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and thereafter remained on its board. TheLWC unites the world’s anticommunist Lith-uanian émigré groups. For 40 years, its glo-bal congresses alternated between the USand Canada. Since the 1990s, these havebeen held in Lithuania’s capital, Vilnius.

Canada has one of the largest con-centrations of Lithuanian émigrés. When theRed Army was about to free Lithuania fromfascism in mid1944, 70,000 Lithuanians fledto Germany with the retreating Nazis.8 Inthe Cold War’s first few years, 20,000 ofthem were given safe haven in Canada.9

Welcoming the Nazis as liberatorsMany Lithuanians welcomed the Nazis asliberators when they invaded (June 22, 1941)during Operation Barbarossa. The Lithua-nian Activist Front (LAF) timed its “JuneUprising” to support this invasion by mur-dering Jews and communists before the Nazioccupation. LAF’s Berlin-based com-mander, Col. Kazys Škirpa, formed LAF inJuly 1940. His memoirs show that LAF wasguided, supplied and trained by the Germanmilitary intelligence agency, Abwehr.10

LAFs ideological screed, issued fromBerlin on May 10, 1941, asserted that “com-munism is directly rooted in Judaism.”11 Rifewith memes about a “Judeo-Bolshevik con-spiracy” by “Jewish bankers and commu-nists,”12 LAF’s vile ethnonationalist dia-tribes, matched those of the Nazis and their“captive-nations” allies across eastern Eu-rope. Bronys Raila, chair of LAF’s Propa-ganda Commission, masterminded its vitri-olic support for ethnic cleansing. (Later, asan antiCommunist activist in the US, Railawas regularly heard on the CIA’s Radio Lib-erty and Radio Free Europe,13 1975-89.)

LAF also created a Provisional Gov-ernment of Lithuania (PGL) and, with Škir-pa as prime minister, declared “freedom” onJune 23, 1941. While LAF continued thekilling sprees, its PGL front “allied itselfwith the Nazis and passed numerous lawsdepriving Jews of their rights, inciting vio-lence and horrific murders.”14

While the PGL shared the Nazi ha-tred of “Judeo-Bolshevism,” its regime last-ed only six weeks. While Germany expect-ed utter subservience, the PGL wanted itsethnically-pure, anticommunist state to beindependent. But, despite its brief life, saidhistorian Algimantas Kasparavicius, thePGL’s “devilish machinery bore its fruit.”15

By war’s end, very few of Lithuania’s208,000 Jews remained.16 As US-born,Lithuanian-based scholar Dovid Katz notes:

Around 96% of Lithuanian Jewry was

murdered during the Holocaust, the larg-est proportion in wartime Europe, andwith massive local collaboration by “he-roes” still celebrated by street names andan array of events.17

There are now only 3,000 Jews leftin this country of three million.18 Besideskilling some 200,000 Lithuanian Jews, theNazis and their local partners also murderedvast numbers of other Soviets. The Nurem-berg trial of Nazi war criminals stated thatthe “mass killings of Soviet citizens” in theLithuanian SSR amounted to 286,000.19

Matulionis and the HolocaustAmong the fascist collaborators who fled toNazi Germany in 1944 and later found ref-uge in Canada was Jonas Matulionis, a topLithuanian banker. In the 1920s and againin 1940, he helped lead Lithuania’s Chris-tian Democratic Party.20 It was rabidly an-tisemitic.21 Matulionis was a top executivewith Lietvas Bankas, Lithuania’s member ofSwitzerland’s Bank for International Settle-ments, which received gold looted by theNazis.22 Until his death in 1980, Matulioniscontinued his antiSoviet activism from To-ronto, where he led far-right national andinternational Lithuanian groups that stillvenerate and revere Nazi collaborators andHolocaust perpetrators as WWII heroes.

