smoking cessation or avoiding smoking altogether reduces the risk of development of stomach cancer, as does avoidance of salty and smoked foods. For colorectal cancer, screening beginning at age 50 or earlier in patients with a family history of this disease is an extremely important preventative measure.

Types of Digestive DisordersPhoto Credit stomach image by Alison Bowden from Fotolia.com

Digestive disorders affect the digestive system's ability to break down food particles into small molecules, which cells then use as energy. The digestive tract, also called the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract, consists of a series of hollow organs that run from the mouth to the anus. These organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. The liver, pancreas and gall bladder also aid digestion. Digestive disorders cause a variety of symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bowel changes, bloody stool and unexplained weight loss, and deprive the body of vital nutrients.

Functional Disorders

Functional digestive disorders occur when the organs of the digestive tract appear normal but function abnormally. The most common functional disorder, according to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, is irritable bowel syndrome, which affects approximately 20 percent of Americans. Irritable bowel syndrome causes abdominal pain, gas, bloating, diarrhea and constipation. Irritable bowel syndrome occurs because the nerves and muscles of the digestive tract, usually the large intestine, become sensitive and contract too much causing the symptoms.When the lower esophageal sphincter, a ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach, begins to work improperly, gastroesophageal reflux disease develops. When this sphincter fails to close tightly or opens spontaneously, stomach acid rises into the esophagus, triggering pain and discomfort in the chest, a condition known as heartburn. Other functional disorders include chronic constipation and dyspepsia, which is the feeling of discomfort in the upper portion of the abdominals.

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Structural Disorders

Structural digestive disorders occur when an abnormality in the structure of the digestive tract interferes with the function. Small pouches in the lining of the large intestine, also known as the colon, cause the condition diverticulosis, which affects approximately half of all people over the age of 60, according to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. When these pouches become inflamed or infected, diverticulosis becomes known as diverticulitis. Diverticulitis causes abdominal pain that may be severe and occur suddenly. Some people may also experience fever, chills, nausea and vomiting.Several structural disorders affect the anal area. Hemorrhoids, swollen blood vessels that line the opening of the anus, occur due to stress and straining. Internal hemorrhoids are normal structures that help protect the rectum from damage. But during straining, these blood vessels descend into the anus, as described by the Cleveland Clinic, where they become irritated and bleed. Other structural anal disorders include anal fissures, or small cracks in the lining of the anus and anal fistula, a hole in the anal canal which allows waste into the skin.

Cancer

Cancer, the abnormal and uncontrollable growth of cells, can affect the organs of the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum and anus. Cancer also affects other organs that contribute to the process of digestion including the liver, gall bladder, pancreas and bile ducts.

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Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/128848-types-digestive-disorders/#ixzz2IgSgIFoG

Common Digestive Problems in InfantsPhoto Credit baby image by Svetlana Gajic from Fotolia.com

Infants have immature digestive systems, so digestive upsets are common. Some infant digestive issues can signal a more severe problem that needs investigation. However, most digestive problems in babies are not serious and are outgrown within a few months.

Colic

Colic is the bane of many a new parent's existence. A colicky baby cries for three hours a day starting after 3 weeks of age; 20 percent of babies are colicky at some point. Colic peaks around age 4 to 6 weeks and usually disappears around 12 weeks, MedlinePlus states. Many babies fuss mostly in the evenings. Colicky babies are in visible abdominal distress, pulling their legs up to their stomach and clenching their fists. Abdominal distention is common. The baby may quiet down once he passes gas or has a bowel movement.The cause of colic seems to be a hypersensitivity to stimuli such as gas, foods in the mother's diet if the infant is breastfed or an overfull abdomen. Some babies fuss because they're hungry or because they're responding to tension in the house. Colic doesn't last forever, and it usually doesn't signify anything serious.

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Gastroesophageal Reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux, or GER, is very common, occurring in 50 percent of babies under 3 months. GER is the movement of food and stomach acid in the stomach upward into the esophagus rather than down into the intestine. The valve separating the stomach and esophagus opens to release gas, and some food particles regurgitate at the same time. GER often causes the "spitting" commonly seen in young infants, but GER isn't always visible. In 80 percent of cases, the regurgitated food stays in the esophagus and never enters the mouth, according to Jacques Peltier, M.D., and Francis Quinn, M.D., of the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Texas Medical Branch.Acid in the esophagus causes irritation of the esophageal tissues and pain. Symptoms of GER are fussiness, spitting up, coughing and frequent hiccups. Keeping the baby upright for 30 minutes after feedings helps decrease GER, which naturally is outgrown over time; only 5 percent of infants still have GER by age 10 to 12 months. Gastroesophagel reflux disease, or GERD, is GER with complications such as aspiration, cough and breathing problems. GERD requires medical treatment.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea, the passage of watery stools, can be a serious problem for small infants, who can become dehydrated from fluid lost in the stools. It's important in young infants to differentiate between diarrhea and normal soft stools, as many young babies have a bowel movement every time they eat; this is normal. The stools in this case may be soft, but not liquid. A deviation from your baby's normal stool pattern is important to note.Diarrhea occurs if a virus or bacterial infection is present or if food intolerance occurs. Signs of dehydration include a sunken fontanel, the soft spot on the top of an infant's head, sunken eyes, skin that seems to hang, dry lips, lack of tears and a high fever. Diarrhea in babies that lasts more than 24 hours or is severe from the beginning requires prompt treatment.

