liveability and sustainability · 2013. 11. 7. · •10 principles for liveable high-density...
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High-density Sustainability and Liveability The case of Hong Kong
Prof. John NG Director, HKGBC
SB13 Hong Kong Regional Conference
Urban Population
2011 50% of total world population
2050 67% of total world population
Cities with population of 1M—5M
394 (2011) 573 (2025)
Megacities with population over 10M
3 (2011) 37 (2025) [9 in Asia]
Source: World Urbanization Prospects, The 2011 Revision, United Nations
The Crowded City
City becomes denser, especially in Asia
Population densities of world’s largest 125 cities:
1,550—29,000 inhabitants/ km2
e.g. Mumbai, Kolkata, Karachi, Lagos, Shenzhen,
Seoul, Taipei, Chennai, Bogota, Shanghai, Lima,
Beijing, Delhi, Kinshasa, Manila, Tehran, Jakata,
Tianjin, Bangalore, Ho Chi Minh City, Cairo, Bagdad,
Shenyang, Hyderabad, Sao Paolo, St. Petersburg, Mexico City,
Santiago, Singapore, Lahore, Hong Kong… Source: http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-density-125.html
“Urban liveability consists in the development of
attributes and resources that help make the
city pleasant to live in, and attractive for people,
visitors and business. “ --The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies
“Quality of life is often tied to the opportunities
available to people to the meaning and purposes they
attached to their lives and to the extent to which they
enjoy the possibilities available to them. ”
Liveability is…
How do we perceive high-density cities?
The Pessimist The Optimist
Overcrowding Compact
Crime Walkable
Disease Serviceable
Pollution Convenient
Poverty Efficient
High living costs Higher Wages
Congested Cityscape Diversity
Competition Vibrancy
Social Conflict Energy efficiency
Low Liveability High Liveability
High Density and Energy Consumption
Efficient public
transport system
Reduce reliance on
cars
North America
Europe Asia
Source: Newman and Kenworthy, 1989
Ecological Footprint
2008 Hong Kong
Bio-capacity per capita: 0.03 gha
Ecological footprint per capita: 4.7 gha
150 times of bio-capacity
“If everyone in the world lived the lifestyle we lead in Hong
Kong, we would need 2.6 Earths to fulfill
our needs.”
-WWF, 2013
Source: WWF-Hong Kong, 2013
International Surveys on Liveability
• World Liveability Survey
• Spatial Adjusted Liveability Index EIU
• 10 Principles for Liveable High-Density Cities
Centre for Liveable Cities
• Quality of Living Survey Mercer
Density and Liveability
High density
living is
inevitable.
Is high liveablity
possible ?
Source: Centre for Liveable Cities and Urban Land Institute 2013
EIU—Spatially Adjusted Liveability Index
1. Hong Kong 2. Amsterdam
3. Osaka
4. Paris
5. Sydney
6. Stockholm
7. Berlin
8. Toronto
9. Munich
10. Tokyo
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012
EIU—Spatially Adjusted Liveability Index
• Green Space, Sprawl, Natural Assets, Cultural Assets, Connectivity, Isolation, Pollution
Spatial Characterisistics
• Crime and Threat of terror, military conflict, and civil unrest Stability
• Availability and Quality of Private and Public Healthcare, Availability of over-the-counter drugs, General Healthcare Indicators
Healthcare • Humidity/ Temperature, Discomfort of Climate,
Corruption, Religious Restrictions, Censorship, Sporting and Culture Availability, Food & Drinks, Consumer Goods & Services
Culture & Environment
• Availability and Quality of Private Education, Public Education Education
• Quality of Road, Public Transport, International Links, Energy Provision, Water Provision and Telecommunications, Availability of Good Quality Housing
Infrastructure Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012
Romer’s Tree Frog. Source: AFCD Local Mangroves. Source: AFCD
Wonders never cease
Chek Chau, Hong Kong Geo Park. Source: HK Geopark MTRC. Source: Discover Hong Kong
Mongkok. Source: Discover Hong Kong
Hong Kong in Numbers
7.15 million inhabitants
49 million visitors in 2011
1,104 km2 of total land area
6,620 persons/km2
4 million passengers by metro daily
3 million passengers by buses daily
Hong Kong in Numbers
263 km2 of Built-up Area, 23.7% of Land Area
845 km2 of Non-built-up Area, 76.3% of Land Area
40% of land as Countryside
24 Country Parks and 22 Special Areas for natural preservation
More than 30% of bird species in China found in HK
Challenge 1 Air Pollution
Worsening Air Pollution
Roadside Pollution
Marine Pollution
A Clean Air Plan for Hong
Kong (2013)
New DCV Replacement
Programme
Green Transport Fund
Urban Greening
Photo credits: Greenpeace (top), Wikemedia (bottom left), ENB (bottom right)
Challenge 2 Waste Management
New space for dump? 13,458 tonnes of waste to landfills everyday
Hong Kong Blueprint for Sustainable Use of Resources 2013—2022
Reduce 40% of MSW by 2022
Transform waste management structure
Photo credits: Greenpeace (top), Wikemedia (bottom left)
Challenge 3 Energy Reduction
Buildings account for:-
91% of Electricity Consumption
60% of GHG Emissions
Steering Committee on the
Promotion of Green Building
Formed in Policy Address 2012
Strengthen coordination among
government departments
Photo credit: EMSD
Challenge 4 Nature Preservation
Rich Biodiversity More than one-third of bird
species in China
Need for Development New development plans in NE
New Territories and Lok Ma
Chau Loop
UN Convention on
Biological Diversity
Mai Po Natural Reserve. Photo credit: WWF-HK
Photo credits: http://www.nentnda.gov.hk/ (middle), http://www.lmcloop.gov.hk/eng/study.html (bottom)
Challenge 5 Housing Undersupply
Lack of affordable housing
Caged homes in a world class
city?
