,l=kq fn§ hdfï wdldrh...01' cd (i) ab iy f¾ld fol u.ska olajd we;s n+ rem ,cik folkï...

YS% ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ryiH f,aLkhls'

22 - N+f.da, úoHdj ^,l=Kq §fï mámdáh& kj| w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.h - 2019|wjika ixfYdaOk we;=<;a l< hq;=j we;' 1

,l=Kq fn§ hdfï wdldrh

I m;%h - I fldgi 01 x 40 = 40

II fldgi = 60

100

II m;%h = 100

= 100 + 100

2

wjidk ,l=Kq = 100



W;a;rm;% ,l=Kq lsÍfï fmdÿ Ys,amSh l%u

W;a;rm;% ,l=Kq lsÍfï yd ,l=Kq ,ehsia;=j, ,l=Kq igyka lsÍfï iïu; l%uh wkq.ukh

lsÍu wksjd¾hfhka u l< hq;=fõ' ta i|yd my; mßÈ lghq;= lrkak'

1' W;a;rm;% ,l=Kq lsÍug r;=mdg fnda,a fmdhskaÜ mEkla mdúÉÑ lrkak'

2' iEu W;a;rm;%hlu uq,a msgqfõ iyldr mÍCIl ixfla; wxlh igyka

lrkak' b,lalï ,sùfï§ meyeÈ,s b,lalfuka ,shkak'

3' b,lalï ,sùfï§ jerÿKq wjia:djla fõ kï th meyeÈ,sj ;ks brlska lmd

yer kej; ,shd flá w;aik fhdokak'

4' tla tla m%Yakfha wkq fldgiaj, ms<s;=re i|yd ysñ ,l=Kq ta ta fldgi

wjidkfha la ;=< ,shd olajkak' wjidk ,l=Kq m%Yak wxlh;a iu`. la

;=<" Nd. ixLHdjla f,i we;=<;a lrkak' ,l=Kq igyka lsÍu i|yd

mÍCIljrhdf.a m%fhdackh i|yd we;s ;Srej Ndú; lrkak'

WodyrK :m%Yak wxl 03

(i) …………………...................................

……………………................................

……………………................................

(ii) ……………………................................

……………………...............................

…………………...............................…

(iii) ……………………...............................

……………………...............................

…………………...............................…

(i) + (ii) + (iii) =

√

√

√

4 5

3 5

3 5

10 15

4 5

3 5

3 5

03



nyqjrK W;a;rm;% ( ^ljq¿ m;%h&

1' w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIK úNd.h i|yd ljq¿ m;% fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska ilikq ,efí' ksjerÈ jrK lmd bj;a l< iy;sl lrk ,o ljq¿m;la Tn fj; imhkq ,efí' iy;sl l< ljq¿ m;%hla Ndú; lsÍu mÍCIlf.a j.lSu fõ'

2' wk;=rej W;a;rm;% fyd¢ka mÍCId lr n,kak' lsishï m%Yakhlg tla ms<s;=rlg jvd ,l=Kq lr we;akï fyda tlu ms<s;=rlaj;a ,l=Kq lr ke;akï fyda jrK lemS hk mßÈ brla w¢kak' we;eï úg whÿïlrejka úiska uq,ska ,l=Kq lr we;s mss<s;=rla uld fjk;a ms<s;=rla ,l=Kq lr ;sfnkakg mq¿jk' tfia ulk ,o wjia:djl§ meyeÈ,sj uld fkdue;s kï ulk ,o jrKh u; o brla w¢kak'

3' ljq¿ m;%h W;a;rm;%h u; ksjerÈj ;nkak' ksjerÈ ms<s;=r ,l=Klska o" jerÈ ms<s;=r 0 ,l=Klska o jrK u; ,l=Kq lrkak' ksjerÈ ms<s;=re ixLHdj ta ta jrK ;Srhg my<ska ,shd olajkak' wk;=rej tu ixLHd tl;= lr uq¿ ksjerÈ ms<s;=re ixLHdj wod< fldgqj ;=< ,shkak'

jHqy.; rpkd yd rpkd W;a;rm;% (

1' whÿïlrejka úiska W;a;rm;%fha ysiaj ;nd we;s msgq yryd f¾Ldjla we| lmd yßkak' jerÈ fyda kqiqÿiq ms<s;=re háka bß w¢kak' ,l=Kq Èh yels ia:dkj, yß ,l=Kq fh§fuka th fmkajkak'

2' ,l=Kq igyka lsÍfï§ ´j¾,kaâ lvodisfha ol=Kq mi ;Srh fhdod .; hq;= fõ'

3' iEu m%Yakhlgu fok uq¿ ,l=Kq W;a;rm;%fha uq,a msgqfõ we;s wod< fldgqj ;=< m%Yak wxlh bÈßfhka wxl follska ,shd olajkak' m%Yak m;%fha § we;s Wmfoia wkqj m%Yak f;dard .ekSu l< hq;=fõ' ish¨ u W;a;r ,l=Kq lr ,l=Kq uq,a msgqfõ igyka lrkak' m%Yak m;%fha § we;s Wmfoiaj,g mgyeksj jeä m%Yak .Kklg ms<s;=re ,shd we;akï wvq ,l=Kq iys; ms<s;=re lmd bj;a lrkak'

4' mÍCIdldÍj uq¿ ,l=Kq .Kk tl;= fldg uq,a msgqfõ kshñ; ia:dkfha ,shkak' W;a;rm;%fha iEu W;a;rhlgu § we;s ,l=Kq .Kk W;a;rm;%fha msgq fmr<ñka kej; tl;= lrkak' tu ,l=K Tn úiska uq,a msgqfõ tl;=j f,i igyka lr we;s uq¿ ,l=Kg iudk ±hs kej; mÍCId lr n,kak'

,l=Kq ,ehsia;= ilia lsÍu (

ish¨ u úIhkays wjidk ,l=Kq we.hSï uKav,h ;=<§ .Kkh lrkq fkd,efí' tneúka tla

tla m;%hg wod< wjidk ,l=Kq fjk fjku ,l=Kq ,ehsia;=j,g we;=<;a l< hq;= h' I m;%h i|yd nyqjrK ms<s;=re m;%hla muKla we;s úg ,l=Kq ,ehsia;=jg ,l=Kq we;=<;a lsÍfuka miq wl=frka ,shkak' wfkl=;a W;a;rm;% i|yd úia;r ,l=Kq we;=<;a lrkak' 51 Ñ;% úIhfha

I" II yd III m;%j,g wod< ,l=Kq fjk fjku ,l=Kq ,ehsia;=j, we;=<;a lr wl=frka o ,súh hq;= fõ'

***



YSs% ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk;

w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.h$f.ngh.j. (cau; ju)g; guPl;ir - 2019

kj ks¾foaYh$ Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk

úIhh wxlh úIhh ghl ,yf;fk; ghlk;;

,l=Kq §fï mámdáh$Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk;

I m;%h $ gj;jpuk; I

m%Yak wxlh

tpdh ,y.

ms<s;=re wxlh

tpil ,y.

m%Yak wxlh

tpdh ,y.

ms<s;=re wxlh

tpil ,y.

m%Yak wxlh

tpdh ,y.

ms<s;=re wxlh

tpil ,y.

m%Yak wxlh

tpdh ,y.

ms<s;=re wxlh

tpil ,y.

01'

02'

03'

04'

05'

06'

07'

08'

09'

10'

11'

12'

13'

14'

15'

16'

17'

18'

19'

20'

21'

22'

23'

24'

25'

26'

27'

28'

29'

30'

31'

32'

33'

34'

35'

36'

37'

38'

39'

40'

úfYaI Wmfoia$ tpNrl mwpTWj;jy; ( tla ms<s;=rlg$ xU rupahd tpilf;F 02 ,l=K ne.ska$Gs;sp tPjk; uq̀: ,l=Kq$nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs; 2 40 } 80

22 N+f.da, úoHdj

4

5

3

3

5

4

3

2

2

1

3

2

5

1

4

1

1

4

4

1

1

5

3

2

4

1

3

1

3

3

3

2

3

2

4

3

3

all

2

4

1

3

4

1

3

2

4

3



01' (i) AB iyCD f¾Ld fol u.ska olajd we;s N+ rEm ,CIK folkï lrkak'

AB - lfmd,a, $ f., lfmd,a,

CD - wj;, nEjqu

^,l=Kq 02 hs&

(ii) E iy F p;=ri% u.ska olajd we;s c,jyk ,CIKh yd N+ rEm ,CIKh

ms<sfj,ska kï lrkak'

E - jdß ud¾. we< $ jdß we< $ jdß ud¾.h

F - ksïkh $ V-yev ksïkh

^,l=Kq 02 hs&

(iii) G iy HiïnkaO flfrk f¾Ldj Tiafia yrialvla ^cross section&

w¢kak'

^fï i|yd 6 jk msgqfjys § we;s m%ia;dr lvodis fhdod .kak'&

mßudKhg ,l=Kq 1 hs"

yrialv ,l=Kq 02 hs"

^,l=Kq 03 hs&



(iv) tu yrialäka oelafjk m%foaYfha N+ úIu;dj iy N+ñ mßyrKh w;r

in|;dj fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

yrialäka oelafjk m%foaYfhys W;=re ol=Kq ÈYdjg úysfok

l÷jeá folla iy ta w;r msysá mq¿,a ksïkhla olakg ,efí' tys G

wCIrfhka oelafjk ia:dkh 500m blau jQ Wiska hqla; jk w;r th

óg¾ 200 wvq my< uÜgul msysá ksïkfha olajd iS>% nEjqula fmkakqï

lrhs' ksïkfha isg H wCIrfhka oelafjk ia:dkh olajd nEjqu wj;,

yevfhka hqla;h' fï wkqj yrialäka oelafjkafka l÷ iy ksïk

m%foaYhls'

m%foaYfha N+ñ mßyrKh f.j;=" ù f.dú;ek iy fjk;a jeú,s

jYfhka y÷kd.; yelsh' ksïkh yryd m%Odk ud¾.hka úysfok w;r

wm%Odk ud¾.hla Bg tlajk ia:dkfhys mdi,la msysgd we;' ksïk

m%foaYfha ;eks;,d nj yd my< Wkak;dxYhla msysàu f.j;= yd ù

f.dú;ekg n,md we;' ksïkhg ngysßka msysá l÷ nEjqï m%foaYh yd

kef.kysr l÷jeáfhys nEjqïj, fjk;a jeú,s jHdma;j we;'

yrialäka oelafjk m%foaYfha fï wkqj l÷ iy ksïk m%foaYhkag

fmdÿ jQ N+ó mßyrK ,CIK úoHdudk fõ'

lreKq 2 g ,l=Kq 1𝟏

𝟐 « 2 } 03

(v) is;shï m%foaYfhys N+ úIu;d ,CIK iy m%jdyk cd,h w;r in|;dj idlÉPd

lrkak'

is;shï m%foaYfha kef.kysr yd ngysr udhsï wdYs%;j l÷lr m%foaY iy

uOHfha my;a ìï olakg ,efí' ngysr w¾Ofha l÷jeá w;r W;=re ol=Kq

ÈYdjg úysfok ksïkhls' is;shfuys ol=Kq iSudj wdikak m%foaYfha my;a

ìï iy mq¿,a ksïkhla oelsh yelsh'

is;shï m%foaYfha m%jdyk cd,h ol=fKys msysá m%Odk ud¾.hl

fldgilska iy l÷jeá w;r ksïk Tiafia úysfok wm%Odk ud¾. lr;a;