Dangerous Digestive DiseasesPhoto Credit Nombril image by Gautier Willaume from Fotolia.com

Numerous digestive diseases exist that range in severity, symptoms and possible complications. According to the Mayo Clinic, roughly 35 million people in the United States are affected by digestive disorders that detract from a person's usual life. Although many digestive diseases pose mild to moderate symptoms, others--including celiac disease, ulcerative colitis and pancreatitis--can cause serious, potentially dangerous complications, particularly when left untreated. Get a doctor's guidance regarding digestive symptoms.

Celiac Disease

Celiac disease is a chronic digestive disease that causes harsh immune system reactions in response to the ingestion of gluten--a protein found in wheat, rye and barley--and malabsorption of nutrients. According to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, or NDDIC, more than 2 million Americans have celiac disease. When left untreated, generally through a strict gluten-free diet, it may cause anemia, osteoporosis, miscarriages, liver disease and intestinal cancers. People with celiac disease are also at increased risk for Type 1 diabetes, thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis and other conditions.

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Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis causes inflammation and ulcers--open sores--in the lining of the colon and rectum. According to the NDDIC, ulcerative colitis most frequently develops between ages 15 and 30 and tends to run in families. Symptoms may include bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, unintentional weight loss, painful joints, lesions on the skin and delayed growth and development in youth. Roughly half of ulcerative colitis sufferers experience severe symptoms,

according to the NDDIC, and may develop complications such as infections, arthritis, eye inflammation, osteoporosis and liver disease. Ulcerative colitis may also increase risk for colon cancer. In some cases, people with ulcerative colitis require surgery in which parts of the digestive tract are removed.

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancrease, may appear suddenly or develop over time. Symptoms include swollen or painful abdomen, nausea, vomiting, fever and/or rapid heartbeat. According to the Mayo Clinic, acute pancreatitis can cause breathing problems, low oxygen in the blood and fluid-containing cysts in the pancreas. Long-term pancreatitis may lead to diabetes and increased risk for bacterial infections. Malnutrition caused by pancreatitis can cause malnutrition and unintentional weight loss, which weakens the immune system. Acute and chronic pancreatitis can cause kidney failure and pancreatic cancer. Both may result in death.

Small Intestine Disorders Your small intestine is the longest part of your digestive system - about twenty feet long! It connects your stomach to your large intestine (or colon) and folds many times to fit inside your abdomen. Your small intestine does most of the digesting of the foods you eat. It has three areas called the duodenum, the ileum, and the jejunum.

Problems with the small intestine can include:

Bleeding Celiac disease Crohn's disease Infections Intestinal cancer Intestinal obstruction Irritable bowel syndrome Ulcers, such as peptic ulcer

Treatment of disorders of the small intestine depends on the cause.

List of Intestinal Diseases

In human anatomy, the intestine (or bowel) is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the mouth via stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. In humans, the small intestine is further subdivided into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum while the large intestine is subdivided into the caecum and colon.

Diseases and disorders Angiodysplasia of the colon

Appendicitis is inflammation of the vermiform appendix located at the caecum. This is a potentially fatal

disease if left untreated; most cases of appendicitis require surgical intervention.

Bowel twist (or similarly, bowel strangulation) is a comparatively rare event (usually developing sometime

after major bowel surgery). It is, however, hard to diagnose correctly, and if left uncorrected can lead to

bowel infarction and death. (The singer Maurice Gibb is understood to have died from this.)

Chronic functional abdominal pain

Coeliac disease is a common form of malabsorption, affecting up to 1% of people of northern European

descent. An autoimmune response is triggered in intestinal cells by digestion of gluten proteins. Ingestion

of proteins found in wheat, barley and rye, causes villous atrophy in the small intestine. Life-long dietary

avoidance of these foodstuffs in a gluten-free diet is the only treatment.

Colitis is an inflammation of the large intestine.

Colorectal cancer

Constipation

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are examples of inflammatory bowel disease. While Crohn's can

affect the entire gastrointestinal tract, ulcerative colitis is limited to the large intestine. Crohn's disease is

widely regarded as an autoimmune disease. Although ulcerative colitis is often treated as though it were an

autoimmune disease, there is no consensus that it actually is such.

Diarrhea

Diverticular disease is a condition that is very common in older people in industrialized countries. It usually

affects the large intestine but has been known to affect the small intestine as well. Diverticulosis occurs

when pouches form on the intestinal wall. Once the pouches become inflamed it is known as diverticulitis.

Endometriosis can affect the intestines, with similar symptoms to IBS.

Enteroviruses are named by their transmission-route through the intestine (enteric meaning intestinal), but

their symptoms aren't mainly associated with the intestine.

Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the intestines. It is the most common disease of all the intestines.

Hirschsprung's disease (aganglionosis)

Ileitis is an inflammation of the ileum.

Ileus is a blockage of the intestines.