On June 25, 1941, the PGL resolvedto “expand partisan activities in the coun-tryside where” “gangs of Bolsheviks, Com-munists and Jews still remain.” On the nextday, the PGL asked Nazi Gen. Robert vonPohl “to step-up ... the cleansing operation”and “allow our partisan units to operate morewidely.” On June 27, the PGL recorded its“great joy” that the Nazis let them createtheir first police battalion.23 Over the nextfive months it killed “26,000 Lithuanian andforeign (German, Austrian and Czech) Jews”held in Kaunas.24 Other Lithuanian unitsmurdered 110,000 Jews and 2,000 commu-nists.25 The Nazis reorganized Lithuania’sbattalions into auxiliary police units thatkilled another 21,000 Lithuanian Jews be-fore the Soviets regained control in 1944.These units also killed 50,000 Jews in neigh-bouring Belarus, and helped execute theHolocaust in Ukraine, Russia and Poland.

On June 30, PGL decided to fund itsbattalion under Kaunas military command-er, Col. Jurgis Bobelis and to “approve theestablishment of a Jewish concentrationcamp.” This was overseen by Bobelis andPGL deputy minister, Juozas Švilpa. ThePGL also declared: “Property nationalizedfrom Jews and Russians remains the indis-putable property of the Lithuanian state.”

Lithuanian Canadian Community (LCC) and Lithuanian World Community (LWC)

When the Lithuanian CanadianCommunity (LCC) was formedin Toronto, its founding presi-

dent was Jonas Matulionis (1952-55).1 As atop, Lithuanian banker before and duringWWII, he served as Finance Minister in thepro-Nazi “Provisional Government of Lith-uania” (PGL). It was created by the Lithua-nian Activist Force, an antisemitic, anti-communist militia funded, armed and trainedby Nazi military intelligence, the Abwehr.When the PGL was replaced by anotherpuppet regime, over which the Nazis hadeven more control, Matulionis remained andwas titled its “General Advisor for Finance.”2

During the Cold War, the LCC’s Ma-tulionis also played a key role on the globalstage. Active in the Supreme Committee forthe Liberation of Lithuania (VLIK), he wasits chairman from Nov. 27, 1955 until June1, 1957.3 VLIK was a self-appointed, un-derground government that emerged inLithuania’s second largest city, Kaunas, onNov. 25, 1943.4 Earlier that year, after Ger-many’s defeat at Stalingrad, the Soviets be-gan forcing the Nazis out of eastern Europe.VLIK was created when it was clear that theRed Army would liberate Lithuania fromNazi rule. Within months, most VLIK lead-ers fled to safety in Nazi Germany. To avoidthe Soviets, VLIK moved its base of opera-tions to Nazi Germany in 1944. VLIK mov-ed again in 1955, this time to New York. Bythen the US had become the new centre ofthe global war against communism.

Throughout the Cold War, VLIKworked with its close friends and allies inthe international network of Nazi collabo-rators, the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations.5

VLIK was also closely linked to theAssembly of Captive European Nations,which received CIA funds through its front,the National Committee for a Free Europe.6

After Lithuania’s 1991 independence, VLIKdisbanded. It had outlived its Cold-War val-ue as a tool of antiSoviet propaganda.

VLIK created a front called the Lith-uanian World Community (LWC). Matu-lionis was its founding chairman (1958-61)7

After serving as financeminister for two Nazipuppet regimes in WWII,prominent Lithuanianbanker Jonas Matulioniswas welcomed withopen arms by Canada.He then founded andled the LCC and LWC.

