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S A F E T Y F I R S T

Learning Manual

Progressive Hoselay


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Progressive HoselayLearning Manual

This learning manual has been published for use within CFA. It has been developed having

regard to CFA occupational health and safety guidelines and Safety First principles.

Edn 2

February 2005


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Progressive Hoselay

First published November 2004 in Australia by Learning Systems, Learning and Development, CFA Headquarters, 8

Lakeside Drive, Burwood East, Victoria 3151.

CFA 2004.

Other than that permitted under the Copyright Act 968, no part of this publication may be reproduced by any means

without written permission from the Country Fire Authority Victoria. Enquiries should be addressed to the publisher.

For any matters relating to this publication, contact: Manager Learning Systems, Learning and Development, CFA

Headquarters, 8 Lakeside Drive, Burwood East, Victoria 3151.

CFA acknowledges the assistance and contributions of its members, volunteer and staff, in the

development of this learning manual.


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Edn 2 February 2005 S A F E T Y F I R S T i

Progressive Hoselay

Contents

OverviewIntroduction ................................................................................................................................

Fireground Safety .......................................................................................................................1

Related resources ......................................................................................................................

Chapter 1 Progressive HoselaysWhat is a progressive hoselay? ..................................................................................................

Why use progressive hoselays? .................................................................................................

When can progressive hoselays be used?.................................................................................4

Advantages.................................................................................................................................4

Limitations ..................................................................................................................................4

Size-up 4

Tactical principles.......................................................................................................................

Responsibilities

Chapter 2 Pumping OptionsSingle pump system ...................................................................................................................

Parallel pump system

Multiple pump system (relay pumping)......................................................................................

Open relay

Closed relay................................................................................................................................

Tankers and pumpers .................................................................................................................

Portable pumps ..........................................................................................................................

Mini pumps.................................................................................................................................

Medium pressure portable pumps ...........................................................................................

Medium pressure ground pumps .............................................................................................1

High pressure portable pumps .................................................................................................

Chapter 3 Hose Types and SizesHardline hose (rubber) .............................................................................................................1

Layflat hose............................................................................................................................... 4


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Contents

38 mm non-percolating hose ...................................................................................................14

38 mm percolating hose........................................................................................................... 4

25 mm non-percolating hose ................................................................................................... 4

19 mm non-percolating hose ...................................................................................................

Chapter 4 BranchesBranch selection.......................................................................................................................17

Angus foamlite B65................................................................................................................... 7

AWG..........................................................................................................................................18

25 mm combination fog/jet branch ..........................................................................................

Protek 360/361 .........................................................................................................................18

Cordova twin tip

Angus foamlite mid X foam branch...........................................................................................19

R6 200 mid X foam branch

Ground spear and mop up wand .............................................................................................20

Chapter 5 Small GearHose stranglers ........................................................................................................................21

Pressure relief valves................................................................................................................21

Non return valves......................................................................................................................22

Gated dividing breechings .......................................................................................................22

Water thief .................................................................................................................................23

38 mm ELC to 19 mm GHT adaptor .........................................................................................23

Sprinklers..................................................................................................................................23

GAAM sprinkler.........................................................................................................................24

Firelogistics sprinkler ...............................................................................................................24

Chapter 6 Other EquipmentField packs ...............................................................................................................................2

Figure eight hose winder..........................................................................................................26

Hose deployment tool ..............................................................................................................26

Hoselay support trailer..............................................................................................................27

Collapsible knapsacks .............................................................................................................27

Chainsaws ................................................................................................................................2

Other power equipment ...........................................................................................................2


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Contents

Chapter 7 Hand ToolsRakehoes

Pulaski ......................................................................................................................................

Axe............................................................................................................................................

Slashers ....................................................................................................................................

Chapter 8 Water Storage Devices500L floating collar tanks.........................................................................................................

7500L floating collar tanks........................................................................................................ 1

Other tanks ............................................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 9 High Pressure Pump OperationsSite selection ............................................................................................................................

Set up .......................................................................................................................................

Priming ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Start up ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Shut down.................................................................................................................................

Environmental considerations ..................................................................................................Safety considerations ...............................................................................................................

Glossary ................................................................................... 39


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Edn 2 February 2005 S A F E T Y F I R S T 1

Progressive Hoselay

Overview

IntroductionA progressive hoselay is the systematic

deployment of hose to deliver water to a

fire in a safe, effective and efficient manner.

It is a tactic that may be used for wildfire

suppression.

In the following pages you will find

descriptions of the equipment that is used

in progressive hoselays, a glossary of terms

specific to progressive hoselays for wildfire

suppression and guidelines detailing the use

of the tactic.

Fireground SafetyFor information on fireground safety refer to:

F Wildfire Firefighter learning manual, CFA,

Edn 1, Nov 2002

F Plantation Firefighting 1 learning manual,

CFA, Edn 1, Nov 1999

F Watch Out a Safety And Survival Checklist

For Firefighters, CFA, Jan 2000

F Operations Checklists CFA, Oct 2003

Related resourcesFurther resources may be developed

to support your learning. To identify the

resources available, search the Bookshelf on

the Brigades Online website using the title

and key terms from this publication.