$ ðma r: ud¾. iy wämdr j,ska iukaú; fõ' m%Odk ud¾.h .x.d

ksïkh wkqj kef.kysr - ngysr ÈYdkq.;j m%foaYh yryd úysfoa' ud¾.

jHdma;ùfï § N+ úIu;dj oeä f,i n,md we;' is;shï m%foaYfha fndfyda

fldgia i|yd myiqlï fkdmj;S' m%foaYfha N+ úIu;dj wkqj yev.eiS

we;s N+ñ mßyrKh iy ckdjdi jHdma;sh wkqj ud¾. cd,h jHdma; jk

nj meyeÈ,s jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'


𝟐 « 2 } 05



(vi) is;shfï J f,i ,l=Kq lr we;s p;=ri%fhys oelafjk m%foaYfha N+ñ

mßyrKfhys iajNdjh úia;r lrkak'

is;shfuys J f,i ,l=Kq lr we;s p;=ri%hg wh;a m%foaYh ;=< N+ó

mßyrKh b;d wju uÜgul mj;s' óg¾ 400 blaujk by<

Wkak;dxYhlska iy nEjqï iajNdjhlska msysá fuu m%foaYh ;=< N+ñ

mßyrKh i|yd N+ úIu;d ,CIK ndOl f,i n,md we;'

m%foaYfha l÷jeá w;r ksïk iy lfmd¨ Tiafia kef.kysr ngysr

ÈYdkq.;j lr;a; $ ðma r: ud¾.hla úysfoa' l÷ nEjqu iy l÷ uqÿk

jkdka;r j,ska jeiS we;s w;r fiiq m%foaYhka ys ,÷ lE,E oelsh yel' ta

wkqj p;=ri%hg wh;a N+ñ m%foaYh ixj¾Ok fkdjQ ñksia lghq;= i|yd

wfhda.H m%foaYhla f,i lsj yelsh'


𝟐 « 2 } 05

02' Tn fj; imhd we;s f,dal wdlD;s is;shfuys iïu; ixfla; yd j¾K

fhdod.ksñka my; i|yka oE ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'

^lreKq 1 « 10 } 10 hs&

^ÿUqre&

^ks,a&

^ly&

^ks,a&

^kï lsÍu&

^l¨ brla&

^l¿&

^r;= ;s;&

^r;= ;s;&

^kï lsÍu&



III fldgi

03' (i). o;a; iy f;dr;=re w;r fjki olajkak'

o;a; hkq zzúu¾IKh fyda úYaf,aIKh fyda i|yd /ial, lreKq yd

ixLHd fõ' tu o;a; ixúOdkh yd ilia fldg fkdue;s o< lreKqh'

f;dr;=re hkq ixúOdkh yd ilia fldg fkdue;s o< lreKq ixúOdkh

fldg ilia lsÍfuka miqj w¾:dkaú;j m%fhdackj;a f,i bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'

^,l=Kq 1 ¬ 1 } 02&

(ii). m%d:ñl o;a; iy oaú;Shsl o;a; w;r fjki idlÉPd lrkak'

m%d:ñl o;a; oaú;shsl o;a;

² m¾fhaIlhd úiska ;u wruqK i|yd /ialrk ,o o;a;

² fjkia wruqKq i|yd lsishï mqoa.,hl= fyda wdh;khla úiska /ialrk ,o o;a;'

² m¾fhaIlhd fCIa;%hg f.dia wod<o;a; /ialr .kS'

² o;a; ,nd .ekSug .;jk ld,h yd msßjeh wvqh'

² o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd .;jk ld,h" Y%uh yd msßjeh wêlh'

² o;a;j, úYajdiksh;ajh wvqh'

² o;a;j, úYajdiksh;ajh by<h'

,l=Kq 1 « 2 } 02 hs ,l=Kq 1 « 2 } 02 hs

^,l=Kq 2 ¬ 2 } 04 hs&

(iii). m%d:ñl o;a; /ialrkq ,nk l%u y;rla y÷kajkak'

1' m%Yakdj,sh

2' iïuqL idlÉPd

3' ksÍCIK

4' ñkqï

1' m%Yakdj,sh (-

wOHhkhg wod<j ilialr.;a m%Yakdj,shla Ndú;fhka o;a; tla

/ia lsÍu m%Yakdj,shla Ndú;fhka o;a; tla /ia lsÍu m%Yakdj,s

ióCIK kï fõ' fCIa;% úu¾Ylhska ud¾.fhka fyda ;eme,a u.ska

fyda m%Yakdj,sh wod< mqoa.,hska fj; fhduqlr ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSu

fuysÈ isÿ fõ'



2' iïuqL idlÉPd

mÍCIKh i|yd f;dard.kakd ,o ix.ykfha fyda kshÈfha

idudðlhka uqK.eis idlÉPd u.ska wjYH o;a; ,nd .ekSu'

3' ksÍCIK

wOHhkhg wod< f;dr;=re fCIa;%hg ;=, ë ksÍCIKh lsÍfuka

,nd.ekSu fuhska woyia flf¾' ksÍCIKh fohdldrh' ta iDcq

ksÍCIKh yd iyNd.s;aj ksÍCIKh f,ihs'

4' ñkqï

N+f.da, úoHdfõ § jeo.;ajk ld,.=K foaY.=K o;a; /ia lsÍu

i|yd ñkqï lsÍu ñka woyia fõ'

Wod (- j¾Idm;kh" WIAK;ajh" Wkak;dxYh

^,l=Kq 1« 4 } 04 hs&

(iv). m%d:ñl o;a; /ialsÍfï § uqyqK fok .eg¨ folla fláfhka meyeÈ,s

lrkak'

jeä ld,hla" Y%uhla yd Okhla jev lsÍug isÿfõ' wod< fuj,ï

iQodkï lr .ekSu" mqyqKq lsÍï isÿ lsÍu WmlrK ñ, § .ekSu yd

Ndú;h ms<sn| m%udKj;a mqyqKqj'

m%;spdr olajkakkaf.a oekqu NdIdj yd wdl,am m¾fhaIlhd

wfmaCIs; oekqula m%;spdr olajkakka ;=, ;sîu' Tyq iu. woyia

yqjudre lr.ekSug mj;sk yelshdj" m%;spdr olajkakka

m¾fhaIlhska ms<sn| olajk wdl,am'

m%;spdr olajkakkaf.a ld¾h nyq,;ajh'

mdßißl ndOl yd fiajd ld¾hCIu;djh'

mqoa., noaO ùu

,l=Kq 𝟐𝟏

𝟐 « 2 } 05 hs

04' (i). is;shula ^map& hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha l=ula o@

mDÓú ;,h u;=msg we;s ;s%udl fN!;sl yd ixialD;sl ,CIK

mßudKhlg wkqj iïu; j¾K" ixfla;" wCIr Ndú;dfldg me;,s

;,hla u; ixCIsma;j we| oelaùu'

^,l=Kq 02 hs&



(ii). úYd, mßudKfha is;shula iy l=vd mßudKfha is;shula w;r fjki

olajkak'

l=vd mßudK is;shu úYd, mßudK is;shu

² úYd, m%foaYhla we;=,;a fõ' ² l=vd m%foaYhla we;=,;a fõ'

² iSñ; f;dr;=re m%udKhla oelafõ'

² idfmaCIj úYd, f;dr;=re m%udKhla we;=,;a fõ'

² lshùu ;rula wiSre fõ' ² lshùu idfmaCIj wmyiqh'

tla mßudKhlska lreKq fol ne.ska mßudK foflka oelaùu'

^,l=Kq 0'5« 2 } 02 hs&

(iii). N+ ,CIK is;shulska we;s m%fhdack folla fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

N+ñfha hï m%foaYhl ksrfmaCI yd idfmaCI msysàu y÷kd.;

yelsùu'

N+ ,CIK fjkafldg y÷kd.ekSu yd N+ ,CIK w;r we;s

in|;dj wjfndaOlr .ekSu'

m%foaYhl mj;sk c, jyk rgdj yd N+ úIu;dj w;r in|;dj

ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsùu'

mßmd,k udhSï meyeÈ,sj fjkalr y÷kd.; yelsùu'

ixj¾Ok lghq;=j,§ fuu is;shï Ndú;d l, yelsùu'

iuia: fN!;sl yd udkj mßirh f;areï.; yelsùu'

^,l=Kq 𝟐𝟏

𝟐 « 2 } 05 hs&



(iv). f;aud is;shïj, jdis folla iy wjdis folla fláfhka idlÉPd

lrkak'

f;aud is;shïj, jdis (-

tla f;audjla fyda folla muKla fhdod .ekSu ksid wod<

f;dr;=re b;d myiqfjka y÷kd.; yelsùu'

tla f;audjla fyda lSmhla Ndú;d lsÍu ksid ks¾udKh myiqh'

tla f;audjl mj;sk jHdma; rgdj ;j;a f;audjl we;=,;a

lsÍfuka myiqfjka wjfndaO lr.; yelsùu'

f;aud is;shï o;a;j, iajrEmh yd wjYH;djh u; úúOdlrhg

ks¾udKh l, yelsùu'

úúO mßudKfhka is;shï bÈßm;a lsÍug mj;sk yelshdj'

^,l=Kq 𝟏𝟏

𝟐 « 2« 2 } 06 hs&

f;aud is;shïj, wjdis (-

iqúfYaIs wjYH;djhla u; ks¾udKh lrk is;shï neúka fmdÿ

Ndú;fha § f;dr;=re iSud iys; fõ'

ixLHd fY%aKshl f;dr;=re ksrEmkh lsÍu ksid ienE ixLHd o;a;

ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu wmyiqh'

f;aud .Kkdjla is;shï wjYH jQ úg ta i|yd fjka fjkaj

is;shï f;audjka i|yd is;shï iliaa l, hq;=ùu'



05' (i). 2009 iy 2012 j¾Ij, § YS% ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg ld¾ñl

wxYfha odhl;ajh j.=j 1 ys oelafõ'

^,l=Kq 05 hs&



(ii). Tn w¢k ,o m%ia;drfhys jdis folla iy wjdis folla meyeÈ,s lrkak'

jdis (-

ixhq;sh fmkakqï lrk ´kEu úp,Hla i|yd fuu m%ia;dr l%uh

iqÿiqh'

jD;a;fha wxYl .KK wkqj Wm fldgia j, úYd,;ajh

y÷kd.; yelsùu'

mßudKh wkqj o;a; yels,Sug ,lalrk" ksid úYd, o;a; jqjo

fuu.ska myifjka bÈßm;a l, yelsh'

