liver cell dysplasia - a premalignant condition

7
8/19/2019 Liver Cell Dysplasia - A Premalignant Condition http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liver-cell-dysplasia-a-premalignant-condition 1/7 J. clin. Path., 1973, 26, 217-223 Liver cell dysplasia: a premalignant condition P. P. ANTHONY C. L. VOGEL AND L. F. BARKER From The Bland-Sutton Institute of Pathology, The Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, The Solid Tumour Centre, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda, and the Division of Virology, Bureau of Biologics, Food and Drug Administration of the US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA SYNOPSIS Liver cell dysplasia is defined as cellular enlargement, nuclear pleomorphism, and multi- nucleation of liver cells occurring in groups or occupying whole cirrhotic nodules. The prevalence, natural history, and relationship to the Australia or hepatitis-associated antigen  HAA) have been studied in 552 Ugandan African patients with normal, cirrhotic, and cancerous livers. Liver cell dysplasia was found in only two of 200  1  ) patients with normal livers, in three of 43  6-9  ) of patients with normal livers bearing primary liver cell carcinoma, 35 of 175 (203  ) patients with cirrhosis, and 80 of 124  64 5  ) of patients with cirrhosis and primary liver cell carcinoma. Cirrhotic patients without dysplasia were, on average, ten years younger than those with dysplasia and the latter were on average six years younger than those with cirrhosis and carcinoma. Liver cell dysplasia occurred more frequently in males than in females. It was found in all but one instance in macro- nodular or mixed forms of cirrhosis only. There was a strong relationship between dysplasia and the presence of HAA in 104 patients that suggests a possible carcinogenic mechanism for the long- incubation (serum or B) hepatitis virus in liver cell carcinoma. It is concluded that the presence of liver cell dysplasia identifies a group of patients with a high risk of liver cell carcinoma and that they should be followed up by serial alpha-fetoprotein estimations. Gross morphological abnormality of liver cells in cirrhosis has been noted from time to time (Edmondson and Steiner, 1954; Steiner and Davies, 1957; Higginson and Steiner, 1961), particularly in the macronodular  posthepatitic or postnecrotic) types  Scheuer, 1968). The terms  liver cell atypia ,  hyperplastic nodule , and  regeneration have been applied to this change. Steiner and Davies  1957) commented on its relative frequency in African, as compared with American cirrhotic livers. The distinction between an atypical nodule and well differentiated liver cell carcinoma may be difficult (Higginson and Steiner, 1961). However, these foci of cellular atypia have not been thought to represent a premalignant or malignant change, the arguments against this being that the histopathological features were different from carcinomas arising in the same livers  Steiner and Davies, 1957) or that such foci could persist in cirrhotic livers for years without carcinoma supervening  Scheuer, 1968). In experi- mental pathology similar changes may be produced by a variety of means and their interpretation remains uncertain  Butler, 1971). Received for publication 23 January 1973. The considerable disagreement about the true nature of this phenomenon is reflected in the variety of names applied to it. We have chosen  liver cell dysplasia as the most appropriate term to describe the histological appearances and the least presump- tive as to their nature. In the course of our continuing studies of primary liver cancer in Uganda we have noted an association of liver cell dysplasia with macronodular types of cirrhosis and carcinoma of liver cell, but not of bile duct, origin (Anthony, 1972), and we have also found a highly significant association with the presence of the Australia or hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) (Anthony, Vogel, Sadikali, Barker, and Peterson, 1972). We now report the results of an extended study of its morphology, prevalence, and natural history in normal, cirrhotic, and cancerous livers. Definition of Liver Cell Dysplasia Minor inflammatory and regenerative changes are a common finding in livers of African patients suffering from a variety of diseases and have been frequently 217 3

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Page 1: Liver Cell Dysplasia - A Premalignant Condition

8/19/2019 Liver Cell Dysplasia - A Premalignant Condition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liver-cell-dysplasia-a-premalignant-condition 1/7

J .

c l i n . P a t h . ,

1 9 7 3 , 2 6 , 2 1 7 - 2 2 3

L i v e r c e l l

d y s p l a s i a :

a

p r e m a l i g n a n t

c o n d i t i o n

P . P .

ANTHONY

C .

L . VOGEL

AND

L .

F . BARKER

From

T h e B l a n d - S u t t o n

I n s t i t u t e o f

P a t h o l o g y ,

T h e

M i d d l e s e x H o s p i t a l

M e d i c a l S c h o o l ,

L o n d o n ,

T h e

S o l i d

T u m o u r

C e n t r e , U g a n d a C a n c e r

I n s t i t u t e , K a m p a l a , U g a n d a ,

a n d

t h e D i v i s i o n

o f

V i r o l o g y ,

B u r e a u

o f

B i o l o g i c s ,

Food a n d

D r u g A d m i n i s t r a t i o n

o f t h e

US P u b l i c

H e a l t h

S e r v i c e ,

R o c k v i l l e ,

M a r y l a n d ,

USA

SYNOPSIS L i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

i s

d e f i n e d

as c e l l u l a r e n l a r g e m e n t ,

n u c l e a r

p l e o m o r p h i s m , a n d

m u l t i -

n u c l e a t i o n

o f l i v e r c e l l s

o c c u r r i n g

i n

groups

or

o c c u p y i n g

w h o l e c i r r h o t i c

n o d u l e s . T h e p r e v a l e n c e ,

n a t u r a l

h i s t o r y ,

a n d

r e l a t i o n s h i p

t o

t h e A u s t r a l i a or

h e p a t i t i s - a s s o c i a t e d

a n t i g e n  HAA) h a v e

b e e n

s t u d i e d

i n

5 5 2

U g a n d a n

A f r i c a n

p a t i e n t s

w i t h

n o r m a l , c i r r h o t i c ,

a n d

cancerous l i v e r s .

L i v e r c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

was f o u n d i n

o n l y

two o f

2 0 0

  1

  ) p a t i e n t s

w i t h n o r m a l

l i v e r s ,

i n

t h r e e

o f

4 3

  6 - 9

  )

o f

p a t i e n t s

w i t h

n o r m a l

l i v e r s

b e a r i n g

p r i m a r y

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a ,

3 5

o f 1 7 5

( 2 0 3

  )

p a t i e n t s

w i t h

c i r r h o s i s ,

a n d

8 0 o f

1 2 4

  6 4

5

  )

o f

p a t i e n t s

w i t h

c i r r h o s i s a n d

p r i m a r y

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a .

C i r r h o t i c

p a t i e n t s

w i t h o u t

d y s p l a s i a

were,

on

a v e r a g e ,

t e n

y e a r s younger

t h a n

t h o s e

w i t h

d y s p l a s i a

a n d

t h e

l a t t e r

w e r e

on

average

s i x

years younger

t h a n t h o s e

w i t h

c i r r h o s i s

a n d

c a r c i n o m a .

L i v e r c e l l d y s p l a s i a

o c c u r r e d

more

f r e q u e n t l y

i n

m a l e s t h a n

i n

f e m a l e s . I t

was

f o u n d i n

a l l

b u t

o ne

i n s t a n c e

i n m a c r o -

n o d u l a r

o r

m i x e d

f o r m s

o f c i r r h o s i s

o n l y .

T h e r e

was a

s t r o n g

r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e e n

d y s p l a s i a a n d

t h e

presence

o f

HAA

i n 1 0 4

p a t i e n t s

t h a t

s u g g e s t s

a

p o s s i b l e

c a r c i n o g e n i c m e c h a n i s m

f o r t h e l o n g -

i n c u b a t i o n

( s e r u m

o r

B ) h e p a t i t i s

v i r u s

i n

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a .

I t i s

c o n c l u d e d

t h a t t h e presence o f

l i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

i d e n t i f i e s

a

group

o f

p a t i e n t s

w i t h a

h i g h

r i s k o f

l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

a n d

t h a t t h e y

s h o u l d

b e f o l l o w e d

up b y

s e r i a l

a l p h a - f e t o p r o t e i n

e s t i m a t i o n s .