The Bookshelf also contains the current CFA

policies and procedures. Familiarity with

these will enable you to appropriately apply

your learning.


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Progressive Hoselay

Chapter 1

Progressive Hoselays

important that you understand when and how we may use progressive hoselays.

This chapter will cover:

F What is a progressive hoselay?

F Why use progressive hoselays?

F

When can progressive hoselays be used?F Advantages

F Limitations

F Size-up

F Tactical principles

F Responsibilities

What is a progressivehoselay?

A progressive hoselay is a firefighting tactic

that involves the systematic deployment

of hose to deliver water to a fire in a safe,

effective and efficient manner.

Beginning at the first pumping unit, lengths

of hose are systematically added to the

supply line so that by working from a safeanchor point, the flanks of a fire can be

knocked down and secured some distance

from the water source.

There are many variations on how a hoselay

system can be performed and applied

both in offensive and defensive situations

and it should be designed to best suit the

equipment available and the fire situation.

ncluded in this CD are Fire Ground Drills

and Fire Ground Practices that will assist

firefighters wishing to use the tactic.

Why use progressive

hoselays?A hoselay is an option to consider when

access to the fire edge is restricted by

vegetation; terrain, stony ground or the fire isn a remote location.

By setting up a hoselay system the tanker

can work from an anchor point increasing the

safety of appliances and crews. The system

is flexible and can be adapted to suit different

equipment and fire situations minimising the

need to drag charged hose while knocking

down and mopping up the fire along secured

fire edge.


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Chapter 1 Progressive Hoselays

Crews need to be trained in the principles

and procedures of hoselaying as this

rocess requires a high level of teamworkand communication.

Figure 1 Hoselay used in an inaccessible area for vehicles.

When can progressive

hoselays be used?

rogressive hoselays can be used to achievethe incident objective, regardless of the

strategy being used e.g. indirect, direct,

arallel or combination.

Progressive hoselays are most useful

where the following conditions hinder fire

suppression activities or limit access to the

fire edge:

F

vegetation;

F terrain;

F fire is in a remote location; and

F urban/rural interface.

Personnel when considering the use of the

tactic must have regard to the advantages

and limitations of progressive hoselays.

AdvantagesF Water efficient.

F Enables operations to occur some

distance from water source(s).

F Can be used with all firefighting strategies

F Provides method to safely access fire

edge.

F Limits the area burned.

LimitationsF Requires specialist equipment and

training.

F Requires high degree of teamwork.

F Firefighters are exposed to heat and

smoke.

F Communications can be affected by

distance and topography.

It should be noted that generally it would

be difficult to maintain an effective direct

attack on fires with high fire intensities.

Size-upBefore commencing a progressive hoselay

remember SPADRA (Safe Person Approach

and Dynamic Risk Assessment). If the risks

presented by the use of a progressivehoselay cannot be treated adequately, then

alternative tactics should be employed.

The Incident Controller will perform a size-up,

paying particular attention to the following

considerations.


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F Facts Time of day? Fire behaviour?

Weather conditions? Topography?

F Probabilities What is likely to occur

based on these facts?

F Own situation Crew experience level?

Crew training? Number of crew available?

Enough equipment available? Is it the

correct equipment? Are sufficient water

supplies available?

F Decision What will you do based on the

facts, probabilities and your own situation?

F Plan How will you do it? What strategy

will you use? What tactic? Who will do it?

Figure 2. Conduct a size-up before and during operations.

Tactical principles

When using progressive hoselays thefollowing principles should guide operations

and be read in conjunction with the fire

ground drills supplied on this CD.

F Hoselays should be progressed in a way

that suits the fire suppression strategies.

F On flat terrain a maximum of 15 lengths of

supply line and one length of advanced

attack line can be operated from one

pump. Subsequent pumps will be required

along the line after this point.

A gated dividing breeching or water thief

should be incorporated between at least

every second length of supply line.

F If extra personnel are available then lateral

lines can be established earlier during

operations along the control line and the

advance attack line is knocking down the

fire mop up operations can be conducted

simultaneously.

F Radios should be used at regular

intervals along the line to ensure good

communications between personnel.

F Hose stockpiles should be placed at

intervals along the line to reduce down time.

Mineral earth breaks should be

incorporated as early as possible to

strengthen control lines. Hand crews or

small plant may be used for this purpose

as appropriate.

Maintain appropriate pressure in hose

lines so that branch operators have

sufficient flow and pressure. Pay attention

to burst pressures and insert intermediate

pumps as appropriate.

Figure 3 Ensure an adequate communications

system is in place.


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ResponsibilitiesThe Incident Controller/OIC will select the

appropriate tactic to aid fire suppression

activities. While the Incident Controller/OIC

has overall responsibility for crews under his/

her control, all personnel should have some

familiarity with this procedure.


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Progressive Hoselay

CHAPTER 2

Pumping OptionsPumping options may vary from a single tanker based operation through to multi pump

relay systems. Pumping options and systems are adapted to suit particular situations and

applications; dependant on topography, fuel, water supply and access.