^,l=Kq 1 « 2 } 02 hs&

wjdis (-

úYd, wka;rhla iys; o;a; i|yd iqÿiq jqjo l=vd ixLHd

ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq fkdfõ'

ks¾udKh ;rula wmyiq ùu'

jrlg oelaúh yelafla tla úp,Hla muKla ùu'

w.hka ms<sn| o< woyila ñi ienE jákdlï fuu.ska oek.;

fkdyels ùu

^,l=Kq 1 « 2 } 02 hs&

(iii). YS% ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg ld¾ñl wxYfha odhl;ajfhys

lemSfmfkk ,CIK folla j.=j wxl 1 ys o;a; weiqfrka fláfhka

úia;r lrkak'

2009 yd 2012 j¾I ixikaokh l, úg fuys hkafka ld¾ñl

wxYfha ksIamdokh lsÍï wxYh by,u odhl;ajh orhs' j¾Okh

11'5] fõ' ^62298&" odhl;ajh 56] ls'

fojk ia:dkh bÈ lsÍï wxYh jk w;r 2009" 2012 olajd ld,h

;=, 28] l j¾Okhla fmkakqï lrhs' ^64179& odhl;ajh 27] ls'

wdlr yd leksï wxYfha iuia: odhl;ajh wvq jqjo 2009 isg 2012

jk úg 29] l jeäu j¾Okhla fmkakqï lrhs' ^24593&

odhl;ajh 9] ls'

úÿ,sh" .Eia yd c,h wxYfha odhl;ajh wvqu jk w;r 2012 isg

j¾Okh 12'4] ls' ^9067& odhl;ajh 8] ls'

^,l=Kq 𝟏𝟏

𝟐 « 2 } 03 hs&



(iv). j.=j wxl 1 ys o;a; bÈßm;a l< yels fjk;a is;shï úoHd;aul l%uhla

fhdackd lr tys fhda.H;dj lreKq folla u.ska meyeÈ,s lrkak'

nyq ;SrE m%ia;drh ^iuQy $ ieiÿï ;Sre&

ldKav lsmhlg wh;a o;a; ixikaokd;aulj bÈßm;a l,

yelsùu'

úp,Hl Wm fldgiaj, jákdlï ld,h fyda j¾.h wkqj

fjkiajk wdldrh ksremkh l, yelsùu'

ldKav w;r fukau ldKav we;=,; úúO;ajh ixikaokh l,

yelsùu'

úp,H .Kkdjl ld,Sk fjkialï tla m%ia;drhlska oek.;

yelsùu'

fhdackd lsÍug 1

fhda.H;dj 1 x 2

3

ixhqla; ;SrE m%ia;drh

úp,Hfha uq¿ jákdlu fukau Wm fldgiao ksrEmkh l,

yelsùu'

tla tla Wm fldgiaj,g ksYaÑ; mßudK Ndú;d lsÍu u.ska Wm

fldgia w;r fjki meyeÈ,sju wjfndaOlr.; yelsùu'

m%;sY; w.hka f,i oelaùfï § Wm fldgia w;r idfmaCI fjki

myiqfjka wjfndaO lr.; yelsùu'

úp,Hj, uq¿ jákdlu yd ixhq;sh tlu m%ia;drhlska oelaùu

;Sre .Kkdjla ks¾udKh lsÍug mj;sk yelshdj'

^,l=Kq 𝟏𝟏

𝟐 « 2 } 03 hs&



N+f.da, úoHdj II

1 fldgi - fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj

01' (i). wka;¾ckH n,fõ. yd nys¾ckH n,fõ. hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ula±hs i`oyka lrkak'

^,l=Kq 1« 2 } 02&

wka;¾ckH n,fõ. hkq mD:Sú wNHka;rh ;=< ls%hd;aul jk

n,fõ.hka h' fuu n,fõ. W;amdokh jkafka ndysr yrh ;=< we;s uQ,

øjHj, isÿjk úlsrKYS,s fyda ridhksl m%;sls%hdjka ksid we;sjk

WKqiqï ixjyk Odrdj, m%;sM,hla jYfhks'

mD:sú mDIaGfhka mßndysrj ls%hd;aul jk n,fõ. nys¾ckH n,fõ.

f,i y`ÿkajhs' tkï iq<`." .,d hk c,h" .a,eish¾ yd id.r ;rx. fõ'

fuu ldrlj, ls%hdldÍ;ajh fya;=fjka mDÓúh u; mj;sk N+ rEm

fjkiajk w;r kj N= rEm ks¾udKh ùu o isÿ fõ'

(ii). Ys,df.da,h ;=< ls%hd;aul jk iïmSvk n,fõ. u`.ska ks¾udKh jk keñ j¾. ;=kla fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2« 3 } 06&

iuñ;sl keïu

wiuñ;sl keïu

taldk;s keïu

iudk;s keïu

T;a keïu

W,e`.s keïu

Wvqkeñ uvq,a, yd hákeñ uvq,a,

iuñ;sl keïu (

fomiska t,a, jk n,fõ. tl iudk jQ úg ndyq follska hq;a

iuñ;sl keïula ks¾udKh fõ' Wvq keñ yd há keñ iudk jk w;r

keñ wlaIh mdÓúhg ,ïNlj msysghs' ndyq fol iudk wkql%uhlska

hqla; fõ'

wiuñ;sl keïu (

ndyq fol tlsfklg wiudk wkql%uhla fmkajk w;r keñ

wlaIh mDÒúhg ,ïNlj fkdmsysghs' iïmSvk n,fõ.hg yiqjk

m%foaYfha we;s mdIdKj, m%;sfrdaOl nfõ fjkialï u; tl ndyqjla

wfkla ndyqjg jvd Èla jQ úg wiuñ;sl keïula ks¾udKh fõ'



W,e`.s keïu (

fuu keïfï wlaISh ;,h mD:sú mDIaGh foig fhduq ù ;sfí' há keïu

iïmQ¾Kfhkau jeiS ;sfí' wvq ;rñka tla ndyqjlaj;a 900 jvd jeä

fldaKhlska N%uKh ù we;' fuu W,e`.s keïu l=vd m%;sk;s iy iyk;s

.Kkdjlska iukaú; fõ'

taldk;s keïu (

keñ moaO;shl tla ndyqjla ,ïNdldrj msysàfuka taldk;s

keïula ks¾udKh fõ' ndyq fofla wkql%uh w;sYhska wiudk fõ' tla

nEjqula fudfydr nEjqula jk w;r wfkla nEjqu u`o nEjqï iys; fõ'

iudk;s keïu (

keñ lsysmhla tlaj .;a l, ta ish,af,au keñ wlaI idudk jQ

wdk;shlska hqla; fõ' tla tla keïfï wlaISh ;, tlsfklg iudka;rj

msysghs'

T;a keïu (

t,a, jk n,fõ. yd mdIdK ia:rj, wiudk;dj jvd;a ;Sj% jk

úg keïu jvd;a ;Sj% ùfuka by, ndyqj my< ndyqj u; ;eïm;a ù T;a

keïu ks¾udKh fõ'

Wvqkeñ uvq,a, yd hákeñ uvq,a, (

iïmSvk n,fõ.j,g ,la jQ we;eï m%foaYj, Wvq keñ yd há

keñ iys; ixlS¾K jQ l=vd keñ rdYshla ks¾udKh jk w;r tjeks Wvq

keñ yd há keñ .Kkdjlska iukaú; úYd, há keïula há keñ

uvq,a, f,i o l=vd Wvq keñ yd há keñ /ilska iukaú; úYd, Wvq

keïula Wvqkeñ uvq,a,la f,i o ye`Èkafõ'

(iii). Ys,df.da,h ;=< ls%hd;aul jk wd;;Sh n,fõ. u`.ska ks¾udKh jk

úfNao j¾. ;=kla fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2« 3 } 06&

idudkH úfNaoh

fydaiaÜ úfNaoh

fidamdk úfNaoh

iqúfNao ksïk

l=Üá úfNaoh



idudkH úfNaoh (

wd;;Sh n,h ksid úfNao ;,h u; tu me;s by<g fyda my,g

hhs' ta ksid idudkH úfNaoh ks¾udKh fõ'

iqúfyao ksïkh (

mDÓú lfndf,a fldgia idudka;rj my;a jk úg ke;akï

wd;;Sh n,fhka .s,d nisk úg iqúfNao ksïk ks¾udKh fõ'

Wod # kef.kysr wms%ldkq iqúfNao ksïkh

fidamdk úfNaoh (

mdIdK l=Üá .s,d neiSu ksid mäfm<l wdldrh .;a nEjqï ksïk

ks¾udKh ùfuka fidamdk úfNaoh ks¾udKh fõ'

Wod # rhska .x`.d ksïkh

fydaiaÜ úfNaoh (

W;slaIsma; l=Üá we, fkdù ;sriaj mj;sk úg tajd fydaiaÜ

hkqfjka ye`Èkafõ' fuu úfNaoh È.eá yevfhka hqla; jk w;r

úfNaoh u`.ska óg¾ 2000 isg óg¾ 4000 olajd Wig l`ÿjeá

ks¾udKh lrkq ,nhs'

l=Üá úfNaoh (

úfNao ;, Tiafia l=vd l=Üá W;slaIsma; ùfuka l=Üá úfNao

ks¾udKh fõ' fuys § mDÓú lfnd, LKavkh jk w;r úúO Wi

uÜgïj, yd ÈYdjkag tu LKavkh jQ fldgia ú;eka ùu isÿfõ'

m%;sj¾;k úfNaoh (

m%;sj¾;k úfNaoh hkq úfNao ;,hg wdk;j tla wxYhla wfkla

wxYh u; md¾Yaúlj f;rmSfuka we;sjk N+ rEmhlS' fuys §

,Uì;h (hanging wall) by< my< .uka lrk w;r mdì;h

(foot wall) tf,iu mj;S' fuu p,kh" f;rmqu fya;=fjka isÿjk

w;r N+ ldrl ;eá udhsï wdikakfha ksrka;rfhka olakg ,efí'

W,e`.s úfNaoh o m%;sj¾;k úfNaohla jk w;r 450 jvd wvq

wdk;shlska hqla; fõ'



(iv) by< wlaIdxYSh m%foaYj, ls%hd;aul jk m%Odk nys¾ckH n,fõ.hla

ksid ks¾udKh jk N+ ,laIK ;=kla iqÿiq rEm igyka weiqfrka meyeÈ,s

lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06&

v%ï,ska

tia;r

ìcqmeis

fudf¾k

ìys;ekak

frdIauqfgdakafka

U yev ksïk

,ïN ksïk$ t,af,k ksïkh

mS;A; má ú,a$ ú,a je,a

i¾l

msróvdldr uqÿka

wf¾g

02' (i) .x`.d ksïkhl isÿjk Ldokh flfrys n,mdk idOl y;rla i`oyka

lrkak'

