little words - big meanings (in mt syntactic transfer)

English-Romanian Phrase AlignmentFunction words = syntactic glue for sentences

English-Romanian Parallel Sequences with Syntactic ConstituentsEnglish Syntactic Sequences with FW

Little words - Big meanings(in MT syntactic transfer)

Mihaela ColhonUniversity of Craiova

Departament of Computer Science

April 25, 2012

Mihaela Colhon University of Craiova Departament of Computer ScienceLittle words - Big meanings (in MT syntactic transfer)

Table of contents

English-Romanian Phrase AlignmentRomanian treebank

Function words = syntactic glue for sentencesEnglish Functional Words SequencesRomanian Syntactic Sequences

English-Romanian Parallel Sequences with Syntactic ConstituentsADVP, CC, CD, DTDT(cont.), ININ(cont.), JJ, MDMD(cont.), NN, NNS, NP, PDT, PP, PRP, RB, S, SBARTO, VBG, VP, WDT, WRB

English Syntactic Sequences with FW[DT NN NN][IN/as, NP][IN/at, NP][IN/by, NP][IN/for, NP][IN/of, NP]

Romanian treebank

Accuracy: 87% (for the Romanian part of English-Romanian paralleltreebank) compared with the Romanian chunker annotations.

Token word Treebank tags/chunker annotations Number of matches

vot Ncms−n VP VP NP VP VP SNp Pp

no match

de−asemenea Rgp ADVP VP S ROOTAp

one match

economic Afpms−n ADJP NP NP VP ...Ap Np Pp

two matches

dividende Ncfp−n NP PP VP S ROOTNp Pp

two matches

ın Spsa PP VP PP SAp Vp Pp

three matches

Table : Example of parallel sequences of treebank tags and chunker annotations together with their matchingdegrees

English Functional Words SequencesRomanian Syntactic Sequences

In any syntactic structure we can identify two major categories ofwords:

I Content words which identify objects, entities, properties,relationships or events and syntactically are represented bynouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.

I Functional words that help putting words together in acorrect structural sentence form. Also, the functional wordscan tell how words are related to each other. The functionalwords can be determiners, quantifier, prepositions orconnectives.

From the English-Romanian Parallel Treebank with SyntacticConstituents, 2120 English Functional Words Constructionstogether with their translations in Romanian were extracted.English Functional words = words that in Penn POS Tagsetformalism have one of the following tags: CC, DT, IN, MD,PRP, PP$, RP, TO, WDT, WP, WP$, WRB.

English syntactic constructions with functional words:[ { Phrasal−Tag }∗ Pos−Tag/FW { Phrasal−Tag}∗ ]where by FW we note a functional word

Examples:[NP, PRN, CC/and, NP][RB, JJ, CC/and, JJ]

Following the same representations, the correspondingRomanian translations of the English Functional WordsConstructions are encoded in the same format.

Romanian Functional Words = words that inMULTEXT-EAST Tagset formalism have one of the followingtags: Pd−, Pi−, Ps−, Px−, Pz−, D−, T−, S−, C−, Q−.

Romanian syntactic constructions:[ { Phrasal−Tag }∗ MULTEXT-EastTag/FW { Phrasal−Tag}∗ ]where by FW we note a functional word

Examples:[Di3-po—e/altor, NP][VP, Crssp/si, Tsfs/a, NP, PUNCT]

ADVP, CC, CD, DTDT(cont.), ININ(cont.), JJ, MDMD(cont.), NN, NNS, NP, PDT, PP, PRP, RB, S, SBARTO, VBG, VP, WDT, WRB

Figure : The resulted parallel sequences were saved into a DataBase withfour fields: SynPhrase En, SynPhrase RO, Treebank EN, Treebank RO.

[DT NN NN][IN/as, NP][IN/at, NP][IN/by, NP][IN/for, NP][IN/of, NP]

DT + NN → N− − − − y (y: definiteness)

DT + NN → T − − − − + N − − − − n (T: article)

DT + NN → D − − − − − − − − − − + N − − − − n (D: determiner)

Treebank EN Treebank RO

[PP [IN Rsp/as] [NP [NP Afp/strict] [ADJP [RB

Cs/as] [JJ Afp/possible]]]]

[PP [Rw 14/cat] [Rp 15/mai] [ADJP [Afpfp-n

16/stricte] [ADJP [Rgp 17/posibil]]]]

[PP [IN Sp/at] [NP [RBS Pi3-p/most]]] [PP [Rgp 3/maximum]]

[PP [IN Sp/at] [NP [NP [DT Dd/the] [NN Ncns/end]]

[PP [IN Sp/of] [NP [DT Dd/the] [JJ Afp/financial]

[NN Ncns/year]]]]]

[NP [Spsa 1/la] [NP [NP [Ncfsry 2/ıncheierea]] [NP

[Ncmsoy 3/exercitiului] [ADJP [Afpms-n 4/finan-

ciar]]]]]

[PP [IN Sp/by] [NP [DT Dd/the] [NN Np/director-

general]]]

[NP [Spca 7/de−catre] [NP [Ncmsry 8/directorul]

[Afpms-n 9/general]]]

[PP [IN Sp/by] [NP [NP [DT Dd/the] [NN

Ncns/agency]] ...]

[NP [Spca 14/de−catre] [NP [NP [Ncfsrn

15/Agentie]] ...]

little words - big meanings (in mt syntactic transfer)

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