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LITERATURE EARTH OBSERVATION APPLICATIONS FOR FOOD SECURITY 0. General

0.1 General information on food security

European Commission (2017). The future of food and farming. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/future-of-cap/future_of_food_and_farming_communication_en.pdf European Commission (2017). Science for the AU – EU partnership – Building knowledge for sustainable development. JRC. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/science-au-eu-partnership-building-knowledge-sustainable-development FAO (2017). The future of food and agriculture – Trends and challenges. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf FAO et al. (2017). The state of food security and nutrition in the world. https://www.wfp.org/content/2017-state-food-security-and-nutrition-world-sofi-report FAO (2016). The state of food and agriculture 2016 – Climate change, agriculture and food security. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6030e.pdf FSIN (2013). FSIN landscape of key actors producing and sharing information for food and nutrition security – Global overview. http://www.fsincop.net/fileadmin/user_upload/fsin/docs/FSIN-Landscape-Sept2013.pdf Global yield gap atlas. http://www.yieldgap.org/ IOB (2011). Improving food security - A systematic review of the impact of interventions in agricultural production, value chains, market regulation, and land security. IOB study 363. https://www.oecd.org/derec/49558328.pdf Juma, C. (2011). The new harvest – Agricultural innovation in Africa. http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/the_new_harvest_complete_text.pdf Michigan State University. International development working papers. http://fsg.afre.msu.edu/papers/idwp.htm Nkunzimana, T. et al. (2016). Global analysis of food and nutrition security situation in food crisis hotspots. JRC. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/global-analysis-food-and-nutrition-security-situation-food-crisis-hotspots OECD (2016). A new rural development paradigm for the 21st century – A toolkit for developing countries. Development Centre Studies. http://agri.ckcest.cn/ass/NK005-20160502001.pdf

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World Bank (2016). Future of food - Shaping the global food system to deliver improved nutrition and health. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/24104/Future0of0food0nutrition0and0health.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y World Bank (2013). Agricultural sector risk assessment in Niger: Moving from crisis response to long-term risk management. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/257994-1349215552505/niger-risk-assessment-english.pdf

0.2 General information on ICT and food security World Bank (2017). ICT in agriculture – Connecting smallholders to knowledge, networks and institutions. e-Sourcebook. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/522141499680975973/ICT-in-agriculture-connecting-smallholders-to-knowledge-networks-and-institutions World Bank and African Development Bank (2014). The transformational use of information and communication technologies in Africa. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/Resources/282822-1346223280837/MainReport.pdf

0.3 General information on Earth observation and food security Brown, M (2014). How remote sensing can help address food security around the world. NASA. Video. http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011500/a011554/ EO4SD Agriculture and Rural Development knowledge portal. ESA. http://eo4idi.eu/eo4sd-knowledge-portal FAO (2017). Handbook on remote sensing for agricultural statistics. http://gsars.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/GS-REMOTE-SENSING-HANDBOOK-FINAL-04.pdf Justice, C. (2016). Earth observation for agricultural monitoring and food security. EARSEL, Prague. Presentation. http://web.natur.cuni.cz/gis/lucc/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Keynote_Justice_EARSeL_Prague.pdf McKenzie, N. J., Sparrow, A. D., Guerschman, J. P. (2016). The role of remote sensing in agricultural development and poverty alleviation – the STARS Landscaping Study. CSIRO Australia / ITC at the University of Twente. http://www.stars-project.org/en/knowledgeportal/landscaping-study/ NEREUS (2016). How can space make a difference for the agriculture sector. Open document. http://www.nereus-regions.eu/sites/all/documents/Space4Agri.pdf USGS (2017). Interactive map of croplands around the World. https://web.croplands.org/app/map/statsMap