Spring 2021 Issue # 70 Press for Conversion! 35

Further citing PGL cabinet minutes,Kasparavicius noted that:

Matulionis suggested opening the decla-ration not with a vague and notionalphrase about the liberating mission of theWehrmacht in Lithuania, but instead toplace at the beginning a specific “state-ment underlining the role of the Germanmilitary as Lithuania is freeing herselffrom the Bolshevik yoke.”26

In early July, Matulionis met leadersof Kaunas’ Jewish community, such as JacobGoldberg. He asked Matulionis to “try toprevail on his friends in the Lithuanian gov-ernment to intervene to stop the killings.”Matulionis replied: “The wrath of the peo-ple is so great that there is no way to stopthese acts. When you leave the city for goodand confine yourselves in the Ghetto, thingswill quiet down.”27 This was reported in thediary of Avraham Tory, who was secretary

present decided that the state of affairs inthe city gave us no option but to leave thecity and move into the Ghetto.”29 Matulionis’memoirs, Unquiet Days (Toronto, 1975), aresilent on this meeting. In fact, said politicalscientist Anatol Lieven, Matulionis “skatesas quickly as possible over what was hap-pening to the Jews.” One reason for this “si-lence of the exile community,” he said, wasthat “some of its original leaders, as well asa good many ordinary members, had ... beendirectly involved in the massacres.”30

On July 2, as terror escalated, Matu-lionis attended a PGL meeting to grant them-selves salaries (retroactive to the Nazi inva-sion) and to fund LAF. In a July-11 report,he said Poles in Vilnius were “supportingthe Russian Bolsheviks, as the Jews do.”31

On Aug. 1, the PGL passed “Regula-tions on the Status of the Jews” which said

During WWII, Lithuanian nationalists worked with their Naziallies to kill almost every Jew in the country and to extermi-nate as many communists as they could. After the USSR’s

NATO-led destruction in 1991, Lithuanian nationalists regained power.Their main goals were to continue fighting communism and to pro-tect themselves by whitewashing history. To do this they portray theirNazi-linked forebears as heroic, antiSoviet “freedom fighters.

of the Kaunas [Kovno] Ghetto’s Jewishcouncil. Matulionis, he said, told them that:

according to the most extreme view allthe Jews in Lithuania must be extermi-nated; a more moderate view demandssetting up a concentration camp whereJews will atone with blood and sweat fortheir crimes against the Lithuanian peo-ple. As for the third view, I am a practic-ing Roman Catholic; I ... believe that noperson may take the life of another per-son.... Only God may do this.... [D]uringthe period of Soviet rule I and my friendsrealized that we did not have a commonpath with the Jews and never will. In ourview, the Lithuanians and the Jews mustbe separated from each other and thesooner the better. For this purpose, theGhetto is essential. There you will ... nolonger [be] able to harm us. This is aChristian’s position.28

After this meeting, said Tory, “those

Lithuanian independence gave nationalists ‘freedom’ to glorify their Nazi heritage

• Banned the communist party (1991).1

• Exonerated thousands of war criminals (liv-ing and dead) who were convicted by the So-viets, including confessed mass murderers, andallowed them or their heirs to receive statesubsidies and compensation (1991).2

• Endorsed, funded or otherwise aided annualproNazi rallies, often with government speak-ers. These ethnonationalist events use fascistsymbols and chants to glorify Lithuanian“freedom fighters” who abetted the Holocaust.

• Did not prosecute any Nazis but did seek pros-ecution of Jewish partisans who had support-ed the Soviets by fighting German forces.

• Glorified Nazi collaborators by renamingparks, streets and a lecture hall after them.

• Created public monuments, plaques, inscrip-

tions and museum exhibits to whitewash thefascist roots of Lithuanian ethnonationalism.3

• Created the “Red-Brown Commission” in1998 to falsely equate Nazism with commu-nism. This state commission has urged theEU parliament to rewrite textbooks and tosideline International Holocaust Remem-brance Day (January 27, i.e., when the Sovi-et Red Army liberated Auschwitz in 1945)by instead commemorating August 23, ie.,the Canadian-created ‘Black Ribbon Day.’4

• Outlawed all communist symbols (2008).5

• Criminalized opposition to revisionist “dou-ble-genocide” Nazi=Soviet narrative (2010).6

• Legalized public display of swastikas (2010).• Drafting law: “the Baltic nation nor its lead-

ers participated in the Holocaust.”7 (2020)