Intussusception

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional disorder of the intestine. Functional

constipation and chronic functional abdominal pain are other disorders of the intestine that have

physiological causes, but do not have identifiable structural, chemical, or infectious pathologies. They are

aberrations of normal bowel function but not diseases.

Polyp (medicine)

Pseudomembranous colitis

Ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon 

Stomach diseaseThe stomach is an important organ in the body. It plays a vital role in digestion of foods, releases various enzymes and also protects the lower intestine from harmful organisms. The stomach connects to the esophagus above and to the small intestine below. It is intricately related to the pancreas, spleen and liver. The stomach does vary in size but its J shape is constant. The stomach lies in the upper part of the abdomen just below the left rib cage.

Gastropathy is a general term used for stomach disease.[1] Examples including the name include Portal hypertensive gastropathy, and Ménétrier's disease, also known as "hyperplastic hypersecretory gastropathy". However, there are many other stomach diseases that don't include the word "gastropathy" such as gastric or peptic ulcer disease, gastroparesis, and dyspepsia.

Many stomach diseases are associated with infection. Historically, it was widely believed that the highly acidic environment of the stomach would keep the stomach immune from infection. However, a large number of studies have indicated that most cases of stomach ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. One of the ways it is able to survive in the stomach involves its urease enzymes which metabolize urea (which is normally secreted into the stomach) to ammonia and carbon dioxide which neutralises gastric acid and thus prevents its digestion. In recent years, it has been discovered that other Helicobacter bacteria are also capable of colonising the stomach and have been associated with gastritis.

Having too little or no gastric acid is known as hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria respectively and are conditions which can have negative health impacts. Having high levels of gastric acid is called hyperchlorhydria. Many people believe that hyperchlorhydria can cause stomach ulcers. However, recent research indicates that the gastric mucosa which secretes gastric acid is acid-resistant.

Gastritis and stomach cancer can be caused by Helicobacter pylori infection.

There are many types of chronic disorders which affect the stomach. However since the symptoms are localized to this organ, the typical symptoms of stomach problems include nausea, vomiting, bloating, cramps, diarrhea and pain.[2]

Chronic disorders

Disorders of the stomach are very common and induce a significant amount of morbidity and suffering in the population. Data from hospitals indicate that more than 25% of the population suffers from some type of chronic stomach disorder including abdominal pain and indigestion. These symptoms occur for long periods and cause prolonged suffering, time off work and a poor quality of life. Moreover visits to doctors, expense of investigations and treatment result in many days lost from work and a colossal cost to the financial system.[3]

GastritisIn the stomach there is a slight balance between acid and the wall lining which is protected by mucus. When this mucus lining is disrupted for whatever reason, signs and symptoms of acidity result. This may result in upper abdominal pain, indigestion, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and heartburn. When the condition is allowed to progress, the pain may become continuous; blood may start to leak and be seen in the stools. If the bleeding is rapid and of adequate volume it may even result in vomiting of bright red blood (hematemesis). When the acidity is uncontrolled, it can even cause severe blood loss (anemia) or lead to perforation (hole) in the stomach which is a surgical emergency. In many individuals, the progressive bleeding from an ulcer mixes with the feces and presents as black stools. Presence of blood in stools is often the first sign that there is a problem in the stomach.[4]

Gastroparesis

Another very common long term problem which is now more appreciated is gastroparesis. Gastroparesis affects millions of individuals and is often never suspected and most patients have a delay in diagnosis. Basically in gastroparesis, the stomach motility disappears and food remains stagnant in the stomach. The most common cause of gastroparesis is diabetes but it can also occur from a blockage at the distal end of stomach, a cancer or a stroke. Symptoms of gastroparesis includes abdominal pain, fullness, bloating, nausea, vomiting after eating food, loss of appetite and feeling of fullness after eating small amounts of food.

Diarrhea

During digestion, food is stored in the liquid present in the stomach. The food that is not digested travels to the small intestine and colon in liquid form. These organs begin to absorb the water turning the food into a more solid form. Different viruses or bacteria can increase the amount of liquid that is secreted and moves too quickly through the digestive tract for the water to be absorbed. Diarrhea can exist in one of two types, acute diarrhea or chronic diarrhea. The acute diagnosis can last for a few days up to a week of time. Chronic diarrhea lasts for several days or longer periods of time lasting a few weeks. The difference in diagnosis will help determine the cause of the illness.

Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, even the stomach, although it's a rare presentation. Its main feature is inflammatory ulcers that can affect the total thickness of the stomach wall and can bleed but rarely perforate. Symptoms include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Diarrhea is also a symptom that can develop, so checking stools for the appearance of blood is important. It is possible for symptoms of Crohn's Disease to remain with a person for weeks or go away on their own. Reporting the symptoms to a doctor is recommended to prevent further complications.

Cancers

Cancers of the stomach are rare and the incidence has been declining worldwide. Stomach cancers usually occur due to fluctuations in acidity level and may present with vague symptoms of abdominal fullness, weight loss and pain. The actual cause of stomach cancer is not known but has been linked to infection with Helicobacter pylori, pernicious anemia, Menetriere's disease,

Causes and treatment

Smoking has been linked to a variety of disorders of the stomach. Tobacco is known to stimulate acid production and impairs production of the protective mucus. This leads to development of ulcers in the majority of smokers. Chronic stomach problems have also been linked to excess intake of alcohol. It has been shown that alcohol intake can cause stomach ulcer, gastritis and even stomach cancer. Thus, avoidance of smoking and excess alcohol consumption can help prevent the majority of chronic stomach disorders.