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0.4 Business with smallholders Accenture, Vodafone (2011). Connected agriculture: The role of mobile in driving efficiency and sustainability in the food and agriculture value chain. https://www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodafone/about/sustainability/2011/pdf/connected_agric

ulture.pdf

Advantech, AGRA (2016). Digital harvest. https://www.raflearning.org/file/1233/download?token=iFv2y-WN Advantech, AGRA (2016). How to grow and sustain the digital harvest? Deep dive into business models of 15 ICT4Ag solution providers across Ghana, Kenya and Tanzania. https://www.raflearning.org/file/1210/download?token=sGc8nRs8 Bain & Company (2014). Growing prosperity: Developing repeatable models to scale - The adoption of agricultural innovations. http://www.bain.com/Images/REPORT_Growing_prosperity.pdf Banks, K. and A. Wills (2015). Making the most out of your data in mobile for development. GSMA Mobile for Development. http://www.kiwanja.net/media/docs/Making-the-Most-Out-of-Your-Data-in-m4d.pdf BoP Innovation Center. Access to food and improved nutrition at the base of the pyramid - Five business interventions to achieve social impact, financial sustainability and scale. http://www.bopinc.org/sites/www.bopinc.org/files/documenten/access_to_food_and_improved_nutrition_bop_inc.pdf CGAP Smallholder Families Data Hub http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/small_holders_data_portal/ G4AW (2016). A business case for opening new markets using satellite data for smallholder farmers and pastoralists in developing countries - How “Space for Food Security” works at the local level: An overview of lessons learned in the first years of the Geodata for Agriculture and Water (G4AW) Facility. http://g4aw.spaceoffice.nl/en/About-G4AW/Publications/ Gradl, C. et al. (2012). Growing business with smallholders - A guide to inclusive agribusiness. GIZ. https://www.giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/giz2012-0304en-growing-business-smallholder.pdf GSMA (2017). Farmer’s club – A mobile agriculture service by Vodafone Ghana. Case study. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/themes/theme_mobilefordevelopment/magri-repo/Farmers%20Club_Vodafone%20Ghana_July17.pdf GSMA (2017). Grameenphone Krishi Sheba - A mobile agriculture service in Bangladesh. Case study. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/gp-krishi-sheba-mobile-agriculture-service-grameenphone-bangladesh.pdf GSMA (2017). M’chikumbe 212 - A mobile agriculture service by Airtel Malawi. Case study. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/themes/theme_mobilefordevelopment/magri-repo/MChikumbe_Airtel%20Malawi_July17.pdf

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GSMA (2017). Site Pyo - A weather and agriculture app by Ooredoo Myanmar. Case study. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Site-Pyo-A-weather-and-agriculture-app-by-Ooredoo-Myanmar.pdf GSMA (2016). IFFCO Kisan agriculture app - Evolution to data driven services in agriculture. Case Study. http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/IFFCO-Kisan-Agricultural-App.pdf GSMA (2016). Agricultural value-added services (Agri VAS) Toolkit 2.0 - How to design, develop and market next generation VAS for the rural market. http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/mAgri-VAS-Toolkit-2016.pdf GSMA (2015). Agricultural value-added services (Agri VAS): Market opportunity and emerging business models. http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Agricultural-value-added-services-market-opportunity-and-emerging-business-models.pdf Lundy, M. et al. (2014). LINK methodology: A participatory guide to business models that link smallholders to markets. CIAT. http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/articulos_ciat/LINK_Methodology.pdf Swinnen, J.F.M. and Kuijpers, R. (2016). Value chain innovations for technology transfer in developing and emerging economies: Concept, typology and policy implications. LICOS discussion paper. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2771612 Syngenta Foundation (2011). Mobile in agriculture. mAgriculture. http://www.syngentafoundation.org/__temp/Report_on_mAgriculture_abridged_web_version.pdf USAID (2014). From smallholders to shareholders - A guide to optimizing partnerships with the private sector for smallholder impact. http://www.partneringforinnovation.org/docs/Fintrac_PIModels_Toolkit_14Oct14_fin_web.pdf Wongtschowski, M. et al. eds. (2013). The business of agricultural business services - Working with smallholders in Africa. http://www.kit.nl/sed/wp-content/uploads/publications/2080_the_business_of_agricultural_business_services.pdf

0.5 Partnerships and scaling up Brickell, E. and Elias, P. (2013). Great Expectations: Realising social and environmental benefits from public-private partnerships in agricultural supply chains. ODI. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8500.pdf ECDPM (2014). De-coding Public-Private Partnerships for development. Discussion paper. http://ecdpm.org/wp-content/uploads/DP-161_Decoding-Public-Private-Partnerships-Development-2014.pdf