G r o s s

m o r p h o l o g i c a l

a b n o r m a l i t y

o f

l i v e r

c e l l s i n

c i r r h o s i s

h a s

b e e n n o t e d f r o m

t i m e t o

t i m e

( E d m o n d s o n

a n d

S t e i n e r ,

1 9 5 4 ;

S t e i n e r a n d

D a v i e s ,

1 9 5 7 ;

H i g g i n s o n

a n d

S t e i n e r , 1 9 6 1 ) , p a r t i c u l a r l y

i n

t h e

m a c r o n o d u l a r

  p o s t h e p a t i t i c

o r

p o s t n e c r o t i c )

t y p e s

  S c h e u e r ,

1 9 6 8 ) .

T h e t e r m s

  l i v e r

c e l l

a t y p i a ,

  h y p e r p l a s t i c

n o d u l e ,

a n d

  r e g e n e r a t i o n

h a v e b e e n

a p p l i e d

t o

t h i s

c h a n g e .

S t e i n e r a n d

D a v i e s

  1 9 5 7 )

c o m m e n t e d

on

i t s

r e l a t i v e

f r e q u e n c y

i n

A f r i c a n ,

a s

c o m p a r e d

w i t h

A m e r i c a n c i r r h o t i c l i v e r s .

T h e

d i s t i n c t i o n

b e t w e e n

an

a t y p i c a l

n o d u l e

a n d w e l l

d i f f e r e n t i a t e d

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

may

b e

d i f f i c u l t

( H i g g i n s o n

a n d

S t e i n e r , 1 9 6 1 ) .

H o w e v e r ,

t h e s e f o c i o f

c e l l u l a r

a t y p i a

h a v e

n o t b e e n

t h o u g h t

t o

r e p r e s e n t

a

p r e m a l i g n a n t

o r

m a l i g n a n t c h a n g e ,

t h e

a r g u m e n t s

a g a i n s t

t h i s

b e i n g

t h a t

t h e

h i s t o p a t h o l o g i c a l

f e a t u r e s

w e r e

d i f f e r e n t

f r o m c a r c i n o m a s

a r i s i n g

i n t h e s a m e

l i v e r s

  S t e i n e r

a n d

D a v i e s ,

1 9 5 7 )

or

t h a t s u c h f o c i

c o u l d

p e r s i s t

i n

c i r r h o t i c

l i v e r s

f o r

y e a r s

w i t h o u t

c a r c i n o m a

s u p e r v e n i n g   S c h e u e r , 1 9 6 8 ) .

I n

e x p e r i -

m e n t a l

p a t h o l o g y

s i m i l a r

c h a n g e s

may

b e

p r o d u c e d

b y

a

v a r i e t y

o f

means a n d

t h e i r

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

r e m a i n s

u n c e r t a i n

  B u t l e r , 1 9 7 1 ) .

R e c e i v e d

f o r

p u b l i c a t i o n

2 3

J a n u a r y

1 9 7 3 .

T h e

c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s a g r e e m e n t

a b o u t t h e t r u e

n a t u r e

o f

t h i s

p h e n o m e n o n

i s

r e f l e c t e d

i n

t h e v a r i e t y

o f

n a m e s a p p l i e d t o

i t .

We h a v e

c h o s e n

  l i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

a s

t h e

m o s t

a p p r o p r i a t e t e r m

t o

d e s c r i b e

t h e

h i s t o l o g i c a l a p p e a r a n c e s a n d t h e

l e a s t p r e s u m p -

t i v e

a s t o

t h e i r n a t u r e .

I n t h e c o u r s e o f

o u r

c o n t i n u i n g s t u d i e s o f p r i m a r y

l i v e r

c a n c e r

i n

U g a n d a we h a v e n o t e d a n a s s o c i a t i o n

o f

l i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a w i t h

m a c r o n o d u l a r

t y p e s

o f

c i r r h o s i s a n d

c a r c i n o m a o f

l i v e r c e l l ,

b u t

n o t o f

b i l e

d u c t , o r i g i n ( A n t h o n y ,

1 9 7 2 ) , a n d we h a v e a l s o

f o u n d

a

h i g h l y

s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n

w i t h

t h e

p r e s e n c e

o f

t h e

A u s t r a l i a

o r

h e p a t i t i s - a s s o c i a t e d

a n t i g e n ( H A A )

( A n t h o n y , V o g e l , S a d i k a l i , B a r k e r ,

a n d

P e t e r s o n ,

1 9 7 2 ) .

We

now

r e p o r t

t h e r e s u l t s

o f

a n

e x t e n d e d

s t u d y

o f

i t s

m o r p h o l o g y , p r e v a l e n c e , a n d

n a t u r a l

h i s t o r y

i n

n o r m a l ,

c i r r h o t i c , a n d c a n c e r o u s

l i v e r s .

D e f i n i t i o n

o f L i v e r C e l l

D y s p l a s i a

M i n o r

i n f l a m m a t o r y

a n d

r e g e n e r a t i v e c h a n g e s

a r e

a

c o m m o n

f i n d i n g

i n l i v e r s o f

A f r i c a n

p a t i e n t s

s u f f e r i n g

f r o m a

v a r i e t y

o f

d i s e a s e s

a n d

h a v e b e e n

f r e q u e n t l y

2 1 7

3

Page 2: Liver Cell Dysplasia - A Premalignant Condition

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P .

P .

A n t h o n y ,

C . L

V o g e l ,

and

L . F . B a r k e r

F i g .

1

F i g .

2

F i g

1

S l i g h t

n u c l e a r

v a r i a b i l i t y , b i n u c l e a t i o n ,

a n d

K u p f f e r

c e l l

h y p e r p l a s i a

i n t h e

l i v e r

o f

a

U g a n d a n

p a t i e n t

s u f f e r i n g f r o m

m a l n u t r i t i o n ,

S a l m o n e l l a

g a r o l i

d i a r r h o e a ,

a n d

p n e u m o c o c c a l

p n e u m o n i a .

I n

a d d i t i o n , f a t t y

c h a n g e

i s a l s o

p r e s e n t

  h a e m a t o x y l i n - e o s i n

x

3 0 0 ) .

F i g

2 L i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

s h o w i n g

n u c l e a r

a n d

c y t o -

p l a s m i c

e n l a r g e m e n t

w i t h

g r o s s

n u c l e a r p l e o m o r p h i s m

and

m u l t i n u c l e a t i o n .

N u c l e o l i

a r e

p r o m i n e n t .

N o t e

t h a t

t h i s

p h o t o m i c r o g r a p h

w a s

t a k e n

a t

t h e

s a m e

m a g n i f i c a t i o n

a s

f i g

1

  h a e m a t o x y l i n - e o s i n

x

3 0 0 ) .

F i g

3 A w e l l

d e f i n e d

g r o u p

o f

d y s p l a s t i c

l i v e r

c e l l s

  t o p )

i n a c i r r h o t i c

n o d u l e   h a e m a t o x y l i n - e o s i n

x

1 0 0 ) .

F i g .

3

2 1 8

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L i v e r c e l l

d y s p l a s i a : a p r e i n a l i g n a n t c o n d i t i o n

F i g

4 An e n t i r e

c i r r h o t i c

n o d u l e

s h o w i n g

l i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

  h a e m a t o x y l i n - e o s i n

x

5 0 ) .

c o m m e n t e d

u p o n

  H u t t ,

1 9 7 1 ) .

A s

i l l u s t r a t e d

i n

f i g

1

t h e s e

c o n s i s t

o f

s l i g h t

n u c l e a r

v a r i a b i l i t y ,

t h e

p r e s e n c e

o f

o c c a s i o n a l d o u b l e

n u c l e i ,

a n d

a n i n c r e a s e

i n t h e n u m b e r o f

K u p f f e r

c e l l s . I n

a d d i t i o n , p o r t a l

t r a c t

i n f l a m m a t i o n

a n d f i b r o s i s a r e o f t e n

p r e s e n t .