One of the most causes of chronic stomach problems is use of medications. Use of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to treat various pain disorders can damage lining of the stomach and cause ulcers. Other medications like narcotics can interfere with stomach emptying and cause bloating, nausea, or vomiting.

The majority of chronic stomach problems are treated medically. However, there is evidence that a change in life style may help. Even though there is no specific food responsible for causing chronic stomach problems, experts recommend eating a healthy diet which consists of fruits and vegetables. Lean meat should be limited. Moreover people should keep a diary of foods that cause problems and avoid them.[6]

Endoscopy

There are many tools for investigating stomach problems. The most common is endoscopy. This procedure is performed as an outpatient and utilizes a small flexible camera. The procedure does require intravenous sedation and takes about 30–45 minutes; the endoscope is inserted via the mouth and can visualize the entire swallowing tube, stomach and duodenum. The procedure also allows the physician to obtain biopsy samples. In many cases of bleeding, the surgeon can use the endoscope to treat the source of bleeding with laser, clips or other injectable drugs.

X rays

Other radiological studies frequently used to asses patients with chronic stomach problems include a barium swallow, where a dye is consumed and pictures of the esophagus and stomach are obtained every few minutes. Other tests include a 24 hour pH study, CT scans or MRI.

Digestive diseases, also called gastrointestinal diseases, are the diseases that affect the digestive system, which consists of the organs and pathways and processes responsible for processing food in the body.

Description

The digestive system, or digestive tract, includes the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, the gallbladder, the small intestine, the large intestine, and the anus, all linked as a long twisting tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It also includes the liver and the pancreas, two organs that produce substances needed for digestion such as enzymes, reaching the intestine through small tubes. The function of the digestive system is to transform ingested food for use by the cells that make up the body. Food enters through the mouth and proceeds to the gut (digestive tract) where it is chemically modified (digestion) for absorption by the body or waste disposal. Digestive diseases are numerous and can affect any part of the digestive system. They can be grouped into the following five broad categories.

Diseases of the esophagus and stomach

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD). GORD is the result of a malfunctioning lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the ring of muscle at the end of the esophagus that acts like a valve opening into the stomach. GORD prevents its proper closure and stomach contents return (reflux) to the esophagus, causing a burning sensation in the chest or throat (heartburn)

Gastroparesis. Also called delayed gastric emptying, gastroparesis causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, and bloating

Peptic ulcer. A sore in the mucosal lining of the esophagus (esophageal ulcer) or stomach (gastric ulcer)

Diseases of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

Budd-Chiari syndrome. A rare liver disease in which the veins that drain blood from the liver are blocked or narrowed

Cholecystitis. Infection of the gallbladder Cirrhosis. A life-threatening disease that scars liver tissue and damages its cells. It severely

affects liver

function, preventing it from removing toxins like alcohol and drugs from the blood.

Hepatitis. Inflammation of the liver that can result in permanent liver damage.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fatty inflammation of the liver related to insulin resistance, obesity, type II diabetes and high blood pressure.

Pancreatitis. Irritation of the pancreas that can alter its structure and its function Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). A liver disease that slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver, thus

preventing the release of bile. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Irritation, scarring, and narrowing of the liver bile ducts.

The accumulation of bile in the liver damages liver cells.

Diseases of the small and large intestines

Appendicitis. Inflammation of the appendix, the small, finger-like structure attached to the first part of the large intestine.

Celiac disease. Disease that damages the small intestine in people who cannot tolerate gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley.

Crohn’s disease. Inflammatory disease that usually occurs in the last section of the small intestine (ileum), causing swelling in the intestines. It can also occur in the large intestine.

Diverticulosis. Small pouches (diverticula) that push outward through weak spots in the large intestine.

Diverticulitis. Infection or rupture of the diverticula. Duodenal ulcers. Ulcers associated with alcoholism, chronic lung and kidney disease, and thyroid

disorders. Dysentery. Inflammation of the intestine with severe diarrhea and intestinal bleeding, resulting

from eating food or water containing a parasite called Entamoeba histolytica or Shigella bacteria.

Giardiasis. Infection of the intestine by the parasite Giardia intestinalis The parasite is one of the most common causes of waterborne disease in the United States and can be found in both drinking and recreational water.

Infectious diarrhea. Illness resulting from bacterial or viral infections. Bacterial diarrhea is most commonly caused by Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli O157:H7. Rotavirus is the commonest cause of viral diarrhea in the United States. Other viruses causing diarrhea include Norwalk virus, and cytomegalovirus

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS (also called spastic colon, or irritable colon) is a condition in which the colon muscle contracts more readily than it should.

Lactose intolerance. The inability to digest significant amounts of lactose, the major sugar found in milk, due to a shortage of lactase, the enzyme produced by the cells lining the small intestine. Lactase breaks down milk sugar into two simpler forms of sugar which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. If not present, lactose is not broken down.