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GSMA (2017). Creating scalable, engaging mobile solutions for agriculture - A study of six content services in the mNutrition Initiative portfolio. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/create-scalable-engaging-mobile-solutions-agriculture.pdf Hartwich, F. et al. (2008). Building Public–Private Partnerships for agricultural innovation. Food Security in practice. IFPRI. http://www.foodsecurityportal.org/sites/default/files/Building%20Public-Private%20Partnerships.pdf Ion, A., Beyard, K. and Sedaca, S. (2014). Trends in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and Inclusive Business Models (IBMs) for improving food security and rural development through agriculture. Carana, Food Systems for Innovation. http://foodsystemsinnovation.org.au/sites/default/files/study_ppps_ibms_2-2015.pdf Koh, H. et al. (2014). Beyond the pioneer – Getting inclusive industries to scale. http://www.beyondthepioneer.org/wp-content/themes/monitor/Beyond-the-Pioneer-Report.pdf http://www.impactinsurance.org/sites/default/files/MP45.pdf Thorpe, J. and Maestre, M. (2015). Brokering development: Enabling factors for Public-Private-Producer Partnerships in agricultural value chains. IFAD, IDS. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/6456/IFAD_IDS_BrokeringDevelopment_final.pdf%3bjsessionid=834B7A6882AC135C391892C866C54446?sequence=1 USAID (2015). Public Private Partnerships in global value chains: Can they actually benefit the poor? LEO report no. 8. http://avwebmaster.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/default/files/attach/2015/02/LEO-Public-Private-Partnerships-in-Global-Value-Chains_0.pdf

0.6 Inclusive finance CGAP (2014). Serving smallholder farmers: Recent developments in digital finance. Focus note. https://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/Focus-Note-Serving-Smallholder-Farmers-Jun-2014.pdf Dalberg (2012). Catalyzing smallholder agricultural finance. https://oneacrefund.org/documents/101/Dalberg_Skoll_Citi_Catalyzing_Smallholder_Agricultural_Finance_Farm_Finance.pdf Global Index Insurance Facility (2017). Unlocking smallholder credit: Does credit-linked agricultural insurance work? ILO, World Bank, IFC. http://www.indexinsuranceforum.org/sites/default/files/ILO%20report%20English%20low_res%2010_4.pdf Grow Asia (2018). Digital credit scoring in agriculture: Best practices of assessing credit risks in value chains. http://exchange.growasia.org/digital-credit-scoring-agriculture-best-practices-assessing-credit-risks-value-chains IFAD. Inclusive rural financial services toolkits. https://www.ifad.org/topic/rural_finance/overview

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IFC (2013). Working with smallholders: A handbook for firms building sustainable supply chains. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at-ifc/publications/handbook_working+with+smallholders Mensink, M. and Vranken, M. (2017). Geodata and ICT solutions for inclusive finance and food security: Innovative developments – An overview. http://www.inclusivefinanceplatform.nl/documents/npm-20geodata-20and-20ict-20solutions-20for-20inclusive-20finance-20and-20food-20security.pdf Noort, M. (2018). Geodata for Inclusive Finance and Food (G4IFF) - Inventory of technology. NpM. http://www.inclusivefinanceplatform.nl/what-s-new/reports-more/report-geodata-for-inclusive-finance-and-food-inventory-of-technology NpM (2015). Finance for smallholders - Opportunities for risk management by linking financial institutions and producer organisations. Summary report. http://www.inclusivefinanceplatform.nl/documents/npm%20summary%20report%20finance%20for%20smallholders.pdf NpM (2015). Finance for smallholders - Opportunities for risk management by linking financial institutions and producer organisations. Case studies report. http://www.inclusivefinanceplatform.nl/documents/finance%20for%20smallholders-%20case%20studies%20report_1.pdf Peck, R. and Anderson, C. and J. (2013). Segmentation of smallholder households: Meeting the range of financial needs in agricultural families. CGAP Focus Note. http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/Focus-Note-Segmentation-of-Smallholder-Households-April-2013.pdf World Bank (2017). Mobile technologies and digitized data to promote access to finance for women in agriculture. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29104/122110-WP-PUBLIC-DFSforwomeninagrireport.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

