Literature Review

Prepared by

Samer Zakri

Presented by

Sharif Hala

Introduction

What is it to do literature review?

Definition of Literature Review

Literature review as a part of research

Literature review as a tool to introduce your idea

How to search and references

What is it to do a literature review?

To search for information in a specific research topic

To find out the overall trends in what has been published

about the topic

Refers to a collection of references/evidence on a topic

Sometimes information in a particular area within a certain

time period, disease, location

You will be the judge of which information to choose

Definition of Literature Review

Getting yourself acquainted with the idea

An introduction that concludes a summary/recap of the main

and key information

A critical summary that helps formalize the hypothesis or the

research question

Past and novel information can be combined and/or

compared with a critical interpretation

Literature Review as a Part of Research

Literature review helps you base your information as a

critical review

Provides background, helps determine strength/weakness

and give recommendations

In research accurate literature review can be used as a

foundation to support the argument

Research

Practice Education

Theory

Review of

Literature

Literature Review as a Tool

Scientific Experiments

Lab/Clinic Reports

Research Project

Thesis

Points to Remember

“If Possible” Information must be compared between

historical and current especially in the sciences (for example

treatments/procedures are changing based on the latest published studies)

It directly influence the abstract

Literature review is built on a hypothesis

Before The Search

The null hypothesis

Seek clarification from your instructor/mentor to have the appropriate resources

Any type of resources weather a scientific articles, website and or published paper or other background information such as history or definitions

Narrow the references in an upside-down pyramid shape and funnel it toward your hypothesis

Skills

Use evidence base references : Research papers, Books .. Etc

Be selective

Use quotes carefully

Summarize toward supporting and explaining your hypothesis

How to search for references?

Simply you can put the word review in the search bar

database engine

Choosing the correct Keywords

Which source and/or databases ??

Could I google it ?

Steps of Searching the Literature

Conduct preliminary reading and remove irrelevant information

Determine concept or the problem

Conduct computer search (Pubmed)

Clear out any unrelated sources before choosing

Organize sources for repossession in Endnote

Retrieve relevant sources

Critically read each source and summarize the information

Produce a critical abstract

Types of Sources

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

Tertiary Sources

Primary Sources

Journals or Periodicals

Theses

Conferences

Reports

Patents

Secondary Sources

Review Journals

Article Review

Textbooks

Data Compilations

Article indexes/databases

Tertiary Sources

Encyclopedia

Almanacs

Fact Books

User guides

Research Databases

NCBI/Pubmed

Google Scholar

Springer

ScienceDirect

Ovid

Highwire

ProQuest

Elsevier

Google Scholar

ELSEVIER

NCBI / Pubmed

The Best and optimal search engine for medical/biomedical literature

PubMed comprises more than 23 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books

If you can't find information try MeSH (Medical Subject Heading)

Practice session

Why Pubmed is Chosen First

PubMed contains all citations from the medical literature back to 1953

PubMed is updated daily directly from publishers

PubMed links directly to the home pages of many journals

Medline is hosted on PubMed.

90% of all Medline searches are done in PubMed

PubMed directly connects your references

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Summary

Literature review is an essential part of research

There are many sources for searching

Helps in understanding, reviewing and criticizing

There are many search sources

Pubmed is the source of choice

Thank you

Endnote By Sharif Hala

What is Endnote?

Software “Saves Time” Stand-alone

Add references: manually or online connection Word add-on (references for paper or grant)

Insert references into Word document, format according to pre-defined style

Store and consolidate your own bibliography Papers, abstracts, conference presentations Store any file with reference

Typically PDF’s, also editorials, images, PowerPoints (for presentations)

Add and format citations in papers and grants, and create formatted reference list

http://www.endnote.com

Create your Library

“File”, “New”, give it a name 8

Primary and Secondary Libraries (not essential)

Create a second “fake” library to download all the online search

results before filtering through

“Edit”, “Preferences”, “Libraries”, “Add open libraries”

Collections of Libraries

Publications, one for each of

Original research document (Each has its own)

Abstracts and presentations

Invited talks

Commentary

Reviews and chapters

Add an Individual PDF

Got it from Google Scholar !!? No Problem

From Endnote version X2: Select reference(s), “References”, “Find Full Text” Manually Right-click, “File Attachments”, “Attach File”

To view Right-click, “File Attachments”, “Open File”

Can add any file(s)

Insert your Reference

MS Word add-on Check that Endnote add-on is loaded into Word After installation

Endnote toolbar?

MS-Word Add-ons

Go to Word, move the cursor to where you want the reference

“Insert Citation” – toolbar, Alt^2, menu

Note: If not present, reinstall Endnote

Bibliography

Select style desired by the institute

In Endnote, click on the “Bibliographic Output Style” drop-down box, and “Select Style”

Similarly under “Edit”, “Preferences”, “Output Styles”

Format Bibliography from toolbar, menu

First time, places at the end of the document, then you can move the bibliography

You can re-format any time, and change style

BACKUP !

Two Ways:

Copy library file + “Data” folder

Option 2: Endnote: File, Save a Copy

“Style” files that are customized (e.g., NIH) should be saved

To see where they are stored, “Edit”, “Preferences”, “Style Folder”

Connection and filter files also, but these are usually created by someone else (e.g., Endnote for PubMed with NIH PMCID)

Handy Tips Find articles in PubMed, then download into Endnote

Just simplify the search (reduce number of words) within Endnote

Many journals have Endnote citation downloads on article sites

(In this case not available via PubMed/Web of Science)

Sometimes connections other than PubMed are good for some references (e.g.,

Science Direct)

Note different default search terms

Manually is plausible, but online gives you links, abstract, MESH terms,… etc.

Try to Manually add presentations, books, and in press articles

For books and book sections, be sure to change the reference type

Drag from another Endnote library

www.endnote.com

Summary

There are many reference programs (Refworks, Papers

“OSX” .. Etc)

Endnote is widely used and contains MS-Word add-on

Create a library for each project

Able to search local and online for references

Instant one click Bibliography

Backup

Thank you