F Single pump system

F Parallel pump system

F Multiple pump system (relay pumping)

F Open relay

F Closed relay

F Tankers and pumpers

F Portable pumps

F Mini pumps

F Medium pressure portable pumps

F Medium pressure ground pumps

F High pressure portable pumps

arallel pumps may increase water volume

at the fire but they cannot increase the height

(head) to which water can be pumped.

Multiple pump system (relaypumping)Multiple pumps are used where it is

necessary to pump water up steep inclines

or distances beyond the capacity of one

pump.

The multiple pump system is used in either

a closed relay system where the output from

one pump is fed directly into the inlet of the

Single pump systemThe most common arrangement is a single

pump at the water source and single hose

line with an attack length and laterals for

blacking out. This is suitable for many

situations but has limitations in steep terrain

and over long distances.

Parallel pump systemUses two or more pumps that feed into one

supply hose line. It is used primarily as a

means to increase water volume at the fire.


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Chapter 2 Pumping Options

next or in an open relay system where water

is pumped by the primary pump to a relay

tank (e.g. a 500lt floating collar tank) andthen moved to the fire by another pump.

Open relayf a single pump is inadequate to supply

enough pressure or volume of water an

open relay pumping system can be set up.

Staged/relay pumping moves water to a

temporary storage reservoir, which is then

relayed by a second pump.

There is no limit to the number of times water

can be relayed in this system provided pump

operators are present to monitor, balance

and control water flow between pumps and

into the reservoir/s.

Communication between pump operators

y radio or relayed signals is required to

maximise the efficiency of the operation. This

system is particularly useful when pumps of

mismatched performance are used.

This system has the limitation of each pump

not being able to utilise the pressure and

water movement of the previous pump, but is

safer in many pumping operations.

Closed relayhis pumping option is where the output

from one pump is fed directly into the inlet

(suction) of the next. This system maximises

umping efficiency by utilising the residual

ressure and water movement of the

revious pump. Pumps should be of equal or

similar performance with the highest capacity

ump/s being placed first in the system.

Significant increases in pressure may be

developed by this system, which can cause

problems with hose bursting or fittings beingdamaged. Injury to operators may also

occur. A pressure gauge should be included

in this set up, if not only experienced pump

operators with a sound understanding

of hydraulics and the performance of the

pumps involved should operate this system.

Pumps designed to receive positive suction

pressures should only be utilised in this

system and these include Wajax Mk 111and Wick 375 models. It is important that

when a closed relay pumping system is shut

down that the last pump in the line is shut

down first, working progressively back to the

primary pump, otherwise pump damage will

occur.

Vast distances may be covered and complex

hoselays can be operated with a closed relay

system provided they are well designed.

Tankers and pumpersIn most situations a tanker will provide the

primary (single) pump source for the standard

hoselay used for knockdown and blacking out

of small fires, or, at the rear of larger fires that

cant be accessed by vehicles.

When used in this situation, the tanker used

as the pump supply source can be providedwith water from other attending tankers or

water carriers.

For defensive strategies, such as asset

protection, where access is generally

reasonable, 2WD tankers and even pumpers

make ideal primary pumping sources

to supply hoselays set up with sprinkler

systems, hose and nozzles or a combination

of both.


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The water supply for these situations can be

other tankers or water carriers, reticulated/

static water supply or portable tanks.

Figure 4 Tanker and bulk water carrier for stationary pumping.

Portable pumpsortable pumps can be used as an initial

(single) pumping source or in multi-pump

relay situations where long distance lays are

required. The overall purpose of a multiple

pump system is to provide adequate water

pressure an vo ume un er con t ons w ere

a single pump cannot overcome the effects

of pumping up-slope (head) and friction loss

due to the length of the hose lay.

ortable pumps are ideally suited to this

situation or situations where a tanker cannot

be spared due to other firefighting prioritiesor access is not possible.

Mini pumps25 mm mini pumps are generally used to

ump water from creeks, waterholes or 500lt

floating collar tanks. A typical mini pump

roduces a maximum pressure of 300kpa

and can service a single 25 mm hoselay or a

maximum of two lengths.19 mm lay flat hose

may also be utilised with these pumps.

he greatest attribute is their lightweight and

size, which enables them to be carried long

distances over difficult terrain. They should

only be used in low fire intensity situations

and with the back up of hand crews.

Figure 5 Honda WX15 mini pump.


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Medium pressure portable

pumpsThese pumps produce maximum pressuresof 400 to 550kpa, and they are capable

of supporting a single nozzle on a 38 mm

hoselay of up to seven lengths. Typically

used to pump short distances from creeks,

dams and floating collar tanks, or for filling

floating collar tanks, slip-on units or tankers

where access will not permit the placement

of a larger pump.

Pumps in this category can be used

in conjunction with sprinklers for asset

rotection and are ideal for mop up in urban

interface areas where static water supplies

exist e.g. swimming pools. They are highly

ortable and if used with 25 and 19 mm

lay flat hose give flexibility to fire fighting

operations in many situations.

Pump examples are: Tanaka TCP 381,Wickman 100, Wildfire Mini Striker, and

Honda WX-15

Medium pressure ground

pumpsAn example of this type of pump is a Honda

four stroke Davey Firefighter pump. They are

known for their reliability, ease of operation,

the capacity to run for up to four hours

without refuelling and to operate briefly every

few minutes.

hese pumps are not easily portable,

however two people can carry them over any

repared track. The Davey Firefighter two

stage produces 800kpa and is capable of

supporting one firefighting nozzle up to ten

lengths of 38 mm hose.