0.7 Sustainable Development Goals CEOS (2018). Satellite Earth observations in support of the Sustainable Development Goals. Earth Observation Handbook, special 2018 edition. http://eohandbook.com/sdg/ FAO (2018). Transforming food and agriculture to achieve the SDGs. http://www.fao.org/3/I9900EN/i9900en.pdf Noort, M. (2017). Earth observations and Sustainable Development Goals in the Netherlands.

https://www.spaceoffice.nl/files/documenten/SDGs/1.%20EO_SDG%20exploratory%20study%20The

%20Netherlands_2017_06_30%20LR.pdf

UN-Water (2018). Sustainable development goal 6 – Synthesis report 2018. http://www.unwater.org/publication_categories/sdg-6-synthesis-report-2018-on-water-and-

sanitation/

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0.8 Open data, data acquisition and platforms

Accenture, Vodafone (2011). Connected agriculture: The role of mobile in driving efficiency and sustainability in the food and agriculture value chain. https://www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodafone/about/sustainability/2011/pdf/connected_agriculture.pdf CGAP Smallholder Families Data Hub http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/small_holders_data_portal/ Charvat, K. et al (2014). Foodie – Open data for agriculture. http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Karel_Charvat2/publication/262936995_FOODIE__Open_Data_for_Agriculture/links/0f3175396a56ddd8ff000000.pdf FOODIE data model https://github.com/Wirelessinfo/FOODIE-data-model FS-TEP (2017). Food security thematic exploitation platform. Presentation. https://foodsecurity-tep.eo.esa.int/sites/default/files/FS-TEP_Overview-public_v2.pdf Global open data for agriculture and nutrition (GODAN) http://www.godan.info/ Killough, B. (2017). Open data cubes - A big data solution for global capacity building. https://cdn.earthdata.nasa.gov/conduit/upload/8780/GSFC_Open_Data_Cube_12-2017.pdf Lan Ge (2017). Business models for digital platforms - Monetization in value networks. WUR. Presentation. https://www.wur.nl/upload_mm/e/e/8/bdaad21c-c86e-45df-b48d-16d0fcd4a9fa_20170329%20Webinar%20business%20models%20and%20platformsA.pdf Sawyer, G. and Vries, M. de (2012). About GMES and data: geese and golden eggs - A study on the economic benefits of a free and open data policy for Sentinel satellite data. Report: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/EarthObservation/Open_Data_Study_Final_Report.pdf Animation: http://vimeo.com/63079712

0.9 Climate change

FAO (2013). Climate-smart agriculture sourcebook. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3325e/i3325e.pdf

0.10 Disaster management

World Bank (2016). Unbreakable: Building the resilience of the poor in the face of natural disasters. GFDRR. https://www.gfdrr.org/unbreakable

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0.11 Gender AfDB (2015). Economic empowerment of African women through equitable participation in agricultural value chains. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Economic_Empowerment_of_African_Women_through_Equitable_Participation_in___Agricultural_Value_Chains.pdf Agri-Gender: Journal of gender, agriculture and food security. ISSN 2413-922X http://agrigender.net/ FAO – ADB (2013). Gender equality and food security - Women’s empowerment as a tool against hunger. http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ar259e/ar259e.pdf G4AW (2017). Including women smallholder farmers: A business case for success - A gender approach in using satellite data for agriculture in developing countries. https://g4aw.spaceoffice.nl/files/files/G4AW/publications/Geodata%20for%20Agriculture%20and%20Water%20gender%20report%20LR.pdf IFC (2013). Working with smallholders: A handbook for firms building sustainable supply chains. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at-ifc/publications/handbook_working+with+smallholders

0.12 Certification

CREM (2013). Smallholder certification in biomass supply chains. https://english.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2013/12/Guidance%20Manual%20Certification%20Supply%20Chains%20final_NLformat.pdf

