living in the environment: regulation and...
TRANSCRIPT
Living in the environment regulation and control
Neuroscience for kids a good reference site
External Environment
Cell or Multicellular Organism
Internal Environment
bull The outside world that organisms survive and live
in bull Environmental conditions
bull For efficient and sustainable life the inputs of cells organisms must have balanced inputs and outputs
INPUTS OUTPUTS Processes
bull Generally
ndash as temperature increases chemical reactions speed up
ndash as temperature decreases chemical reactions slow down
bull In extremely low temperatures life is not possible because the chemical reactions required occur too slowly
bull At higher temperatures the compounds cells are made of start to breakdown ( eg proteins denature) and again the chemical reactions required for life cease to occur
bull Life therefore has upper and lower limits with respect to environmental temperature
bull This is also the case for other environmental factors such as salinity water pH light etc etc
bull The range over which life is possible is called the lsquoRange of Tolerancersquo
Environmental Gradient
Comp
Level
Met
ab
oli
sm
(eg
g
row
th re
pro
du
ctio
n)
Range of Tolerance
Zone of
stress
Zone of
stress
Death Death
bull All organisms have tolerance limits within which they can function
bull Multi-cellular organisms are part of a larger organisation they are able to have an extra barrier against the external environment
bull This creates an internal environment that can be (to some extent) controlled or adjusted to change
bull This enables the internal cell environments to be relatively constant despite variations in the external environment
Processes Heat
Generation
Heat Input Heat Output
A failure to balance heat input and heat output
Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
internal environment of the body despite variations in the external environment
Factors such as
ndash blood pressure ndash body temperature ndash respiration rate ndash blood glucose levels ndash pH ndash Ions ndash O2 and CO2 levels ndash Nutritional needs ndash H2O levels
bull are maintained within a range of normal values around a set point despite constantly changing external conditions
bull Homeostasis requires the body being able to
ndash detect external changes
ndash Implement internal changes to compensate
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
External Environment
Cell or Multicellular Organism
Internal Environment
bull The outside world that organisms survive and live
in bull Environmental conditions
bull For efficient and sustainable life the inputs of cells organisms must have balanced inputs and outputs
INPUTS OUTPUTS Processes
bull Generally
ndash as temperature increases chemical reactions speed up
ndash as temperature decreases chemical reactions slow down
bull In extremely low temperatures life is not possible because the chemical reactions required occur too slowly
bull At higher temperatures the compounds cells are made of start to breakdown ( eg proteins denature) and again the chemical reactions required for life cease to occur
bull Life therefore has upper and lower limits with respect to environmental temperature
bull This is also the case for other environmental factors such as salinity water pH light etc etc
bull The range over which life is possible is called the lsquoRange of Tolerancersquo
Environmental Gradient
Comp
Level
Met
ab
oli
sm
(eg
g
row
th re
pro
du
ctio
n)
Range of Tolerance
Zone of
stress
Zone of
stress
Death Death
bull All organisms have tolerance limits within which they can function
bull Multi-cellular organisms are part of a larger organisation they are able to have an extra barrier against the external environment
bull This creates an internal environment that can be (to some extent) controlled or adjusted to change
bull This enables the internal cell environments to be relatively constant despite variations in the external environment
Processes Heat
Generation
Heat Input Heat Output
A failure to balance heat input and heat output
Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
internal environment of the body despite variations in the external environment
Factors such as
ndash blood pressure ndash body temperature ndash respiration rate ndash blood glucose levels ndash pH ndash Ions ndash O2 and CO2 levels ndash Nutritional needs ndash H2O levels
bull are maintained within a range of normal values around a set point despite constantly changing external conditions
bull Homeostasis requires the body being able to
ndash detect external changes
ndash Implement internal changes to compensate
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
bull For efficient and sustainable life the inputs of cells organisms must have balanced inputs and outputs
INPUTS OUTPUTS Processes
bull Generally
ndash as temperature increases chemical reactions speed up
ndash as temperature decreases chemical reactions slow down
bull In extremely low temperatures life is not possible because the chemical reactions required occur too slowly
bull At higher temperatures the compounds cells are made of start to breakdown ( eg proteins denature) and again the chemical reactions required for life cease to occur
bull Life therefore has upper and lower limits with respect to environmental temperature
bull This is also the case for other environmental factors such as salinity water pH light etc etc
bull The range over which life is possible is called the lsquoRange of Tolerancersquo
Environmental Gradient
Comp
Level
Met