Figure 6 Onga medium pressure ground pump.

High pressure portable

pumpsHigh-pressure portable 2 stroke pumps are

invaluable for supplying water to hoselays

across steep terrain, long distances (up to

60 lengths of 38 mm lay flat) and remote

country.

These pumps have the ability to provide

knockdown and mop up capability. They

are particularly suited to situations where

significant elevation lifts are required as they

can pump to heads of 180 metres. As these

pumps are capable of operating at pressures

of 2500 kpa all hose used needs to be in

good order and be H Class if operated over

1000 kpa.

Gated dividing breechings, non return

valves and pressure relief valves are always

required to ensure that this type of pump can

continue to run, even when delivery outlets

along the hoselay are closed. These pumps

are not suited to stop/start operation. These

pumps are typically 25 Kg in weight without

fuel tank.

Other options in this class of pump would


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include floating pumps that can be utilised

where static water supplies of depths

down to 150 mm are available. Operatingpressures of 1172 kpa can be attained with

this style of pump and they can also be

utilised for filling slip on units and tankers out

of shallow creeks, dams or swimming pools.

Asset protection and mop up in urban

interface scenarios is also possible using

38, 25 and 19 mm lay flat hose, nozzles and

sprinklers, where static water supplies exist.

An example of this type of pump is the

Waterous High Pressure Forestry Floto

model.

Figure 7 Wajax Mk 3.

Figure 8 Wick 375.


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CHAPTER 3

Hose Types and SizesManufacturers use a variety of modern materials to construct reliable, lightweight,

mildew resistant hose. Flax has been replaced with nylon, polyester and other synthetic

materials, which are resistant to rot and mildew, and also have satisfactory strength

properties.

Regardless of the type of material used to manufacture the hose, all hose must be

maintained, cared for, and used appropriately


F Hardline hose (rubber)

F Layflat hose

F 38 mm non-percolating hose

F 38 mm percolating hose



Figure 9 Rubber 19 mm hard-line hose.

Hardline hose (rubber)Usually 19 mm or 25 mm, burn resistant

and abrasion tolerant, but is not suitable for

extended hoselays. 19 mm rubber as fitted to

some CFA tankers, DSE Tankers and Slip-

on units, is more robust and will handle a

greater degree of heat.

It is more suited to live hose reels and may

be detached and used as an advanced

attack line in very low intensity fires. It is

excellent for mop up situations from tankers

and slip on units in the wildfire environment.


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Chapter 3 Hose Types and Sizes

Layflat hoseAlthough commonly referred to as canvas

hose, it is in fact made of synthetic materials

with a polyurethane or latex inner lining. It

can be percolating and non percolating and

is less robust than rubber hose. It can be

use , epen ng on s ze, as e t er a supp y

line or an advance attack line in progressive

hoselays.

Figure 10 Layflat 38 mm hose.

38 mm non-percolating hoseThis hose does not percolate or weep

so is therefore susceptible to heat on the

fireground. Burning embers, sparks or simply

dragging it through ash/coals will damage

it. It has the advantage of strength and the

ability to resist high pressure and is used

as a supply line in progressive hoselays.

Minimum friction loss is also an advantage

38 mm percolating hosehis hose is designed to weep slightly,

yet continue to retain the water delivery

capabilities of non-percolating hose. The

ercolating properties help prevent hoses

from burning when dragged through hot

ashes and allow the hose to be used within

the fire area. It is very pliable and easy to

handle and ideal as a supply line close to

the fire edge or in ember attack situations.Friction loss will be greater with percolating

hose.

Figure 11 Lay at 38 mm percolating hose.

25 mm non-percolating hoseThis hose has a greater knockdown

capability than 19 mm rubber hose and is

easier to store on tankers or the hoselay

trailer. It is ideally suited as an advance

attack line provided care is taken to protect

the hose in hot environments. Percolating

hose may be preferable.

Figure 12 Layflat 25 mm non-percolating hose

with Protek 360 branch.


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Chapter 3 Hose Types and Sizes

19 mm non-percolating hoseAlso referred to as garden hose is ideal for

blacking out; it is lightweight, portable, easily

stored and provides huge water conservation

advantages. It is typically used as lateral

lines when blacking out but can easily be

used as a lateral line in low intensity (flame

heights below 1 metre) fires. External lug

19 mm Garden Hose Thread (GHT) adaptors

or water thiefs are required to utilise this

hose as couplings are threaded.

Figure 13 Layflat 19 mm hose with GHT couplings and branch.


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CHAPTER 4

BranchesA range of branches are suitable for the hoselay system. Some are already in use in the

CFA. Others are more specialist and, being imported, are generally more expensive.


F Branch selection

F Angus foamlite B65

F

AWGF 25 mm combination fog/jet branch

F Protek 360/361

F Cordova twin tip

F Angus foamlite mid X foam branch

F R6 200 mid X foam branch

F Ground spear and mop up wand

that type of application rates (>150 ltr/min)

ould generally be too difficult to maintain

a direct attack on using only hose streams,

ithout air attack or heavy machinery back

p. Radiant heat would also be too great for

firefighter safety.