I t

i s r e a s o n a b l e t o a s s u m e t h a t

t h e s e

r e p r e s e n t

a

r e s p o n s e

t o t h e

many

t o x i c a n d

i n f e c t i v e

a g e n t s

o f a

t r o p i c a l

e n v i r o n m e n t .

S u c h

c h a n g e s

a r e

s o

c o m m o n

t h a t

t h e y

c a l l

f o r no

s p e c i a l

comment

i n

t h e

r e p o r t i n g

o f r o u t i n e c l i n i c a l l i v e r

b i o p s y

m a t e r i a l

i n

U g a n d a .

T h e s e

n o n - s p e c i f i c

r e a c t i v e

c h a n g e s

m u s t b e

c l e a r l y

d i s t i n g u i s h e d

f r o m

l i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

w h i c h

i s d e f i n e d

b y

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

c r i t e r i a

a s

i l l u s -

t r a t e d

i n

f i g u r e s

2 t o

5 .

C e l l u l a r

e n l a r g e m e n t ,

n u c l e a r

p l e o m o r p h i s m

w i t h

h y p e r c h r o m a s i a ,

a n d m u l t i n u c l e a t i o n

a r e

i n v a r i a b l y

p r e s e n t

a n d

a r e

t h e m a i n

i d e n t i f y i n g

f e a t u r e s o f

t h e

l e s i o n .

E n l a r g e m e n t

i s b o t h n u c l e a r

a n d

c y t o p l a s m i c

a n d i s

g e n e r a l l y

two

t o

t h r e e f o l d .

T h e n u c l e a r -

c y t o p l a s m i c

r a t i o r e m a i n s n o r m a l .

I n t r a n u c l e a r

i n c l u s i o n s

may

b e

s e e n

a n d

n u c l e o l i a r e

p r o m i n e n t .

C y t o p l a s m i c s t a i n i n g

i s n o r m a l

t h o u g h

o c c a s i o n -

a l l y

more

g l y c o g e n

o r l e s s

i s

p r e s e n t

t h a n i n s u r r o u n d -

i n g

n o n - d y s p l a s t i c

l i v e r .

I n t r a c y t o p l a s m i c

b i l e

F i g 5

A

n o d u l e o f

l i v e r

c e l l carcinoma, d e v o i d o f

r e t i c u l i n ,

i s

s h o w n

i n

t h e

t o p h a l f

o f

t h e f i e l d

next

t o

d y s p l a s t i c l i v e r c e l l s

b e l o w w h i c h h a v e r e t a i n e d

t h e i r

n o r m a l r e t i c u l i n

f r a m e w o r k

( G o r d o n

a n d

S w e e t s

r e t i c u l i n

x

1 5 0 ) .

d r o p l e t s

a r e

o c c a s i o n a l l y s e e n

i n

t h e a b s e n c e o f

a n y

e v i d e n c e

o f

b i l e

d u c t

o b s t r u c t i o n . T h e

l i v e r c e l l

p l a t e s

may b e i r r e g u l a r b u t

r e t a i n

t h e i r

r e t i c u l i n

f r a m e w o r k a n d

n o r m a l

a r a n g e m e n t o f

s i n u s o i d s .

T h e s e

c h a n g e s ,

w h e n

p r e s e n t , a r e

m u l t i p l e t h r o u g h -

o u t

t h e

l i v e r

a n d o c c u r

i n g r o u p s o f

l i v e r c e l l s o r

a f f e c t

a

w h o l e

c i r r h o t i c

n o d u l e .

T h e

a p p e a r a n c e s a r e

s u f f i c i e n t l y s t r i k i n g t o

b e

e a s i l y

o b s e r v e d u n d e r

l o w

m a g n i f i c a t i o n .

M a t e r i a l a n d M e t h o d s

T h e

p r e s e n c e

o r

a b s e n c e

o f

l i v e r c e l l d y s p l a s i a

w a s

a s s e s s e d i n

h i s t o l o g i c a l

m a t e r i a l

f r o m

6 9 5

l i v e r s o f

U g a n d a n

A f r i c a n

p a t i e n t s

a d m i t t e d

t o

t h e w a r d s

o f

N ew

M u l a g o H o s p i t a l a n d

t h e S o l i d

Tumour

C e n t r e ,

U g a n d a

C a n c e r

I n s t i t u t e ,

M a k e r e r e

U n i v e r -

s i t y , K a m p a l a .

T h i s

c o m p r i s e d

2 0 7

n e c r o p s i e s

c a r r i e d o u t

o n

a l l

p a t i e n t s

who

d i e d

w i t h

c i r r h o s i s

2 1 9

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2 2 0

a n d

p r i m a r y

c a r c i n o m a

o f

t h e

l i v e r i n t h e

y e a r s 1 9 6 4

t o 1 9 6 8

  r e t r o s p e c t i v e

s e r i e s )

and 2 8 8

p a t i e n t s who

w e r e d i a g n o s e d

t o h a v e t h e s e

two

d i s e a s e s

i n

a l l

n e c r o p s i e s ,

l a p a r o t o m i e s ,

a n d

n e e d l e

b i o p s i e s

i n

t h e

p e r i o d

May

1 9 6 9

t o

A p r i l

1 9 7 2

  p r o s p e c t i v e

s e r i e s ) .

To

t h i s m a t e r i a l

w e r e a d d e d

necropsy

s e c t i o n s

o f

n o r m a l

l i v e r s

f r o m

2 0 0

p a t i e n t s

w h o

h a d d i e d f r o m

a

w i d e v a r i e t y o f

d i s e a s e s ,

i n c l u d i n g

tumours

m e t a -

s t a t i c

t o

t h e

l i v e r ,

t a k e n

a t

random

d u r i n g

t h e

p e r i o d

May 1 9 6 9

t o

O c t o b e r 1 9 7 1 .

N o s e l e c t i o n was

a p p l i e d

o t he r t h a n

a v a i l a b i l i t y

o f

s u f f i c i e n t

h i s t o l o g i c a l

m a t e r i a l f o r

a s s e s s m e n t .

I n

t h e

r e t r o s p e c t i v e a n d p r o s p e c t i v e s e r i e s

o f

p a t i e n t s w i t h

c i r r h o s i s a n d

p r i m a r y

c a r c i n o m a

o f

t h e l i v e r

m a t e r i a l

was j u d g e d

i n s u f f i c i e n t

i n

1 4 3

cases

and

t h e s e

w e r e

r e j e c t e d . T h e t o t a l

o f

5 5 2

cases

l e f t f o r

s t u d y

c o m -

p r i s e d

2 0 0 n o r m a l l i v e r s

as

a b o v e ,

1 5 n o r m a l

l i v e r s

w i t h

p r i m a r y

b i l e

d u c t

  c h o l a n g i o c e l l u l a r )

c a r c i n o m a ,

4 3 n o r m a l

l i v e r s

w i t h

p r i m a r y

l i v e r c e l l

( h e p a t o -

c e l l u l a r )

c a r c i n o m a ,

1 7 0

cases o f

c i r r h o s i s ,

and

1 2 4

cases

o f c i r r h o s i s a n d l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a .

The

o v e r a l l

p r e v a l e n c e

o f

l i v e r c e l l

d y s p l a s i a ,

i t s

age

a n d

sex

d i s t r i b u t i o n ,

r e l a t i o n s h i p

t o t h e

presence

a n d

t y p e

o f c i r r h o s i s a n d

p r i m a r y

l i v e r

c a r c i n o m a w e r e

d e t e r m i n e d

i n

a l l

c a s e s . S t a n d a r d

p a r a f f i n

s e c t i o n s

w e r e

s t a i n e d

w i t h

h a e m a t o x y l i n

and

e o s i n

s u p p l e -

m e n t e d

b y Gordon a n d

S w e e t s

r e t i c u l i n ,

t h e

p e r i o d i c

a c i d - S c h i f f r e a c t i o n

b e f o r e and

a f t e r

d i a s t a s e ,

a n d

L e n d r u m s

m a r t i u s - s c a r l e t - b l u e method

as

necessary.