Ulcerative colitis. Inflammation of the inner lining of the colon, characterized by open sores that appear in its mucous membrane.

Diseases of the anus

Hemorrhoids. Commonly known as piles, hemorrhoids are characterized by swollen blood vessels that line the anal opening.

Anal fissures. Splits or cracks in the lining of the anus resulting from the passage of very hard or watery stools.

Perianal abscesses. These can occur when the tiny anal glands that open on the inside of the anus become blocked and infected by bacteria. When pus develops, an abscess forms.

Demographics

According to the National Center for Health Statistics, 41.3 million Americans consulted physicians for digestive system disorders in 2005 and 6.9 million were diagnosed with ulcers. In the 1990-1992 period, 1.9 million people were disabled by digestive diseases with 234,000 deaths and over 6 million diagnostic and therapeutic procedures recorded in 2002.

In the United States, 100 million people are affected by acute diarrhea every year. Most diarrhea is believed to be viral and not bacterial in origin, but bacteria remain an important cause, as evidenced by the increasing public health warnings concerning contaminated foods. Nearly half of patients with acute diarrhea must restrict activities, 10% consult physicians, 250,000 require hospitalization, and approximately 3000 die.

Causes and symptoms

Causes

The causes of some digestive diseases are well-known, especially for those resulting from viral (hepatitis, CMV), bacterial (diarrhea) or parasitic (gardiasis) infections, because the microorganisms can be clearly identified. Most peptic ulcers are also caused by a type of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori that weakens the protective mucous lining of the gut. As for the non-infectious.

KEY TERMS

Abdominal cavity—The hollow part of the body that extends from the chest to the groin.

Anus—The terminal opening of the digestive tract.

Ascites—Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity.

Bacteria—Microscopic, single-celled organisms found in air, water, soil, and food. Only a few actually cause disease in humans.

Bile—Fluid made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps break down fats and gets rid of wastes in the body.

Bile ducts—Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion.

Cecum—The pouch-like start of the large intestine that links it to the small intestine.

Colon—Part of the large intestine, located in the abdominal cavity.

Colon polyps—Extra tissue that grows in the colon.

Diverticula—Small pouches in the muscular wall of the large intestine.

uodenum—The first section of the small intestine, extending from the stomach to the jejunum, the next section of the small intestine.

Esophagus—Muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach.

Feces—Waste product of digestion formed in the large intestine. About 75% of its mass is water, the remainder is protein, fat, undigested roughage, dried digestive juices, dead cells, and bacteria.

Ileum—The last section of the small intestine located between the jejunum and the large intestine.

Insulin—Hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates carbohydrate metabolism in the body. It regulates the liver’s ability to store or release glucose.

Insulin resistance—Condition in which normal amounts of insulin are inadequate.

Jejunum—The section of the small intestine located between the duodenum and the ileum.

Large intestine—The terminal part of the digestive system, site of water recycling, nutrient absorption, and waste processing located in the abdominal cavity. It consists of the caecum, the colon, and the rectum.

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)—Ring of muscle at the bottom of the esophagus that acts like a valve between the esophagus and stomach.

Mucosa—Lining of the digestive tract. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains glands that produce juices to digest food.

Pancreas—The pancreas is a flat, glandular organ lying below the stomach. It secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon that control blood sugar levels and also secretes pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine for the breakdown of fats and proteins.

Pharynx—Part of the neck and throat that connects the mouth to the esophagus.

Rectum—Short, muscular tube that forms the lowest portion of the large intestine and connects it to the anus.

Small intestine—The part of the digestive tract located between the stomach and the large intestine. It consists of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.

Villi intestinales—Microscopic hair-like structures covered with epithelial cells measuring 1–1.5 mm that line the mucous inner membrane of the small intestine.

diseases, medical researchers have only recently started to understand their numerous causes. For example, stomach ulcers can also result from the use of anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen. Similarly, it is also known that 80% of gallstones consist of hardened cholesterol and form when bile contains too much cholesterol, too much bilirubin, or not enough bile salts. It is also known that chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common causes of cirrhosis of the liver. As for diverticulitis, strong evidence suggests that it result mainly from a low-fiber diet. Gastroparesis is most often caused by diabetes, smooth muscle disorders and nervous system diseases while pancreatitis most often results from gallstones or alcohol abuse. Lactose intolerance is directly linked to a shortage of the enzyme lactase.

Increasingly however, researchers and physicians are realizing that one of the most common causes of digestive diseases is that people do not have healthy eating habits, and are also not aware of the many sources of food contamination. Besides bacterial or parasite infections, it is now understood that the digestive system can also be damaged by poor diets, prescription drugs, and food additives, especially antibiotics.

Symptoms

Since there are many types of digestive diseases, symptoms can accordingly vary widely, depending on the organ that is affected. Telltale signs are blood in the stool, changes in bowel habits, and weight loss. Additionally, physicians look for symptoms that may include one or more of the following:

Acute abdominal pain. A sharp pain in the lower right abdomen is one of the symptoms of colitis or Crohn’s disease. A stomach that is very tender to the touch is indicative of diverticulitis or pancreatitis or an ulcer. Acute pain is also a symptom of gallstones.