^,l=Kq 0'5 « 4 } 2&

.x`.dfõ nEjqu

N+ jHqyh

Ldos; øjHj, iajNdjh

mdxY+ j¾.h

ksïkfha úYd,;ajh yd yevh

c,fha m%fõ.h yd c, mßudj

(ii) .x`.d ksïkhl Ldokh isÿjk l%u ;=kla fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06&

.x`.d Ldokh flfrys n,mdk m%Odk l%u jkafka W,af,aLh" >¾IKh"

ix>¾IKh" ødjKh" ødj ls%hdj

W,af,aLh (

.x`.djl mßjykh jk LdÈ; øjH fya;=fjka .x bjqr isÍhdu'



>¾IKh (

.x`.d Ndrh ;=< we;s øjH tlsfklg .eàu >¾IKhhs' fï ksid

øjH l=vd ù mßjykh myiq fõ'

ix>¾IKh (

.x`.d Ndrh u`.ska .f`.ys bjqre yd m;a, Ldokh ùu ix>¾IKhhs'

ødjKh (

c,h .,d hEfï fõ.h wkqj ksrdjrKh jQ mdIdK u;ska Èh l`o

.,d hk úg isÿjk ridhksl ls%hdj ødjKh f,i ye`Èkafõ' ix>¾IKh

u`.ska bj;a l< fkdyels mdIdK ødjKh u`.ska bj;a fõ'

ødj ls%hdj (

.x`.djl c,h .,d hk úg mdIdK mDIaGhla u;ska c,h p,kh

ùfï § hdka;s%l cS¾K ls%hd,sh u`.ska tu mdIdKh Ldokh ùu'

(iii) .x`.d ksïkhl by< fldgfia olakg ,efnk N+ ,laIK ;=kla

fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2« 3 } 06&

.x`.d ksïkhl by< fldgi iS>% nEjqï iys;j .x`.d ´vh mgq jk w;r

.x`.dfõ c,h .,dhdu fõ.j;ah' .x`.dfõ by< fldgfia § isria Ldokh

wêl fõ' tu ksid .x`.djl by< fldgfia my; i`oyka N+ rEm olakg

,efí'

V yev ksïk (

.x`.dfõ iS>% nEjqu ksid c,h .,dhdu fõ.j;a fõ' fuu

fõ.j;a .e,Sfï§ isÿjk Ldok ls%hdj,sh u`.ska .x`.dfõ uDÿ mdIdK

Ldokh ùu ksid .x.dfõ nEjqu m%md;dldr fõ' tu ksid ksïk mgq

iy .eUqre jk w;r .x.dfõ yria me;slv V wl=rl yevfhka

hqla; fõ' tu ksid tu ksïk V yev ksïk f,i y`ÿkajhs'



.,ajk (

.x`.djl by< fldgfia .x m;=, wdYs%;j y`ÿkd.; yelsh'

fïjd ks¾udKh jkqfha ix>¾IKh fya;=fjks' .x`.d c,fha

mßjykh flfrk Ndrh u`.ska .x.dfõ m;=< ;=< we;s uDÿ mdIdK

Ldokh ùu ksid .x m;af,ys ;eksska ;ek l=vd j<j,a ks¾udKh

fõ' fuu j<j,a .,ajk ,laIK f,i yÿkajhs'

fodrej (

;o mdIdK ia:r folla w;ßka .`. .,d hdfï § th

fndfyda ÿrg mgq ù ks¾udKh jk N+ rEm ,laIKhls' fujeks

fodare ,laIK ksid Èhwe,s o ks¾udKh úh yelsh' fuh .eUqre

fodarejlg jvd l=vd fõ'

(iv) .x`.d ksïkhl my< fldgfia § ksêidokh ksid ks¾udKh jk N+

,laIK ;=kla úia;r lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06&

yevm¨ .x`.d (

.x.djl c, m%jdyh fifuka .,k wjia:dfõ§ wjidÈ; ;ekam;a

ùu fya;=fjka iq,nj ks¾udKh jk N+ rEmhls' fï fya;=fjka .x.dfõ

ÈYdk;sh fjkia ùu;a kj .x.d ´v yg .ekSu;a isÿ fõ'.x.dfõ

wjidÈ; Ndrh nßka jeäùu fya;=fjkA thska hï fldgila ksêidOkhg

,la ù úia:dmkh jk ¥m;a yd mrhka yg.kakd ia:dkj, yevm¨ .x.d

N+ rEmh ks¾udKh fõ'

.x lKaä (

.x`.d msgdr .e,Sfï § nßka jeä r`M Èh`M fldgia .x`.d bjqre

fomi jßka jr ;eïm;a úfuka wjg m%foaYj,g jvd Wiajk fia .x

lKaä ks¾udKh fõ'

msgdr ;eks (

msgdr ;eks ks¾udKh jkafka .x o`.rhla my<g .,d hdfï§

me;a;lska fidaodf.k hdu fya;=fjks' .x`.djla tys bjqre lvd hdfï È

Èh`M mia ia:r b;sß lrkq ,nhs' fïjd l%ufhka ;ekafka m;=< ks¾udKh

lrkq ,nhs' Èh`M ;eks jYfhka ye`Èkafjk fuu ;eks;,d ìïj, mi

idrj;a jk neúka j.d lghq;=j,g fhda.H fõ'



fv,agdj (

.x.dj /f.k hk øjH .x fudafha ;ekam;a ùu ksid fv,agdj

ks¾udKh fõ' .x`.d Ndrh wêNdrhla ùu fyj;a Yla;su;a ùu" by, .x

fødaKshg wêl j¾Idm;khla ,eîu" .xfudah .eUqre fkdùu iy id.r

Èhje,a yd ;rx.j, wvq fõ.h fv,agdjla ks¾udKhg fya;= fõ' fv,agd

ks¾udKfha § .x`.dj l=vd c, myrj,g fn§ hhs' fï ;=<ska wjdkl

yevh .kakd fv,agd" mlaIsmdo yevh .kakd fv,agd" mlaIsmdo yevh

.kakd fv,agd ks¾udKh fõ'

ÿkqú, (

c,h wêl jQ wjia:djkays oS o`.r .eiqKq .x`.d" o`.r fkrefjka

f., yryd .,d tajdfha ud¾.h flálr .ks' fuf,i yEreKq .x o`.rh

wdrïNfha § fjkuu fldgila f,i olakg ,efnk w;r miq ld,Skj

ú,la njg m;afõ' fuu N+ rEmh tys we;s wYaj ,dvulg iudk jQ

iqúfYaIS jl% yevh ksidfjkau wYaj,dvï ú, f,iska o y`ÿkajhs'

03' (i) foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùu hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ula±hs olajkak'

^,l=Kq 2« 1 } 02&

È.= ld,hla ;=< mj;akd ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajh idudkH fjkiaùulg

,laùu foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï f,i ye`Èkafõ'

(ii) foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùïj,g odhljk iajNdúl idOl ;=kla fláfhka

úia;r lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2« 3 } 06&

ysre,mj, n,mEu

huy,a ls%hdldÍ;ajh

id.r u;=msg WIaK;aj fjkialï we;s ùu

t,aksfkda

,dkskd



ysre,mj, n,mEu (

jdhqf.da,Sh moaO;sh ;dmj;a ùu iQ¾h úlsrKh u`.ska isÿ ùu

idudkH ixisoaêhls' fuu ;;a;ajh we;eï úg fjkia jkafka ysref.a

u;=msg we;s jk uyd msmqreï fya;=fjks' fuu msmqreï iQ¾hhdf.a pqïnl

fCIa;%fha we;s jk wka;¾ l%shdldrlï ksid we;s fõ' fujeks msmqreï

ksid ysref.ka uyd .sks±,a u;= fõ' .sks±,a we;s ù ksù hdug jir 11l

muK ld, mßÉfþohla .; jk nj ksÍCIK u`.ska fy<s ù we;' fuu

msmqreï ia:dk w÷re meyefhka Èiafõ' fïjd ysre ,m f,i ye¢kafõ'

È.ska È.g ysre ,m we;s ùu u`.ska mDÓúhg ,efnk ;dm m%udKfha

fjkialï we;s fõ' fufia ,efnk ;dm m%udKh jdhqf.da,hg Wrd .ekSu

ksid mDÓú WIaK;ajh jeä fõ' fuys m%;sM, f,i kshÕ we;s ùu"

ldka;dÍlrKh" Ydl j¾Okhg n,mEï t,a, ùu" <eõ.sks jeks ixisoaê

y÷kd f.k we;'

huy,a ls%hdldÍ;ajh ( huy,a l%shdldß;ajh u`.ska o mDÓú jdhqf.da,h ;dmj;a fõ'

mDÓú;,fha we;s me,Sï" l=ia;+r" úfNao wd§ ÿ¾j, ia:dk u`.ska mDÓú

wNHka;rfha we;s ue.aud" mdÓú;,h u;=msgg meñK isis,a ùfï § wêl

;dm m%udKhla jdhqf.da,hg uqÞ yef¾' óg wu;rj w¿" ÿï" ¥,s" wd§ øjH

úYd, f,i jdhqf.da,hg tl;= fõ' fuys m%;sM, f,i iq<x ixirK

rgdfõ fjkia ùï" wêl WIaK;ajh yd wêl j¾Idj jeks ixisoaê we;s

fõ'

id.r u;=msg WIaK;aj fjkialï we;s ùu ( jdhqf.da,fha mj;sk wêl WIaK;ajh id.r c,h uÕska

wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu ksid tys WKqiqu jeä ù >k;ajh wvq ùfuka

mßudj jeä fõ' fuu`.ska id.ßl m%jdyj, ixirKfha f.da,Sh rgdj o

fjkia fjñka mj;sk nj ksÍlaIKh lr we;' ksoiqka f,i .sïydk

ld,fha § meis*sla fjr<nv WKqiqï f.dvìï m%foaYj, wvq mSvkhla o

YS; id.r u;=msg jeä mSvkhla o mj;sk neúka il%Sh yd fõ.j;a iq<x

yeóula isÿ fõ' id.r u;=msg WIaK;aj fjkialï ksid WKqiqï yd YS;

Èhje,aj, ixirK rgd fjkia ùu" iq<x rgd fjkia ùu" l=Kdgq we;s ùu"

my;a ìï hg ùu" lfvd,dk mßir úkdY ùu" ,jK c,h f.dvìug

.,d tAu wdÈ isÿùï /ila we;s fjñka mj;shs'



t,aksfkda ( meis*sla id.rh u;=msg iEu jir 3-5 w;r ld,hlg jrla úYd,

WKqiqï c, u;=msgla ks¾udKh ù jirla fyda Bg jeä ld,hla mqrd th

mj;S' ta wkqj fmare yd blajfodar rdcH wjg meis*sla id.r c,fha

WIaK;ajh jeä ùu ksid jdhq mSvkfha yd iq<x rgdfõ we;s jk

fjkialï t,aksfkda yg.ekSug fya;= ù we;' fuh idudkHfhka k;a;,a

iufha § isÿ jk neúka l%sia;= orejd hk w¾:h we;s —t,aksfkda˜ kñka

y÷kajhs' t,aksfkda ksid mDÓúh u; wka;.dó ld,.=K ;;a;ajhka we;s

ù f.da,Sh WKqiqu jeä fõ'