ab
oli
sm
(eg
g
row
th re
pro
du
ctio
n)
Range of Tolerance
Zone of
stress
Zone of
stress
Death Death
bull All organisms have tolerance limits within which they can function
bull Multi-cellular organisms are part of a larger organisation they are able to have an extra barrier against the external environment
bull This creates an internal environment that can be (to some extent) controlled or adjusted to change
bull This enables the internal cell environments to be relatively constant despite variations in the external environment
Processes Heat
Generation
Heat Input Heat Output
A failure to balance heat input and heat output
Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
internal environment of the body despite variations in the external environment
Factors such as
ndash blood pressure ndash body temperature ndash respiration rate ndash blood glucose levels ndash pH ndash Ions ndash O2 and CO2 levels ndash Nutritional needs ndash H2O levels
bull are maintained within a range of normal values around a set point despite constantly changing external conditions
bull Homeostasis requires the body being able to
ndash detect external changes
ndash Implement internal changes to compensate
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
bull Generally
ndash as temperature increases chemical reactions speed up
ndash as temperature decreases chemical reactions slow down
bull In extremely low temperatures life is not possible because the chemical reactions required occur too slowly
bull At higher temperatures the compounds cells are made of start to breakdown ( eg proteins denature) and again the chemical reactions required for life cease to occur
bull Life therefore has upper and lower limits with respect to environmental temperature
bull This is also the case for other environmental factors such as salinity water pH light etc etc
bull The range over which life is possible is called the lsquoRange of Tolerancersquo
Environmental Gradient
Comp
Level
Met
ab
oli
sm
(eg
g
row
th re
pro
du
ctio
n)
Range of Tolerance
Zone of
stress
Zone of
stress
Death Death
bull All organisms have tolerance limits within which they can function
bull Multi-cellular organisms are part of a larger organisation they are able to have an extra barrier against the external environment
bull This creates an internal environment that can be (to some extent) controlled or adjusted to change
bull This enables the internal cell environments to be relatively constant despite variations in the external environment
Processes Heat
Generation
Heat Input Heat Output
A failure to balance heat input and heat output
Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
internal environment of the body despite variations in the external environment
Factors such as
ndash blood pressure ndash body temperature ndash respiration rate ndash blood glucose levels ndash pH ndash Ions ndash O2 and CO2 levels ndash Nutritional needs ndash H2O levels
bull are maintained within a range of normal values around a set point despite constantly changing external conditions
bull Homeostasis requires the body being able to
ndash detect external changes
ndash Implement internal changes to compensate
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
bull Life therefore has upper and lower limits with respect to environmental temperature
bull This is also the case for other environmental factors such as salinity water pH light etc etc
bull The range over which life is possible is called the lsquoRange of Tolerancersquo
Environmental Gradient
Comp
Level
Met
ab
oli
sm
(eg
g
row
th re
pro
du
ctio
n)
Range of Tolerance
Zone of
stress
Zone of
stress
Death Death
bull All organisms have tolerance limits within which they can function
bull Multi-cellular organisms are part of a larger organisation they are able to have an extra barrier against the external environment
bull This creates an internal environment that can be (to some extent) controlled or adjusted to change
bull This enables the internal cell environments to be relatively constant despite variations in the external environment
Processes Heat
Generation
Heat Input Heat Output
A failure to balance heat input and heat output
Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
internal environment of the body despite variations in the external environment
Factors such as
ndash blood pressure ndash body temperature ndash respiration rate ndash blood glucose levels ndash pH ndash Ions ndash O2 and CO2 levels ndash Nutritional needs ndash H2O levels
bull are maintained within a range of normal values around a set point despite constantly changing external conditions
bull Homeostasis requires the body being able to
ndash detect external changes
ndash Implement internal changes to compensate
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Environmental Gradient
Comp
Level
Met
ab
oli
sm
(eg
g
row
th re
pro
du
ctio
n)
Range of Tolerance
Zone of
stress
Zone of
stress
Death Death
bull All organisms have tolerance limits within which they can function
bull Multi-cellular organisms are part of a larger organisation they are able to have an extra barrier against the external environment
bull This creates an internal environment that can be (to some extent) controlled or adjusted to change
bull This enables the internal cell environments to be relatively constant despite variations in the external environment
Processes Heat
Generation
Heat Input Heat Output
A failure to balance heat input and heat output
Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