0.13 Environmental accounting CBD (2014). Ecosystem natural capital accounts – A quick start package. https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-77-en.pdf FAO (2016). Water accounting and auditing – A sourcebook. FAO Water reports 43. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5923e.pdf PBL (2015). Public-private partnership in development cooperation - Potential and pitfalls for inclusive green growth. Policy paper. http://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/cms/publicaties/PBL_2015-public-private-partnerships-in-development-cooperation-1810.pdf SEEA (2012). System of environmental-economic accounting – Central framework. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/White_cover.pdf UNDESA, Statistics Division (2013). Framework for the development of environmental statistics (FDES). http://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/doc13/BG-FDES-Environment.pdf

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1. Agricultural knowledge and information systems Global Strategy for Improving Agricultural & Rural Statistics (2015). Technical report on improving the use of GPS, GIS and remote sensing in setting up master sampling frames. Technical Report Series GO-06-2015. http://www.gsars.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Technical-Report-GPS_GIS_RS-for-MSF-finalv2.pdf McKenzie, N. J., Sparrow, A. D., Guerschman, J. P. (2016). The role of remote sensing in agricultural development and poverty alleviation – the STARS Landscaping Study. CSIRO Australia / ITC at the University of Twente. http://www.stars-project.org/en/knowledgeportal/landscaping-study/ Satellite Based Agricultural Monitoring. SBAM products portfolio. http://sbam.psm.uniroma1.it/products 2. Crop (health and yield) monitoring Atzberger, C. (2013). Advances in remote sensing of agriculture: Context description, existing operational monitoring systems and major information needs. Remote Sensing. http://www.rali.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/data/H03000/H85000/H85700/publications/13_Atzberger_2013_RS.pdf BIOMA. Biophysical model applications. http://www.biomamodelling.org/ CropWatch http://www.cropwatch.com.cn/htm/en/index.shtml EARS / Agrhymet (2016). A satellite based data collection and crop yield forecasting system for the Sahel region. ORET. https://www.ears.nl/trelloboard/57dab9ec36b88c6273550400/attachments/Agrhymet_Project_Final_Report.pdf Forney, W.M. et al (2012). An economic value of remote-sensing information— Application to agricultural production and maintaining groundwater quality. Professional paper 1796. USDI, USGS. http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1796/pp1796.pdf GEOGLAM. Crop monitor. https://cropmonitor.org/ GIEWS - The global information and early warning system on food and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/giews/en/ Hoefsloot, P. et al. (2012). Combining crop models and remote sensing for yield prediction: Concepts, applications and challenges for heterogeneous, smallholder environments. CCFAS – JRC Workshop. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08a7eed915d622c00077d/Report_CCAFS_JRC.pdf Holecz, F. et al. (2013). An operational remote sensing based service for rice production estimation at national scale. ESA Living Planet Symposium. http://www.riice.org/news-publications/

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ITC (2015). Use of active earth observation systems for agricultural monitoring - Monitoring and identification of crop areas using hyper temporal low resolution images. Course. http://menhir.itc.utwente.nl:5000/fbsharing/KGKOZXKU McKenzie, N. J., Sparrow, A. D., Guerschman, J. P. (2016). The role of remote sensing in agricultural development and poverty alleviation – the STARS Landscaping Study. CSIRO Australia / ITC at the University of Twente. http://www.stars-project.org/en/knowledgeportal/landscaping-study/ Nelson, A. (2014). Experiences from the RIICE and PRiSM projects for rice crop monitoring in Thailand and the Philippines. IRRI. Presentation. http://www.riice.org/news-publications/ http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/rap/files/meetings/2014/141203-08_Experiences_from_the_RIICE_and_PRiSM_projects_for_rice_crop_monitoring_in_Thailand_and_the_Philippines.pdf 3. Site evaluation GAEZ. Global agro-ecological zones. http://www.fao.org/nr/gaez/en/ IIASA (2012). Global agro-ecological zones. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gaez/docs/GAEZ_Model_Documentation.pdf 4. Crop selection and calendar GAEZ. Global agro-ecological zones. http://www.fao.org/nr/gaez/en/ IIASA (2012). Global agro-ecological zones. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gaez/docs/GAEZ_Model_Documentation.pdf 5. Weather forecasting ECMWF (2012). The ECMWF ensemble prediction system. Brochure. https://www.ecmwf.int/sites/default/files/the_ECMWF_Ensemble_prediction_system.pdf ECMWF (2018). User guide to ECMWF products. https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/focus/user-guide-ecmwf-forecast-products Ignitia (2015). ISKA white paper. Tropical weather forecasting. https://www.changemakers.com/sites/default/files/ignitia_white_paper.pdf 6. Fertiliser advice Reetz, H.F. (2016). Fertilizers and their efficient use. IFIA. https://www.fertilizer.org//images/Library_Downloads/2016_ifa_reetz.pdf