Since gaining “freedom,” Lithuania’s antiSoviet/proNATO governments:

References1. “Unacceptable anti-Communist legislation inLithuania,” April 16, 2009. bit.ly/Ban-Com

2. “Lithuania exonerating thousands of war crimi-nals,” Baltimore Sun, Sep. 5, 1991. bit.ly/LithEx

3. Memorials to Holocaust collaborators in pub-lic spaces & state sponsored institutions inLithuania,” Defending History bit.ly/MemLith

4. Avi Friedman, “The New Deniers,” Mis-pacha, Aug. 5, 2009. bit.ly/NewDeniers

5. Unacceptable anti-Communist... op.cit.6. Red-Brown bill with two years of jail for

disagreeing with government’s positionsigned into law,” Jun.29, 2010 bit.ly/RBrwn

7. Lithuania’s ruling party drafting bill exon-erating nation from Holocaust crimes, Jew-ish Telegraphic Agency, Jan.3, 2020.

bit.ly/LithEx28. Dr. Bobelis Elected Chairman of Lithua-

nian Supreme Council, ABN Correspond-ence, May-Jun.1979, p.18. bit.ly/ABN-MJ79

9. Anatol Lieven, The Baltic Revolution: Es-tonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path toIndependence, p.271. bit.ly/ALiev

10. Geoff Vasil, Landsbergis’ new book tries(yet again) to sanitize 1941 Hitlerist ‘Pro-visional Gov’t,’ Dec.7, 2012. bit.ly/K-Bob

March 11, 2020, Vilnius

At a nationalist rally of 500+ there wereNazi death heads, swastikas and SSsymbols. The foreign minister and thecapital’s mayor spoke from a stagefestooned with the racist slogan:“Lithuania for Lithuanians.”

One of Lithuania’s many postSoviet politicians with ties toNazi collaborators and the Holocaust was Kazys Bobelis. Aveteran of the proNazi Lithuanian Activist Force, he devotedhis life to anticommunist causes. In 1979, he became chair ofthe Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania (VLIK)(see opposite page) and was highly praised by Yaroslav Stetsko,president of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations.8 As chairuntil its final year, Bobelis was VLIK’s longest-standing leader.

His father, Col. Jurgis Bobelis, was the Nazi puppetregime’s army commander in Kaunus and oversaw the crea-tion of its concentration camp. Returning from the US toLithuania in 1992, Kazys, aided by the neofascist ‘Young Lith-uania’ group was elected to parliament9 and was re-elected til

2006. As an MP, he repeatedly denied hisfather’s key role as a Nazi collaborator.10

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Jews for whole centuries have exploitedthe Lithuanian people economically, ru-ined it morally and most recently cover-ing themselves in the mantle of Bolshe-vism have engaged broadly in war againstLithuanian independence and the Lithua-nian nation.

This new law, it said, would “stop...harmfulactivities of the Jews and ... protect the Lith-uanian[s] ... from their harmful influence.”32

On August 5, the PGL disbanded andthe Nazis got new puppets. Although replac-ing “ministers” and “ministries” with “gen-eral advisors” and “boards,” some faces re-mained identical. Matulionis, the PGL fi-nance minister became the Nazi’s “generaladvisor for Finance.”33 He later said he was“in favor of active cooperation with the Ger-mans, because, by taking this path, I thoughtit the best way to serve my country.”34

The new regime did oppose a fewNazi policies, but it was still active in theHolocaust. “The most obvious fact of thecollaboration of the Lithuanian local gov-ernment with the Nazi invaders,” said his-torian Arunas Bubnys, “was its participationin the genocide of Lithuania’s Jews.”35

