loftus and palmer (1974)
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Loftus and Palmer (1974). Loftus and Palmer (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an example of the interaction between language and memory Field of psychology : Cognitive Type of study : Laboratory experiment. Aim and Context. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Loftus and Palmer (1974)
Loftus and Palmer (1974) Reconstruction of automobile
destruction: an example of the interaction between language and memory
Field of psychology: Cognitive Type of study: Laboratory
experiment
Aim and Context
“I do solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that the evidence I shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth”
Why is it important? The Innocence project
An organisation which works to clear the names of wrongly convicted people
They claim that eyewitness misidentification is the greatest single cause of wrongful convictions in the USA, convictions that were later overturned by DNA evidence.
The study by Loftus and Palmer took place in 1974. Why is this relevant to the context?
Carmichael (1932) You have a minute to remember the
pictures on the page When the minute is up, you should
turn your page over, and wait for me to tell you to reproduce the images.
Compare your drawing with your partners. Are there any differences? How do we explain these results?
Carmichael (1932) Carmichael’s experiment suggests
that memory is not always accurate. Memory is reconstructed from the
different elements (the pictures and the words)
Also, this experiment suggests that language (the verbal labels) can alter our recall.
Marshall (1969) Air Force personnel, observed a car
travelling at 12 mph. Their estimates ranged from 10 to 50
mph. Range in answers possibly due to leading
questions. These results also show us that humans
are poor at estimating speed.
Filmore (1971) Suggested that the words smashed
and hit may imply different rates of speed.
These words lead the listener to assume different consequences to the impacts to which they are referring, with hit being perceived as gentler than smashed.
Aims Loftus and Palmer’s experiment was
actually two experiments.
They wanted to investigate in general how accurate or inaccurate memory was. Specifically they wanted to see the effect of ______________ upon estimates of ______.
leading questionsspeed
Aims Experiment 1
See if the speed estimates would be influenced by the wording of the question asked.
Hit vs Smashed
Aims Experiment 2
To see if the leading questions just changed the responses given to the questions, or whether the participant’s memories had actually altered as a result of the leading questions.
Procedures Loftus and Palmer carried out two
experiments. You need to know detailed procedures for both of them, as well as participant numbers.
Use the information on pg 107 and the original text
Two groups Complete table. When outlining the procedure, be as detailed
but as clear as you can.
Procedures Two groups
Complete table. When outlining the procedure, be as
detailed but as clear as you can.
Go back to your pairs, and share procedures
In pairs, answer questions 1-4
Findings and conclusions Draw two graphs Summarise the results Write in the conclusions
Answer the questions Work together
Evaluating the methodology In pairs
Method Reliability and sampling Validity Ethics
Speed learn
Critically assess with reference to alternative evidence
Match up the study with the description of what the results mean
Use three colours to highlight research that supports, contradicts, or develops Loftus and Palmer’s research.