T h e

presence

o f HAA

was

t e s t e d f o r

i n

1 2 5

cases

b y c o m p l e m e n t

f i x a t i o n

( S h u l m a n

a n d

B a r k e r ,

1 9 6 9 )

a n d

c o u n t e r e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s

( G o c k e

a n d

H o w e ,

1 9 7 0 ) .

A l p h a - f e t o p r o t e i n

( A F P )

was

a s s a y e d

i n 1 3 4

cases

b y

i m m u n o d i f f u s i o n

( A b e l e v , 1 9 6 8 ) .

D a t a

w e r e

s t a t i s t i c a l l y

a n a l y s e d u s i n g t h e

c h i

squ are

t e s t .

R e s u l t s

PREVALENCE

T a b l e

I s h o w s t h a t

l i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a may o c c a s i o n -

a l l y

o c c u r i n

p a t i e n t s

s u f f e r i n g

f r o m

a

v a r i e t y

o f

d i s e a s e s ,

i n c l u d i n g

cancer

o f o t h e r

o r g ans

w i t h

o r

N o .

D y s p l a s i a ( )

Normal

l i v e r s

2 0 0

2

  1 )

Normal l i v e r s w i t h

p r i m a r y

b i l e d u c t

c a r c i n o m a 1 5

0

  0 )

Normal

l i v e r s

w i t h

p r i m a r y l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

4 3 3

( 6 9 )

C i r r h o t i c

l i v e r s

1 7 0

3 5

( 2 0 3 )

C i r r h o t i c

l i v e r s

w i t h

p r i m a r y

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

1 2 4

8 0

  6 4 - 5 )

T a b l e

I

L i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a i n 5 5 2

n o r m a l ,

c i r r h o t i c ,

and

c a n c e r o u s

l i v e r s

  I n d i c a t e s a b s e n c e o f

c i r r h o s i s o r

p r i m a r y

l i v e r

c a r c i n o m a b u t

i n c l u d e s

m e t a s t a t i c

tumours.

P .

P .

A n t h o n y ,

C .

L .

V o g e l ,

a n d

L .

F .

B a r k e r

w i t h o u t

l i v e r

m e t a s t a s e s . One o f

t h e

two

p a t i e n t s

w i t h

d y s p l a s i a

i n t h i s

group

o f 2 0 0 d i e d

o f

m i l i a r y

t u b e r c u -

l o s i s ,

t h e

o t h e r h a d

a n

a m o e b i c

a b s c e s s

o f

t h e l i v e r

w h i c h

h a d

b e e n

c l i n i c a l l y m i s d i a g n o s e d

as

c a r c i n o m a

o f

t h e l i v e r

a n d t r e a t e d

w i t h

l a r g e

d o s e s o f

m e t h o -

t r e x a t e .

L i v e r c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

w as n o t

seen i n

a s s o c i a -

t i o n

w i t h 1 5

b i l e d u c t

c a r c i n o m a s a l l

o f

w h i c h

d e v e l o p e d

i n

n o r m a l , i e ,

n o n - c i r r h o t i c ,

l i v e r s .

D y s p l a s i a

w as

p r e s e n t , h o w e v e r ,

i n

t h r e e

o f 4 3

  6

9

  )

l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a s

a r i s i n g

i n

n o n - c i r r h o t i c

l i v e r s .

I n

a l l

o n l y f i v e o f

1 2 0

cases

o f l i v e r c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

w e r e

seen i n

t h e s e

t h r e e

groups

c o m p r i s i n g

2 5 8

p a t i e n t s a n d

t h e s e

are e x c l u d e d f r o m

f u r t h e r

a n a l y s i s . N e a r l y

a l l

cases o f

d y s p l a s i a ( 1 1 5 o f

1 2 0 )

w e r e

seen

i n t h e

2 9 4

c i r r h o t i c

p a t i e n t s .

T h e

d i f f e r e n c e

i n t h e

p r e v a l e n c e

o f

d y s p l a s i a b e t w e e n

n o r m a l

a n d

c i r r h o t i c

l i v e r s

i s

o b v i o u s

  X 2

 

1 1 1

6 4 ;

P

l e s s t h a n

0 - 0 0 0 1 ) . A m o n g s t

c i r r h o t i c p a t i e n t s

d y s p l a s i a

was

p r e s e n t

i n

3 5

o f 1 7 0

  2 0 - 3

  )

o f t ho s e w i t h

c i r r h o s i s

a l o n e

a n d

i n

8 0 o f

1 2 4

  6 4

5

  )

o f

t h o s e w i t h

c i r r h o s i s

a n d l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a ,

a d i f f e r e n c e

t h a t

was

a l s o

s t a t i s t i c a l l y

h i g h l y

s i g n i f i c a n t

  X 2

 

5 8

1 0 ; P

l e s s t h a n

0 0 0 1 ) .

AGE

T h e mean

age

o f

2 9 4 c i r r h o t i c

p a t i e n t s w i t h

 r

w i t h

o u t

l i v e r c e l l

d y s p l a s i a i s

s h o w n i n

t a b l e

I I w h i c h

i s

g r o u p e d

i n t o

t h o s e w i t h c i r r h o s i s o n l y

and

t h o s e

w i t h

c i r r h o s i s a n d

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a . T h o u g h

t h e r e

was a

f a i r l y

w i d e

s c a t t e r

a r o u n d

t h e mean

i n

a l l

g r o u p s

i t

d o e s

appear

t h a t

t h o s e

w i t h

c i r r h o s i s

who

s h o w e d

no

d y s p l a s i a

were,

on

average,

1 0 years

younger

t h a n

t h o s e

who

d i d .

T h e y , i n t u r n , were

some s i x

years

younger

t h a n

t h o s e

w i t h c i r r h o s i s

a n d l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a . I n

t h i s

l a t t e r

g r o u p

t h e r e was

no

l o n g e r

a

d e t e c t a b l e age

d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n

t h o s e w i t h

a n d

t h o s e

w i t h o u t

d y s p l a s i a .

N o .

Mean

A g e

  y r )

( -

SD )

C i r r h o s i s

o n l y

W i t h o u t

d y s p l a s i a

1 2 5 2 5 4   - -

1 4 6 )

W i t h

d y s p l a s i a

3 4

3 5

5   4 - 1 5

1 )

C i r r h o s i s an d

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

W i t h o u t

d y s p l a s i a

4 3

4 1 2

( -

1 4 6 )

W i t h

d y s p l a s i a

7 8 4 1

2

 

1 3 1 )

T a b l e I t

Mean a g e s

o f

2 8 0 p a t i e n t s

w i t h c i r r h o s i s

  w i t h

o r

w i t h o u t

a s s o c i a t e d l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a ) a n d l i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a l

  T h e

a g e s

o f

1 4

p a t i e n t s w e r e

n o t

k n o w x n .

SEX

T h e m a l e t o

f e m a l e

r a t i o

f o r t h e

w h o l e g r o u p

o f

2 9 4

c i r r h o t i c

p a t i e n t s

w a s 3 7

t o 1 ,

t h e

m a l e

p r e p o n d e r -

a n c e

b e i n g

m o r e

m a r k e d

f o r t h o s e

w i t h c i r r h o s i s a n d

l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

  5 2 t o

1 ) t h a n

t h o s e

w i t h

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L i v e r c e l l d y s p l a s i a :

a

p r e m a l i g n a n t

c o n d i t i o n

c i r r h o s i s

a l o n e

  3

t o

1 ) .