The LAF and PGL laid the groundfor genocide. Matulionis’ “Christian” solu-tion, the ghetto, became a concentrationcamp. Most of its inmates were sent to deathcamps like Auschwitz and killed before theRed Army liberated it. When the Soviets lib-erated Lithuania in 1944, almost all 29,000Jews in Kovno’s ghetto were dead. On oneday, Oct. 29, 1941, there was what Nazi SS-Standartenfuehrer Karl Jäger called the“cleansing” of 9200 “superfluous Jews fromthe ghetto,” including “2920 Jewesses” and“4273 Jewish children.”36 The SS man incharge, Helmut Rauca, who ordered the ex-ecution of 2379 Jews in August and Sep-tember, escaped the Soviets by fleeing tosafety in Nazi Germany. In 1950, he was giv-en safe haven by the Canadian government.

Canada’s resolute refusal toinvestigate Nazi war criminals

After three decades in Ontario, Rauca be-came the first Nazi war criminal to be ex-tradited from Canada. As David Matas, le-gal counsel for B’nai Brith said in 1986, the:

Government of Canada has been legallyinactive on the issue of Nazi war crimi-nals in Canada ever since the war. ... TheRCMP had a policy of not investigatingany allegations. The only exception tothis policy of inactivity was the arrest in1982 and the extradition to West Ger-many in 1983 of Albert Helmut Rauca.37

But Rauca never made it to trial. Hedied of cancer on October 29, 1983, 42 yearsto the day after the Kovno massacre.

In 1985, after decades of pressure ledby Jewish groups, Brian Mulroney’s Toriescreated the Deschênes Commission on NaziWar Criminals in Canada. Groups whosefounders and leaders included Nazi collab-orators, started a legal action to thwart itspowers. This effort, led by the UkrainianCanadian Congress, included the Baltic Fed-eration of Canada, Lithuanian CanadianCommunity (LCC), Latvian National Fed-eration and the Estonian Central Council.

Their “first priority,” said Matas, wasto reject “out of hand ... as fundamentallytainted,” all the evidence amassed by theUSSR about Nazi war crimes.38 This includ-ed testimony by Soviet survivors who wit-nessed the atrocities, as well as thousandsof documents recovered by the Soviets whenthey liberated Eastern Europe. All “evidenceobtained from Soviet sources,” these émi-grés argued, “could not be trusted” because“it would be falsified as part of a disinfor-mation campaign” to “foment discord”among anticommunist émigrés, and to “den-igrate” them. Not mentioning that 27 mil-lion Soviets had died because of the Naziinvasion, these groups argued that “Moscowwas more interested in smearing them, cre-ating dissent, and gaining a propaganda vic-tory than in seeing that justice was served.”39

These émigré groups went on the of-fensive. Launching a media war to smearSoviet evidence and malign the USSR, theyportrayed themselves as the real victims.Their 1985 Globe-and-Mail ad, claimed that“Moscow” had a “vested interest in discred-iting refugees ... forced to flee from EasternEurope” and that “the memory and the his-tory of our homelands are being defiled bySoviet allegations of [Nazi] war crimes.”40

Papers also spread alarm by quotingthe LCC’s Vida Zalnieriunas. She said theUS had allowed Soviet evidence “to the det-riment of American citizens” and that “So-viet witnesses whose credibility is doubtful... and falsified evidence could seriously im-

pair fair legal proceedings” in Canada.41 Shedefended Lithuanian collaborators by argu-ing that many “joined the Nazi auxiliary-po-lice battalion[s] ... to establish an independ-ent Lithuanian army that could resist furtherSoviet incursions.” Omitting mention thatthese Lithuanians killed tens of thousandsof Jews and communists, this LCC leaderwarned that in the “headlong rush ... to easeour collective Western conscience, we couldunwittingly create a new set of victims.”42

Joining the fray to protect LithuanianCanadians from alleged victimization by theSoviets was Trent professor Ron Vastokas.He wrote of “a hysterical Naziphobia” aimedat Baltic and Ukrainian émigrés. Having aspecial unit seeking Nazi criminals in Can-ada, he said, “would only aggravate the emo-tions and conflicts already engendered.”43