Long Term Housing
Strategy Consultation
Document
470,000 Units—Overall housing
supply target in next 10 years
Photo credits: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/theweekinpictures/2690758/The-week-in-pictures-6-September-2008.html (top)
http://www.news.com.au/realestate/news/hong-kong-poor-live-in-metal-cages-amid-soaring-cost-of-housing/story-fncq3gat-1226573061403 (bottom)
Challenge 6 Supply of Office Space
Full capacity of old CBD Hamper Future business activities
Revitalization of Kowloon
East Establish CBD2 in former
industrial district
Set up “Energizing Kowloon
East Office” to oversee the
revitalization of the district
Photo credit: www.ekeo.gov.hk (top)
What can Hong Kong do?
HK3030 Campaign
Buildings in Hong Kong accounts for
91% Electricity
60% GHG Emissions
Target Reduction 30%
Electricity Consumption in Buildings
by 2030 (Baseline:2005)
Source: HK3030 Report, HKGBC 2012
BEAM Plus Assessment Tools
BEAM Plus New Buildings
BEAM Plus Existing Buildings
BEAM Plus Interiors
BEAM Plus in Numbers
Total Registered Projects: 405 Total Assessed Projects: 74
Project type No. of Projects
Residential 175
Commercial 69
GIC 77
Industrial 8
Mixed Use 46
Hotel 29
Others 1
BEAM Plus
Rating No. of Projects
Platinum 19
Gold 17
Silver 9
Bronze 14
Unclassified 15
Data as of August 2013
Including PA and FA, for both BEAM Plus NB and EB Including both BEAM Plus NB and EB
Development of BEAM Plus
• To be launched in 2014 BEAM Plus Community
• To be launched in 2014 BEAM Plus NB Major Upgrade
• To be launched in 2015 BEAM Plus EB Major Revision
• To be launched in 2015 BEAM Plus Major Renovation
Photo credits, bet2.hkbu.edu.hk Photo credits: ZCB
Performance of Assessed Projects (by scores)
Data as of July 2013
Performance of Assessed Projects (by Aspects)
Data as of July 2013
BEAM Plus—Better Performance
Items % of projects in
full scores
A. Liveability Related
1. Meeting at least 50% of Hong Kong’s Urban Design Guidelines 100%
2. Good security provisions for wellbeing amongst building users 100%
3. Good interior lighting quality 100%
4. Assurance of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 94% to 100%
5. Provision for disabled 94%
6. Amenity features for quality of life and improve operation and maintenance 81%
B. High Density Related
1. Good noise control from building equipment 100%
2. Healthy drainage and air-conditioning system design 100%
3. Good pollution management during construction 94% to 100%
4. Maintain neighbourhood daylight access 88%
5. Mitigation of vibration from building services and external sources 88%
C. Resource/ Environmental Related
1. Use of water-efficient appliances to reduce effluent discharge 100%
2. Metering, commissioning procedures and manuals for energy use reduction 88% to 100%
3. Regional Materials 94%
4. Reduce use of ozone depleting substances 88%
5. Sustainable timber 81% Data as of July 2013
BEAM Plus Energy Performance
Rating achieved
% of projects
got the rating
Average % of
annual energy
reduction
Platinum 28 30
Gold 21 23
Silver 10 17
Bronze 23 14
Data as of July 2013
BEAM Plus—Room for Improvement Items
% of projects in
full scores
A. Liveability Related
1. Microclimate around buildings 2%
2. Greenery on site and use of pervious materials 7%
3. Conserve and protect cultural heritage 9%
4. Comfort through natural lighting and natural ventilation 7% to 16%
B. High Density Related
1. Impact noise isolation 0%
2. Energy efficient building form, layout and orientation 9%
C. Resource/ Environmental Related
1. Rainwater harvesting and grey water recycling 0%
2. Use of rapidly renewable materials 0%
3. Use of renewable energy 4%
4. Use of recycled content 5%
5. Use of prefabrication 5%
6. Reuse existing buildings 8%
7. Minimising embodied energy in structural materials 11%
8. Local transport, i.e. discourage the use of private vehicles 16% Data as of July 2013
Conclusion
• Sustainability and liveability are achievable in high
density living;
• Building sector is crucial in reducing energy consumption
and nurture liveable environment;
• Green building assessment tools help to transform
building practices; create greener, healthier and more
liveable buildings and environment;
• Areas identified for potential improvement;
• Calling to holistic approach and extend to green
communities and neighborhood development.
Thank you
Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the Secretariats of the HKGBC for providing data. Particular thanks are extended to Ms
Flora Lim and Ir Eddy Lau of HKGBC for their assistance in compiling the paper and presentation. The author would also like to thank the efforts of members of the task force on BEAM Plus Community/Neighbourhood Feasibility Study led by
Mr. Larry Poon, members of the task force on Existing Building led by Mr. K M So, Prof Joseph M Chan for his valuable advice and the project owners for the use of their project information in the study and analysis.