Angus foamlite B65Modified version of the AWG is a

combination fan and straight jet as well as

low x foam capacity that is readily available

and economical. It has shut off capability and

is suitable for both knockdown and blacking

out. Flow rate of 65 lpm @ 450 kpa.

Branch selectionIt is important to select the branch most

suitable for the job, this include flows, pattern

and usability. Combination branches are

useful particularly between fog or spray and

jet streams as maximum knockdown and

water efficiency is gained. Branches with

variable flow have a distinct advantage as

flow rates can be matched to the situation,

therefore conserving water and maximizing

efficiency.

The type of fire activity that the hoselay

system is designed to combat would not

normally require flow rates of


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Chapter 4 Branches

Figure 14 Angus Foamlite B65

AWGProvides a combination fan and straight jet.

The tip can be removed to provide higher

flow if required 12 mm outlet provides flow

rate of 200 lpm @ 450 kpa.

This branch can generally be found on all

CFA tankers although not always with 6 mmtip in place. Various nozzle tip sizes are

available to vary flow rates. Flow rate with 6

mm tip is 65 lpm @ 450 kpa.

Figure 15 AWG branch.

25 mm combination fog/jet

branchThis is a combination fog/ jet pattern branchthat allows for efficient knockdown. It is

economical and has personal protection

capability if required. May not be suitable

for mop up in some cases due to lack of

variation in flow rates. Flow rate of 75 100

lpm at 450 kpa, depending on pattern.

Figure 16 Angus SL-100 branch.

Protek 360/361This branch has a variable flow range

allowing for greater water efficiency and

flexibility. It can provide fog and jet patterns

and has personal protection capability. Shut

off and pistol grip design makes for easier

handling. The Protek 360 flow rate can

be adjusted between 19 lpm to 150 lpm.

The Protek 361 flow rate can be adjusted

between 50 lpm to 230 lpm.


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Chapter 4 Branches

Figure 17 Protek 360 branch.

Cordova twin tipFog/Stream with foam attachment, flow

rate depends on configuration, has fog and

jet availability and is foam capable with

attachment. Changing tips can alter flow

rates. This branch is suitable for knockdown

and blacking out.

Figure 18 Cordova twin tip with foam attachment.

Angus foamlite mid X foam

branchThis branch is suitable for blacking out, wetcontrol line construction or pre treatment

ith Mid X foam. Flow rate of 65 lpm @ 450

pa.

Figure 19 Angus foam lite mid x foam branch,

R6 200 mid X foam branchThis branch is suitable for blacking out, wet

control line construction or pre treatment

ith Mid X foam. Flow rates tend to use large

quantities of water and may not be efficiently

do the job. Flow rate of 200 lpm @ 450 kpa.

igure 20 R6 200 mid x foam branch.


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Chapter 4 Branches

Ground spear and mop up

wandThis branch is ideal to treat hollow logs, dufflayers and ground fires (stumps, peat, root

systems). It uses little water but allows deep

enetration to treat the above situations. The

5 mm tip size produces flow rates of 35 lpm

@ 450 kpa.

Other options are root soakers that do not

have a jet tip but have equally spaced holes

drilled through the sidewalls of the tubeallowing lateral jets of high-pressure water to

enetrate the surrounding soil. These have

also been utilised in large round or square

hay bales to extinguish internal fires.

Figure 21 Ground spear.

Figure 22 Ground spear used for deep penetration.


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CHAPTER 5

Small GearSmall gear is the essential elements of a progressive hoselay. These maintain the

progression of the hoselay.


F Hose stranglers

F Pressure relief valves

F Non return valves

F Gated dividing breechings

F Water thief

F 38 mm ELC to 19 mm GHT adaptor

F Sprinklers

F GAAM sprinkler

F Firelogistics sprinkler

Pressure relief valvesAre used with high-pressure pumps to

allow the pump to run while the branch/es

or hose is/are shut down, by releasing

a small amount of water from the valve.

Pressure relief valves are adjustable to vary

the amount of water to be released. This

prevents the pump from overheating.

Figure 24 Pressure relief valve.

Hose stranglersAre used to stop the water flow without

shutting down the pump, this is important

when adding or replacing hose.

Figure 23 Hose stranglers commonly used by fire services.


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Chapter 5 Small Gear

Figure 25 Setting a pressure relief valve on a Wick 375.

Figure 26 Setting a pressure relief valve on a Wajax Mk3.

Non return valvesAre used at the pump end of elevated

hoselays to control back flow when the pump

is shut down. If it is not used the backflow

ressure may burst a suction hose, and is

norma y use w t g -pressure porta e

umps in elevated pumping operations.

Non-return valves should be considered

in any pumping operation where elevated

umping of significant distance is involved.

he non-return valve can be used anywhere

in the hoselay, and includes a bleed valve.

Figure 27 Demonstration of a non return valvewith bleed valve open.

Gated dividing breechingsThese are used to split the supply line from

one line into two separate supply/attack

lines.