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7. Pest and disease management GEOPOTATO late blight disease early warning. Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nppH86fNNw8 Sat4Rice rice pests and diseases early warning. Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JK94H05MDas WaterWatch crop disease app. Video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skwnWfJW8Kk 8. Sowing / planting advice 9. Harvest advice Lebourgeois, V. et al. (2010). Improving harvest and planting monitoring for smallholders with geospatial technology: the Reunion Island experience. International Sugar Journal. https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/664053/filename/lebourgeois_ISJ_HAL.pdf 10. Water use and irrigation advice CTA (2017). How to make precision agriculture work for small scale farmers. ICT4AG. Animation. http://ict4ag.cta.int/2016/12/09/how-to-make-precision-agriculture-work-for-small-scale-farmers/ D’Urso, G. (2015). Earth observation for monitoring water resources and irrigation demand. CIGR conference on land and water challenges. Presentation. http://www.inia.uy/Documentos/P%C3%BAblicos/CIGR2015/MIERCOLES/Prof.%20Guido%20D'Urso.pdf ENORASIS (2012). Business models. http://www.enorasis.eu/uploads/files/ENORASIS_Deliverable_2.2_v1.pdf FAO. Remote sensing for water productivity. http://www.fao.org/in-action/remote-sensing-for-water-productivity/en/ Liou, Y.-A. and S.K. Kar (2014). Evapotranspiration estimation with remote sensing and various surface energy balance algorithms—A review. Energies. http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/7/5/2821/pdf Vuolo, F. et al. (2015). Costs and benefits of satellite-based tools for irrigation management. Frontiers in Environmental Science. http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenvs.2015.00052/pdf World Bank (2016). Earth observation for water resources management - Current use and future opportunities for the water sector. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22952/9781464804755.pdf

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11. Soil moisture assessment and modelling Leenaars, J. et al. (2018). Mapping rootable depth and root zone plant-available water holding capacity of the soil of sub-Saharan Africa. Geoderma. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706117316397 Wang-Erlandsson et al. (2016). Global root zone storage capacity from satellite-based evaporation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. http://www.wateraccounting.org/upload/files/hess-20-1459-2016%20LanWang%20Rootzone(1).pdf Wulf, H. et al. (2014). Remote sensing of soils. NPOC, INRA, University of Zurich, Agroscope. http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/109992/1/2015_Wulf_Remote_sensing_of_soils_BAFU_report_dpi300_v%20.pdf 12. Soil nutrients assessment Hengl, T. et al. (2017). Soil nutrient maps of Sub-Saharan Africa: assessment of soil nutrient content at 250 m spatial resolution using machine learning. Nutr. Cycl. Agoecosyst. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10705-017-9870-x.pdf Leenaars, J. et al. (2018). Mapping rootable depth and root zone plant-available water holding capacity of the soil of sub-Saharan Africa. Geoderma. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706117316397 Wulf, H. et al. (2014). Remote sensing of soils. NPOC, INRA, University of Zurich, Agroscope. http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/109992/1/2015_Wulf_Remote_sensing_of_soils_BAFU_report_dpi300_v%20.pdf 13. Salinity assessment Wulf, H. et al. (2014). Remote sensing of soils. NPOC, INRA, University of Zurich, Agroscope. http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/109992/1/2015_Wulf_Remote_sensing_of_soils_BAFU_report_dpi300_v%20.pdf 14. Flood risk assessment ICSU, JB-GIS, UNOOSA (2013). The value of geo-information for disaster risk reduction – Benefit analysis and stakeholder assessment. http://www.un-spider.org/sites/default/files/VALIDPublication.pdf ITC (2015). Use of active earth observation systems for flood hazard assessment – Examples of flood extent mapping using space-borne RADAR and air-borne LIDAR. Course. http://menhir.itc.utwente.nl:5000/fbsharing/KGKOZXKU