I t

may b e

seen

f r o m t h e

f i g u r e s s h o w n

i n t a b l e I I I t h a t 9 8

o f

2 3 2   4 2 - 2  )

m a l e s s h o w e d

d y s p l a s i a

c o m p a r e d

w i t h

1 7

o f 6 2

( 2 7 . 4 ) f e m a l e s

  X 2

 

4 5 1 ;

P l e s s

t h a n 0 - 0 5 ) . M o s t

o f

t h i s

d i f f e r e n c e

w a s o b s e r v e d a m o n g s t

t h o s e

w i t h

c i r r h o s i s a l o n e : 3 1

o f 1 2 8 ( 2 4 - 2 )

m a l e s h a d d y s -

p l a s i a

c o m p a r e d

w i t h f o u r

o f 4 2

  9 5 )

f e m a l e s .

D y s p l a s i a

w a s p r e s e n t

i n a n

e q u a l

p r o p o r t i o n

o f b o t h

sexes

amongst

t h o s e

w i t h c i r r h o s i s

a n d l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a :

i n

6 7

o f 1 0 4

  6 4 - 4

 )

m a l e s a n d 1 3

o f

2 0

  6 5

 ) f e m a l e s .

N o .

M a l e s

F e m a l e s

C i r r h o s i s

o n l y

1 7 0 1 2 8 4 2

W i t h o u t

d y s p l a s i a

1 3 5

9 7 3 8

W i t h

d y s p l a s i a

3 5

3 1

4

C i r r h o s i s

and

l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

1 2 4 1 0 4

2 0

W i t h o u t d y s p l a s i a

4 4

3 7 7

W i t h

d y s p l a s i a

8 0

6 7

1 3

T a b l e

I I I

S e x

d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f l i v e r

c e l l d y s p l a s i a

i n

2 9 4

c i r r h o t i c

p a t i e n t s

w i t h a n d

w i t h o u t

l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

TYPE

OF CIRRHOSIS

The c r i t e r i a

u s e d

f o r

d i s t i n g u i s h i n g

t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s

o f c i r r h o s i s

w e r e t h o s e i n

g e n e r a l

us e

as

r e v i e w e d

b y

S c h e u e r

  1 9 6 8 ) .

T a b l e

IV s h o w s

t h a t

o n l y

o ne o f

2 9

p a t i e n t s

w i t h n u t r i t i o n a l

  f a t t y ,

m i c r o n o d u l a r )

c i r r h o s i s

h a d

d y s p l a s i a c o m p a r e d

w i t h 1 1 4 o f 2 6 5

p a t i e n t s

w i t h o t h e r

t y p e s

o f

c i r r h o s i s

  X 2

 

1 7 X 2 1 ;

P

l e s s

t h a n 0 0 0 1 ) .

The h i g h e s t p r o p o r t i o n s

w e r e

f o u n d

i n

t h e

m a c r o n o d u l a r

  p o s t h e p a t i t i c

a n d

p o s t -

n e c r o t i c ) t y p e s .

I n a l l

t y p e s

o f

c i r r h o s i s

d y s p l a s i a

w s

seen

more f r e q u e n t l y

i n t h e

presence

o f

l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a ,

t h e a c t u a l

p r o p o r t i o n

b e i n g

s i m i l a r

t o

t h e

o v e r a l l

f i g u r e s p r e s e n t e d

i n

t a b l e

I ,

a n

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

t h r e e - f o l d i n c r e a s e .

T h e r e

w e r e

o n l y e i g h t

o f

1 2 4

cases

o f l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h

m i c r o -

n o d u l a r

c i r r h o s i s .

T y p e

o f

C i r r h o s i s

N o .

D y s p l a s i a

N u t r i t i o n a l

2 9 1

( 3 - 4 )

P o s t h e p a t i t i c

1 4 0

6 5

( 4 6 - 4

P o s t n e c r o t i c

44

2 3

  5 2 - 2 Y .

Mixed

8 1

2 6

 320 )

T a b l e

I V

L i v e r

c e l l d y s p l a s i a

and

t y p e o f c i r r h o s i s

  G a l l s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n )

i n

2 9 4

p a t i e n t s

HEPATITIS ASSOCIATED

ANTIGEN

H e p a t i t i s - a s s o c i a t e d

a n t i g e n

was

t e s t e d f o r

i n 1 0 4

c i r r h o t i c s

w i t h o r w i t h o u t

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a and

was f o u n d t o b e

p r e s e n t

i n

4 1

  3 9 - 4   ) .

T a b l e

V

p r e s e n t s

t h e

d e t a i l s

o f t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e e n

HAA,

d y s p l a s i a ,

and

c i r r h o s i s w i t h

o r

w i t h o u t

a s s o c i a t e d

l i v e r

c e l l c a r c i n o m a .

I t

may

b e

seen

t h a t

t h e r e was

 

d i f f e r e n c e i n

t h e

p r e v a l e n c e

o f HAA

b e t w e e n

t h o s e

w i t h

d y s p l a s i a   3 1 o f 4 3

o r

7 2

 )

a n d t h o s e

w i t h o u t

( 1 0

o f

6 1

o r 1 6 - 3  )

t h a t was

s t a t i s t i c a l l y

h i g h l y

s i g n i f i c a n t

  x 2

 

3 2 - 7 7 ;

P l e s s

t h a n 0 0 0 0 1 ) . The

s t r e n g t h

o f t h e a s s o c i a t i o n

b e t w e e n

HAA

a n d

d y s p l a s i a was t h e

same i n c i r r h o t i c s

w i t h

a n d

w i t h -

o u t

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a .

N o .

HAA

D y s p l a s i a p r e s e n t

4 3

3 1

( 7 2

0 )

C i r r h o s i s

o n l y

1 4 9

( 6 4 2 )

C i r r h o s i s a n d

l i v e r

c e l l c a r c i n o m a

2 9 2 2

( 7 5 8

  )

D y s p l a s i a

a b s e n t

6 1

1 0

  1 6

3 )

C i r r h o s i s o n l y

4 6 7

( 1 5 - 2 )

C i r r h o s i s

a n d

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

1 5 3

( 2 0 - 0 )

T a b l e

V

A s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n

HAA

a n d l i v e r c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

i n 1 0 4 c i r r h o t i c

p a t i e n t s

w i t h

o r

w i t h o u t

l i v e r

c e l l c a r c i n o m a

ALPHA FETOPROTEIN

A l p h a - f e t o p r o t e i n

w a s

t e s t e d

f o r i n 6 0

c i r r h o t i c s

o f

w h o m

1 4

h a d

d y s p l a s i a

a n d a l l

w e r e n e g a t i v e .

I t w a s

a l s o

t e s t e d

f o r

i n 4 5 c i r r h o t i c s w i t h

l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n -

o m a

o f

w h o m 3 2

  7 1 - 1   )

w e r e

p o s i t i v e .

T h e r e

w a s

n o

d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n t h o s e

w i t h

a n d w i t h o u t

d y s p l a s i a .

D i s c u s s i o n

T h e

r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y s u g g e s t

t h a t

l i v e r c e l l

d y s p l a s i a ,

a s

d e f i n e d a b o v e ,

i s

a p r e m a l i g n a n t

c h a n g e .

T h i s

r e s t s

on t h e

f o l l o w i n g a r g u m e n t s .

L i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

i s

s e e n

o n l y

o c c a s i o n a l l y

i n

p e o p l e s u f f e r i n g

f r o m

a

v a r i e t y

o f

d i s e a s e s ,

i n c l u d i n g

b i l e

d u c t c a r c i n o m a

a n d

m a l i g n a n t

t u m o u r s

m e t a -

s t a t i c

t o t h e

l i v e r .

I t i s

p r e s e n t

i n a s m a l l

p r o p o r t i o n

o f n o r m a l l i v e r s

b e a r i n g

l i v e r

c e l l c a r c i n o m a .

I t

i s

s e e n

i n

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

o n e - f i f t h

o f

p a t i e n t s

w i t h

c i r r h o s i s

a n d

t w o - t h i r d s

o f c i r r h o t i c s

w i t h

l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a .

T h i s

i n c r e a s e i n

p r e v a l e n c e

f r o m n o r m a l

t o

c i r r h o s i s a n d c a r c i n o ma

i s a

s t a t i s t i c a l l y

s i g n i f i c a n t

o n e .