They may also be used as a collecting

breeching when twin 38 mm supply hoses

are utilised to overcome friction loss orsupply greater quantities of water to a

hoselay.

Gated dividing breechings are available in

both plastic and alloy. Alloy USFS models

have a positive shutoff and provide more

secure sealing than the plastic models and

are available in different outlet sizes.

Figure 28 Gated dividing breeching.


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Water thiefThis is essentially an adaptor tee piece that

allows the full utilisation of the 19 mm Layflat

hose within the hoselay. They allow treatment

of small spot fires, hot spots or breakaways

when gated dividing breechings have been

removed along the water supply line or

moved forward.

They are lightweight and compact and have

shutoff capability. They can be used to fill

knapsacks along the line or as take off pointsfor some sprinkler systems with similar

fittings.

Figure 29 Water thief.

38 mm ELC to 19 mm GHT

adaptorThese allow the placement of 19 mm layflat

hose into the progressive hoselay. They

adapt to any standard external lug coupling

on hose, tanker or pump outlet, gated

dividing breeching etc. They can be either

forged for high-pressure work, or cast. The

fitment of a 19 mm GHT M/F adaptor allows

control of the water flow.

Figure 30 Examples of 38 mm ELC to 19 mm GHT adaptorswith and without shut off valve.

SprinklersThese are ideal for asset protection, hand

crew support and ground (peat fires) plus

many other uses e.g. sawdust/mulch heaps,

hay stacks, windrows. They can be used

to pre treat areas before fire arrives and

establish safety zones along hoselays.Sprinklers can provide a large coverage

area - 15-30 m circle, depending on size of

sprinkler.

Figure 31 Sprinklers in use on spot fire in windrow.


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GAAM sprinklerAt 55cm high it is fully self-contained with

own spike and can be used with 19 mm

layflat hose.

Firelogistics sprinklerThese are available in two size outputs but

require a separate stand (star picket) for

mounting. This allows sprinklers to be set at

various heights.

Figure 32 Firelogistics sprinkler at the top, with the GAAM

sprinkler below.


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Progressive Hoselay

CHAPTER 6

Other EquipmentOther equipment is available to be used when using progressive hoselays.

This chapter will include:

F Field packs

F Figure eight hose winder

F Hose deployment tool

F Hoselay support trailer

F Collapsible knapsacks

F Chainsaws

F Other power equipment

Field packsThis is a flexible webbing system that allows

the carrying of all the required small gear

and equipment for progressive hoselays to

operate in an efficient manner. Small gear

required to conduct the system includes

hose stranglers, water thieves, adaptors,

hose bandages and spanners, 19 mm

garden hose, branches etc.

It can include an inbuilt water storage

bladder allowing constant hydration of

the wearer and the detachable backpack

allows gear e.g. hose and gated dividing

breechings to be carried in safely and

stockpiled along the line.

Figure 33 Side view of field pack on wearer.


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Progressive Hoselay

E n 2 Fe ruary 2005

Chapter 6 Other Equipment

Figure 34 Rear view of field pack on wearer.

Figure 35 Field pack and contents.

Figure eight hose winderThis device is used to roll hose in a figure of

8 to allow ease of unrolling hose in situations

where hose rolled on the bite cannot be

owled out e.g. forest areas.

Figure 36 Starting a figure eight roll.

Figure 37 A completed figure eight roll.

Hose deployment toolev ce t at can e use to ep oy ose

rolled on the bight, without the need to

bowl. This tool is of a simple design and

is particularly suited to situations where

rolled hose needs to be deployed in any fire

situation.


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Figure 38 Deployment tool and layflat hose.

Figure 39 Tool ready to deploy hose.

Hoselay support trailerose ay support tra er s es gne to

provide specialist equipment to support

hoselays that are more complex than may

be used by brigades in simple initial first

attac s tuat ons. s may nc u e ong

distances, elevated or inaccessible areas

where conventional firefighting equipment

and tactics are not suitable.

The strategies and tactics required for this

method of firefighting may be in conjunction

with air attack and heavy machinery. In

environmentally sensitive areas where

minimal disturbance is required a hoselay

may also be used to support hand crews inurning out, backburning, and knock down

or mop up situations.

igure 40 Hoselay trailer.

igure 41 Hoselay trailer.

Collapsible knapsacksAre used for remote firefighting and blacking

out tasks. They are comfortable to wear and

se, and, when rolled up after use, reduce

the amount of storage room required.


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Figure 42 Collapsible knapsack.

ChainsawsAre used to remove fuel and improve access

to the fire edge. They also play a valuable

role in the construction of mineral earth

reaks. They can also be used to remove

limbs or trees that pose a threat to firefighter

safety. Chainsaws must only be used by

accredited personnel, within their level of

competency an equipped with appropriate

PPE/PPC to Australian Standards for

chainsaw operations.

Other power equipmentOther power equipment that may be useful

for removing or reducing fuel or improving

access includes brush cutters and powerruners. This equipment must be operated to

manufacturers specifications and by suitably

qualified personnel wearing the appropriate

PPE/PPC.


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Progressive Hoselay

CHAPTER 7

Hand ToolsHand tools used in firefighting are simple, effective and are essential equipment in any

wildfire situation. They are used in constructing handtrails and securing fire edges and

blacking out/mop up situations.