Ongoing abdominal pain. Depending on where the pain occurs, it will point to a specific digestive disease. For instance, if the pain goes away after taking antiacid medication, it points to a peptic ulcer. If it starts in the upper middle or upper right abdomen, and occurs after eating greasy or fatty foods, it is indicative of gallstones or infection of the gallbladder. If it occurs after eating milk products, it suggests lactose intolerance. Celiac disease is also accompanied by recurring abdominal pain.

Bloating. Abdominal bloating is a symptom of lactose intolerance, Celia disease, IBS, and diverticulosis.

Changes in bowel movements. Yellow and greasy stools that float are indicative of impaired pancreas function or celiac disease. Excess gas and loose, foul-smelling stools are a symptom of gardiasis or various bowel infections. Alternating loose and hard bowel movements are indicative of IBS.

Bloody stools. Blood in the stools is one of the symptoms of Crohn’s disease, colitis, dysentery and hemorrhoids.

Dark urine. Dark urine, accompanied by a yellowing of the skin or the eyes is indicative of hepatitis.

Diarrhea. Watery bowel movements that occur many times throughout the day. If not bacterial or viral, diarrhea can be indicative of celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, gardiasis, or colitis.

Fever. Fever accompanies several digestive diseases, in particular infectious diarrhea, dysentery, appendicitis, and colitis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis can be very difficult to establish because many digestive diseases share similar symptoms. For instance, celiac disease is commonly misdiagnosed as IBS, Crohn’s disease, or diverticulitis. This is why physicians believe that the key to an accurate diagnosis is careful and detailed history-taking during patient medical interviews. Physicians accordingly combine the patient’s gastrointestinal history to tests that can involve any of the following procedures:

Barium enema. This test, also called a “lower gastrointestinal (GI) series”, uses x rays to detect abnormal growths, ulcers, polyps, and small pouches (diverticula) in the large intestine and rectum. An enema tube is inserted into the patient’s rectum and a barium solution is allowed to flow in to improve the contrast of the x rays.

CAT Scan. Technique that uses a computerized x-ray scanner to take multiple views of a patient’s abdominal organs. The information is analyzed by a computer that produces cross-sectional images of the organ of interest. CT is used for viewing the more solid digestive organs such as the liver and pancreas.

Colonoscopy. Test that allows the physician to look inside the colon using a colonoscope, a long, flexible tube that has a miniaturized color-TV camera at one end. It is inserted through the rectum into the colon, and provides a view of the lining of the lower digestive tract on a television monitor. The test is used to evaluate intestinal inflammation, ulceration, bleeding, diverticulitis, and colitis.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). ERCP is a technique used to diagnose problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. It uses both x rays and an endoscope, which is a long, flexible, lighted tube, inserted through the patient’s esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Using the endoscope, the examining physician can see the inside of the digestive tract, and inject contrast dyes into the bile ducts and pancreas so that they can be seen with x rays.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). Technique that uses sound waves to create a picture of the inside of the body. It uses a special endoscope that has an ultrasound device at the tip. It is placed in the gastrointestinal tract, close to the area of interest

Flexible sigmoidoscopy. Technique that allows to look at the inside of the large intestine from the rectum through the last part of the colon, called the sigmoid colon. It is used to investigate diarrhea, abdominal pain, or constipation.

Stool tests. Collection of stool to identify microorganisms that may be infecting the intestine. Stools are examined under a microscope or analyzed for the substances they contain. For example, normal stool contains almost no fat. But, in certain types of digestive diseases, fat is not completely absorbed and remains in the stool.

Swallowing test. In this procedure, the patient is asked to drink a solution of barium before the X-ray examination of the upper digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, and small intestine).

Treatment

The treatment of digestive diseases varies depending on the condition being treated. Almost all treatment seeks the relief of symptoms and combine changes in eating habits with medications specific to the disease. In serious cases, surgical procedures are used, which can involve the complete removal of the affected organ.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease GORD. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol, loosing weight and eating smaller meals. Antacid medication, such as Alka-Seltzer, Maalox, Mylanta, Pepto-Bismol, Rolaids, and Riopan, can also relieve heartburn. Other drugs, such as foaming agents (Gaviscon), work by covering the stomach contents with foam to prevent reflux. H2 blockers, such as cimetidine (Tagamet HB), famotidine (Pepcid AC), nizatidine (Axid AR), and ranitidine (Zantac 75), can also reduce acid production. Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), pantoprazole (Protonix), rabe-prazole (Aciphex), and esomeprazole (Nexium) are now considered more efficient. Surgery is an option when medications do not work. A standard surgical treatment is fundoplication which wraps the upper part of the stomach around the LES to strengthen it and prevent acid reflux.

Gastroparesis. When related to diabetes, treatment seeks to control the blood sugar levels with insulin and oral medications, such as metoclopramide (Reglan) to stimulate stomach muscle contractions which helps empty food. In severe cases, intravenous feeding may be required to bypass the stomach entirely. This is achieved by inserting a jejunostomy tube through the skin of the abdomen into the small intestine. The procedure allows nutrients and medication to be delivered directly into the small intestine.

