Liverworts

Domain EukaryaKingdom PlantaePhylum Bryophyta

Looking Back at Bio 115The Organism as a Unit of Life

Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!

Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)

Growth = irreversible change in size

Reproduction…failure = extinction

Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior

Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

Shifting Kingdoms2 3 5 6 8

Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria

Archaebacteria

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteri

aArchaebacteri

aArchaebacter

ia

Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans

Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids

Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes

Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae

Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae

Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae

Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds

True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi

Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes

Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes TracheophytesTracheophyte

s

Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans

Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Lumpers Splitters

Plantae

How Many Kingdoms?Multicellul

ar Animals

Myxozoans

Protozoans

Tracheophytes

Bryophytes

True Fungi

Slime Molds

Red algae

Brown Algae

Green Algae

Chrysophytes

Euglenoids

Archezoans

Archaebacteria

Bacteria

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

8

5

3

2

1

Bryophytes• Although they have no true xylem or

phloem and do reproduce sexually with spores….

• Never any doubt about their status as plants Cellulose walls glued together with pectin

Chlorophyll a and b, xanthophylls, carotenoids

Store starch

Standard plant chloroplasts, mitochondria, golgi, etc.

Diplohaplontic (sporic) life history

Oogamous gametes

Do have conductive tissue: hydroids and leptoids

• 500 species

• Two Major Classes:1. Hepaticopsida (liverworts)2. Musci (mosses)

Marchantia polymorphaThallose liverwort

Haploid (1N) gametophyte thallus has photosynthetic chambers with chimney cells for gas exchange.

The thallus grows in notches at thallus ends.

In some seasons produce gemmae cups (cupules) that contain tiny gemmae for asexual reproduction of gametophyte.

Beneath thallus, uniseriate rhizoids anchor to substrate.

http://www.boga.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/html/Marchantia.polymorpha.ja1.jpg

http://www.ksu.edu/organismic/images/marchantia_archigonium.jpg

http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/bryophytes/liverworts/thallose/marchantiaceae/images/march01ma.jpg

Generalized Sporic (diplohaplontic) Life Cycle

SYNGAMY

MEIOSIS

zygote

SporophyteGametophyte

sporangium

sporocytespores

gametangia

gametesgerminationmitosis

differentiation

mitosisgerminationmitosis

differentiation

differentiation

mitosis

1N 2Ndifferentiation

In the gametic (diplontic) shortcut the product of meiosis becomes a gamete (no multicellular haploid)

In the zygotic (haplontic) shortcut, the zygote undergoes meiosis (no multicellular diploid)

Generalized Sporic (diplohaplontic) Life Cycle

SYNGAMY

MEIOSIS

zygote

SporophyteGametophyte

sporangium

sporocytespores

gametangia

gametesgerminationmitosis

differentiation

mitosisgerminationmitosis

differentiation

differentiation

mitosis

1N 2Ndifferentiation