C i r r h o t i c

p a t i e n t s

w i t h o u t

d y s p l a s i a

a r e ,

on

a v e r a g e ,

1 0

y e a r s y o u n g e r

t h a n

t h o s e

w i t h

d y s p l a s i a

a n d c i r r h o t i c s

w i t h

d y s p l a s i a

a r e ,

a g a i n

o n

a v e r a g e ,

some

s i x

y e a r s

y o u n g e r

t h a n

t h o s e

w i t h

c i r r h o s i s

a n d

c a r c i n o m a .

T h i s

s u g g e s t s

t h a t

w i t h

t i m e

t h e r e i s

a

p r o g r e s s i o n

o f

c i r r h o s i s

t o

d y s p l a s i a

a n d ,

u l t i m a t e l y ,

t o

l i v e r c e l l c a r c i n o m a .

T h e s e

a g e

d i f f e r e n c e s

may

b e

r e g a r d e d

a s

a n a l o g o u s

t o

d y s p l a s i a ,

c a r c i n o m a

i n s i t u ,

a n d

i n v a s i v e

c a r c i n o m a o f

t h e

u t e r i n e

c e r v i x a n d

o t h e r

s i t e s .

D y s p l a s i a

o c c u r s

s i g n i f i c a n t l y

more

f r e q u e n t l y

i n

m a l e s t h a n

i n

f e m a l e s ,

t h e

d i f f e r e n c e s

b e i n g

g r e a t e s t

a m o n g s t

t h o s e

w i t h c i r r h o s i s

a l o n e . I n

U g a n d a

a s

e l s e w h e r e

i n

A f r i c a ,

t h e r e

i s a m a r k e d

p r e p o n d e r a n c e

o f

m a l e s

o v e r

f e m a l e s

i n l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

  D o l l ,

P a y n e ,

a n d W a t e r h o u s e ,

1 9 6 6 )

a n d

m a l e s w i t h

2 2 1

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P .

P . A n t h o n y , C .

L .

V o g e l , a n d L . F .

B a r k e r

c i r r h o s i s

may

h a v e

a h i g h e r c h a n c e o f

d e v e l o p i n g

c a r c i n o m a

t h a n

f e m a l e s

  S h a p e r ,

1 9 7 0 ) .

B o t h

o f

t h e s e

f i n d i n g s

a r e

f u r t h e r

s u p p o r t e d

i n

t h i s

s t u d y .

D y s p l a s i a

i s

f o u n d

a l m o s t

e x c l u s i v e l y

i n

m a c r o -

n o d u l a r

  p o s t h e p a t i t i c a n d

p o s t n e c r o t i c ) t y p e s o f

c i r r h o s i s

a n d

v e r y

r a r e l y

i n

t h e

m i c r o n o d u l a r

  n u t r i t i o n a l ,

f a t t y )

t y p e .

I t

i s a

w e l l

e s t a b l i s h e d

f a c t

t h a t

l i v e r

c e l l c a r c i n o m a

a r i s e s

m o s t

f r e q u e n t l y

i n t h e

g r o s s l y

s c a r r e d ,

m a c r o n o d u l a r

t y p e s

o f

c i r r h o s i s

  G a l l , 1 9 6 0 ; L e e ,

1 9 6 6 ) .

T h i s w a s a l s o

f o u n d t o

b e s o

i n t h i s

s t u d y .

A v a i l a b l e

e v i d e n c e s u g g e s t s

t h a t t h e r e

may

b e a

g e o g r a p h i c a l

v a r i a b i l i t y

i n

t h e

o c c u r r e n c e o f

l i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

i n t h a t i t

a p p e a r s

t o

b e

l e s s

common i n

N o r t h

A m e r i c a   S t e i n e r

a n d

D a v i e s ,

1 9 5 7 )

a n d i n

E u r o p e

  S c h e u e r , 1 9 6 8 ) .

T hi s l o w e r

i n c i d e n c e

w o u l d

p a r a l l e l t h e l o w e r i n c i d e n c e

o f

l i v e r

c e l l c a r c i n o m a

i n

t h e s e

a r e a s

  D o l l e t

a l , 1 9 6 6 ) .

L i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

i t s e l f

i s

n o t a

m a l i g n a n t

c h a n g e ,

t h o u g h i t s

g r o s s

n u c l e a r

a b n o r m a l i t i e s ,

m u l t i f o c a l

o r i g i n , a n d n o d u l a r

p a t t e r n

may

c a u s e

d i f f i c u l t y

i n

d i s t i n g u i s h i n g i t

f r o m n o d u l e s o f

l i v e r c e l l c a r c i n o m a

( H i g g i n s o n

a n d S t e i n e r , 1 9 6 1 ) .

T h e

m a i n

d i s t i n g u i s h -

i n g f e a t u r e s

o f

d y s p l a s i a

f r o m

c a r c i n o m a a r e

t h e

f o l l o w i n g :

D y s p l a s t i c

l i v e r c e l l s

s h o w

c y t o p l a s m i c

a s

w e l l

a s

n u c l e a r

e n l a r g e m e n t

a n d ,

u n l i k e

l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a ,

t h e

n u c l e a r / c y t o p l a s m i c

r a t i o r e m a i n s w i t h i n

n o r m a l

l i m i t s .

C y t o p l a s m i c

s t a i n i n g

a n d

g r a n u l a r i t y

a r e

u s u a l l y

n o r m a l

i n

d y s p l a s i a

w h e r e a s

i n

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

t h e r e i s

o f t e n s o m e

c y t o p l a s m i c b a s o p h i l i a .

I n

d y s p l a s t i c n o d u l e s t h e

r e t i c u l i n

p a t t e r n

i s

u s u a l l y n o r m a l o r

s l i g h t l y i n c r e a s e d w h e r e a s i n

c a r c i n o m a t o u s

n o d u l e s t h e

r e t i c u l i n

i s

d e f i c i e n t o r

l o s t a l t o g e t h e r .

M o s t

i m p o r t a n t l y ,

t h i s

s t u d y

h a s

s h o w n

t h a t

t h e

AF P

t e s t

i s

n e g a t i v e

i n

c i r r h o s i s

w i t h

d y s p l a s i a .

I f

d y s p l a s i a

i t s e l f w a s a

m a l i g n a n t

c h a n g e

a

p r o p o r t i o n

o f

c a s e s s h o u l d

b e

p o s i t i v e . O v e r

70

o f

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a s

w e r e

AF P

p o s i t i v e

i n

t h i s s e r i e s .

T h e d a t a

p r e s e n t e d

i n

t h i s

s t u d y c l a r i f y

t h e

u n -

c e r t a i n t y

e x p r e s s e d

p r e v i o u s l y

a b o u t

t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e e n

d y s p l a s i a

a n d c a r c i n o m a .

S t e i n e r

a n d

D a v i e s

  1 9 5 7 ) a r g u e d

t h a t a s t h e

m o r p h o l o g i c a l

a p p e a r a n c e s

o f

  l i v e r

c e l l

a t y p i a

w e r e

d i f f e r e n t f r o m

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

a r i s i n g

i n

t h e s a m e

l i v e r ,

t h e r e w a s n o

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e m .

T h e r e i s ,

i n

f a c t , n o

r e a s o n

why

t h e r e s h o u l d

b e a

m o r p h o l o g i c a l s i m i -

l a r i t y .

S c h e u e r

  1 9 6 8 )

n o t e d

t h a t

a t y p i c a l

c e l l u l a r

c h a n g e s

c o u l d

p e r s i s t

f o r

y e a r s

w i t h o u t c a r c i n o m a

d e v e l o p i n g .

T h i s i s

c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e

n a t u r a l

h i s t o r y

o f

t h e

l e s i o n a s

d e s c r i b e d

a b o v e

a n d o f

d y s p l a s i a

a n d c a r c i n o m a i n

s i t u

a t

o t h e r s i t e s .