Peptic ulcer. Ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori are treated with drugs to kill the bacteria, reduce stomach acid, and protect the stomach lining. Antibiotics are usually prescribed. The acid-suppressing drugs commonly used are H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors. Medications such as bismuth subsalicylate are also used as protectors in the case of stomach ulcers. Surgery may also be required, such as a vagotomy, a procedure that cuts parts of the vagus nerve that transmits messages from the brain to the stomach. This interrupts messages to produce acid, hence reducing acid secretion.

Budd-Chiari syndrome. Treatment usually involves sodium restriction, diuretics to control the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), and prescription of anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin. Surgical shunts that divert blood flow around the obstruction or the liver may be required. In very serious cases, liver transplantation is the only effective treatment.

Cholecystitis. If acute, treatment may require hospitalization to reduce stimulation to the gallbladder. Antibiotics are usually prescribed to fight the infection as well as acid-suppressing medications. In some cases, the gallbladder may be surgically removed (cholecystectomy).

Cirrhosis. Treatment depends on the cause of the cirrhosis and on the complications that may be present. Alcoholic cirrhosis is first treated by completely abstaining from alcohol. Hepatitis-related cirrhosis is treated with medications specific to the different types of hepatitis, such as interferon for viral hepatitis and corticosteroids for autoimmune hepatitis. Treatment also includes medications to help remove fluid from the body. When complications cannot be controlled or when the liver becomes so damaged that it can no longer function, a liver transplant is required.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD. No single truly effective treatment has yet been found. If obese or overweight, patients are encouraged to loose weight and to follow a balanced diet. Increasing physical activity and avoiding alcohol is also recommended.

Pancreatitis. If no complications occur, pancreatitis usually improves on its own. Treatment seeks to support body functions and prevent complications with hospitalization usually required to replace body fluids intravenously.

Primary biliary cirrhosis. No treatment has been shown to be beneficial in slowing the progression of PBC. Patients are usually prescribed vitamins and calcium to help prevent loss of bone (osteoporosis), a common complication.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis. There is no cure for PSC, but effective treatment is available for symptoms, such as the itching resulting from too much bile in the bloodstream, which can be

controlled with drugs such as Questran or Actigall. Swelling of the abdomen and feet, due to fluid retention, can be treated with diuretics. In some cases, surgical procedures may be used to open major blockages in bile ducts. In the most severe cases, a liver transplant is performed.

Infectious diarrhea. In healthy people, usual practice is to let the illness take its course, which can last from a few days to a week. Drinking plenty of liquids is required and medications such as Pedialyte, Cera-lyte, and Infalyte can be provided to replace electrolyte losses. Treatment with antibiotics is increasingly complicated by the bacteria having developed drug resistance.

Celiac disease. The only treatment for celiac disease is a gluten-free diet. Crohn’s disease. There is no cure available, and the goal of treatment is to control inflammation

in the intestine and reduce the symptoms of pain, diarrhea, and bleeding. Medications prescribed to reduce inflammation include Azulfidine (sulfasalazine), mesalamine or 5-ASA agents such as Rowasa, Pentasa or Asacol. Serious cases usually require more powerful drugs such as prednisone, antibiotics, or drugs that weaken the body’s immune system such as Imuran (azothioprine), Purinethol (6-mercaptopurine, 6-MP), Methotrexate or Remicade (Infliximab).

Lactose intolerance. Removing milk products from the diet is the standard treatment. Lactase enzymes can also be added to milk or taken in capsule or chewable tablet form.

Appendicitis. Surgery is performed to remove the appendix with prescription of pain medication. Ulcerative colitis. Treatment seeks to control acute attacks, prevent new attacks, and promote

healing of the colon. Corticosteroids are usually prescribed to reduce inflammation. Medications prescribed to decrease the frequency of attacks include mesalamine, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. In severe cases, the colon may be removed surgically.

Diverticulosis. Besides a fiber-rich diet, treatment depends on symptoms. When diverticulitis occurs, simple bowel rest and antibiotics are prescribed. In severe cases, patients may require intravenous antibiotics or surgery to remove the affected portion of the colon.

Dysentery. Rest and drinking plenty of fluids is the usual treatment. Hospitalization may be required for intravenous therapy.

Giardiasis. Anti-infective medications such as metronidazole (Flagyl, Protostat) or quinacrine may be used. In pregnant women, treatment is not started until after delivery, because the drugs can be harmful to the fetus.

Irritable bowel syndrome. IBS has no cure and treatment is based on diet changes, medication and stress relief therapy.

Hemorrhoids. Corticosteroid creams and lidocaine ointments are used to reduce itching, pain and swelling. For severe cases, surgical removal of the hemorrhoids may be performed (hemorrhoidectomy).

Anal fissures. Treatment may include the application of a hydrocortisone cream to the anal area to help relieve irritation, oral pain-killers such as acetaminophen, a stool softener such as Colace or Surfak to prevent constipation until the fissure heals, soaking the anal area in a warm chamomile infusion for 20 minutes to prevent infection and provide soothing relief, and avoidance of strenuous effort to pass stool. If a fissure does not respond to conservative treatment, surgery may be required, involving an operation that removes the area of the fissure and any underlying scar tissue.