The LCC’s Zalnieriunas even doubted “themorality of accepting [Soviet] evidence” be-cause “handing an Eastern European overto the Soviets would be tantamount to en-trusting the care of a Jew to the Nazis.”44

Canada’s largest, Jewish groups disagreed.They urged the commission to “look at allthe evidence, wherever it might be found.”45

In the end, the Deschênes Commis-sion sided with the Nazi-linked émigrégroups and refused to even look at any evi-dence from the USSR, where the Nazi’scrimes were committed. Saying this was avictory, Jaroslav Petryshyn, a Ukrainian-Canadian history teacher who wrote crime-fiction, said the “commission’s Final Report(without Soviet input) was received favour-ably by all ethnic groups when it was tabledin March 1987.”46 (Emphasis added.)

The LCC rallied behind Canada’ssupport for US-led wars

During the Cold War, the Lithuanian Cana-dians promoted government support for US-led wars against communism. For example,in 1950, “the Lithuanian community of Can-ada” issued a hyperbolic “declaration” pro-moting the Korean war. It stated that:

The unprovoked, deceitful and pre-ar-ranged aggression ... started by the So-viet Union under the disguise of NorthKorea, clearly shows to ... mankind thatSoviet Russian Imperialism is resolvedto take possession, step by step, of thewhole globe and to introduce everywherethe Soviet tyranny and slavery.47

In the weeks before issuing this state-ment, many Canadian papers had run sto-ries about napalm; a hot, new weapon in theantiRed arsenal. Front page stories in twoBC papers on July 10 were headlined: “Ko-rean Flashes: Jelly-Like Explosive BurnsReds” and “Flaming Spray Hits Reds.”48

As US General Curtis LeMay said:

After decades of refusing to investigateNazi war criminals in Canada, the

Deschênes Commission was created in1985. Groups riddled with Nazi collabora-

tors quickly launched a legal action toforbid use of any evidence from the

USSR. They succeeded. It was avictory for ethnonationalist Lithuanian,

Ukrainian, Latvian and Estonian groups.They prevented potential prosecutionof their members, whitewashed the

complicity of their heroic freedom fighters

Spring 2021 Issue # 70 Press for Conversion! 37

“we... burned down every town in NorthKorea ...and some in South Korea too.... wekilled off—what—twenty percent of thepopulation of Korea.”49 About three milliondied during this US-led, UN war.50 Napalmwas the West’s weapon of choice. Over32,000 tons of it were used to ignite Koreancities during the 37-month war (1950-53).This was twice the napalm used by the USin its WWII firebombing of Japan.51

Despite daily news of this brutal war,Canada’s Lithuanian community said it was“with great satisfaction that we are hopefulof the resistance of the United Nationsagainst the aggression in Korea” Urgingtotal loyalty they wrote: “We are calling onall our countrymen and all Canadian inhab-itants to support with all their might andmeans the Canadian government.”52 Theyalso urged St. Laurent’s Liberal governmentto use the war as a way to crack down do-mestically and to “declare all progressive-Communist organizations in Canada as ille-gal and to suspend their activities.”53

These Lithuanian Canadians were es-pecially upset by the Canadian Peace Con-gress. It was seen as a traitorous enemy. Itscrimes included leading a petition drive thatgathered 300,000 signatures opposingNATO’s first-strike, nuclear-weapons poli-cy. “We protest most vigorously,” said theLithuanian community of Canada, against

the communistic lie of the Fifth Column,an agency of Soviet Imperialism, to foolfaithful people through press, meetingsand collecting signatures for the so-called‘Stockholm Peace Resolution.’54

At that time, Foreign Minister Lester Pear-son was also publicly accusing the PeaceCongress of treason and sedition.

