FALLACY

JUDGE: Totoo bang hinawakan mo ang hita ng babaing ito?

NGONGO: Hini po, hini po your honor!

JUDGE: Pilosopo! Hinawakan o hinipo, pareho lang yun! Guilty!

FALLACY . . . It comes from the Latin term fallere which means to deceive.It is an erroneous reasoning.It is a type of argument that may seem to be valid but which proves, upon examination, not be so.

INFORMAL FALLACY1. FALLACY OF LANGUAGE/AMBIGUITY- It expresses lack of preciseness in the words, phrases used to express thought.

2. FALLACY OF RELEVANCE- It arises when something about an argument tempts us simply to overlook the fact that there really is no connection between the premises conclusion.

1. FALLACY OF LANGUAGE OR AMBIGUITY

1.1 EQUIVOCATIONLapu-lapu is the killer of Magellan.Lapu-lapu is a fish.Therefore, a fish is the killer of Magellan.

EMPLOYER TO A JOB APPLICANT: In this job, we need someone who is responsible.APPLICANT: Then Im the one you are looking for. In my last job, every time anything went wrong, they said I was responsible.

Erap, Cory, and FVR were captured by the Abu Sayyaf. They were brought to an island and were informed that they were going to be executed one by one. Cory was the first in line, and she thought of a way to distract the rebels. When she was already at the center and was bout to be shot dead, she shouted, EARTHQUAKE! The rebels panicked. Cory took this chance to escape. The rebels, seeing that Cory had fled, decided that FVR be executed next. FVR did the same thing, and shouted, TIDAL WAVE! The rebels scampered, and FVR took the opportunity to flee. Realizing that he was the only hostage left, Erap thought of doing the same, and shouted, FIRE! After three seconds, he dropped dead.

1.2 AMPHIBOLY I would like to buy a clock for my boyfriend with three hands.

FOR RENT: Furnished room just right for a single lady with comfort room and free water.

1.3 ACCENT OR PROSODYYou (Ikaw).

I resent the letter.

Free children below seven.

1.4 DIVISIONThe whole wedding package costs P500,000.Hence, the wedding cake costs P500,000.

Human cells must be conscious beings because human beings are conscious.

1.5 COMPOSITIONMr. Manny Pangilinan is a millionaire.Mr. Pangilinan is a Filipino.Therefore, all Filipinos are millionaires.

Our present Pope is a German; Thus, all Popes are Germans.

1.6 WORD CONSTRUCTIONPeople from Burma are called Burmese;People from China are called Chinese;Therefore, people from Egypt are called Egyptese.

ResponsibleAdorableIncredibleLoveablePerdible

1. . . . the universe is spherical in form. . . because all the constituent parts of the universe, that is the sun, moon, and the planets, appear in this form. (Nicolaus Copernicus)2. One Indian, two Indians; One bag, two bags; One child, two childs.3. The book of Dan Brown is expensive; Thus, every page of that book is very expensive4. No husbands please.5. JUDGE: Did you say no? ACCUSED: Yes.

2. FALLACY OF RELEVANCE

2.1 PETITIO PRINCIPII (BEGGING THE QUESTION/CIRCULAR ARGUMENT)Why are you late? Well, because I am not early.

Ice is cold; thus, it is not hot.

Juan is insane; Juan is crazy.

2.2 ACCIDENTOne has to tell the truth always. Thus, if a murderer confesses his crime to the priest, it is but proper for the priest to reveal the truth to the police authorities.We have to be generous to others. Thus, during examination we have to share our answers with our seatmate to show that we are generous.

2.3 FALSE CAUSEAnabelle Dionisia got a perfect score in the Logic Final Exam because she took a bath during her menstrual period and jump five times.

Diego scratches his nose and tummy. After one minute, the volcano erupts. Hence, the scratching of Diegos nose and tummy causes the eruption.

2.4 COMPLEX QUESTIONHave you stopped beating your wife?

Did you intentionally harass her?

2.5 FALSE DILEMMAIf you love me, then youll make love with me.

If youre not with America, youre with the terrorists.

Kuwarto o kuwatro?

2.6 SLIPPERY SLOPEWhenever a tree falls down, it has 95% chance of knocking over another tree. Therefore, soon, a great many trees would fall.

2.7 NON-SEQUITUR (IRRELEVANT CONCLUSION)The Philippines is suffering economically now. Thus, Batista is gay.

Life is a mix of positive and negative experiences. Thus, the 5 + 5 = 10.

2.8 ARGUMENTUM AD IGNORANTIAMIf you cant prove me wrong, then I must be right.

2.9 ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEMWe cant trust this persons argument! He is an alcoholic!

Dont believe in him! Hes gay and odorous!

2.10 ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUMMany people believed that the earth is flat. Thus, the earth is flat.

Pres. GMA cheated in the 2004 elections according to the latest survey. Since this is what the majority of the Filipino think, then she must have really cheated.

2.11 ARGUMENTUM AD VERECUNDIAMThese pills must be safe and effective. They have been endorsed by Justin Bieber, a famous American singer.

Sleeping with you hair wet can make you blind. That is what Son Gohan said!

2.12 ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAMA student should be given a passing grade because he is soon to graduate, or because if he fails the subject, his parents would kill him.You honor, my client, John Santos, does not deserve to be imprisoned. He has five small children, and a wife suffering from breast cancer.

2. 13 ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUMA student should be given a passing grade because he is soon to graduate, or because if he fails the subject, his parents would kill him.You honor, my client, John Santos, does not deserve to be imprisoned. He has five small children, and a wife suffering from breast cancer.

Have you stopped taking drugs?Renato was caught by the police with a bloody knife and shirt, and was immediately put into jail. But nobody filed a case against him. Thus, Renato is innocent and should be released.Fred is an honest man. I know this is true since Fred told me so himself, and an honest man like Fred surely wouldnt lie about something like that.Kung hindi tayo kakampi kay GMA e malinaw Abu Sayyaf lovers tayo.The Inquisition must have been justified and beneficial, if whole peoples invoked and defended it, if me of the loftiest souls founded and created it severally and impartially, and its very adversaries applied it on their account, pyre answering to pyre.

6. You know, Professor Barako Bayagbag, I really need to get a 95% in this Logic class. Id like to stop by during your office hours later to discuss my grade. Ill be in your building anyways, visiting my father. Hes your dean, by the way. Ill see you later.7. Francis Bacons philosophy should be dismissed since Bacon was removed from his chancellorship for dishonesty.8. My spouse must be cheating on me; he told me I dont really love you now.9. Atoms are colorless. Cats are made of atoms, so cats are colorless.10. I bought the latest bike from Motorstar. After all, it is the brand of motorcycle Pacman is promoting.

THANK YOU FOR A WONDERFUL SEMESTER WITH YOU GUYS!