internal environment of the body despite variations in the external environment
Factors such as
ndash blood pressure ndash body temperature ndash respiration rate ndash blood glucose levels ndash pH ndash Ions ndash O2 and CO2 levels ndash Nutritional needs ndash H2O levels
bull are maintained within a range of normal values around a set point despite constantly changing external conditions
bull Homeostasis requires the body being able to
ndash detect external changes
ndash Implement internal changes to compensate
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
bull All organisms have tolerance limits within which they can function
bull Multi-cellular organisms are part of a larger organisation they are able to have an extra barrier against the external environment
bull This creates an internal environment that can be (to some extent) controlled or adjusted to change
bull This enables the internal cell environments to be relatively constant despite variations in the external environment
Processes Heat
Generation
Heat Input Heat Output
A failure to balance heat input and heat output
Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
internal environment of the body despite variations in the external environment
Factors such as
ndash blood pressure ndash body temperature ndash respiration rate ndash blood glucose levels ndash pH ndash Ions ndash O2 and CO2 levels ndash Nutritional needs ndash H2O levels
bull are maintained within a range of normal values around a set point despite constantly changing external conditions
bull Homeostasis requires the body being able to
ndash detect external changes
ndash Implement internal changes to compensate
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
bull Multi-cellular organisms are part of a larger organisation they are able to have an extra barrier against the external environment
bull This creates an internal environment that can be (to some extent) controlled or adjusted to change
bull This enables the internal cell environments to be relatively constant despite variations in the external environment
Processes Heat
Generation
Heat Input Heat Output
A failure to balance heat input and heat output
Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
internal environment of the body despite variations in the external environment
Factors such as
ndash blood pressure ndash body temperature ndash respiration rate ndash blood glucose levels ndash pH ndash Ions ndash O2 and CO2 levels ndash Nutritional needs ndash H2O levels
bull are maintained within a range of normal values around a set point despite constantly changing external conditions
bull Homeostasis requires the body being able to
ndash detect external changes
ndash Implement internal changes to compensate
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Processes Heat
Generation
Heat Input Heat Output
A failure to balance heat input and heat output
Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
internal environment of the body despite variations in the external environment
Factors such as
ndash blood pressure ndash body temperature ndash respiration rate ndash blood glucose levels ndash pH ndash Ions ndash O2 and CO2 levels ndash Nutritional needs ndash H2O levels
bull are maintained within a range of normal values around a set point despite constantly changing external conditions
bull Homeostasis requires the body being able to
ndash detect external changes
ndash Implement internal changes to compensate
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
A failure to balance heat input and heat output
Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
internal environment of the body despite variations in the external environment
Factors such as
ndash blood pressure ndash body temperature ndash respiration rate ndash blood glucose levels ndash pH ndash Ions ndash O2 and CO2 levels ndash Nutritional needs ndash H2O levels
bull are maintained within a range of normal values around a set point despite constantly changing external conditions
bull Homeostasis requires the body being able to
ndash detect external changes
ndash Implement internal changes to compensate
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
internal environment of the body despite variations in the external environment
Factors such as
ndash blood pressure ndash body temperature ndash respiration rate ndash blood glucose levels ndash pH ndash Ions ndash O2 and CO2 levels ndash Nutritional needs ndash H2O levels
bull are maintained within a range of normal values around a set point despite constantly changing external conditions
bull Homeostasis requires the body being able to
ndash detect external changes
ndash Implement internal changes to compensate
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
bull Homeostasis requires the body being able to
ndash detect external changes
ndash Implement internal changes to compensate
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
The Stimulus - Response Model
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
The Stimulus - Response Model
Heat
Cools
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
The Stimulus Response Model
How can the body control the response 1 Disrupt the signal transduction pathway
2 Removal of the original stimulus 3 Responding in a way that alters the original signal Feedback
2
1
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Negative feedback mechanisms result in control
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Negative Feedback result in control
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Positive feedback results in stimulating an effect