Years later, in 1965, the LCC defend-ed then-Prime Minister Pearson when“peaceniks” criticised Canada’s support foryet another US war against communism.With Canadian assistance, this war in south-east Asia eventually killed 2.5 to 3.5 mil-lion. To aid Canada’s pro-war support, LCC-Alberta joined six other East-European émi-gré groups to “urge” Pearson’s “continuedopposition” to what they called “communistaggression in Viet Nam.”55 Three news sto-ries covered these anticommunist groups’“[s]upport for the Canadian government infavoring the United States Viet Nam poli-cy.”56 Behind this show of loyalty for Cana-da’s aid to this US war, was the profascistAnti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations. Its secre-tary, Algimantas Dudaravicius, was the onlyperson quoted in these articles. Not only washe “very active in the Lithuanian communi-ty of Edmonton,”57 he was vice president ofthe Baltic Federation of Canada (Alberta).58

References and notes1. Lithuanian Cdn Community bit.ly/LCCexec2. Arunas Bubnys, “Lithuanian Self-Govern-

ment,” in Lithuania in 1940-1991, 2007,p.149. bit.ly/Bubn07

3. Miklas, Kestutis (ed.), Tautos Fondas 1943-2002, 2002, p.68. bit.ly/TF-LNF

4. This coincided almost exactly with the ABN’screation on Nov. 21-22, 1943.

5. See ABN Correspondence: Jan.-Feb. 1961,p.31; Jul.-Aug. 1967, p.21; Jan.-Feb. 1978,p.23; May-Jun. 1979, pp.18,21-22,19-29;Summer 2000, pp.15-17. bit.ly/ABNmag

6. For example, Vaclovas Sidzikauskas (an in-terwar diplomat who resigned after a corrup-tion scandal and became director of Shell Oil’sLithuania subsidiary in 1936), was chairmanof VLIK’s exec. council (1947), chaired itsfirst congress (1961) and was VLIK’s chair-man (1964-66). When the CIA-funded NCFEcreated VLIK’s US branch (Cttee. for a FreeLithuania, CFL), he was its first chair (1951-73). The CFL was an integral part of the ACENand Sidzikauskas was its deputy chair (1959-60; 1971-72) and chair (1960-61; 1965-66).bit.ly/V-Sidz

7. LWC Seimas bit.ly/LWCexec8. The beginning of displacement bit.ly/BaltDP19. The divergence of refugees bit.ly/BaltDP210. Aleksandra Shtromas, “The Baltic States as

Soviet Republics,” in Baltic States: The Na-tional Self-Determination of Estonia, Latviaand Lithuania, 1996, p.88. bit.ly/ShtromNigel Thomas, Carlos Caballero Jurado, Ger-many’s Eastern Front Allies (2): Baltic Forces,2002, p.5. bit.ly/BalFor

11. Cited by Per Rudling, “The OUN, the UPAand the Holocaust:A Study in the Manufac-turing of Historical Myths,” Carl Beck Pa-pers in Russian & East European Studies,Nov. 2011, p.45. bit.ly/OUN-UPA-Holocaust

12. Leonidas Donskis, Loyalty, Dissent and Be-trayal: Modern Lithuania and East-CentralEuropean Moral Imagination, 2005, p.94.bit.ly/JuBoCon

13. Bronys Raila bit.ly/BRaila14. The Holocaust Survivor Memoirs Program

bit.ly/LAFnazi15. Algimantas Kasparavicius, “Lithuanian Po-

litical Illusions: The ‘Policy’ of the Lithua-nian Provisional Government and the begin-ning of the Holocaust in Lithuania in 1941,”Feb. 6, 2017. bit.ly/A-Kasp