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15. Flood early warning Hirpa, A.F. et al. (2013). Upstream satellite remote sensing for river discharge forecasting: Application to major rivers in South Asia. Remote Sensing of Environment. http://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/Publications/hirpaetalinreview.pdf Kerle, N. and Neussner, O. (2010). Local flood early warning based on low-tech geoinformatics approaches and community involvement - A solution for rural areas in The Philippines. Presentation. http://www.un-spider.org/sites/default/files/JBGIS_UNOOSA_Booklet_0.pdf Spaliviero, M. et al. (2011). Participatory approach for integrated basin planning with focus on disaster risk reduction: The case of the Limpopo river. Water journal. http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/3/3/737/ 16. Drought risk assessment ICSU, JB-GIS, UNOOSA (2013). The value of geo-information for disaster risk reduction – Benefit analysis and stakeholder assessment. http://www.un-spider.org/sites/default/files/VALIDPublication.pdf Villagran, J.C. et al. (2013). Alert and warning frameworks in the context of early warning systems – A comparative review. UNU-EHS. http://www.droughtmanagement.info/literature/UNU-EHS_alert_warning_frameworks_ews_2013.pdf World Bank (2016). Earth observation for water resources management - Current use and future opportunities for the water sector. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22952/9781464804755.pdf 17. Drought monitoring Atzberger, C. (2013). Advances in remote sensing of agriculture: Context description, existing operational monitoring systems and major information needs. Remote Sensing. http://www.rali.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/data/H03000/H85000/H85700/publications/13_Atzberger_2013_RS.pdf EARS / Agrhymet (2016). A satellite based data collection and crop yield forecasting system for the Sahel region. ORET. https://www.ears.nl/trelloboard/57dab9ec36b88c6273550400/attachments/Agrhymet_Project_Final_Report.pdf Meroni, M. et al. (2017). The warning classification scheme of ASAP – Anomaly hot Spots of Agricultural Production, v1.1. JRC. http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC107892/kjna28757enn.pdf

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18. Extreme weather risk assessment ECMWF (2018). User guide to ECMWF products. https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/focus/user-guide-ecmwf-forecast-products WMO (2018). Guidelines for the definition and monitoring of extreme weather and climate events. Draft. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/documents/GUIDELINESONTHEDEFINTIONANDMONITORINGOFEXTREMEWEATHERANDCLIMATEEVENTS_09032018.pdf 19. High-impact weather early warning ECMWF (2018). User guide to ECMWF products. https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/focus/user-guide-ecmwf-forecast-products 20. Locust early warning Cressman, K. (2017). Technical innovations in global desert locust early warning. FAO. Presentation. http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/ipc/Keith-Cressman.pdf Waldner, F. et al. (2015). Operational monitoring of the desert locust habitat with Earth observation: An assessment. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/448c/f4f0aa1a72a94e18f6ae88b0719b5a940888.pdf 21. Disaster monitoring and impact assessment ICSU, JB-GIS, UNOOSA (2013). The value of geo-information for disaster risk reduction – Benefit analysis and stakeholder assessment. http://www.un-spider.org/sites/default/files/VALIDPublication.pdf 22. Agricultural (index) insurance IFAD et al. (2017). Remote sensing for index insurance - An overview of findings and lessons learned for smallholder agriculture. https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/5011289c-6682-4596-9988-d1b67fe9aee6 Rosema, A., et al. (2013). FESA micro-insurance – Crop insurance reaching every farmer in Africa. Scientific final report. Food Early Solutions for Africa. https://www.ears.nl/trelloboard/57b1ba6f2bff661a283ac5f2/attachments/FESA%20Micro-Insurance%20-%20Final%20Report.pdf USAID (2018). Using digital tools to expand access to agricultural insurance. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/15396/Guide_to_Using_Digital_Tools_to_Expand_Agricultural_Insurance.pdf