,dkskd ( t,aksfkda ixisoaêh wjika ùu;a iu`. ,dkskd ;;a;aj ks¾udKh

fõ' t,aksfkda ksid wêl WIaK;ajhla yg.;a m%foaYj, ,dkskd ;;a;aj

ksid YS; mßirhla ks¾udKh fjhs' ksß; È. meis*sla id.rfha widudkH

f,i YS; id.ßl c,;,hla fuu`.ska ks¾udKh fõ' ksoiqka f,i 1998

cqks udifha § meis*sla id.rfha kef`.kysr c,;,h tla jr u isis,a ù

jdhq mSvkh jeä ù Èhje,aj, fõ.h fjkia ùug ,la ù we;'

(iii) f.da,Sh foaY.=K fjkiaùï udkqI ls%hdldrlï flfrys n,mdk wdldrh

WodyrK ;=kla weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2« 3 } 06& lDIsl¾uh

foaY.=K fjkia ùï lDIsl¾uh flfrys Rcq j u n,mdhs'

j¾Idm;k rgd fjkia ùfuka th isÿ úh yels h'

foaY.=K fjkia ùï ksid frda. yd m,sfndaO Wjÿre jeä fõ'

Ydlj, M, yg .ekSu wvq ùu;a wl,g M, yg .ekSu;a isÿ fõ'

kshx ;;a;aj ksid mfia wdï,sl;dj by< hdfuka bvï" j.djg

kqiqÿiq fõ'

id.r c, uÜgu by< hdu ksid fjr<nv lDIs bvï j.d l<

fkdyels ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ'

fNda. wiajkq wvq ùu ksid lDIs wd¾Ólh lvd jeàug mq¿jk'

wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj ms<sn| .eg¨ we;s fõ'

iajdNdúl úm;a jeä ùu ksid lDIs ìï úkdY fõ'

YS; R;=j flá ùu fyda .sïydkh È.= ùu ksid we;eï m%foaYj,

me, jefvk ld,h §¾> ùfuka jdis iy.; ;;a;ajhka o we;s úh

yels h'



l¾udka;

yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh md,kh lsÍu i|yd f,dalfha fndfyda

rgj,a foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| f.da,Sh iïuq;sj,g w;aika lsÍu

ksid wdlr l¾udka;fha miqnEula we;s ùu'

w¨;a mßir ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK §ug isÿ ùu ksid l¾udka;j,

msßjeh by< hdu'

iajdNdúl úm;a we;s ùu jeä ù we;s neúka l¾udka; Yd,d yd

ksIamdok úkdY ù hdu'

ëjr ìïj, jHdma;sh yd u;aiH .yKh flf¾ we;s jk n,mEu'

jdiia:dk

f.da,Sh WKqiqu jeä ùu ksid id.r c, uÜgu by< hdfuka

fjr<nv ckdjdi úkdY ùu'

f,dal ck.ykfhka 50]la muK uqyqÿ fjrf<a isg ls'ó' 60l ÿr

m%udKhla ;=< jdih lr;s' f,dalfha k.rj,ska 3$4la muK

fjr<nv msysgd we;'

f.da,Sh WKqiqu jeä ùu fya;=fjka mßir WIaK;ajh by< hdu

ksid jdiia:dk ;=< úfYaIfhka kd.ßl m%foaYj, ksjdi

ixlS¾Kj, Ôj;a ùu wmyiq ùu'

n,Yla;s Ndú;fhka ksjdi ;=< Ôj;a ùu myiq ;;a;ajhg m;a lr

.ekSu ksid n,Yla;s msßjeh by< hdu'

jdiia:dk bÈ lsÍug hk msßjeh jeä ùu'

jdiia:dkj,g iajdNdúl úm;aj,ska isÿ jk ydks jeä ùu'

kshx iy c, .e,Sï jeks iajdNdúl Wmøj ksid jdiia:dkj,g

we;s jk n,mEu'

wka;.dó ld,.=K ;;a;ajhka ksid we;s jk n,mEu' WÞ( iq<s

l=Kdgq



fi!LHh

frda. jdylhka u`.ska me;sfrk fnda jk frda. by< hdu yd frda.

me;sÍu' WÞ( fvx.="uef,aßhd" nrjd

• wêl WKqiqug fyda YS;,g fyda ksrdjrKh ùu yd jdhq ¥IKh

fya;=fjka yDo frda. fyda p¾u ms<sld jeä ùu'

• foaY.=K fjkia ùï lDIs ksIamdokhg wys;lr f,i n,mEfuka

wdydr yd fmdaIK uÜgï my< hdu u`.ska ukaofmdaIKh jeks

fmdaIK W!k;d wdY%s; frda. ;;a;ajhka j¾Okh ùu'

• mdßißl WIaK;ajh jeä ùu u`.ska Yajik frda. by< hdu'

(iv) foaY.=Ksl fjkiaúïj, wys;lr n,mEï wju lr .ekSu iòyd

wkq.ukh l< yels ls%hdud¾. ;=kla meyeÈ,s lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06&

wêmßfNdackh iSud lsÍu

ñksid Tyqf.a ixlS¾K wjYH;d iu`. nyqNdKav mßyrKh i|yd

fhduq ù we;' úfYaIfhka ixj¾ê; f,dalfha rgj, fï ;;a;ajh lemS

fmfkhs' uQ,sl wjYH;d f,i ie,flk c,h" wdydrmdk" we`ÿï me<÷ï"

jdiia:dk i|yd wêl b,aüla mj;sk w;r ñksid úiska mßyrKh

lrkq ,nk NdKav yd WmlrK mßjyk udOH" fiajd myiqlï ms<sn| j

wêl b,aüla mej;S' fï fya;=fjka mßir iïm;a wêl f,i

mßfNdackh i|yd fhduq ù we;' ksoiqka f,i c,h" mi" Lksc iïm;a"

jd;h" jkdka;r fï w;r lemS fmfkk f,i wêmßfNdackhg fhduq ù

we;'

- fï ksid fmdis, bkaOk iïm;a Ndú;h iSud l< hq;= h'

- jkdka;r ;srir f,i Ndú; lsÍu wjYH j we;'

- ñksidf.a wêmßfNdackh iSud lr .ekSug" ir, yd pdï

Èúfmfj;lg yqre ùu'

- wêmßfNdackh iSud lr .ekSfuka ld¾hCIu j yd M,ÞhS j

iïm;a mßyrKh l< yels h'



ldnka úfudapkh wju lsÍu

- jk jeiau wdrCId lsÍu yd kej; jk j.dj u`.ska mDÓú jk

wdjrKh ixrCIKh l< hq;= h' yß;d.dr jdhq wjfYdaIK

yelshdj we;s m%n, u iajdNdúl udOHh jkdka;r h'

- fmdis, bkaOk oykh ldnka úfudapkh g m%n, u idOlhla

jk ksid bkaOk oykh iSud lsÍug mshjr .; hq;= h'

- n,Yla;s ld¾hCIu;dj by< kexùu" n,Yla;s Ndú;h wju

lsÍu" úl,am n,Yla;s fj; fhduq ùu" i;a;aj md,k lghq;=

iSud lsÍu" m%jdyK ld¾hCIu;dj by< kexùu" wmøjH

l<ukdlrKh" ir, Wmdx. Ndú;h yd ir, Èú meje;au

wdÈh u`.ska ldnka úfudapkh wju lsÍu l< yels h'

cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r m%;sm;a;sj,g yd ks¾foaYj,g wkq.; ùu

- tlai;a cd;Skaf.a foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| rduq.; iïuq;sh

wkqj lghq;= lsÍu'

- tlai;a cd;Skaf.a foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| rduq.; iïuq;sh

f.da,Sh jYfhka ksis mßÈ l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd kS;Hdkql+,

mokula iys; lsfhdf;da ikaOdkh msysgq ùu yd Bg wkq.;

ùu'

- foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| meßia COP21 (Conference of Parties)

iy meßia iïuq;shg wkqj lghq;= lsÍu' fï i|yd rgj,a 55la

w;aika lr we;'

- rdcH m%;sm;a;s yd foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùï

04' (i) c, pl%h ;=< c,h mj;akd iajrEm folla kï lrkak' ^,l=Kq 1 « 2 } 02&

>k - l÷lr m%foaYj, whsia jeiau" O%ej m%foaYj, .a,eishr

øj - N+;, c,h" id.r" .x.d" ú,a" jeõ

jdhq - c, jdIam" c, ìkaÿ



(ii) f,dalfha c, iïm;aj, .=Kd;aulNdjh flfrys n,mdk m%Odk idOl ;=kla fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06&

ck jHdma;sh yd j¾Okh jeä jk ck.ykhg wkqj c, wjYH;d jeä ùu

kd.ÍlrKh wêl c, mßfNdackh" c, ud¾. wjysr ùu

wmøjH neyer lsÍu lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl fiajd yd .Dy lghq;= ksid neyer jk wmøjH ksid c, ¥IKh

fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk øjH Ndú;h c,hg úúO ridhk øjH tl;= ùu

i;a;aj øjH uqiq ùu c,h wmsßisÿ ùu yd ¥IKh

wdlr l¾udka; .,a wÕ=re" fmfg%da,shï yd m;,a l¾udka; ksid wmøjH c,hg tl;= ùu yd c, uQ,dY% úkdY ùu

iajdNdúl wdmÞ kdh hEï" .sksl÷ jeks wdmÞ ksid c,h ¥IKh ùu

(iii) Ys% ,xldfõ c, iïm; ;SrKh flfrk m%Odk fN!;sl idOl ;=kla meyeÈ,s lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06 hs&

YS% ,xldfõ N+f.da,Sh msysàu

- uOHu l`ÿlrfha msysàu

- bkaÈhka id.rfha msysàu

- bkaÈhdkq Wm uyoaùmfha wdikakfha msysàu

- ¥m;la ùu

j¾Idj jir mqrd úúO l%u Tiafia ,eîu

- ixjyk jeis

- fudaiï jeis

- jdiq<s



.x.d fødaKsj, jHdma;s rgdj

- .x`.d cd,h

j¾Id c, m%udKh

- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kfha uOHkHh w.h 1861 mm ùu

- uOHu l`ÿlrfha ngysr nEjqïj, § tu m%udKh 5000 mm blauùu'

- w¾OY=Ial m%foaYj, th 1000 mm jvd wvq ùu'

mdxY+ ;;a;ajh

- mdxY= j¾.h

rg wNHka;rfha we;s c, uQ,dY%

jDCI,;dj

N+ jHqyfha iajrEmh$N+.; c,h

(iv) Èjhsfka c, iïm; ixrlaIKh iòyd YS% ,xld rch f.k we;s ls%hdud¾. ;=kla fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06 hs&

c,dOdr l<ukdlrK l%fudamdhka

kej; jk j.d jevigyka

c, ¥IKh wju lsÍu

cd;sl c, m%;sm;a;sh

udkj wmøjH úosu;aj neyer lsÍug ls%hd ud¾. fhdod .ekSu'