16. Alfonsas Eidintas, et al, The History ofLithuania, 2015, p.240. bit.ly/LithHolKasparavicius, Ibid.

17. Dovid Katz, “Over 500 Neo-Nazis GrantedCenter of Vilnius for March 11th Parade,”March 11, 2017. bit.ly/D-Katz

18. Lithuanian 2011 Population Census in Brief,p.20. bit.ly/LitCen

19. Trial of the Major War Criminals before theInternational Military Tribunal, Vol.1, p.48.bit.ly/IMTrial

20. Miklas, Kestutis, op. cit., p.70.Freedom, Prerequisite to Lasting Peace,

1957, p.31. bit.ly/MatBnk2Vladas Terleckas, Lietuvos Bankininkai:

Gyvenimu ir darbu pedsakai, 1918-1940,

2001, p.306. bit.ly/LitBank21. L.Venclauskas, Sincere AntiSemitism or Ac-

cessory to Propaganda?, 2009. bit.ly/LCDprop22. LB, BIS source(s)23. Minutes of PGL cabinet meetings, cited by

Kasparavicius, op.cit.24. Arunas Bubnys, “Lithuanian Police Battal-

ions and the Holocaust (1941-1943),” 2000,p.11. bit.ly/LithPol

25. Karl Jäger, A Chronicle of Nazi Mass Mur-der, Dec. 1, 1941. bit.ly/JaegRep

26. Minutes of PGL cabinet meetings..., op. cit.27. Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust: The

Kovno Ghetto Diary, 1990. bit.ly/ToryDiary28. Ibid.29. Ibid.30. Anatol Lieven, The Baltic Revolution: Esto-

nia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Inde-pendence, p.154. bit.ly/ALiev

31. Minutes of PGL cabinet meetings..., op. cit.32. Ibid.33. Bubnys 2007, op. cit., p.148-52. bit.ly/Bubn0734. Terleckas, op. cit., p.308.35. Bubnys 2007, op. cit., p.153.36. Jäger, op. cit., p.5.37. David Matas, “Debate: Reason or Rhetoric?”

Student, Mar.-Apr. 1986, p.9. bit.ly/Matas8638. Ibid.39. Jaroslav Petryshyn, “The ‘Ethnic Question’

Personified, 1917-1991,” in Re-imaginingUkrainian Canadians: History, Politics, andIdentity, 2011, pp.245, 246. bit.ly/Petrys

40. “East European Canadians’ advertisementsays Deschênes Commission discriminates,”Ukrainian Weekly, Oct. 20, 1985, p.6.bit.ly/ad-UW

41. Refugees wary of Soviet role in hunt for Na-zis,” Ottawa Citizen, Jun. 11, 1985, p.4.bit.ly/OC6-11-85

42. “Soviets manipulate facts on Nazis, commis-sion told,” Windsor Star, Jun. 11, 1985, p.14.bit.ly/WS6-11-85

43. John Burns, “Ottawa will act on Nazis in Ca-nada,” NY Times, Jan. 7, 1987. bit.ly/nyt-87

44. “Soviets manipulate facts ...” op. cit.45. Matas, op. cit.46. Petryshyn, op. cit., p.246.47. “Lithuanians Call for Loyalty,”Montreal Ga-

zette, Aug. 29, 1950, p.6. bit.ly/MG8-29-5048. Vancouver Sun, Jul.10, 1950, p.1. bit.ly/nplm1

Province, Jul.10, 1950, p.1. bit.ly/nplm-249. Strategic Air Warfare, 1988, p.88. (Richard

Kohn’s interview with LeMay.) bit.ly/SAW-8850. Matthew White, Death Tolls for the Korean

War bit.ly/KoreaDeaths51. Robert Neer, Napalm: An American Biogra-

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Nam,” Montreal Gazette, Jun. 28, 1965, p.22.bit.ly/MG6-28-65

56. Author’s collection of articles, Jun. 26, 1965.bit.ly/CdaViet

57. Obituary, Algimantas Dudaravicius, Edmon-ton Journal, Apr. 27, 2003. bit.ly/A-Dud

58. Anne Burrows, “Baltic Concert Joyful,” Ed-monton Journal, Oct.7, 1967, p.24.bit.ly/EJ10-7-67