It is important to keep all tools well maintained and use the appropriate tool for the task.

Ensure handles are smooth with no splinters and the head firmly attached. Keep edges

sharpened and when not in use make sure covers are put over the sharpened edge to

protect it.


F Rakehoes

F Pulaski

F Axe

F Slashers

gure 43 a e oe w t remova e ea .

RakehoesAre used for line construction and for

blacking out. There are two basic models, a

breakdown model (where the head can be

removed for easier storage) and the standard

model with the head permanently attached.

Both models have the option of either

wooden or fibre glass handles.


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Chapter 7 Hand Tools

PulaskiThis is a combination tool. It is neither the

est chopping tool nor the best grubbing

tool, but very good in situations where quick

changes from chopping to grubbing are

required.

Figure 44 Pulaski.

AxeThis is used for felling small trees, limbing

or chopping heavy brush and blazing trees

etc. The axe is essential equipment when

lacking out. Must include axe cover for

safety when not being used.

Figure 45 Axe.

SlashersAre used for limbing or chopping heavy

brush and scrub. They are used mostly when

constructing a control line or allowing easier

access when laying hose.

Figure 46 Slasher.

Figure 47 Slasher.


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Progressive Hoselay

CHAPTER 8

Water Storage DevicesThere are many different types of foldable or collapsible water storage tanks available.

These tanks are essential for open relay pumping.


F 500L floating collar tanks

F 7500L floating collar tanks

F

Other tanks

volume hose lay. Due to the size and weight

(70kgs) at least two people are required to lift

and set up this tank.

Floating collar tanks are available in a range

of capacities up to 20,000 litres.

Figure 49 Floating collar tank 7500L.

Other tanksOther types of water storage systems may

be utilised including fold up tanks with

supporting metal frames, plastic stock

atering troughs, plastic water tanks or bulk

ater carriers.

500L floating collar tanksThe 500 litre floating collar tank is highly

portable (able to be easily carried by

one person) and is ideal for staged/relay

pumping or storage of water for slip-on units.

Figure 48 Floating collar tank 500L.

7500L floating collar tanksThe 7500 litre floating collar tanks are

used to store large amounts of water. It

can be used to fill tankers, for helicopter

fire bombing operations or used for

accumulating water for an extended low


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Progressive Hoselay


Chapter 8 Water Storage Devices

t is important to ensure that adequate water

supply is provided once the decision is taken

to use a progressive hoselay in fire attackand mop up.

This is why it is essential that Incident

Controllers consider this issue when

erforming their size-up. They need to

ensure the appropriate resources to

guarantee an on going water supply. The

safety of crews and effectiveness of the

operation is reliant on this.


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Progressive Hoselay

CHAPTER 9

High Pressure Pump OperationsIncluded in this chapter is some generic information on the operation of high pressure

pumps. These pumps should not be used without appropriate training.


F Site selection

F Set up

F

PrimingF Start up

F Shut down

F Environmental considerations

F Safety considerations

gure 50 sta s t e pump n an approprate s te.

Set upreparing the pump site:

Lay out suction hose in the best available

position.

Position pump so suction inlet meets the

suction hose neatly.

Site selection

Establishing the pump on an ideal site

ensures that the pump operator can set the

pump quickly, efficiently and that relatively

few problems will be experienced.

Points to consider:

F Level, solid ground with sufficient working

room.

F As close to the water source as possible.

F Where there is a limited water supply,

consider digging out or damming up a

source to increase supply.

F It is paramount to select a safe site and

one that will cause the least environmental

damage.


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Chapter 9 High Pressure Pump Operations

Pump to sit near level, on firm ground as

close to the water source as possible.

Clear grass, scrub or debris from the area

where the pump is set up to ensure proper

cooling, clear working space and eliminate

fire hazards.

If necessary stake pump down to prevent

movement.

Open air vent or cap to the fuel tank.

If using a high-pressure pump, attach non-

return and pressure relief valve between

short 38 mm hose connected to pump and

first controlling Gated dividing breeching.

Attach one side of gated dividing

breeching to hoselay, to the other attach

a 25 mm/19 mm short hose to be used as

a recirculation back to the water source

or for protection of the site and pump

operator.

gure 51 a ax 3 set up to pr me.

Primingoints to consider:

Check foot valve for obstructions i.e.

grass, mud, sticks etc. Check the

condition of the gasket. The foot valve

should operate freely.

F Place suction hose in water so it is floating

in clear water suspended from the float or

in water deep enough to ensure a vortex

does not form. It may be necessary to

excavate/dam or deepen the pool.

F Use portable primer to ensure water

between foot valve and pump outlet.

Remove primer and replace delivery hose

before starting pump.

Figure 52 Priming the Wick 375.

Start upPoints to consider:

F Turn fuel tap on, or with external fuel tank,

connect fuel line and prime fuel bulb.

F Set choke and throttle settings.

F Turn ignition switch on if required. For

Wajax pumps ensure that safety over

speed switch is the run position.

F Gently pull starter rope to check for pull

length and bring motor onto compression.

F Firmly pull starter rope to start pump.