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23. Market access assessment and market information 24. Land administration Lemmen, C. and Zevenbergen, J. (2010). First experiences with high-resolution imagery-based adjudication approach in Ethiopia. Chapter of the World Bank study ‘Innovations in land rights recognition, administration, and governance’. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/335807-1229025334908/InnovLandRightsRecog.pdf 25. Water quality monitoring World Bank (2016). Earth observation for water resources management - Current use and future opportunities for the water sector. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22952/9781464804755.pdf 26. Water resources assessment (surface, groundwater) FAO. Remote sensing for water productivity. http://www.fao.org/in-action/remote-sensing-for-water-productivity/en/ FAO (2012). Coping with water scarcity – An action framework for agriculture and food security. FAO water reports 38. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Guzinski, R. et al. (2014). Enabling the use of earth observation data for integrated water resource management in Africa with the water observation and information system. Remote Sensing. http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_232307.pdf World Bank (2016). Earth observation for water resources management - Current use and future opportunities for the water sector. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22952/9781464804755.pdf 27. Environmental / ecosystem assessment / accounting Droogers, P. et al. (2011). Water Accounting Plus (WA+) – Cubango-Okavango river basin. Waterwatch. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/okavango/BBR7_Water_AccountingRS.pdf FAO (2016). Water accounting and auditing – A sourcebook. FAO Water reports 43. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5923e.pdf Lemoine, G. and Rembold, F. (2017). Monitoring of agricultural land conversion with Copernicus Sentinel sensors: Case study of Gambella State (Ethiopia). JRC. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/monitoring-agricultural-land-conversion-copernicus-sentinel-sensors-case-study-gambella-state

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Li, Z.Q. et al. (2014). Remote sensing of ecosystem health: Opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives. Sensing. http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/11/21117/pdf 28. Climate change modelling, monitoring and adaptation AgMIP (2013). Guide for regional integrated assessments – Handbook of methods and procedures. Version 5. www.agmip.org/refbase/uploads/cynthiarosenzweig/2013/170_CynthiaRosenzweig2013.pdf 29. Pasture and water bodies identification and monitoring Schucknecht, A. et al. (2017). Phenology-based biomass estimation to support rangeland management in semi-arid environments. Remote sensing. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/5/463 Sonneveld, B. et al. (2017). Identifying hot spots of critical forage supply in dryland nomadic pastoralist areas: A case study for the Afar Region, Ethiopia. Land. http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/6/4/82 30. Conflict prevention and resolution 31. Agricultural control / compliance monitoring Devos, W. et al. (2017). Discussion document on the introduction of monitoring to substitute OTSC. JRC. http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC108353/jrc108353.pdf 32. Fire early warning and monitoring Avanced Fire Information System (AFIS)

https://southernafrica.afis.co.za/

Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/ ICSU, JB-GIS, UNOOSA (2013). The value of geo-information for disaster risk reduction – Benefit analysis and stakeholder assessment. http://www.un-spider.org/sites/default/files/VALIDPublication.pdf 33. Land degradation / erosion monitoring Mbow, C. et al. (2015). What four decades of earth observation tell us about land degradation in the Sahel? Remote Sensing. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/4/4048/pdf

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34. Land use change monitoring CCI land cover – S2 prototype land cover 20m map of Africa (2016) http://2016africalandcover20m.esrin.esa.int/ Copernicus global land cover service https://land.copernicus.vgt.vito.be/PDF/portal/Application.html#Home FAO (2017). Handbook on remote sensing for agricultural statistics. http://gsars.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/GS-REMOTE-SENSING-HANDBOOK-FINAL-04.pdf Tsendbazar, N. et al. (2016). Towards better use of global land cover reference datasets and the related context of CGLOPS validation. GOFC-GOLD land cover science meeting. Presentation. http://www.gofcgold.wur.nl/documents/Sciencemeeting2016/GLCM/NTsendbazar1.pdf