.Dyia: le,s li< m%;splsS%lrKh lsÍu

lD;%Su fmdfydr" lDñkdYl yd j,a kdYl Ndú;h wju lsÍu yd

tajd Ndú;hg iSud mekùu

ld¾ñl wmøjH neyer lsÍu iòyd kS;s mekùu'

je,s f.dv±óu" wfkl=;a lekSï lghq;= yd ueá ksiaidrKh wju

lsÍfï wjYH;djh ms<snò ñksiqka ±kqj;a lsÍu'

kS;s W,a,x>Kh lrk mqoa.,hkag o`vqjï ,nd§u

j¾Id c,h Ndú;hg .ekSu ^jeis c, gexls&

c, mßfNdackhg uqo,a whlsÍu

oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka l%Shd;aul lsÍu



IIfldgi - udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj

(i) j.= wxl 1 ys y÷kd.; yels cd;Hka;r ixl%uKfha lemS fmfkk ,CIK

y;rlai|yka lrkak'

1990 - 2017 olajd ld,h ;=< § cd;Hka;r ixl%uKslhkaf.a

ixLHdj wLKavj jeä ù ;sfí' ^1990 § ñ,shk 152'5 isg 2017 §

ñ,shk 257'7 olajd&

ixj¾ê; yd ixj¾Okh jk l,dm fol lrdu cd;Hka;r

ixl%uKslhka we£ f.dia ;sfí'

cd;Hka;r ixl%uKslhkaf.ka nyq;rh ixl%uKh jkafka

ixj¾ê; rgj,g h'

tfiau ixj¾ê; rgj,g ixl%uKh jk whf.a ixLHdjo l%ufhka

jeä ù ;sfí'

uq¿ ixl%uKslhkaf.ka m%;sY;hla jYfhka ie,l= úg ixj¾ê;

rgj,g hk whf.a ixLHdj WÉPdjpkh ù ;sfí'

ixj¾Okh jk rgj,g ixl%uKh jkakkaf.a ixLHdjo wod,

ld,h ;=< § lemS fmfkk f,i WÉPdjvkh ù we;'

tfiau" ixj¾Okh jk rgj,g ixl%uKh jkakkaf.a ixLHdfõ

m%;sY;h wvq ù ;sfí'

^,l=Kq 02 hs&

05'



(ii) ixj¾ê; rgj,a lrd ixl%uKh ùug ck;dj fmd<Ujk idOl ;=klafláfhka úia;r lrkak'

ixj¾ê; rgj, mj;akd wd¾Ól wjia:d ( /lshd wjia:d yd wdodhï

bmhSfï wjia:d' ^weo .ekSfï idOl&

by<Ôjk ;;a;ajhla N=la;s ú§fï wfmaCIdj' ^weo .ekSfï idOl&

orejkaf.a wOHdmkh i|yd myiqlï ;sîu' ^weo .ekSfï idOl&

;ud Ôj;ajk rgj, ;sfnk wd¾Ól .eg¨ /lshd .eg¨ ^;,a¨

lsÍfï idOl&

iudc msßySu" .=KO¾u msßySu" wmrdO jeäùu' ^;,a¨ lsÍfï idOl&

foaYmd,k wia:dhs;dj' ^;,a¨ lsÍfï idOl&

ixj¾ê; rgj, mj;akd foaYmd,k yd wd.ñl ksoyi' ^weo

.ekSfï idOl&

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06 hs&

(iii) ixl%uKh ksid .ukdka; m%foaYj, yg.kakd iudc - wd¾Ól fjkiaùï ;=klameyeÈ,s lrkak'

idudÔh fjkiaùu (

ck ixLHdfõ ixhq;sh fjkia ùu" úúO ck j¾." úúONdId

l:dlrk ck;dj iys; iudchla ìysùu" ck iudch úúO ùu'

ixl%uKslhka fndfyda úg ;reK jhfia miq jkakka neúka ck

ixLHdfõ j¾Ok Ys>%;dj by< hdfï m%jK;dj ^idM,H;d uÜgu

by< hdfuka&

ck iudch ;=< úúO .eg¨ we;s ùu'

we;eï m%foaY ixl%uKslhkaf.ka u ckdlS¾K ùu'

ixl%uKslhka fndfyda úg wvq fõ;k iys; /lshd j, kshqla; jqj

o Tjqka ksid we;eï úg iajfoaYslhkaf.a /lshd wjia:d ke;s ùu'

kS;HkQl+, fkdjk ixl%uKslhka ksid ixj¾ê; rgj, we;sjk

iudÔh yd wd¾Ól .eg¨ ( wefußld tlai;a ckmoh jeks rgj,g

kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk ixl%uKh je<elaùu i|yd wêl úhoula

oeÍug isÿ ù ;sîu ksoiqkls'

ixl%uKh wefußld tlai;a ckmoh yd hqfrdamd rgj, foaYmd,k

m%Yakhla njg m;aj ;sîu'



(iv) YS% ,xldfõ ckjHdma;sh flfrys ixl%uKh n,md we;s wdldrh ksoiqka

;=kla weiqßka idlÉPd lrkak'

W;=re ueo yd kef.kysr m,d;a j, f.dú ckmo lrd ck;dj

ixl%uKh ùfuka tu m%foaY j, ck ixLHdj jeäùu iy

miqld,Skj ck ixLHdfõ jd¾Ok Ys>%;dj by< hdu'

Èjhsfka wfkl=;a m%foaY j, isg niakdysr m<d; lrd ck;dj

ixl%uKh ùfuka tu m<d; YS% ,xldfõ ckdlS¾K m%foaYhla ùu'

úfYaIfhka u" fld<U iy .ïmy Èia;s%lal j, ck .K;ajh by<

hdu'

.%dóh - kd.ßl ck ixl%uKh ksid k.r lrd wefok ck

ixLHdj jeäùu iy ta wdYs%;j fkdfhl=;a .eg¨ we;sùu'

.%dóh - kd.ßl ck ixl%uKh ksid .%dóh m%foaY j, ck ixLHdj

l%ufhka ySkùu'

ixl%uKh ksid kd.ßl m¾hka; m%foaY ckdls¾K ùu yd

ck.K;ajh by< hdu'

ì%;dkH md,kh ld,fha § YS% ,xldfõ f;a j;=j, fiajh i|yd

bka§h cd;slhka f.k tafuka Èjhsfka uOHu m<df;a ck ixhq;sh

yd jHma;s rgdj fjkia ùu'

uyje,s ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s m%foaYfha ck ixLHdj mÈxÑ lsßu yd

tu m%foaY ckdlS¾K ùu'

isú,a hqoaO ld,fha § W;=re m<df;a ck;dj rfÜ fjk;a m%foaY

j,g ixl%uKh ùu' ^WodyrK jYfhka mq;a;,u Èia;s%lalfha mÈxÑ

ùu&

tfiau fndfyda ixl%uKslhka ú.ukh ùu ksid W;=re m<df;a ck

ixLHdj ySkùu'

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06 hs&



6'

(i) YS% ,xldfõ mdßfNda.sl ^subsistence& lDIsl¾udka;fhys lemS fmfkk

,CIK y;rla kï lrkak'

m%Odk jYfhka u ù f.dú;ek u; mokï j we;'

f.dú ìï tall l=vd h'

mßfNdackh i|yd fukau fjf<|du i|yd o ksIamdokh flf¾'

j¾;udkfha § kj ;dCIKsl l%u Ndú;d flf¾'

by<wiajkq ,ndfok îc j¾." lD;s%u fmdfydr yd ridhk øjH

Ndú; flf¾'

úh<s l,dmh ;=< jdß c,ho f;;a l,dmfha jeis c,ho j.djg

Wmfhda.S lr .efka'

ñksia Y%uh wjYH jqjo j¾;udkfha ñksia Y%u ysÕhla mj;S'

kj mrïmrdj mdßfNda.sl lDIsl¾uh fj; fhduq fkdfõ'

i;a;aj Y%uh fukau hka;% iQ;%o ^fld< uäk hka;%& Ndú; flf¾'

fndfyda lDIs bvï fjk;a mßfNda.hka i|yd fhdojñka mj;S'

^,l=Kq 𝟏

𝟐 « 4 } 02 hs&

(ii)

^w& YS% ,xldfõ Ndú; lDIsld¾ñl ;dCIKsl l%ufõo follakï

lrkak'

jdß ;dCIKh

yß; úma,jh yd iïnkaO ;dCIKh

cdk ;dCIK ^ffcj ;dCIKh&

flakaøsh f.dú;ek

úfYaIs; hka;% iQ;% Ndú;h ^,l=Kq 1 « 2 } 02 hs&

^wd& by; ^ii& ^w& ys kï l<tla;dCIK l%ufõohla f;dardf.k th YS%

,xldfõ lDIsl¾udka;fha ixj¾Okhg odhl ù we;s wdldrh

ksoiqka folla weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrkak'



jdß ;dCIKh

- jeõ yd jdß ud¾. c,fhka o Wiaidk jdß l%u yd fjk;a

c, iïmdok l%u Ndú;h

yß; úma,jh yd iïnkaO ;dCIKh

kj îc j¾." lD;s%u fmdfydr" ridhksl øjH" lDñ kdYl"

c, l<ukdlrKh

- H4, 1R 36,BG11, LD 356 jeks îc j¾. yÿkajd §u

- N+ñh ieliSu" îc j.dj" wiajkq fk,Su i|yd kj hka;%

iQ;% Ndú;h'

- c, md,kh yd c, l<ukdlrKh

- ish¨u ixrpl tla ;dCIKsl lÜg,hla ^package& f,i

Ndú;d lsÍu'

cdk ;dCIK ^ffcj ;dCIKh&

- me,eá j, cdkuh fjkia lï we;s lrñka kj me,eá ìys

lsÍu'

- DNA;dCIKh Ndú; lrñka jvd M,odhS ^wiajekak jeä&"

fmdaIHodhS" fm%daàka mod¾: j,ska fmdfydi;a" frda. j,g

Tfrd;a;= fok" fmdfydr wvqfjka wjYH jk wdldrhg

me,eá j, cdkuh fjkia lï isÿ lsÍu'

fï ksid úúO mdßißl yd mdxY= l,dm j,g iqÿiq jk mßÈ

jv jvd fyd¢ka wkqj¾;kh jk me,eá j¾. bÈßm;a lsÍug

yelsùu'

^,l=Kq 1 « 2 } 02 hs&

(iii) Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl wf,úlrKfha .;s ,CIK ;=klafláfhka

úia;r lrkak'

lDIs ksIamdokfha wf,úlrKfha § rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxY ueÈy;a fõ'

fuu wxY fofla lsisÿ wf,úlrKhla f;d. yd is,a,r jYfhka isÿ fõ'

rdcH wxYh hgf;a (

- YS% ,xldj mqrdu jdf.a iuQmldr ix.ï yd tajdfha fjf<| ie,a

jHdma;j ;sfí' iuyr m%foaY j, fuu iñ;s iud.ï yd



fj<|du b;d ld¾hCIu wkaoñka isÿjk w;r ;j;a iuyr

m%foaYj, tys ÿ¾j,;djka olakg we;'

