liver diseases - part i
DESCRIPTION
Worldwide extensive research on liver disorders in herbal medicine is done till date. There are numerous plants that show hepato-protective activity and thus safeguard as well as repair against liver damages.TRANSCRIPT
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Developmentof
Novel Phyto-drugsin
Curing LIVER Diseases
Presented by Dr. Sudhakar KokateDirector PPRC, India
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PPRC/INDIA 01
Liver‽ Largest organ in the human body
‽ Pivotal role in maintenance of health and
homeostasis
‽ Involved in vital functions –- Metabolism- Secretion- Storage- Detoxification of drugs & xenobiotics
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PPRC/INDIA 02
Origin of Liver diseases(Acute & Chronic)
‽ Viruses
‽ Drugs
‽ Exposure to solvents
‽ Hydrocarbons
‽ Toxins
‽ Metabolic disorders
‽ Genetic disorders
‽ Alcohol consumption
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PPRC/INDIA 03
Stat of Diseases
‽ Hepatitis A….In children 85 – 95 % in SE Asia
‽ Hepatitis B….5 – 7 %
‽ Hepatitis C….2 %
‽ Cirrhosis & Cancer….20 – 30 %
‽ Alcoholic hepatitis….60 %
‽ Hepato-toxicity….1 in 10,000 – 1 in 100,000
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PPRC/INDIA 04
Phyto-Stat for Cure
‽ Hepato-protective plants….101 plants of
Globe….150 phyto-constituents
‽ India….87 plants….33 patented herbal formulations
‽ A number of poly-herbal mixtures
‽ In U.S. >13 % patients on herbal remedy
‽ Other countries range 18 – 65 %
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PPRC/INDIA 05
Classification of Liver disorders
‽ Hepatitis
‽ Hepatosis
‽ Liver cirrhosis
‽ Liver injury
‽ Acute hepatitis
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PPRC/INDIA 06
Classification of Liver disorders
‽ Chronic active Hepatitis B
‽ Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
‽ Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
‽ Alcoholic fibrosis
‽ Alcoholic hepatitis
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PPRC/INDIA 07
‽ Silybum marinum
‽ Picrorhiza kurroa
‽ Liv. 52: - Capparis spinosa - Cassia occidentalis
- Achillea millefolium - Tamarix gallica
- Cichorium intybus - Solanum nigrum
- Terminalia arjuna
Well characterised phyto-drugs
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PPRC/INDIA 08
‽ T J 9: Prescribed in China, Japan as “Sho-saiko-to” – an
aqueous extract from the roots of Scutellaria,
Glycyrrhiza, Bupleurum, Ginseng, Pinella tuber, Jujube
fruit & ginger
‽ Compound 861: Chinese medicine with 10 defined
herbs, main plants – Salvia miltiorrhiza, Astragalus
membranaceous, Spatholobus suferectus
Well characterised phyto-drugs
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Emerging research trendOn
Phyto-medicine
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PPRC/INDIA 09
Andrographis paniculata
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PPRC/INDIA 10
Andrographis paniculata
‽ Habitat: Plains of India
‽ Extensively used in Unani and Ayurveda
‽ Aqueous extract of leaves …. Effective
‽ The extract inhibited BHC induced Liver toxicity in
Swiss male mice …. Trivedi & Rawal, 2000
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PPRC/INDIA 11
Boerhavia diffusa
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PPRC/INDIA 12
Boerhavia diffusa
‽ Commonly known as “Punarnava”
‽ Perennial creeping herb found in waste lands of
India
‽ Roots effective in Liver Diseases …. Kirtikar & Basu
1933, Chopra 1956
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PPRC/INDIA 13
Boerhavia diffusa
‽ Whole plant extract potent in cure …. Chakraborti &
Handa 1989
‽ Compounds Punarnavin, Beta-sitosterol from roots
Beta-D-glucoside, tetracosanoic, hexacosanoic,
stearic, palmitic, arachidic acid, hentriacontane,
ursolic acid punarnavoside
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PPRC/INDIA 14
Peumus boldus
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PPRC/INDIA 15
Peumus boldus
‽ Indigenous to Chile
‽ Small tree: 8 cm long, coriaceous texture, strong
odour
‽ Family: Monimiaceae
‽ Chemicals: Boldine, Ascaridole, Linalool, P-cymene
cineole
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PPRC/INDIA 16
Fumaria indica
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PPRC/INDIA 17
Fumaria indica
‽ The whole plant: Constituent of Unani, Ayurvedic
and Medicinal preparations
‽ Family: Fumariaceae
‽ Anti-hepatotoxic against thioacetamide in vitro &
carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol, rifampicin
‽ Active principle: similar to Silymarin
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PPRC/INDIA 18
Fumaria indica
‽ The plant is useful in:
- Blood purification
- Cutaneous diseases
- Obstructions of Liver
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PPRC/INDIA 19
Curcuma longa
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PPRC/INDIA 20
Curcuma longa
‽ Hepato-protective against carbon tetra chloride,
paracetamol and Aspergillus aflatoxin
‽ Effective due to anti-oxidant property
‽ Major metabolite of Curcumin – tetrahydrocurcumin
(THC)
‽ THC prevents erythromycin estolate induced Liver
disease
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PPRC/INDIA 21
Picrorhiza kurroa
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PPRC/INDIA 22
Picrorhiza kurroa
‽ Family: Scrophulariaceae
‽ Small perennial herb
‽ Grows in northwest India
‽ Active principle: irioid glycoside, Picrosides I, II, III,
Kutkoside
‽ Hepato-protective effect superior to that of Silymarin in
many cases
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PPRC/INDIA 23
Picrorhiza kurroa
‽ Protects Liver cells from a wide variety of injuries
including:
- Carbon tetrachloride (Santra et. al 1998) -
- Galactosamine (Dwivedi 1992)
- Ethanol (Rastogi et. al 1996)
- Acetaminophen (Singh et. al 1992)
- Thioacetamide (Dwivedi et. al 1991)
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PPRC/INDIA 24
Phyllanthus amarus
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PPRC/INDIA 25
Phyllanthus amarus
‽ Family: Euphorbiaceae
‽ Widespread throughout tropic and subtropics in sandy
regions or cultivated & wastelands
‽ The plant is bitter, astringent, cooling, diuretic,
stomachic, febrifuge & antiseptic
‽ Butanol fraction of the whole plant exhibited potent
activity (Tripathi et. al 1992)
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PPRC/INDIA 26
Phyllanthus amarus
‽ Whole plant powder 0.66 gm/kg in rat showed hepato-
protective action against carbon tetrachloride (Sane et.