T h e

p r e c i s e n a t u r e

o f

l i v e r

c e l l

d y s p l a s i a

r e m a i n s

u n c e r t a i n .

I t

i s

p r e m a l i g n a n t

o n l y

i n

t h e

s e n s e

t h a t

i t s

p r e s e n c e

i s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h a n

i n c r e a s e d r i s k o f

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a .

I t i s o f

i n t e r e s t

t h a t i t

s h o w s a

s t r o n g

a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h

t h e

p r e s e n c e

o f

HAA.

We

h a v e s h o w n

p r e v i o u s l y t h a t i n

U g a n d a t h e r e

e x i s t s a n

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 - f o l d

i n c r e a s e

i n t h e

p r e v a l e n c e o f

HAA

i n c i r r h o s i s

( M a y n a r d ,

S a d i k a l i ,

A n t h o n y ,

a n d

B a r k e r ,

1 9 7 0 )

a n d l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

  V o g e l ,

A n t h o n y ,

S a d i k a l i ,

a n d

B a r k e r , 1 9 7 0 )

a s

c o m p a r e d

w i t h

t h e

g e n e r a l h o s p i t a l

p o p u l a t i o n .

We h a v e

a l s o

n o t e d

t h a t l i v e r

c e l l d y s p l a s i a

h a d a

s t a t i s t i c a l l y

s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e

p r e s e n c e

o f

HAA i n

b o t h g r o u p s o f

p a t i e n t s

( A n t h o n y

e t

a l

1 9 7 2 ) . T h e

d a t a

i n t h i s

s t u d y a r e a n

e x t e n s i o n

o f

t h e

e a r l i e r

o b s e r v a t i o n s

i n a

l a r g e r

n u m b e r

o f p a t i e n t s

a n d a r e

f u l l y

s u p p o r t i v e .

T h e y s u g g e s t t h a t

d y s p l a s i a

may

i n d e e d

b e

c a u s a l l y r e l a t e d t o

HAA a n d

c h r o n i c

i n f e c t i o n

w i t h

t h e

l o n g - i n c u b a t i o n ( s e r u m

o r

B )

h e p a t i t i s

v i r u s . T h e

r e l a t i v e r a r i t y o f

d y s p l a s t i c

c h a n g e s

i n c i r r h o s i s

i n

t h e

t e m p e r a t e z o n e s

  S t e i n e r

a n d

D a v i e s ,

1 9 5 7 ;

H i g g i n s o n a n d

S t e i n e r ,

1 9 6 1 ;

S c h e u e r , 1 9 6 8 ) w o u l d ,

o n

t h e

o t h e r

h a n d ,

p a r a l l e l t h e

l o w

p r e v a l e n c e

o f HAA

i n

t h e s e a r e a s

  P r i n c e ,

1 9 7 1 ) .

F a i l u r e t o f i n d

t h e

t y p i c a l v i r u s - c o r e - l i k e

p a r t i c l e s

i n

t h e

n u c l e i o f

l i v e r c e l l s

f r o m 1 7 c a s e s

o f l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

i n t h i s

m a t e r i a l

( O C o n o r ,

T r a l k a ,

H e n s o n ,

a n d

V o g e l , 1 9 7 2 )

i s

i n

c o n t r a s t w i t h

t h e

f r e q u e n t f i n d i n g

o f

t h e s e

p a r t i c l e s i n t h e

h e p a t o c y t e s

o f

c h r o n i c a l l y

i n f e c t e d ,

i m m u n o s u p p r e s s e d p a t i e n t s

( H u a n g ,

1 9 7 1 ) a n d

a s y m p t o m a t i c HAA

c a r r i e r s

( C a r a m i a ,

De

B a c , a n d

R i c c i , 1 9 7 2 ) . T h i s

s u g g e s t s a

d i s c o r d a n c e

b e t w e e n

HAA

p r o d u c t i o n

a n d

v i r u s

s y n t h e s i s

i n

s o m e

p a t i e n t s

w i t h

c h r o n i c v i r u s B

i n f e c t i o n .

T h e w o r k o f

H a r r i s

a n d

h i s

c o w o r k e r s o n

c e l l

f u s i o n a n d

m a l i g n a n c y may b e

r e l e v a n t

i n

t h i s

c o n t e x t

  H a r r i s ,

M i l l e r , K l e i n ,

W o r s t , a n d

T a c h i -

b a n a ,

1 9 6 9 ) .

T h e y

s h o w e d

t h a t

t h e

m a l i g n a n t

p o t e n t i a l o f

c e l l s f r o m

t h r e e

t y p e s

o f

t u m o u r s , o n e

o f w h i c h

h a s b e e n i n d u c e d

b y

p o l y o m a v i r u s , c o u l d b e

s u p p r e s s e d

w h e n f u s e d

w i t h

c e r t a i n

n o n - m a l i g n a n t

c e l l s . T h e

h y b r i d s

r e s u l t i n g

f r o m s u c h

f u s i o n s

p r o d u c e d

s e g r e g a n t s i n

w h i c h a

l o s s o f

c h r o m o s o m e s

w a s

a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h

r e v e r s i o n t o

m a l i g n a n t b e h a v -

i o u r

a f t e r

a

v a r i a b l e p e r i o d

o f

t i m e .

I t may b e

s p e c u l a t e d t h a t HAA

i n d u c e s

m a l i g n a n t c h a n g e

i n

l i v e r c e l l s

w h i c h t h e n

f u s e

w i t h

n o r m a l l i v e r c e l l s

i n

t h e i r

v i c i n i t y t o f o r m

l a r g e ,

a b n o r m a l ,

d y s p l a s t i c

c e l l s .

M a l i g n a n c y

i s

t h e r e b y

s u p p r e s s e d .

I n

s o m e ,

t h i s

may

b e

p e r m a n e n t ;

i n

o t h e r s ,

t h e h y b r i d

g r a d u a l l y

e s c a p e s

t h r o u g h

l o s s

o f

c h r o m o s o m a l

m a t e r i a l

a n d

m a l i g n a n t

b e h a v i o u r

i s

t h e n

r e s u m e d .

Much o f

t h e

c i r c u m s t a n t i a l

e v i d e n c e i n

t h i s s t u d y

s u p p o r t s

t h i s

h y p o t h e s i s .

U l t i m a t e l y ,

i t

i s

h o p e d t h a t

l i v e r c u l t u r e

s y s t e m s

w i l l

b e

d e v e l o p e d t o

t e s t

t h e

e f f e c t

o f

H A A - p o s i t i v e human

m a t e r i a l .

N u m e r o u s

e x a m p l e s

o f

c h r o m o s o m a l

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d y s p l a s i a : a p r e m a l i g n a n t c o n d i t i o n

i n f e c t e d w i t h a

w i d e v a r i e t y o f o n c o g e n i c

a n d

n on-

o n c o g e n i c v i r u s e s

h a v e

a l r e a d y b e e n

d e s c r i b e d

  A u l a ,

N i c h o l s ,

a n d

L e v a n ,

1 9 6 8 ) .

F o r p r a c t i c a l

purposes i t may b e

s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e

presence

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f o l l o w e d up

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w i s h

t o a c k n o w l e d g e

t h e

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P r o f e s s o r s

M. S .

R .

H u t t ,

R .

A .

B .

D r u r y ,

a n d Dr

R .

Owor o f

t h e D e p a r t m e n t

o f

P a t h o l o g y , M a k e r e r e

U n i v e r s i t y ,

K a m p a l a ,

w h e r e

p a r t

o f t h i s

w o r k

w a s c a r r i e d o u t

d u r i n g

t h e

t e n u r e o f a

s e n i o r

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us

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i n

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t h a n k

t h e m

f o r

p r o v i d i n g

h i s t o l o g i c a l

m a t e r i a l f o r s t u d y

t h e r e a f t e r .

R e f e r e n c e s

A b e l e v ,

G.

I .

  1 9 6 8 ) .

P r o d u c t i o n

o f

e m b r y o n a l

serum

a l p h a - g l o b u l i n b y

h e p a t o m a s :

r e v i e w o f

e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d c l i n i c a l

d a t a .