Perianal abscesses. Treatment involves surgical drainage of the abscess as antibiotics are ineffective. A small incision is made over the area and pus is expelled with manual pressure. The wound is packed with iodophor gauze, removed after 24 hours, and the patient is instructed to take Sitz baths 3-4 times a day for some two weeks.

Nutrition/Dietetic concerns

Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Diets recommended for GORD are usually low-fat and include the basic food groups of cereals, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and meats. A vitamin C supplement may be needed if the patient does not tolerate lemons, oranges, tomatoes, and grapefruits.

Gastroparesis. Patients are asked to avoid foods that are high in fat and normally delay the emptying of the stomach. High fiber foods such as broccoli and cabbage also tend to stay in the stomach and are also restricted when symptoms are severe. Liquids always leave the stomach faster than solid food, so liquid foods are recommended.

Peptic ulcer. In the past, physicians advised people with ulcers to avoid spicy, fatty, or acidic foods. Research has shown however that such diets are ineffective for treating ulcers. In most patients, no particular diet has emerged as being particularly helpful.

Budd-Chiari syndrome. A low-sodium diet is required for the control of ascites. Cholecystitis. A low-fat diet is usually recommended with research showing that the pectin in

apples may be beneficial, as well as the cellulose contained in celery and other crisp fruits and vegetables.

Cirrhosis. Regardless of the type of cirrhosis, a healthy low-sodium diet is usually prescribed with total avoidance of alcohol.

Hepatitis. Stimulating the liver can stress the liver and stimulants such as colas, chocolate, coffee, and tea are restricted. Fruit juices also, because they contain high levels of concentrated sugar which stress the digestive process and the pancreas, while feeding the virus.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD. A healthy diet controlling elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood sugar is considered beneficial.

Pancreatitis. Dietary guidelines recommend foods low in fat and high in carbohydrates and protein to decrease the work load of the pancreas. Pancreas stimulants such as coffee, alcohol, spicy and gas-forming foods are also restricted.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis. A low-sodium diet is usually recommended to reduce fluid retention.

Celiac disease. Patients work with a dietician to design a diet plan that is totally gluten-free. This means not eating foods that contain wheat, rye, and barley. Restrictions include most pasta, cereal, and processed foods.

Infectious diarrhea. Diarrhea causes the body to loose too much fluid (dehydration) and electrolytes. Drinking plenty of water is accordingly extremely important. Broth and soups that contain sodium, and fruit juices, soft fruits, or vegetables that contain potassium, are required to restore the electrolyte levels.

Lactose intolerance. If milk is removed from the diet, other sources of calcium are added, such as fermented milk products like yogurt that can usually be tolerated. Non-dairy foods that are high in calcium include fruits and vegetables such as kale, col-lard greens, broccoli, and oranges. Foods fortified with added calcium, such as soy milk, juices, cereals, and pasta, are also good sources of calcium.

Colitis. Patients are advised to eliminate any foods or beverages from their diet that seem to make symptoms worse. This usually includes limiting dairy products, a low-fat diet high in fibers, eating small meals and drinking plenty of water.

Diverticulosis. Since the lack of fiber and bulk in the diet is the major cause of diverticular disease, adding fiber and bulk to the diet is accordingly considered very important. Foods rich in

fiber, such as bran cereals, whole wheat breads, a variety of beans, and fresh fruits and vegetables help keep the stools soft and bulky.

Dysentery. Patients are asked to fast as long as acute symptoms are present, taking only orange juice and water or buttermilk. After the acute phase, rice, curd, fresh ripe fruits, especially banana and pomegranate and skimmed milk are allowed. Solid foods are reintroduced very carefully in the diet depending on the pace of recovery.

Giardiasis. Drinking water to prevent dehydration is recommended, as well as replenishing the electrolytes lost as a result of diarrhea.

Irritable bowel syndrome. People with IBS are usually asked to avoid food that is high in fat, insoluble fiber, caffeine, coffee, carbonated sodas, and alcohol.

Hemorrhoids, anal fissures and perianal abscesses. A high-fiber diet consisting of fruits, vegetables, bran, whole-wheat grains with fiber supplements such as Metamucil, Citrucel, Fibercon is usually recommended along with a daily intake of plenty of water to prevent stool hardening.

Therapy

Prognosis

Prognosis for some digestive diseases is excellent, for example the infectious diseases that clear up once the infectious agent is destroyed. Outcomes for most of the other diseases depends on the severity of complications and the underlying causes.

Prevention

A healthy diet can help to prevent some digestive diseases altogether, such as diverticulitis, and lessen chances of developing others, such as colitis or alcoholic cirrhosis. Healthy nutrition is based on eating foods that meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) of the National Research Council. These foods should be from the four major food groups: dairy products, meat and nuts, cereals and grains, and fruits and vegetables. It is also recommended to drink eight glasses of water per day to help eliminate ingested toxins and maintain the pH balance of the stomach.

Another important prevention area is being careful about food contamination, directly responsible for all the digestive infectious diseases. These diseases can be avoided by simple precautions such as washing fruits and vegetables, cooking meat thoroughly, drinking only water from trusted sources, and basic hygiene.