al 1955)
‽ Albino rats treated with ethanol were orally given
whole plant powder 200 mg/rat per day for 45 days
showed significant activity
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PPRC/INDIA 27
Glycyrrhiza glabra
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PPRC/INDIA 28
Glycyrrhiza glabra
‽ Glycyrrhizin, main component of Licorice root
‽ Found to be effective for chronic hepatitis and liver
cirrhosis
‽ It showed hepato-protective effect against toxicity by
carbon tetrachloride and Gal N
‽ Antioxidant properties of glycyrrhizin & glycyrrhetinic
acid responsible for anti-hepatotoxic activity
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PPRC/INDIA 29
Silybum marianum
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PPRC/INDIA 30
Silybum marianum
‽ Most characterised useful important plant
‽ Mixture of Silvbin, Silvdianin & Silychristin
‽ Significant action against induction by carbon
tetrachloride of Liver damage in rats
‽ It reduces the prolongation of hexa-harbital
sleeping time produced by carbon tetrachloride
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PPRC/INDIA 31
Cichorium intybus
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PPRC/INDIA 32
Cichorium intybus
‽ Family: Compositae
‽ Aqueous extract showed hepato-protective toxicity
induced by carbon tetrachloride & paracetamol
(Gadgoli & Mishra 1995)
‽ Scientists conducted several experiments on this
plant
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PPRC/INDIA 33
Tinospora cordifolia
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PPRC/INDIA 34
Tinospora cordifolia
‽ Commonly known as Guduchi or Amrita
‽ Most valuable medicinal herb in Ayurveda
‽ Plant has ability to impart youthfulness vitality &
longevity
‽ Also quite effective in Liver injury
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PPRC/INDIA 35
Tinospora cordifolia
‽ In modern times it is well known as hepato-
protective, adaptogenic & immuno-modulatory
activities
‽ Clinical studies in patients of hepatitis showed that
Guduchi plays an important role in relieving the
symptoms of Liver disease
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PPRC/INDIA 36
Wedelia calendulacea
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PPRC/INDIA 37
Wedelia calendulacea
‽ Family: Compositae
‽ Perennial herb with light camphor-like odour
‽ Traditionally used as tonic, spleen enlargement and
skin diseases
‽ Showed protective action in Paracetamol induced
Liver damage
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PPRC/INDIA 38
Wedelia calendulacea
‽ The alcoholic extract of whole plant exhibited
protection against carbon tetrachloride
‽ The extract increased bile flow in rats.
‽ Min. lethal dose was greater than 200 mg/kg P.O. in
mice
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PPRC/INDIA 39
Tephrosia purpurea
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PPRC/INDIA 40
Tephrosia purpurea
‽ Locally known as “Sarapunkha”
‽ Most important ingredient of formulations available in
Indian market for liver ailments
‽ Good results in Cirrhosis & vital Hepatitis in clinical trials
‽ It prevents cellular leakage & loss of functional integrity
of Liver cell membranes, release in hepatic regeneration
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PPRC/INDIA 41
Protium heptaphyllum
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PPRC/INDIA 42
Protium heptaphyllum
‽ Family: Burseraceae
‽ Active principle: alpha & beta amyrin, a triterpene
mixture
‽ Folk medicinal plant
‽ It protects acetaminophen induced Liver injury
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PPRC/INDIA 43
Buddleja officinalis
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PPRC/INDIA 44
Buddleja officinalis
‽ Family: Loganiaceae
‽ Flowers, buds effective
‽ Active principle: Acteoside, a phenylethanoid
glycoside
‽ Possesses antioxidant property
‽ Protects against carbon tetrachloride
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PPRC/INDIA 45
Anastatica hierochuntica
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PPRC/INDIA 46
Anastatica hierochuntica
‽ Egyptian medicinal herb
‽ Chemicals: Anastatins A & B from Methanolic
extract
‽ Protective against d-galactosamine induced
cytotoxicity in primary cultured mouse
‽ Activity is stronger than that of commercial Silybin
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PPRC/INDIA 47
Tilia argentea
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PPRC/INDIA 48
Tilia argentea
‽ Methanolic ext. showed protection against d-
galactosamine, Lipopolysaccharide induced Liver
injury in mice
‽ Flowers are effective hepato-protectors
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PPRC/INDIA 49
Garcinia kola
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PPRC/INDIA 50
Garcinia kola
‽ Extract of seeds of this plant showed protection
against carbon tetrachloride induced Liver injury
‽ Extensively studied plant
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PPRC/INDIA 51
Hymenaea martiana
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PPRC/INDIA 52
Hymenaea martiana
‽ Active principle: Astibin
‽ Protects against carbon tetrachloride induced Liver
injury
‽ One of the important useful herb
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