living environment -...
TRANSCRIPT
Living Environment
1.) What is Ecology? Ecology is the scientific study of
interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings
Word was coined in 1866 by a German biologist Ernst Haeckel
Based on the word economy
Living world is like a household with an economy – every organism plays a role
Factors in Ecology Abiotic Factors: NON-LIVING, were never alive!
Ex.) light, soil, temperature, pH, water
How do they influence living things?
Biotic Factors: LIVING organisms
Ex.) Humans, plants, dogs, etc.
How do they interact and influence one another?
List all the abiotic and biotic factors!
Terms to Know! Habitat: Where an organism lives
Niche: The role and position the species has in the environment (who, what, when, where)
What’s your habitat? What niche do you fill?
Organization Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Biosphere Contains the combined portions of the planet in which
all life exists
This includes land, water, and air (or the atmosphere)
Extends from about 8 km above Earth’s surface to as far as 11 km below the surface of the ocean
Biome A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and
similar dominant communities
Ecosystem A collection of all the organisms that live in a
particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment
Community Different populations that live together in a defined
area
Population A group of individuals that belong to the same species
and live in the same area
Species A group of organisms so similar to one another that
they can breed and produce fertile offspring
Organism An individual organism
2.) Energy Flow Every organism needs energy to power its life
processes
What do you need energy for on a daily basis?
THINK!
Main Source of Energy The SUN!
Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on Earth
Of all the sun’s energy that reaches Earth’s surface, only 1% is used by living things
Exceptions! Some organisms don’t use the sun for energy
Instead they obtain energy from inorganic chemical compounds
Ex.) Mineral water that flows underground or boils out of hot springs and undersea vents is loaded with chemical energy
Autotrophs Organisms that use energy from the environment to
fuel the assembly of simple inorganic compounds to complex organic molecules
Capture energy from the sun or chemicals and use that energy to produce food
Ex.) plants, some algae, and certain bacteria
Producers Organisms that make their own food
Also known as autotrophs!
Photosynthesis The process in which autotrophs/producers harness
energy from the sun
Light is used to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
Equation
Gives us oxygen so that we can breathe!
Chemosynthesis The process by which organisms use chemical energy
to produce carbohydrates
Ex.) Bacteria that in live:
Volcanic vents in the deep ocean
Hot springs in Yellowstone Park
Tidal marshes along the coast
Consumers Organisms that cannot produce their own energy –
cannot harvest energy from the sun
Must rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
Also referred to as heterotrophs
There are many different types of heterotrophs: 1. Herbivores
2. Carnivores
3. Omnivores
4. Detritivores
5. Decomposers
Herbivores Organisms that obtain energy by eating only plants
Ex.) Cows, caterpillars, deer
Carnivores Organisms that eat other animals
Ex.) Snakes, dogs, owls
Omnivores Organisms that eat both plants and animals
Ex.) Humans, bears, crows
Detritivores Organisms that feed on plant and animal remains and
other dead matter
Called detritus
Ex.) Mites, earthworms, snails, and crabs
Decomposers Organisms that break down organic matter
Ex.) Bacteria, fungi
3.) Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction,
from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers)
Food Chain A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by
eating and being eaten
Always starts with a producer (autotroph)
Food Web Links all the food chains in an ecosystem together
Consists of many food chains and can be very complex
Trophic Level Each step in a food chain or food web
Producers make up the first level
Consumers make up the second, third, or higher levels
Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for energy
Ecological Pyramid A diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy
or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web
Initial energy source is the sun (autotroph is 1st level)
Three different types:
Energy pyramid
Biomass pyramid
Pyramids of numbers
Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of energy available at each
trophic level
Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level
Rest of energy is lost as heat
Decreases at each level by 90%
Biomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living organic matter at each
trophic level
Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid
Biomass: the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level
Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of individual organisms at
each trophic level
Based on population size at each trophic level.
Populations decrease at each successive trophic level but inversion possible.
Symbiosis Interactions between two different organisms living in
close physical association
AKA living together and interacting
Types of Symbiotic Relationships 1. Mutualism (+/+): Both organisms benefit.
2. Commensalism (+/0): One organism benefits while the other is not affected.
3. Parasitism: (+/-): One organism benefits while the other is harmed.
Mutualism
Commensalism
Cattle egret and cow Remora Fish and Shark
Burdock & Animals
Parasitism
TO DO: Guided Notes
Quiz
Pyramid WS
Oh Deer Lab
Cycles lab