bull Works by adding to the stimulus and increasing the effect of it
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Positive feedback
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Mechanisms enabling Homeostasis
Negative feedback model
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Modes of Transmission Hormonal system bull Slow ( 30-178cmsec)
bull Involves chemical messengers
bull Act by binding to specific receptors on target cells after travelling through the blood stream
bull Can be more long term effect
Nervous system bull Fast ( 1-120msec)
bull Act by sending electrical impulses along neuron cells
bull Short term effect
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
The nervous system is a rapid response to stimuli It is a more direct communication pathway than hormones
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Nerve Structure
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
The nervous system is made up of neuron cells that send an electrical impulse along from one neuron to the next
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
The nerve impulse is essentially an electro
chemical impulse resulting from the rapid movement
of ions across the membrane of the neurons
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
The Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse s are an electrical signal that travels along an axon There is an electrical difference between the inside of the axon and its surroundings When the nerve is activated there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron This triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes from the cell body along the length of the axon to the synapse
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Action Potentials
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
The synapse the gap between the neurons
The Synapse
There are hundreds of different types of neurotransmitters each of which control something different This makes the nervous system controllable meaning some neurotransmitter initiate a response while others block a response
Neurotransmitters
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Basic types of neurons
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
receptor effector
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Receptors in the Skin
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Types of sensory receptors
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
CNS
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
bull Many responses are a reflex not under conscious control
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Somatic v Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Hormones Hormones are signalling molecules or chemical messengers that control many functions in the bodies of organisms eg temperature blood glucose levels calcium uptake and many many more are controlled by hormones
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
bull Cells that produce hormones and are clustered into organs
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Hypothalamus
bull One function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
bull The Hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
bull Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands It is considered to be the master gland
Cushings disease-Pituitary Gland
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Hormones at work
The Fight or Flight Response
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Receptors Visual Auditory
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
When the homeostatic control of Blood sugar is disrupted Diabetes
bull Type 1 Diabetes
bull Type 2 Diabetes
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Thermoregulation animation
countercurrent heat exchange
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
A kind of dormancy shown by insects where they pause a part of their lifecycle (Flies in winter)
When food is scare and the temperature is low Some animals canrsquot maintain a stable internal temperature So instead they hibernate (Below Dormice)
Hibernate Diapause
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Ways that water can be lost
bull Panting in dogs dingos amp wolves
bull Sweating
bull Urine
bull Faeces
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Ways to save or increase water supply
bull Thirst response- experienced as the concentration of water in the blood is lowered
bull Waterproof barriers like hair feathers scales and skin protect against evaporative water loss
bull Reabsorption of water from the large intestine
bull Increase in concentration of urine by increasing reabsorption of water in
Kidneys bull Storage of water
ndash (Desert frogs store water in a cocoon ndash Camelrsquos store fat in their hump and
metabolise the fat to gain water
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts
Saltwater bull Marine saltwater animals tend
to have body fluids that are HYPOTONIC to their surroundings So they lose water via osmosis to their surroundings
bull To gain more water they drink salt water and must spend a lot of energy removing salt from their body
Freshwater
bull Freshwater animals have lots of water in their surroundings but have body fluids that are HYPERTONIC to their surroundings So they can gain too much water from their surroundings causing their cells to burst
External Hi H2O LO Salts External LO H2O Hi Salts
Internal Hi H2O LO Salts Internal LO H2O Hi Salts