- zif;diZ jeks fj<| wdh;k

- úfYaIs; wd¾Ól uOHia:dk

mqoa.,sl wxYh (

- is,a,r fj<| ie,a

- iqmsß fj<| ie,a

- i;s fmd,

- cx.u fj<÷ka

- mÈl fjf<kaoka

úfYaIs; wd¾Ól uOHia:dk (

kj fj<|fmd< ls%hdldrlula jk úfYaIs; wd¾Ól uOHia:dk

úfYaI fyda t,j¿ yd m,;=re wf,úlrKfha § úfYaI ld¾h

Ndrhka bgq lrhs' fndfyda j.dlrejkaf.a t,j¿ yd m,;=re

ksIamdok fuu wd¾Ól uOHia:dk j,g tl;= fldg m%Odk

k.rj, ;sfnk fj<| ie,a ^f;d. yd is,a,r& i|yd fnodydÍ'

fuu uOHia:dk u.ska (

- f.dúkaf.a ksIamdok i|yd idOdrK ñ,la ,nd foa'

- w;r ueÈ .idlkakkaf.ka f.dùka wdrCId lrhs'

- wvq ñ,lg NdKav ñ,§ .ekSfï myiqj'

- Wvq,a," óf.dv" ;,afmáfmd," Èjq,msáh" weô,smssáh"

je,sir" ;Uq;af;a.u" kdrdfykamsg iy r;au,dk hk

ia:dkj, fuu uOHia:dk msysgd we;'

.=Kd;aul ksIamdok i|yd wjOdkh fhduqùu (

j¾;udkfha fndfyda mdßfNda.slhka ;uka ñ,È .kakd

NdKav j, .=Kd;aul nj fukau ñ, ms<sn|j jeä wjodkhla

fhduq lrhs'

- ksIamdÈ; Èkh" weiqreï yd l,a bl=;aùfï Èkh'

- .=Kd;aul Ndjh ms<sn| iy;slhka'

- fi!LH iïmkak nj'

- kshñ; nr wdÈh'



- ksIamdÈ; wdh;kfha ku i|yka lsÍu' fumuKla fkdj"

iEu ksIamdolfhl=u fuu kS;s Í;s wksjd¾fhkau Ndú;d

l< hq;=j we;'

flfia jqjo" iuyr ÿr neyer .%dóh m%foaYj, fuu

wjYH;djka wksjd¾h fkdfõ'

mdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqj (

- lDIs ksIamdok iïnkaO mdßfNda.sl reÑh myiqj ms<sn|j

ksIamdolhka ukd ie,ls,a,la olajhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka

je,s .,a rys; iy,a fj<|fmd<g ksl=;a lsÍu" wdl¾IKsh

weiqreï j, m,;=re fj<|fmd<g ksl=;a lsÍu wdÈh'

- mdßfNda.slhkaf.a ñ, § .ekSug iß,k mß§ lDIs NdKav

fj<| fmd,g ksl=;a lsÍu'

Wod ( tlu ksIamdok úúO úYd,;ajfhka hqla; jQ úúO ñ,

.Kka hgf;a wf,ú lsÍu'

- mdßfNda.sl wdl¾IKh Èkd .ekSu msKsi ;rÕldß;ajfhka

hq;a wf,úlrKh'

iqmsß fj<| ie,a (

- 1970 oYlfha w. Nd.fha isg furg y÷kajd ÿka iqmsß fj<|

ie,a ^ngysr rgj,g wkql+,j& j¾;udkh jk úg m%Odk

k.rj,ska neyerj m¾hka; ld,dm j,g jHdma; fjñka mj;S'

- fm!oa.,sl wxYh hgf;a fukau rdcH wxYh hgf;a o fuu

fj<|ie,a msysgqjd we;' ^ ,la if;di&

- fuu fj<|ie,a ;=< mdßfNda.slhkaf.a wdl¾IKh Èkd .ekSu

msKsi NdKav ixúOdkd;aul f,i wiqrd ;nd we;' ^fndfyda

wxY" NdKav ms<sn| kshñ; f;dr;=re" reÑl;ajh wkqj ´kEu

m%udKhla ñ, § .; yel&

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06 hs&

(iv) j¾;udkfha § f,dal lDIsl¾udka;h uqyqK fok m%Odk wNsfhda. ;=kla

mÍCId lrkak'

f.da,Sh wNsfhda. (

- ridhksl øjH Ndú;h

- N+ñ ydhkh yd ld;a;drlrKh



- f.dú;eka lghq;=j,§ Ndú;d l< iïm%odhsl oekqu yd pdß;%

úê wNdjhg hEu'

- taldêldrh ( nyq cd;sl iud.ï úiska Tjqkaf.a taldêldrh

kCI fCIa;%h u; mj;ajd .ekSu ksid úúO m%Yak u;= lrhs'

- fi!LH .eg¿

^,l=Kq 06 hs&

7'

(i) l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùfï idOl y;rlai|yka lrkak'

wuq øjH" n, Yla;sh" m%d.aOkh" Y%uh" " fj<|fmd<" m%jdykh"

jHjidhl;ajh" ;dCIKh" rdcH m%;sm;a;s

^,l=Kq 02 hs&

(ii) by; î& ys Tn i|yka l<tla idOlhla f;dardf.k th l¾udka;

ia:dk.;ùu flfrys n,md we;s wdldrh ksoiqka ;=kla weiqßka úia;r

lrkak'

wuq øjH (

- ishü l¾udka; iïnkaO ia:dk.; ùfï idOlhls'

- wuq øjHh j¾. folls'

1& lDIsld¾ñl îSks ksIamdokh i|yd Wla j.dj&

2& Lksc ^hlv yd jdfka ksIamdokh i|yd hmia&

- ld¾ñl úma,jh wdrïNl wjêfha § fndfyda hlv yd jdfka

ksIamdok l¾udka; msysgd ;snqfka hmia yd .,a wÕ=re f;;a

wdYS%;jh' ^Wod ( t(rdcOdksfha fõ,aifha yd ñâ,kaâia"

c¾uksfha rE¾" bxÈhdfõ ofudod¾" we't'c' fha mxp uyd ú,a

wjg&

- fuu Lksc iïm;a úYd, f,i ksIal¾IKh lsÍu ksid ÈhqKq

rgj,g j¾;udkfha wdkhk u; mokï ùu g isÿj we;'

- cmdkfha hlv yd jdfka l¾udka; iïmQ¾Kfhka u wdkhk

u; mokïj ;sîu' fï ksid trg tjeks l¾udka; fgdalsfhda"

kf.dahd" fldfí jeks jrdh wdYS%;j msysgd ;sîu'

- m%jdyKfha yd ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj ksid wuq øjH u.ska ia:dl.;

ùfï idOlhlaa jYfhka l< n,mEï ÿ¾j, fjñka mj;S'



n, Yla;sh (

- iEu l¾udka;hlu n,Yla;sh uQ,sl wjia;djls'

- n,Yla;s Ndú;fha úúO wjëka olakg we;' ñksia Y%ufhka

wdrïN ù miqj±j" .,d nisk c,h" c, jdIam" .,a wÕ=re"

fmfg%d,shï" úÿ,s n,h" iq<x" iQ¾h úlSrK" mrudkq n, Yla;sh'

- ld¾ñl úma,j wjêfha § fndfyda l¾udka; ia:dk.; jQfha .,a

wÕ=re fl;a wdYs%;jh' t ( rdcOdksfha ,sj¾mQ,a" we't'ckmofha

msÜian¾.a .,a wÕ=re fl;a'

- .,a wÕ=re fl;a wjika ùu;a iuÕ fmfg%d,shï" úÿ,s iq<x" iQ¾h

úlsrK yd mrudKq n,Yla;sh jeks fjk;a uOHhka flfrys

fhduq ùu'

- wdrïNl ld, mßÉfþofha § fuka fkdj miqj kj n,Yla;s

Ndú;fha kuH;djh yd m%jdyk myiqj fya;+fldgf.k jeä

n,mEula t,a, lsÍug iu;a fkdùu'

- j¾;udkfha mßir ¥IKh flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduqùu

ksid iq<x" iQ¾húlsrK" id.r ;rx. jeks mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s

uQ,dY%hla flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduqfjñka mj;S' tlai;a

rdcOdksfha iq<x yd id.r ;rx. Ndú;h'

- bxÈhdfõ .=crdgfha yd Ökfha fndfyda ia:dkj, iQ¾h n,

Yla;sh W;amdokh

- ixj¾ê; rgj, mrudKq n, Yla;s nyq,j Ndú;d lrhs'

m%d.a Okh (

- hï fhojqula fj<|fmd, fj; ksñ NdKavhla njg m;a lsÍfï

ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha § m%d.aOkh w;HjYH lreKls'

- m%d.aOk j¾. folls'

1& fN!;sl m%d.aOkh ^uQ,H iïm;a" hka;% iQ;%" f.dvke.s,s wd§h&

2& udkj m%d.aOkh ^ld¾hCIu;dj" ;dCIKsl kj fidhd.ekSï" Y%u mqyqKqj wd§h&

- mqoa.,hka" mqoa., lKavdhï" nyq cd;sl iud.ï iy rdcHhka

idudkHfhka ksIamdok l¾udka; i|yd wdfhdack lrhs' tneúka

Tjqkaf.a /lsh" wdl,am" f;dard.ekSï l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùï

;SrKh lrhs'



- ixj¾ê; rgj, ld¾ñl ixj¾Okh i|yd nyq cd;sl iud.ï yd

mqoa.,sl wxY mq¿,a wdfhdack isÿl< úg ixj¾Okh fjñka

mj;sk rgj, rdcH wxY wdfhdackfha § jeä odhl;ajhla

,ndfohs' kuq;a újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s y÷kajd§u iuÕ fuu

;;a;ajhka fjkia fjñka mj;S'

- f,dalfha fndfyda m%d.aOkh nyq cd;sl iud.ï yd Okj;a

mqoa.,hka w;r talrdYS ù ;sîu l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùu ;SrKh

lrkq ,nk n,j;a idOlhla njg m;aj ;sfí' j¾;udkfha §

fuu talrdYs jQ m%d.aOkh wdishdkq meismsla l,dmh" ol=Kq

wdishdj yd ,;sx weußldkq rgj,a foig .,dhEu fya;+fjka tu

m%foaYj, mq¿,a ld¾ñl ixj¾Okhla ysñlrf.k we;'

Y%uh (

- l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùfï § Y%ufha n,mEu fohdldr fõ' tkï

mqyqKq Y%uh iy kqmqyqKq Y%uh ^;jo fï fol w;r w¾O mqyqKq

Y%uh hkqfjka o " kï lrhs&

- frÈ ms<s" wÕ¿ï jeks l¾udka; i|yd w¾O - mqyqKq fyda kqmqyqKq

Y%uh wjYH jk neúka tu l¾udka; tjeks Y%uh myiqfjka

,nd.; yels ia:dkj, l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùu m%hka; orhs'

fndfyda weÕ¿ï l¾udka; ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,

ia:dk.;j we;af;a ,dN ldka;d Y%uh ,nd.; yels ùfuks'

