literary terms. genre genre is an important word in the english class. we teach different genres of...
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Genre
Genre is an important word in the English class. We teach different genres of literature such as poetry, short stories, myths, plays, non-fiction, novels, mysteries, and so on. When we speak about a kind of literature we are really speaking about a genre of literature. So when someone asks you what genre of literature you like, you might answer, poetry, novels, comics, and so on.
Antagonist
•The Antagonist is a character or force in conflict with a main character, or protagonist.
Do you know your Antagonists???
• On your paper take a few minutes to write down some Antagonists that you can recall from movies, television shows, and video games
• Remember the Antagonist is in conflict with the Protagonist or, main character!
• Helpful hint – you should now know why people use the saying “Don’t antagonize me!”
Protagonist
• The Protagonist is the main character in a literary work
• Can you name some famous Protagonists that are found in literature?
CHARACTERIZATION
• Characterization is the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character. Characterization is revealed through direct characterization and indirect characterization.
DIRECT CHARACTERIZATION
Direct Characterization tells the audience what the personality of the character is.
Example: “The patient boy and quiet girl were both well mannered and did not disobey their mother.”
Explanation: The author is directly telling the audience the personality of these two children. The boy is “patient” and the girl is “quiet.”
INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION
Indirect Characterization shows things that reveal the personality of a character. There are five different methods of indirect characterization:
SPEECH What does the character say? How does the character speak?
THOUGHTS What is revealed through the character’s private thoughts and feelings?
EFFECT ON OTHERS How do other characters feel or behave in reaction to the character?
ACTIONS What does the character do? How does the character behave?
LOOKS What does the character look like? How does the character dress?
Plot
Plot is the sequence of events. The first event causes the second, the second causes the third, and so forth.
SettingThe setting of a literary work is the time and
place of the action.
The setting includes all the details of a place and time – the year, the time of day, even the weather. The place may be a specific country, state, region, community, neighborhood, building, institution, or home.
.
Climax
Point of greatest emotional intensity, interest, or suspense.
Typically comes at the turning point in a story or drama.
Resolution
Part of the plot that concludes the falling action by revealing or suggesting the outcome of the conflict.
POINT OF VIEW
• There are 3 ways of telling a story:
• 1st person - "I" tells the story and is a character in the story; this can be present tense or past tense.
• 2nd person - "You" is used to tell the story; these tend to be like Choose Your Own Adventure stories or computer games and are usually in the present tense.
• 3rd person - "He, she, it, they" - the story is told by someone, usually not identified by name, who knows it. Usually in the past tense.
Theme
The theme of a literary work is its central message, concern, or purpose.
A theme can usually be expressed as a generalization, or general statement, about people or life. The theme may be stated directly by the writer although it is more often presented indirectly. When the theme is stated indirectly, the reader must figure out the theme by looking carefully at what the work reveals about the people or about life.
CINDERELLA
• Setting: long ago, the palace, the ball, a far away kingdom, the home of Cinderella's step-mother.
• Characterization: • Cinderella: loving, kind, works hard, pretty, innocent, hero,
cheerful, smart, happy.
• Step-mother & step-sisters: jealous, mean, ugly, self-absorbed, villain, lazy, nasty.
CINDERELLA
• Theme: Work hard and good things come. What goes around comes around.
• Plot:• Exposition:• As a child, Cinderella was happy. After her mother died, her
father re-married a mean woman with two daughters. The step-mother gave her daughters everything and Cinderella nothing.
• Rising Action: • A messenger delivers an invitation to the ball. The step-mother tells
Cinderella she can go if she finishes her chores. The Fairy Godmother gives Cinderella a dress and coach. Cinderella arrives at the ball and dances with the Prince. On the way out she drops her shoe.
• Climax: • The Prince finds Cinderella and puts the glass slipper on her foot. It
fits!
• Resolution: • Cinderella and the Prince get married.
CINDERELLA
• Conflict: • Man vs. Man (Cinderella vs. step-mother and step-sisters).
• Man vs. Nature (Cinderella vs. the stroke of midnight).
Conflict
Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces in a story or play. There are two types of conflict that
exist in literature.
External Conflict
External conflict exists when a character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature, society, or fate.
Man vs. Society (The Monsters are Due on Maple Street)
Man vs. Man (Cinderella vs. step-mother and step-sisters)
Man vs. Nature (Cinderella vs. the stroke of midnight)
Internal Conflict
Internal conflict exists within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action.
Man vs. Himself (A Christmas Carol)
MOODMood, or atmosphere, is the feeling
created in the reader by a literary work or passage.
Writer’s use many devices to create mood, including images, dialogue, setting, and plot. Often, a writer creates a mood at the beginning of a work and then
sustains the mood throughout. Sometimes, however, the mood of the work changes dramatically.
Imagery
Imagery is words or phrases that appeal to one or more of the
five senses. Writers use imagery to describe how their
subjects look, sound, feel, taste, and smell.
Flashback
A flashback is a literary device in which an earlier episode, conversation, or event is inserted into the sequence of events. Often flashbacks are presented as a memory of the narrator or of another character.
The movie Titanic is told almost entirely in a flashback.
What are some other films that contain flashback to help tell stories?
Holes
Willy Wonka
Think of some more…
Flashback continued…
Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing is the author’s use of clues to hint at what might happen later in the story. Writers use foreshadowing to build their readers’ expectations and to create suspense. This is used to help readers prepare for what is to come.
Foreshadowing in Literature
Example:
Scrooge wished he could rid himself of the sick feeling in his gut that told him something terrible was going to happen.
Figures of Speech
A figure of speech is a specific device or kind of figurative language, such as hyperbole, metaphor, personification, simile, or understatement.
Figurative language is used to state ideas in vivid and imaginative ways.
Simile
A Simile is another figure of speech that compares seemingly unlike things. Similes use the words like or as.
Examples: Her voice was like nails on a chalkboard.
The metal twisted like a ribbon.
She is as sweet as candy.
Important!
Using “like” or “as” doesn’t always make a simile.
A comparison must be made.
Not a Simile: I like pizza.
Simile: The moon is like a pizza.
Metaphor
A Metaphor is a type of speech that compares or equates two or more things that have something in common. A metaphor does NOT use like or as.
Examples: Life is a bowl of cherries.
All the world is a stage.
Her heart is stone.
PersonificationPersonification is a figure of speech in
which an animal, object, force of nature, or idea is given human qualities or characteristics.
Examples: Tears began to fall from the
dark clouds.
The sunlight danced.
Water on the lake shivers.
The streets are calling me.
Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of sounds, most often consonant sounds, at the beginning of words. Alliteration gives emphasis to words.
Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
Juxtaposition
• Juxtaposition is a literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts
“What two images are juxtaposed here?” “What is the same about these images? What is different?”
“Why did the artist want you to compare these two images?”
“How did the author of A Long Walk to Water juxtapose Nya and Salva?”
Juxtaposition in A Long Walk to Water
Quiz
On a separate sheet of paper…
1. I will put an example of figurative language on the board.
2. You will write whether it is an simile, metaphor, personification, juxtaposition, or onomatopoeia.
3. You can use your notes.