C a n c e r

R e s . , 2 8 , 1 3 4 4 - 5 0 .

A n t h o n y ,

P .

P .   1 9 7 2 ) . P r i m a r y

c a r c i n o m a

o f t h e l i v e r .

A

s t u d y

o f

2 8 2

cases i n

Ugandan A f r i c a n s . J .

P a t h . ,

i n

t h e

p r e s s .

A n t h o n y , P . P . ,

V o g e l ,

C .

L . ,

S a d i k a l i , F . ,

B a r k e r ,

L .

F . ,

and

P e t e r s o n ,

M. R . ( 1 9 7 2 ) H e p a t i t i s - a s s o c i a t e d

a n t i g e n

an d

a n t i b o d y

i n

U g a n d a : c o r r e l a t i o n

o f

s e r o l o g i c a l

t e s t i n g

w i t h

h i s t o p a t h o l o g y .

B r i t . m e d . J . , 1 ,

4 0 3 - 4 0 6 .

A u l a , P . ,

N i c h o l s , W. W . ,

an d

L e v a n ,

A .

( 1 9 6 8 ) V i r u s - i n d u c e d

chromosome

c h a n g e s . A n n . N .

Y .

A c a d .

S c i . ,

1 5 5 ,

7 3 7 .

B u t l e r , W.

H .

  1 9 7 1 ) . P a t h o l o g y

o f

l i v e r cancer

i n

e x p e r i m e n t a l

a n i ma l s . I n L iv e r C a n c e r ,

IARC S c i e n t i f i c

P u b l i c a t i o n s N o . 1 ,

L y o n .

C a r a m i a ,

F . ,

De

B a c , C . ,

a n d

R i c c i ,

G .

  1 9 7 2 ) . V i r u s - l i k e

p a r t i c l e s

w i t h i n

h e p a t o c y t e s o f

A u s t r a l i a a n t i g e n

c a r r i e r s .

A m e r . J .

D i s .

C h i l d . , 1 2 3 ,

3 0 9 - 3 1 1 .

D o l l , R . ,

P a y n e ,

P . , a n d

W a t e r h o u s e , J .

  1 9 6 6 ) .

C a n c e r

I n c i d e n c e i n

F i v e C o n t i n e n t s ,

V o l . 1 . S p r i n g e r f o r

I . U . C . C . B e r l i n .

E d m o n d s o n ,

H . A . , a n d

S t e i n e r , P .

E .

  1 9 5 4 ) .

P r i m a r y

c a r c i n o m a o f

t h e

l i v e r :

a s t u d y o f 1 0 0

c a s e s

among

4 8 , 9 0 0

n e c r o p s i e s .

C a n c e r

  P h i l a d . ) ,

7 , 4 6 2 - 5 0 3 .

G a l l , E . A .

  1 9 6 0 ) . P r i m a r y

a n d m e t a s t a t i c

c a r c i n o m a o f

t h e l i v e r .

R e l a t i o n s h i p

t o

h e p a t i c c i r r h o s i s .

A r c h . P a t h . ,

7 0 , 2 2 6 - 2 3 2 .

G o c k e , D .

J . ,

a n d

H o w e ,

C .   1 9 7 0 ) .

R a p i d

d e t e c t i o n

o f

A u s t r a l i a

a n t i g e n b y

c o u n t e r i m m u n o e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s .

J .

I m m u n o l . , 1 0 4 ,

1 0 3 1 - 3 2 .

H a r r i s , H . ,

M i l l e r ,

0 .

J . , K l e i n , G . , W o r s t , P . ,

a n d

T a c h i b a n a ,

T .

  1 9 6 9 ) . S u p p r e s s i o n o f

m a l i g n a n c y

b y

c e l l f u s i o n . N a t u r e

  L o n d . ) , 2 2 3 , 3 6 3 - 3 6 8 .

H i g g i n s o n ,

J . ,

a n d

S t e i n e r ,

P .

E .   1 9 6 1 ) . D e f i n i t i o n a n d

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

o f

m a l i g n a n t

e p i t h e l i a l

n e o p l a s m s o f

t h e l i v e r . A c t a

U n .

i n t .

C a n c r . 1 7 , 5 9 3 - 6 0 3 .

H u a n g ,

S .

  1 9 7 1 ) . H e p a t i t i s - a s s o c i a t e d

a n t i g e n h e p a t i t i s . A m e r .

J .

P a t h . ,

6 4 ,

4 8 3 - 4 9 2 .

H u t t ,

M.

S . R .

( 1 9 7 1 ) Some a s p e c t s

o f

l i v e r d i s e a s e i n

Ugandan

A f r i c a n s . T r a n s .

r o y .

S o c .

t r o p .

M e d .

H y g . ,

6 5 ,

2 7 3 - 2 8 5 .

L ee , F .

I . ( 1 9 6 6 )

C i r r h o s i s a n d

h e p a t o m a

i n

a l c o h o l i c s . G u t ,

7 ,

7 7 - 8 5 .

M a y n a r d ,

E .

P . ,

I I J ,

S a d i k a l i ,

F . ,

A n t h o n y ,

P .

P . ,

a n d

B a r k e r ,

L .

F .

  1 9 7 0 ) .

H e p a t i t i s - a s s o c i a t e d

a n t i g e n

an d

c i r r h o s i s i n

U g a n d a .

L a n c e t ,

2 , 1 3 2 6 - 1 3 2 8 .

O C o n o r , G .

T . , T r a l k a ,

T .

S . ,

H e n s o n ,

E . ,

a n d

V o g e l ,

C . L .   1 9 7 2 ) .

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s u r v e y

o f

p r i m a r y

l i v e r c e l l

c a r c i n o m a s f r o m

U g a n d a .

J .

n a t . C a n c e r

I n s t . , 4 8 , 5 8 7 - 6 0 3 .

P ri nc e A .

M.   1 9 7 1 ) .

R o l e

o f

serum

h e p a t i t i s

v i r u s i n

c h r o n i c

l i v e r

d i s e a s e .

G a s t r o e n t e r o l o g y , 6 0 , 9 1 3 - 9 2 1 .

S c h e u e r ,

P .

J .   1 9 6 8 ) .

L i v e r

B i o p s y I n t e r p r e t a t i o n . B a i l l i e r e ,

T i n d a l l ,

a n d

C a s s e l l ,

L o n d o n .

S h a p e r , A .

G .   1 9 7 0 ) .

C i r r h o s i s a n d

p r i m a r y

l i v e r

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

i n

U g a n d a .

T r o p .

g e o g r .

M e d . , 2 2 ,

1 6 1 - 1 6 6 .

S h u l m a n ,

N .

R . , a n d

B a r k e r ,

L . F .

  1 9 6 9 ) .

V i r u s - l i k e

a n t i g e n , a n t i b o d y

a n d

a n t i g e n - a n t i b o d y c o m p l e x e s

i n

h e p a t i t i s

m e a s u r e d

b y

c o m p l e m e n t f i x a t i o n .

S c i e n c e ,

1 6 5 ,

3 0 4 - 3 0 6 .

S t e i n e r , P .

E . ,

a n d

D a v i e s ,

J .

N . P .

  1 9 5 7 ) .

C i r r h o s i s

a n d

p r i m a r y

l i v e r

c a r c i n o m a

i n

Uganda

A f r i c a n s . B r i t . J .

C a n c e r ,

1 1 , 5 2 3 - 5 3 4 .

V o g e l

C . L .

A n t h o n y ,

P .

P . ,

M o d y ,

N . ,

a n d

B a r k e r ,

L . F .

  1 9 7 0 ) .

H e p a t i t i s - a s s o c i a t e d

a n t i g e n

i n

U g a n d a n

p a t i e n t s

w i t h

h e p a t o -

c e l l u l a r

c a r c i n o m a .

L a n c e t ,

2 , 6 2 1 - 6 2 4 .

2 2 3