- Wiia ;dCIKsl mqyqKq Y%uh ,nd.; yelafla ixj¾ê; rgj,ks'

tneúka .=jka hdkd" fudag¾ r:" keõ ;ekSu" hqO wdïmkak jeks

by< ;dCIKsl l¾udka; tu rgj, ixflakaø.;j we;' Wod (

we't'c" tlai;a rdcOdksh" c¾uksh" m%xYh" reishdj'

- wdishdkq meismsla m%foaYfha b;d ,dnodhsl ld;a;d Y%uh ,nd.;

yelsùu ksid bf,lafgd%ksl NdKav ksIamdok l¾udka; nyq,j

ia:dk.; ù we;' miqj fuh bkaÈhdfõ isÿfjñka mj;S'

- Wiia ;dCIKsl l¾udka; i|yd úoHd{hska" l<ukdlrK iy

jD;Sh mqyqKq Y%ñl uQ,dY% wjYHh' tneúka tjeks l¾udka;

tjeks uQ,dY%j,ska fyì f,dalfha m%isoaO ld¾ñl fõÈld

^mdmstioal corridor& ;=< msysgd ;sfí'



Wod ( ,xvkfha M4yd M11 ;Srej" Blue and Golden Bananas

in Europe, cmdkfha fgdalsfhda - ´idld ;Srej'

^,l=Kq 06 hs&

(iii) l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùfï idOlj, uE;ld,Sk m%jK;d ;=klafláfhka

úia;r lrkak'

f,dalfha l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï kj m%jK;djka (

j¾;udkfha ;ks mqoa.,hka fjkqfjka úYd, jHdmdr yd nyq

cd;sl idud.ï jHjidhl;ajh yd ;SrKhla njg m;aj we;'

f,dalfha by, uÜgfï ms<s.;a úYaj úoHd, yd m¾fhaIK

uOHia:dk flakaøfldg f.k Wiia ;dCIKsl l¾udka;

ia:dk.;ùfï m%jk;dj'

mdßißl újdohka fya;=fldgf.k kj l¾udka; mdßißl ys;jdÈ

l¾udka; njg m;aùu'

iïm%odhsl l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùfï idOlj,g jvd f;dr;=re yd

ixksfõok ;dCIKsl idOl jeo.;a wkaoñka n,mEï lrhs'

ia:dk.;ùfï idOlj, n,mEï f.da,ShlrKh úiska

iïmQ¾Kfhka u mßj¾;khg ,la lrñka isá' fï fya;+j ksid

foot - loos l¾udka; m%j¾Okh lrhs'

uE; ld,Sk l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùfï § nyq cd;sl iud.ï j,

;SrK yd n,mEï jvd jeo.;a fõ'

^,l=Kq 06 hs&

(iv) we.¨ï l¾udka;h YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ù we;s wdldrh

WodyrK ;=klaweiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

weÕ¿ï l¾udka;h YS% ,xld wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wkaou

fuh ks¾hd;hu; mokï jQ l¾udka;hls'

YS% ,xldfõ m%uqL l¾udka;hls' ;rÕldß ñ, hgf;ka we't'c' g

yd hqfrdamhg weÕ¿ï ks¾hd; lrhs'



1914 j¾Ifha § fuu l¾udka;h 19'7] j¾Okhla fmkaùh'

fuu l¾udka;h rg wNHka;r m%foaYj,g jHdma;j ;sîu m%dfoaYsh

ixj¾Okhg fya;+ idOl ù we;'

YS% ,xldfõ úfoaYSh j;alï bmhSfï § jeo.;a iylrefjla

jYfhka ls%hd lrhs' 2014 j¾Ifha § weÕ¿ï ks¾hdk u.ska 10'5]

j¾Okhka fmkajhs'

furg /lshd wysñ ldka;d Y%ñlhkag /lshd wjia:d W;amdokh

lrhs' tu.ska furg mdßfNda.slhkaf.a úhoï lsÍuo Woa§mkh lr

we;'

ksoyia fj<| l,dm" l¾udka; WoHdk" l¾udka; l,dm u.ska tu

ia:dkhka ys weÕ¿ï l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùï m%j¾Okh lsÍu

fya;+fldg f.k kj /lshd wjia:djka W;amdokh yd há;,

myiqlï ÈhqKq lsÍu ksid m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg o WmldÍ fõ'

^,l=Kq 06 hs&

8'

(i) zf.da,ShlrKhZ ks¾jpkh lrkak'

úúO úIh fCIa;%hka hgf;a úúO udkhka Tiafia f.da,ShlrKh ms<sn|j

w¾: olajd ;sfí'

zzúúO foaYiSudjka yryd isÿjk NdKav yd fiajd fj<odu"

wdfhdack .,dhEï" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok u.ska úúO

wd¾Ólhka" ixialD;ska yd m%cdjkaf.a iajdëk;ajh j¾Okh ùu

meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk jpkh f.da,ShlrKhhsZZ

Peterson Institute of International Economics

zzcd;sl foaYiSudjka yd ixialD;Ska yryd ksIamdokh ;dCIKh"

f;dr;=re jHma;ùu f.da,ShlrKhhsZZ'

Bevely Bird and Carol Kopp : 2019

^,l=Kq 02 hs&

zzf,dalfha úúO ixialD;Ska" wdKavq"wd¾ÓlhkA w;r wfkHdkH

l%shdjkA yd wka;¾ in|;djkA m%j¾Okh lrñka ck;dj úúO

woyia yd NdKav yqjudre ùfï l%shdj,shhsZZ'



(ii) f.da,ShlrKh ls%hdj,sh fõ.j;a lrk idOl ;=kla mÍCId lrkak'

f.da,ShlrKfha§ f;dr;=re ;dCIKh ikaksfõokfha n,mEï

wka;¾cd,h u.ska lrkq ,nk n,mEï u.ska oel.; yelsh' wka;¾

cd,h mq¨,a f,i Ndú;d lsÍu u.ska w;súYd, fjkialï isÿlr we;' hï

iudchl wd¾Ól" iudÔh" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k wdlD;Ska u.ska

isÿjk fjkialï iu.ska ñksia m%cdjf.a wjYH;djkag iß,k

wdldrfhka b;d fláld,hla ;=, tu iudch kùlrKhg ,la lrhs'

f,dalfha fndfyda úYaj úoHd,j, fjí wvú j,g myiqfjka

m%úYaG ù tu fiajdjka ,nd.; yelsùu'

wka;¾cd,h yryd úúO NdKav yd fiajdjka ñ,§ .ekSï yd

wf,ú lsÍï i|yd myiqlï imhd we;'

pkaøsld ;dlaIKh tljr .,dtau"m%ldY ;ka;= /yeka Ndú;h

(Fiber optic Cable), .=jka úÿ,s cd, yd cx.u ÿrl:k Ndú;h

iuÕ"f,dalfha isÿjk ´kEu isoaêhla ;;amr lSmhlska oek

.ekSug yels ùu'

laIqø Öm ^Micro Chips& Ndú;h yd tys ÈhqKqj b;d wêl

fõ.fhka úYd, m%udKhl o;a; yd f;dr;=re ieliSu fukau

.nvd lsÍu ^l=vd Ñmhka ;=<& myiq lr,Su'

f,dalfha iEu ;ekl isák iEu mqoa.,fhla "wdh;khka

iudch iuÕ in|;d ÈhqKq lsÍu'

kj ,snr,ajd§ wd¾Ól o¾Ykh jHdma; ùu'

my< nisk m%jdyk úhoï'

nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, odhl;ajh

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06 hs&

(iii) YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ól yd iudc ixj¾Okh flfrys f.da,ShlrKh odhl ù

we;s wdldrh WodyrK ;=kla weiqßka úia;r lrkak'



´kEu cd;sl uÜgula blaujd m%d.aOkh yqjudre lr.; yelsùu"

ksYamdok NdKav .,dhEug yelsùu" fldgia fj<|fmd,j,a yd Y%u

fj<|fmd,j,a iuÕ iïnkaO ùu'

NdKan ksYamdokfha rgl ;ks whs;sh l%ufhka bj;aj NdKav

tl,ia lsÍfï l¾udka; wdrïN ùu yd úúO rgj,a iuÕ wd¾Ól

in|;d we;s lr .ekSug yelsùu'

foaYiSud rys; uQ,H moaO;s ìysùu iy ndOdjlska f;drj uQ,H

m%d.aOkh .,d hEfï bvm%ia:d ìysùu'

foaYmd,k oDIaÀfldaKhlska n,k úg rgl h:d ixisoaêhlg

iïnkaO ´kEu foaYmd,k .eg¨jlA laIKhlska ck;djg oek.;

yels ùu" tfuka u cd;Hka;r m%cdjg tjeks m%Yak úi£u i|yd

bv m%ia:d ,eîu' ^f,dal m%cdjf.a uQ,sl udkj whs;sjdislï /l

.ekSug yelsùu'&

iqkdñh"N+ p,k jeks iajNdúl jHjikhka f,dal m%cdjg

laIKslj oekqï oSug yelsùu iy tu jHjikhkaf.ka isÿjk

laIKsl úkdY wju lr.ekSu i|yd hqyqiq¨j mshjr .ekSug

yelsùu'

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06 hs&

(iv) f.da,ShlrKh úiska ixj¾Okh jk rgj, ks¾udKh lr we;s .eg¨

;=kla idlÉPd lrkak'

ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,g isÿjk wjdis

fuu rgj, ÿmam;a- fmdfydi;a w;r mj;sk mr;rh ;j ;j;a

mq¿,a ùug fya;= fõ'

ixj¾Okh fuu rgj, /|S ;snqjo th iucd;Shj jHdma; fkdfõ'

fuu rgj, ;sfnk jákd iïm%odhsl yd ixialD;sl wx. wNdjhg

hEu' Wod' NdIdj fjkia ùu"mjq,a tallh fjkia ùu muKlA

fkdj Tjqkaf.a foaYSh jákdlï o fjkia fõ'

;reK mrïmrdj fj; oeä f,i n,mEu' fujeks n,mEï we÷ï

ú,dis;d" ix.S;h" wdydr .ekSfï p¾hdjka foh uekúka oel.;

yelsh'fï fya;=fjka oekgu;a úúO ixialD;sl yd fi!LHh .eg¨

biau;=j ;sfí'



;reKhka wka;¾cd,h yryd ,sx.sl rEmrduq iy Ñ;%mg ne,Sug

fhduq ùu'

foaYSh ixialD;sh yd jákdlï iSudjlska f;drj ngysrlrKh ùu'

^,l=Kq 2 « 3 } 06 hs&

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,l=kq fn§ hdfï wdldrh...01' cd (i) ab iy f¾ld fol u.ska olajd we;s n+ rem ,cik folkï...

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