F Run pump at warm up setting as per

manufactures specifications


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Progressive Hoselay


Chapter 9 High Pressure Pump Operations

Shut downPoints to consider:

F Engine should be slowed to an idle.

F Where possible, continue to run for two

minutes to provide a proper cooling period

before stopping.

F Turn fuel tap to off, or disconnect external

fuel line, before moving portable pumps.

Environmental

considerationsWhen pumps are used in wildfire situations

there is a good chance that they may be

placed in environmentally sensitive locations.

Due to the fragile nature of various

ecosystems the fuel mix and pump

operations can do immediate and long term

damage to the environment.

The most common problem with portablepumps is leaky fuel systems. Fuel can get

into the water and affect fish and other

aquatic species, while on the ground the fuel

can penetrate soil layers killing vegetation

and causing problems that may last years.

Consider putting plastic sheeting under the

pump to catch and retain leaking fuel and

under any area used to store or hold fuels.

Another common problem occurs in areas

with high water tables. The pump vibration

causes water to come to the surface

resulting in the pump slowly sinking into the

mud. Construct a platform for the pump to sit

on to prevent the pump from sinking.

All pumping sites should be returned to

a natural condition on the completion of

pumping operations.

Safety considerationsA number of safety concerns have to be

addressed when operating a pump:

F Hearing protection must be worn when

working close to pumps.

Be aware of the hot exhaust.

Be careful when operating pumps in

poorly ventilated areas.

F When transporting pumps, use proper

lifting and carrying techniques.

When using a hose strangler hold it firmly

while attaching and detaching from a hose

as hose may be under high pressure.

When refuelling pumps, do not spill fuel

onto a hot engine. Refuel away from

pumping area (min 3 metres).

F Establish good communication systems

between the pump operator and thebranch operator.

F Ensure safe escape routes for the pump

operator.


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3 Edn 2 February 2005


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Glossary

Module Title


Glossary

Advance attack line

A hose line that is advanced ahead of the

supply line and is used as the primary attack

line along the fire edge. This line should

generally be 25 mm lay flat percolating hose

30m in length. Note: If the initial attack line is

detachable from the tanker it may be used as

the advance attack line.

Assistant branch operator

Assists with the progression of the advance

attack line. May also use a branch affixed to

mop up laterals in the event of spot fires or

during mop up operations. Assists with other

tasks as necessary.

Branch operator

Progresses the initial attack line and advance

attack line along the fire edge. Uses the

branch to knock down and suppress the

fire. Communicates to crew leader, pump

operator, assistant branch operator and

shut off operator. Assists with other tasks as

necessary.

Field pack

A pack worn by firefighters that holds small

gear, hose and some ancillary equipment.

Figure eight hose winder

A device that is used to wind layflat hose in a

figure eight configuration.

Gated dividing breeching

A device used to separate a single delivery

outlet into two, separately controllable,

delivery outlets.

Hose stockpile

A designated area that may be used for

stockpiling supply hose and mop up hose,

hen working some distance from a tanker.

ose stockpiles should be located where it

ill not be burned.

Initial attack line

A hose pre coupled to a pump delivery

that will be used for initial fire suppression.

Generally this would be the 25 mm rubber

hose line fitted to CFA tankers, either stowed

on a carrier or a reel.

Lateral line

A hose line with a diameter smaller than or

equal to the advance attack line. Lateral lines

are used for either strengthening the control

line in depth or for attacking spot fires.

For mop up or small spot fires this hose will

generally be 19 mm lay flat non-percolating

hose 15m in length.

For spot fire attack the line will generally

be 25 mm lay flat percolating hose 30m in

length.

Limbing

s the process of removing the lower

branches of standing trees, particularly in

plantation areas. A method of removing

the vertical continuity of fuels between the

surface and elevated fuels, or for creating

nimpeded access for fire crews to the fire

edge.

Non return valve

An automatically adjusting valve that can

prevent the back flow of water through a

hose due to head pressure from elevated

pumping operations.


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Module Title

Glossary


OIC

Officer in Charge. This person may be the

ncident Controller, or a member who is

erforming a functional role in the operations

unit that is subordinate to the Incident

Controller.

e.g. Operations Officer, Division Commander,

Sector Commander, Strike Team Leader,

Task Force Leader or Crew Leader.

Pump operator

Operates the pump, maintaining appropriate

ressure for Branch Operator. Monitors the

water supply and secures reserve supplies

as necessary.

Pressure relief valve

A pressure relief valve will assist in the

revention of a hose reaching bursting point.

This is achieved through automatic valve

operation that can be adjusted to releasewater pressure at a predetermined pressure

setting.

Shut off operator

Clamps/strangles hose lines where

appropriate to operations. Fits and operates

gated dividing breechings and water thieves

along supply line. Lays progressive lengths

of supply line. May act as a assistant branchoperator in the event of spot fire. Assists with

other tasks as necessary.

Supply line

A hose line of larger diameter that is used to

supply water to the advance attack line and

subsequent lateral lines. Generally this hose

will be 38 mm lay flat hose 30m in length.

Hose may be percolating or non-percolating.

The advantage of percolating hose is that it

is less susceptible to burning whilst water isflowing.


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